1.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
North Chatham, Massachusetts
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Chatham is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. First settled by the English in 1664, the township was originally called Monomoit based on the indigenous term for the region. The population was 6,125 at the 2010 census, Native American tribes who lived in the area before European colonization included the Nauset, specifically the Manomoy or Monomoy people. The expansive lands over which they roamed were known to them as Manamoyik or Monomoit, explorer Samuel de Champlain landed here in October 1606 at a place he christened Port Fortuné, where he contacted the Nauset. Twelve years later another group of Europeans gave it the name Sutcliffes Inlets, neither name stuck, and the location was not permanently occupied by Europeans until English settlers reached Monomoit in 1664. The town was incorporated on 11 June 1712, at which point it was renamed after Chatham, Kent and its territory expanded with the annexation of Strong Island and its vicinity on 7 February 1797. Located at the elbow of Cape Cod, the community became a shipping, fishing, chathams early prosperity would leave it with a considerable number of 18th century buildings, whose charm helped it develop into a popular summer resort. Chatham is home to the Chatham Lighthouse, which was established by President Thomas Jefferson in 1808 to protect the ships circling the Cape, the 1808 towers were replaced in 1841 by twin brick towers that were eventually lost to erosion. The pair were rebuilt in 1877 out of cast iron across the street from its original location, the northern of the two was moved to Eastham to become the Nauset Light in 1923, when the northern tower was declared surplus. Today, the house is home to a Coast Guard station which patrols the waters of the Atlantic. The first reforesting project in America took place on Great Hill in 1821 when Selectmen had pine trees and beach grass planted to prevent erosion and to keep sand from blowing over the village. Although urban sprawl has invaded the Cape, the town of Chatham still boasts a quaint and walkable Main Street, home to numerous family-owned and -operated shops, restaurants, and businesses. The main shopping area features pedestrian-friendly crosswalks, on-street parallel parking, Chatham, like much of Cape Cod, is suffering from an exodus of young people and young families due to high housing prices and a lack of social and professional opportunities. The majority of homes in Chatham sit empty in the months until the summer when second-home owners come to use their summer/vacation homes. As of February 22,2012, the listing price for a home in Chatham was $1.3 million. In summer, Chatham grows to a population of an estimated 30,000, facilities are overcrowded, and there continues to be limited parking in the Main Street Business District. Beaches are affected by this increase of population, limited parking exists in established parking areas, and the towns most popular beach, Lighthouse Beach, has only off the street parking, which sometimes involves a long walk to her sandy shores. Atwood House Caleb Nickerson House Chatham Railroad Museum Josiah Mayo House Old Grist Mill The town occupies the southeast corner of Cape Cod, the towns villages include Chatham proper, Chatham Port, North Chatham, West Chatham, and South Chatham
4.
Ed Gardner
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Edward Francis Ed Gardner was an American comic actor, writer and director, best remembered as the creator and star of the radios popular Duffys Tavern comedy series. Born in Astoria, New York, Gardner was a representative for the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency before going into show business and he began producing for the stage in the early 1930s. He produced the drama play Coastwise on Broadway and wrote and directed the Broadway comedy After Such Pleasures and he found fame on radio with Duffys Tavern, portraying the wisecracking, malaprop-prone barkeep Archie. The successful radio program aired on CBS from 1941 to 1942, on the NBC Blue Network from 1942 to 1944, duffy the owner never appeared, but Archie did, with Gardner assuming the role himself after he couldnt find the right actor to play the role. Regulars in the tavern included Duffys airheaded, man-crazy daughter, droll waiter Eddie, barfly Finnegan, the daughter was played by several actresses but began with Shirley Booth, Gardners first wife, with whom he remained friends even after their 1942 divorce. Gardner also brought radio directing experience to Duffys Tavern and he had previously originated the Rudy Vallee-John Barrymore radio show and directed shows for George Burns and Gracie Allen, Bing Crosby, Ripleys Believe It or Not, Al Jolson and Fanny Brice. In addition, Gardner was one of the writers and its script editor in all but name, though he had a staff that included Abe Burrows, Sol Saks, Parke Levy, Larry Rhine. He was notorious for hiring as a writer anyone who sounded funny to him in passing, in 1949, hoping to be able to take advantage of Puerto Ricos income-tax free status for future media ventures, Gardner moved his radio show there. Gardner recreated his role as Archie for the motion picture version, Duffys Tavern, besides Gardner, the movie featured dozens of Paramount Pictures stars. Gardner was the producer of the film noir crime/thriller The Man with My Face for his own company and it was released by United Artists. He also tried bringing Duffys Tavern to television in 1954, but this, too, radio historian Gerald Nachman quoted writer Larry Rhine as saying the film and television failures were in large part due to Gardners inability to adapt to camera angling. He thought he could do TV, so he left radio and he was a bad actor, and he knew it. Gardners second marriage, to Simone Hegemann in 1943, endured until his death and he died at age 62 of a liver ailment at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles and was interred in Chapel of the Pines at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood. Some of Gardners once-famous malaprops as Archie on Duffys Tavern include, Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and instead of bleeding, leave us not jump to seclusion. Now, dont infirm me that Im stupid, fate has fickled its finger at me. Get me the lost and foundling division, theres two kinds of guys go to church—them that doesnt and them that dont. Ed Gardner at the Internet Movie Database Ed Gardner at the Internet Broadway Database Duffys Tavern Photo of Ed Gardner, on far right
5.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
6.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
7.
Come Back, Little Sheba (1952 film)
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Come Back, Little Sheba is a drama film produced by Paramount Pictures. It tells the story of a marriage that is rocked when a young woman rents a room in the couples house. The film stars Burt Lancaster with Terry Moore and Richard Jaeckel, shirley Booth makes her film debut, which earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress. The title refers to the little dog that disappeared months before the story begins. The movie was adapted by Ketti Frings from the 1950 play of the title by William Inge and was directed by Daniel Mann. Doc, thinking he was doing the thing, married Lola. The child later died, and in the process rendered Lola unable to have any further children, as a result, Doc turned to excessive drinking, causing him to have bouts of anger and murderous rage, and later drinking away a sizeable inheritance from his parents. He eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous and was able to quit drinking, Marie is a young college student who rents a spare room from the Delaneys. One day she brings home a man, Turk, who is a star on the track team. Hes wearing his outfit, which shows off his muscles. Mrs. Delaney encourages the couple in their session, though Doc. Later, after Marie and Turk leave, it is revealed that Marie is promised to be married to man, Bruce. As Maries infatuation with Turk grows, Doc becomes more agitated, Lola reminds him that Marie is so much like Lola in her younger days, when she was young and pretty and Doc was dashing and handsome, before Lola became old, fat, and sloppy. Doc calms down but still voices his disagreement over Marie seeing another boy while Bruce is away, one night, Turk and Marie return from a school dance. Marie forgot her key, so Turk enters through a window, unlocks the front door, meanwhile, this has been witnessed by Doc, who believes that they are up to no good, and he begins to remember what he was like with Lola. He goes back to the kitchen and reaches for his hidden in the cupboard. Back in Maries room, she changes her mind about Turk and he accuses her of being a big tease and is about to force his way onto her when he changes his mind and leaves, unseen by Doc, through a window. A neighbor hears the commotion and comes running over, just as the two men come to take Doc away. He is carried off screaming while Lola and the neighbor watch sadly
8.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
9.
Sitcom
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
10.
Hazel (TV series)
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Hazel is an American television situation comedy about a live-in maid named Hazel Burke and her employers, the Baxters. The five-season, 154-episode series aired in time from September 28,1961, to April 11,1966. The first four seasons of Hazel aired on NBC, and the fifth, season 1 was broadcast in black-and-white except for one episode which was in color, and seasons 2–5 were all broadcast in color. The show was based on the popular comic strip by cartoonist Ted Key. Hazel is a competent, take-charge, live-in maid in the home of the Baxter family, George Baxter is a partner in the law firm of Butterworth, Hatch, Noll and Baxter, Hazel calls him Mr. B. Georges wife, Dorothy, is a decorator, whom Hazel nicknames Missy. Their son Harold is dubbed Sport by Hazel, Hazel had worked previously with Dorothys family, and has a close relationship with her. Some episodes take Hazel outside the Baxter house and follow her life in the community, in the first episode, for example, she spearheads a drive for the construction of a neighborhood playground. Hazels life is complicated by Georges snobby Bostonian sister Deirdre Thompson. Dotty neighbors Herbert and Harriet Johnson often call upon Hazels expertise in household matters, in the shows final season, George and Dorothy depart for the Middle East in conjunction with Georges work. Harold and Hazel move in with Georges younger brother, Steve, Hazel provides housekeeping services for her revamped family. The new Baxters reflected a desire for younger demographics, the series was filmed at Columbia Sunset Gower Studios, Hollywood, California. Exteriors were shot at the Columbia Ranch in Burbank and this movie ranch facade used as the Baxters house had previously been seen in several Three Stooges films, and later was home to Sally Field as Gidget. From the driveway, the next door to the right, is recognizable as that of Darrin. The episode Whatll We Watch Tonight, in which Hazel purchases a color TV, is the only first season episode shot in color and appears to promote color television sets. NBC, which aired the series, was owned by RCA, two months after the announcement, the shows producers announced that a black production executive had joined the show. There were different arrangements of the song as the series progressed, including a later version by Howard Greenfield. During its first four seasons, Hazel was sponsored by Ford Motor Company, as a result, Ford vehicles, including the Mustang when it was introduced in 1964, were often prominently featured on the series, even as a part of the storyline
11.
The Glass Menagerie
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The Glass Menagerie is a five-character memory play by Tennessee Williams that premiered in 1944 and catapulted Williams from obscurity to fame. The play has strong elements, featuring characters based on Williams himself, his histrionic mother. In writing the play, Williams drew on a short story. The play premiered in Chicago in 1944, the Glass Menagerie was Williamss first successful play, he went on to become one of Americas most highly regarded playwrights. Amanda Wingfield A faded Southern belle, abandoned by her husband, Tom Wingfield Amandas son, and younger brother to sister, Laura. Tom works at a warehouse to support his family but is frustrated by his job. He struggles to write for he is sleep-deprived and annoyed, yet, he escapes from reality through nightly excursions, apparently to the movies but also to local bars. Tom feels both obligated toward yet burdened by his family and longs to escape, Laura Wingfield Amandas daughter and Toms older sister. A childhood illness has left her with a limp, and she has a mental fragility and she has created a world of her own symbolized by her collection of glass figurines. The unicorn may represent Laura because it is unique and fragile, Jim OConnor An old high-school acquaintance of Tom and Laura. Jim was an athlete and actor during his days at Soldan High School. Subsequent years have been kind to Jim, however. His hope to shine again is conveyed by his study of public speaking, Mr. Wingfield Amandas absentee husband and Laura’s and Tom’s father. Mr. Wingfield was a man, full of charm. Although he does not appear onstage, Mr. Wingfield is frequently referred to by Amanda, the unseen character appears to incorporate elements of Williamss own father. The play is introduced to the audience by Tom, the narrator and protagonist, as a play based on his recollection of his mother Amanda. Because the play is based on memory, Tom cautions the audience that what they see may not be precisely what happened. Amanda Wingfield, a faded Southern belle of middle age, shares a dingy St. Louis apartment with her son Tom, in his early twenties, and his slightly older sister, Laura
12.
Mrs. Claus
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Mrs. Claus is the wife of Santa Claus, the Christmas gift-bringer in American and European Christmas tradition. She is known for making cookies with the elves, caring for the reindeer and her first name is Jessica, though she has been referred to as Mary, Jessica, Layla, or Martha. The wife of Santa Claus is first mentioned in the short story A Christmas Legend, by James Rees, in the story, an old man and woman, both carrying a bundle on the back, are given shelter in a home on Christmas Eve as weary travelers. He seemed to have done his best, and we should think, had Mrs. Santa Claus to help him. An account of a Christmas musicale at the State Lunatic Asylum in Utica, New York in 1854 included an appearance by Mrs. Santa Claus, with baby in arms, who danced to a holiday song. A woman who may or may not be Mrs. Santa Claus appeared in the childrens book Lill in Santa Claus Land and Other Stories by Ellis Towne, Sophie May and Ella Farman, presently he said to the lady, ‘Put down a good mark for Sarah Buttermilk. She wished Lill had found out how many black marks she had and its general appearance was not unlike that of the familiar, pictorial beehive except that the rolls were not arranged spirally. Her outer garment was a bright colored plaid worsted cloak reaching to within six inches of the floor. Its size was most voluminous, but its fashion was extremely simple and her right arm protruded through a vertical slit at the side of the cloak and she held in her hand a sheet of paper covered with figures. The left arm on which she carried a basket or bag — I couldnt tell which — was hidden by the ample folds of the garment. Her countenance was keen and nervous, but benignant, Mrs. Claus proceeds to instruct the architect Gardner on the ideal modern kitchen, a plan of which he includes in the article. Santa Claus wife made her most active appearance yet by Katharine Lee Bates in her poem Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride, Goody is short for Goodwife, i. e. Once away, Mrs. Claus steadies the reindeer while Santa goes about his work descending chimneys to deliver gifts and she begs Santa to permit her to descend a chimney. Santa grudingly grants her request and she descends a chimney to mend a poor childs tattered stocking, once the task is completed, the Clauses return to their Arctic home. At the end of the poem, Mrs. Claus remarks that she is the gladdest of the glad because she has had her own sweet will. Since 1889, Mrs. Claus has been depicted in media as a fairly heavy-set, kindly. She sometimes assists in toy production, and oversees Santas elves and it is worth noting that, when not portrayed as white-haired or elderly, she is often shown to have red hair. This could be because red hair is the color that most commonly fades to white with age and she is usually depicted wearing a fur dress of red or green
13.
The Year Without a Santa Claus
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The Year Without a Santa Claus is a 1974 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. The story is based on Phyllis McGinleys 1956 book of the same name and it was originally broadcast on December 10,1974 on ABC. The film was Shirley Booths final acting credit as she retired from acting after its completion, Santa Claus wakes up with a cold after Thanksgiving but not quite yet Christmas—according to Mrs. Claus. He is told by his doctor–who thinks that nobody cares about Christmas any more–that he should make changes to his routine. Santa decides to take a holiday instead of delivering gifts, traveling on, they become lost in Southtown, a small town in the Southern United States. They receive a citation from a policeman for riding a vixen the wrong way on a street, crossing the white line. They try to disguise Vixen as a dog, but Vixen is captured and they befriend a boy named Ignatius Iggy Thistlewhite and visit the skeptical Mayor of Southtown. The Mayor laughs hysterically at their story but agrees to free Vixen if Jingle and Jangle prove that they are elves by making it snow in Southtown on Christmas Day. On their behalf, Mrs. Claus visits the Miser brothers to ask Snow Miser to make it snow in Southtown, Snow Miser declares that the town is under Heat Misers control. Mrs. Claus proposes a compromise, Heat Miser will agree only if Snow Miser will surrender the North Pole to his control, when Snow Miser refuses, Mrs. Claus decides to go over their heads by speaking to their mother. Mrs. Claus arrives at Mother Natures house where she persuades Heat Miser, Santa, dressed in civilian clothes, arrives in Southtown to rescue Vixen. He discovers that people still believe in him and in the spirit of Christmas when all the worlds children make him presents. This sets off headlines around the world, one little girl is saddened by Santas decision to skip his Christmas Eve journey, and she writes that shell have a Blue Christmas. Touched by all the caring and generosity, Santa decides to pack the sleigh and make his Christmas Eve journey after all, television is the shows current distributor, through their ownership of the post-1973 Rankin/Bass TV library. On September 5,1991, the special was first released on VHS by Vestron Video in the Christmas Classics Series line, warner Home Video released the special on VHS on September 2,1992 and also re-released it on VHS on September 28,1999. The special was released on DVD on October 31,2000. Warner Home Video released the special on Blu-ray on October 5,2010, a widescreen DVD was released on December 12,2006. Claus and two of his helper-elves, Jingle and Jangle and they decide to provide Santa with some proof that children still believe and that they still deserve toys from Santa, so the elves visit the United States in search of Christmas spirit
14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
15.
Flatbush, Brooklyn
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Flatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Founded in 1651 by Dutch colonists, the neighborhood, which consists of several subsections, had a population of 110,875 as of the 2010 United States Census, by the 2010s, the area was quickly gentrifying. Flatbush was a prior to being incorporated into the City of Brooklyn. Generally, the township was larger than what is considered Flatbush today by the residents of Brooklyn, the modern neighborhood includes or borders several institutions of note, including Prospect Park and Brooklyn College. The name Flatbush is a calque of the Dutch language Vlacke bos, Flatbush was originally chartered as the Dutch Nieuw Nederland colony town of Midwout in 1651. Both names were used in the Dutch era, and Midwood was a name for Flatbush into the early 20th century. In a reversal, Midwood, now the area south of Brooklyn College, is often alternatively called Flatbush. Midwoods residents predominately feature a mix of the latter and Irish Americans, Flatbush and the five other towns of what was to become Kings County, were surrendered to the English in 1664. The town was the county seat for Kings County and was a center of life for what is now called Brooklyn, Flatbush played a key role in the American Revolution. Flatbush was where significant skirmishes and battles of the Battle of Long Island took place, Kings County at the time had the highest concentration of slaves north of the Mason–Dixon line – almost one-third of the total population for the county were slaves. Loyalist residents of Flatbush included David Mathews, Mayor of New York City, Flatbush residents maintained their loyalist sympathies, the Kings Arms, for example, appeared in the towns inn for a half-century after the conclusion of the conflict. Many of the remaining early Dutch structures are in the Flatlands, Flatbush maintained a kind of distance from the rest of Brooklyn and New York, but the emergence of the subway in the 1920s connected it to surrounding areas in an unprecedented way. In the first half of the 20th century, Flatbush had a population of Irish-Americans, Italian-Americans. Much as it is today, it was a working-class neighborhood, a significant portion of Flatbush residents closely followed the Brooklyn Dodgers, which at the time were not only the team of Brooklyn but also of Flatbush in particular. Dodgers centerfielder Duke Snider was known as “the Duke of Flatbush”, by 1958, however, the Dodgers left Brooklyn, and Ebbets Field eventually was torn down. Due to shifting boundaries, Ebbets Field today technically would be in Crown Heights. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Flatbush experienced a shift in demographics as it went from being a mostly Irish, Italian, while most sections of Flatbush were working class before the demographic shift, there were a few affluent areas. Prospect Park South had a number of more affluent homeowners
16.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
17.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State
18.
Summer stock theatre
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Summer stock theatre is any theatre that presents stage productions only in the summer. The name combines the season with the tradition of staging shows by a resident company, reusing stock scenery, summer stock theatres frequently take advantage of seasonal weather by having their productions outdoors or under tents set up temporarily for their use. Some smaller theatres still continue this tradition, and a few summer stock theatres have become regarded by both patrons as well as performers and designers. Equity status and pay for actors in these theatres varies greatly, often viewed as a starting point for professional actors, stock casts are typically young, just out of high school or still in college. Summer stock started in 1919-1920s with four theatres, The Muny, St. Louis, many of the theatres of the heyday, the 1920s through the 1960s, were in New England. Part of the straw hat circuit, theatres also were in New York, Pennsylvania, the structure was to present different plays in weekly or biweekly repertory, performed by a resident company, generally between June and September. The usual fare consisted of comedies, romances and mysteries. The theatres were located in rural areas, touring companies would carry hand props and costumes to each venue, where sound, lights and set would be awaiting them. Summer stock provided a ground for actors and great, inexpensive entertainment for vacationing East Coast urbanites. Such stage luminaries as Maude Adams, Ethel Barrymore, Lilian Gish, students took classes in acting, stagecraft, makeup, and voice, and if they were talented enough, they might be asked to appear in plays with the resident acting company. Additionally, many notable performers spent their summers on the circuit, plays and musicals that had closed on Broadway would play the circuit. The Westport Country Playhouse in Connecticut, since renovated with the support of Joanne Woodward, the circuit toured in Florida and the Southeast during the winter. Venues included the Beacham Theater in Orlando and the Royal Poinciana Playhouse in Palm Beach, Florida where performers from Bob Cummings in 1958 to Arlene Francis, stars of Broadway, film, and television would regularly spend summers performing in stock. The Council of Stock Theatres negotiated a contract with Actors Equity to cover the work of actors. Starting in 1958 performers such as Dan Dailey in Guys and Dolls, Barbara Eden in Lady in the Dark, Kenley cast movie stars and television personalities who were nationally known. During Gypsy Rose Lees engagement in Auntie Mame at the Warren theatre, Erik Preminger wrote, everything about his operation was first-class from the director and supporting cast he had assembled through the scenery, props, and costumes. He was attentive, supportive. Performers such as Paul Lynde, Bill Bixby, Karen Morrow, Phyllis Diller, Andy Devine, Gordon MacRae, Ethel Merman performed in Call Me Madam at the Kenley Players in 1968. The Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts opened in 1927 with The Guardsman, starring Basil Rathbone, in some cases, five or six of the summer plays would be star vehicles, featuring a familiar actor or actress
19.
Theatre in Pittsburgh
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Theatre in Pittsburgh has existed professionally since the early 1800s and has continued to expand, having emerged as an important cultural force in the city over the past several decades. These students included Henry Marie Brackenridge, the son of university founder Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Morgan Neville, the son of Presley Neville, and future U. S. Throughout the 1800s, Pittsburgh was home to stock companies, beginning with the Theatre on Third Street, Pittsburghs first free-standing playhouse. Other theatres followed Hendersons lead, including the Pittsburgh Opera House, sam Nixon and Fred Zimmermans building of the Nixon and the Gayety attracted touring productions of successful Broadway plays as well as international ballet and opera companies. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, noncommercial theater became more important and political in nature, exemplified by the New Theater of Pittsburgh. Black theater also became an important cultural force at this time. The Negro Drama League was formed in 1932 to support the vibrant theatrical activity of African-Americans in Pittsburgh, Jewish theatrical activity also became more prominent in Pittsburgh at this time, notably with the Irene Kaufmann Settlement Players. German and Catholic theatre developed a presence as well, civic theaters devoted to a sense of civic theatrical identity grew in popularity, the still-active Pittsburgh Playhouse, established in 1934, is the most enduring theatre of this movement. Over the years, the company has moved to locations throughout the city. The university company became professionally oriented in 1981, and continues to stage productions throughout the year in their primary facility. Saint Vincent Summer Theatre, another major fixture of the Pittsburgh area, the theatre has staged many different kinds of productions over the years, and now produces mostly light farces for a summer theatre audience. Mountain Playhouse, one of the oldest professional theatres in the Pittsburgh area, similar to St. Vincent, Mountain Playhouse also stages light summer stock fare, including comedies and musicals. Apple Hill Playhouse in nearby Delmont also stages light comedies and musicals as well as childrens theater, Pittsburgh Playhouse, currently home to Point Park Universitys conservatory students and resident professional theatre company Playhouse Rep, opened its doors in 1934 as a community theater. Stage Right was established in the mid-1960s and continues to produce theatre in the Fox Chapel area of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Public Theater was chartered in 1974 by Joan Apt, Margaret Rieck and Ben Shaktman and held its first production in 1975. Staging a wide variety of plays and musicals, from classical to contemporary, City Theatre also staged its first production in 1975 as the City Players, a group of recent college graduates that gave free performances in schools, parks, and housing projects. The company has evolved to become a major regional theatre that has staged premieres of new works by Christopher Durang, Adam Rapp, Jeffrey Hatcher, Eric Simonson. In the 1990s and early 2000s, a new generation of companies emerged and contributed to Pittsburghs expanding. Quantum Theatre was founded in 1990 by Karla Boos, it has staged productions of plays, musicals, the Pittsburgh New Works Festival was established in 1990 as well to provide a venue for new plays by playwrights from all over the country
20.
Play (theatre)
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A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, there are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference as to whether their plays were performed or read. The term play can refer to both the works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous, comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups, comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An example of a comedy would be William Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream, a generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humor. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeares play The Comedy of Errors, a satire play takes a comic look at current events people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. An example of a satire would be Nikolai Gogols The Government Inspector, satire plays are generally one of the most popular forms of comedy, and often considered to be their own genre entirely. This is a genre that explored relationships between men and women, and was considered risqué in its time, however, since restoration comedy dealt with unspoken aspects of relationships, it created a type of connection between audience and performance that was more informal and private. It is commonly agreed that restoration comedy has origins in Molière’s theories of comedy, the inconsistency between restoration comedy’s morals and the morals of the era is something that often arises during the study of this genre. This may give clues as to why, despite its original success, however, in recent years, it has become a topic of interest for theatre theorists, who have been looking into theatre styles that have their own conventions of performance. These plays contain darker themes such as death and disaster, often the protagonist of the play has a tragic flaw, a trait which leads to their downfall. Tragic plays convey all emotions and have extremely dramatic conflicts, tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeares Hamlet, and also John Websters play The Duchess of Malfi and these plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are neither of these. History as a genre was popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schillers Demetrius and William Shakespeares King John, ballad opera, a popular theatre style at the time, was the first style of musical to be performed in the American colonies. The first musical of American origin was premiered in Philadelphia in 1767, and was called “The Disappointment”, however, around the 1920s, theatre styles were beginning to be defined more clearly
21.
Humphrey Bogart
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Humphrey DeForest Bogart was an American screen and stage actor whose performances in 1940s films noir such as The Maltese Falcon, Casablanca, and The Big Sleep earned him status as a cultural icon. Bogart began acting in 1921 after a hitch in the U. S. Navy in World War I and little success in various jobs in finance, gradually he became a regular in Broadway shows in the 1920s and 1930s. When the stock market crash of 1929 reduced the demand for plays, Bogarts breakthrough as a leading man came in 1941 with High Sierra and The Maltese Falcon. His last film was The Harder They Fall, during a film career of almost 30 years, Bogart appeared in more than 75 feature films. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Bogart as the greatest male star of Classic American cinema, over his career, he received three Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning one. Bogart was born on Christmas Day,1899, in New York City, Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Watkins Bogart, a Canandaigua, New York innkeeper, and his wife, Julia, a wealthy heiress. The name Bogart comes from the Dutch surname Bogaert, Belmont and Maud married in June 1898, he was a Presbyterian, of English and Dutch descent, and she was an Episcopalian of English heritage, and a descendant of Mayflower passenger John Howland. Young Humphrey was raised in the Episcopal faith, but was non-practicing for most of his adult life, the corrected January birthdate subsequently appeared—and in some cases, remains—in many otherwise authoritative sources. Sperber and Eric Lax documented, however, that Bogart always celebrated his birthday on December 25, Lauren Bacall confirmed in her autobiography that his birthday was always celebrated on Christmas Day, adding that he joked that he was cheated out of a present every year because of it. Bogarts father, Belmont, was a cardiopulmonary surgeon and his mother, Maud, was a commercial illustrator who received her art training in New York and France, including study with James McNeill Whistler. Later she became art director of the fashion magazine The Delineator and she used a drawing of baby Humphrey in a well-known advertising campaign for Mellins Baby Food. In her prime, she made over $50,000 a year, then a vast sum, the Bogarts lived in a fashionable Upper West Side apartment, and had an elegant cottage on a 55-acre estate on Canandaigua Lake in upstate New York. As a youngster, Humphreys gang of friends at the lake would put on theatricals, Humphrey had two younger sisters, Frances and Catherine Elizabeth. His parents were busy in their careers and frequently fought, very formal, they showed little emotion towards their children. Maud told her offspring to call her Maud not Mother, when pleased she lapped you on the shoulder, almost the way a man does, Bogart recalled. I was brought up very unsentimentally but very straightforwardly, a kiss, in our family, was an event. Our mother and father didnt glug over my two sisters and me. As a boy, Bogart was teased for his curls, tidiness, the pictures his mother had him pose for, the Little Lord Fauntleroy clothes she dressed him in
22.
Three Men on a Horse
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Three Men on a Horse is a play by George Abbott and John Cecil Holm. The comedy focuses on a man who discovers he has a talent for choosing the winning horse in a race as long as he never places a bet himself, there he meets two men and a woman who make a living by betting on horse races. When they discover Erwin has an almost supernatural ability to go through a form and pick the winners, they persuade him to join them at a New York City hotel. Complications arise when Erwin begins to miss his wife and job and his cronies insist he put some money on a horse himself, the play has been produced on Broadway four times. The original production opened at the Playhouse Theatre on January 30,1935, and remained there until November 1936, directed by George Abbott, the opening night cast included Joyce Arling, Garson Kanin, Shirley Booth, and Sam Levene. The first revival opened at the Forrest Theatre on October 9,1942, directed by John Cecil Holm, the cast included Horace McMahon. The second revival opened at the Lyceum Theatre on October 16,1969 and it ran for four previews and 100 performances. Directed by George Abbott, the cast included Sam Levene, Jack Gilford, Dorothy Loudon, Butterfly McQueen, Paul Ford, Hal Linden, the third revival was staged by the National Actors Theatre. It began previews at the Lyceum Theatre on March 23,1993, opened on April 13, directed by John Tillinger, the cast included Tony Randall, Jack Klugman, Jerry Stiller, Ellen Greene, and Julie Hagerty. The play was staged by the Royal National Theatre from January 22 through June 27,1987, starring Toyah Willcox, Ken Stott, Desmond Barrit and Geoffrey Hutchings. Because it was the first time it was produced in London, it was eligible for nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, which it won. An off-Broadway revival of the play at The Actors Company Theatre opened on March 14,2011, a 1936 film adaptation was produced and directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starred Frank McHugh, Joan Blondell, Guy Kibbee, and Sam Levene. A1957 German language film adaptation, Drei Mann auf einem Pferd, starred Walter Giller, a 1969 French language screen adaptation, Trois hommes sur un cheval, was written and directed by Marcel Moussy. In 1989, the title and same basic plot—though purportedly based on a novel—were used for an American-produced screen comedy starring Richard Dreyfuss. An early televised version of the play aired over NBCs experimental station W2XBS on November 24,1939, the play, starring Hiram Sherman, was presented by Prudential Family Playhouse on November 21,1950. Orson Bean starred in a Broadway Television Theatre production on April 21,1952, on April 18,1957, Playhouse 90 presented an adaptation directed by Arthur Hiller and starring Johnny Carson, Jack Carson, Mona Freeman, Carol Channing, Larry Blyden, and Edward Everett Horton. The play was adapted for the stage twice. Banjo Eyes, with music by Vernon Duke and lyrics by John La Touche, opened on Broadway at the Hollywood Theatre on December 25,1941, the cast included Eddie Cantor, Virginia Mayo, Lionel Stander, and Jacqueline Susann
23.
Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
24.
Katharine Hepburn
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Katharine Houghton Hepburn was an American actress. Known for her independence and spirited personality, Hepburn was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years. She appeared in a range of genres, from comedy to literary drama. In 1999, Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema, raised in Connecticut by wealthy, progressive parents, Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College. After four years in the theatre, favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood. Hepburn masterminded her own comeback, buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the rights to The Philadelphia Story. In the 1940s, she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy, the screen-partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies. Hepburn challenged herself in the half of her life, as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions. She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters, such as in The African Queen, three more Oscars came for her work in Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, The Lion in Winter, and On Golden Pond. In the 1970s, she began appearing in films, which became the focus of her career in later life. She remained active into old age, making her screen appearance in 1994 at the age of 87. After a period of inactivity and ill health, Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96, Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine and refused to conform to societys expectations of women. She was outspoken, assertive, athletic, and wore trousers before it was fashionable for women to do so and she married once, as a young woman, but thereafter lived independently. A 26-year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public, Hepburn was born on May 12,1907 in Hartford, Connecticut, the second of six children. Her parents were Thomas Norval Hepburn, a urologist at Hartford Hospital, and Katharine Martha Houghton, as a child, Hepburn joined her mother on several Votes For Women demonstrations. The Hepburn children were raised to exercise freedom of speech and encouraged to think and her parents were criticized by the community for their progressive views, which stimulated Hepburn to fight against barriers she encountered. Hepburn said she realized from an age that she was the product of two very remarkable parents, and credited her enormously lucky upbringing with providing the foundation for her success. She remained close to her throughout her life
25.
The Philadelphia Story (play)
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The Philadelphia Story is a 1939 American comic play by Philip Barry. It tells the story of a socialite whose wedding plans are complicated by the arrival of her ex-husband. Written as a vehicle for Katharine Hepburn, its success marked a reversal of fortunes for the actress, the character of Tracy Lord was inspired by Helen Hope Montgomery Scott, a Philadelphia socialite known for her hijinks, who married a friend of playwright Philip Barry. Hoping to create a vehicle for herself which would erase the label, Hepburn accepted the film rights to the play from Howard Hughes. She then convinced MGMs Louis B. Mayer to buy them from her for only $250,000 in return for Hepburn having veto over producer, director, screenwriter, and cast. Produced by the Theatre Guild, The Philadelphia Story opened March 28,1939, the three-act comedy was directed by Robert B. Sinclair, with lighting and scenery by Robert Edmond Jones, in 1956, it was adapted to an MGM musical film version, High Society with Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly, and Louis Armstrong. Kelly incidentally was an actual Philadelphia socialite in real life, radio adaptations of The Philadelphia Story include a half-hour presentation on The Prudential Family Hour of Stars, starring Sarah Churchill, Norma Jean Nilsson, Gerald Mohr and Gene Kelly. An hour-long adaptation was broadcast August 17,1952, on Best Plays, with a cast including Joan Alexander, Betty Furness, Myron McCormick, the Philadelphia Story was adapted for the second season of the NBC-TV series, Robert Montgomery Presents. Starring Barbara Bel Geddes, Richard Derr and Leslie Nielsen, the live program aired December 4,1950. On December 8,1954, a live 60-minute adaptation of the play was broadcast on the CBS-TV series, the cast included Mary Astor, Dorothy McGuire, Charles Winninger, Neva Patterson, Richard Carlson, Dick Foran, John Payne and Herbert Marshall. Copyright for The Philadelphia Story was registered in 1939 by Barry and his wife, portrait artist Ellen Semple Barry and her estate retains copyright to the play. The Philadelphia Story at the Internet Broadway Database The Philadelphia Story at the Internet Broadway Database 1952 Best Plays radio adaptation at Internet Archive
26.
Ralph Bellamy
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Ralph Rexford Bellamy was an American actor whose career spanned 62 years on stage, screen and television. During his career, he played leading roles as well as supporting roles, garnering acclaim and awards, ralph Rexford Bellamy was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was the son of Lilla Louise, a native of Canada and he ran away from home when he was 15 and managed to get into a road show. He toured with road shows before landing in New York City. He began acting on stage there and by 1927 owned his own theater company, in 1931, he made his film debut and worked constantly throughout the decade both as a lead and as a capable supporting actor. He co-starred in five films with Fay Wray and his film career began with The Secret Six starring Wallace Beery and featuring Jean Harlow and Clark Gable. By the end of 1933, he had appeared in 22 movies, most notably Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm. He played in seven films in 1934 alone, including Woman in the Dark, based on a Dashiell Hammett story, in which Bellamy played the lead. He portrayed detective Ellery Queen in a few films during the 1940s, but as his career did not progress, he returned to the stage. Bellamy appeared in movies during this time, including Dance, Girl, Dance with Maureen OHara and Lucille Ball. The lead role was taken by Frank Lovejoy in 1956, who starred in NBCs Meet McGraw detective series. Bellamy appeared on television in numerous roles over the following years and he was a regular panelist on the CBS television game show To Tell the Truth during its initial run. Bellamy starred as Willard Mitchell, along with Patricia Breslin and Paul Fix, about this same time, he also appeared on the NBC anthology series, The Barbara Stanwyck Show. In December 1961, he portrayed the part of Judge Quince in the episode Judgement at Hondo Seco on CBSs Rawhide, during the 1963–1964 television season, Bellamy co-starred with Jack Ging in the NBC medical drama The Eleventh Hour, in the role of a psychiatrist in private practice. Wendell Corey had appeared in the first season of the series, Bellamy appeared on Broadway in one of his most famous roles, as Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Sunrise at Campobello. He later starred in the 1960 film version, in the summer of 1961, Bellamy hosted nine original episodes of a CBS Western anthology series called Frontier Justice, a Dick Powell Four Star Television production. In 1950 Bellamy became a member of The Lambs, a club located in New York. Highly regarded within the industry, Bellamy served as a four-term President of Actors Equity from 1952–1964, among many roles in numerous shows, sometimes as a series regular, Bellamy portrayed Adlai Stevenson in the 1974 TV-movie The Missiles of October, a treatment of the Cuban Missile Crisis
27.
Duffy's Tavern
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Duffys Tavern was a popular American radio situation comedy which ran for a decade on several networks, concluding with the December 28,1951 broadcast. Gardner had performed the character of Archie, talking about Duffys Tavern, as early as November 9,1939, owner Duffy was never heard nor seen, either on the radio program or in the 1945 film adaptation or the short-lived 1954 TV series. Eddie the Waiter was played by Eddie Green, the pianist Fats Pichon took over the role after Greens death in 1950, hoping to take advantage of the income-tax-free status of Puerto Rico for future projects, Gardner moved the radio show there in 1949. As the series progressed, Archie slipped in and out of a variety of quixotic, such situations mattered less than did the clever depiction of earthbound-but-dreaming New York life and its individualistic, often bizarre characters. Duffys Tavern was Gardners creation, and he oversaw its writing intently enough and his directing credits included stints for George Burns and Gracie Allen, Ripleys Believe It or Not, and The Rudy Vallee Hour. Early in the life, however, its name, Duffys Tavern, was changed—first to Duffys and then, for four episodes. The name change was often subverted by the Armed Forces Radio Network, when the AFRN rebroadcast those episodes for U. S. servicemen during World War II, the announcer referred to Duffys Tavern. Radios Duffys Tavern didnt translate well to film or television, the movie was a box office disappointment. He thought he could do TV, so he left radio, the series failed to gain viewer support. As a result of the programs popularity, dozens of bars and inns across the country adopted the name, such as Duffys Tavern in Holmes Beach. The 1980s situation comedy classic Cheers, jackie Gleasons Joe the Bartender sketches. These usually began with Joe in a conversation with a patron, Mr. Dennehy, before being joined by a Finnegan-like, cheerful dolt. One of the cartoon sequences from The Quick Draw McGraw Show was called Snooper and Blabber, featuring a pair of cat. Daws Butler patterned Super Snoopers voice after Ed Gardner’s Archie on Duffy’s Tavern, George and Junior was a short-lived theatrical cartoon series produced by MGM. All of the shorts were directed by Tex Avery, who based them on George and Lennie from John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men, as well as Archie. The Simpsons, in the form of Moe the bartender, who answers the telephone saying, Moes Tavern, the show was parodied in the 1947 Popeye cartoon Ill Be Skiing Ya. Where the Elite Beat the Heat, the 1946 Warner Bros. cartoon Hush My Mouse also parodied the show, with Sniffles the mouse visiting Tuffys Tavern. The National Institute for Trial Advocacy publishes a series of recorded lectures titled Basic Concepts in the Law of Evidence by Irving Younger, on the eighth tape of the series, Younger lectures about hearsay when a telephone rings
28.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
29.
Blue Network
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The Blue Network, and its immediate predecessor, the NBC Blue Network, were the on-air names of the now defunct American radio production and distribution service, which ran from 1927 to 1945. The Blue Network can be dated to 1923, when the Radio Corporation of America acquired WJZ, Newark from Westinghouse and moved it to New York City in May of that year. When RCA commenced operations of WRC, Washington on August 1,1923, Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod states that it would not be until 1924 that the Radio Group formally began network operations. The core stations of the Radio Group were RCAs stations WJZ and WRC, the Westinghouse station WBZ, then in Springfield, Massachusetts, and WGY, RCAs principal rival prior to 1926 was the radio broadcasting department of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. AT&T, starting in 1921, had been using this department as a test-bed for equipment being designed and manufactured by its Western Electric subsidiary, nevertheless, the WJZ network sought to compete toe-to-toe with the AT&T network, which was built around WEAF. For example, both stations sent announcer teams to cover the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City. RCA were to receive a break in 1926, when AT&T made a decision to exit the broadcasting business. The first step by AT&T was to create the Broadcasting Company of America on May 15,1926, the Oakland Tribune stated that 4/5ths of the purchase price of WEAF could be attributed to good-will and the line access. On July 28,1926, the Washington Post reported in a story that RCA had acquired WCAP. The Oakland Tribune reported the day that WCAP had departed the field, and WRC would be operating on the frequency that they had shared. It is also announced that this opening Victor program inaugurates a new system to be operated by the National Broadcasting Company. This new chain, which will be known as the network, will allow simultaneous broadcasting from WJZ through WBZ, Springfield and Boston, KDKA, Pittsburgh. For broadcasting of the first program, therefore, the network will be joined with the red network, as the WEAF chain is designated. The Red and Blue Networks shared a pool of engineers and facilities. There are two examples, from the biggest news events of 1927. On May 20,1927, both of the NBC networks covered the return of Charles Lindbergh to America from his trans-Atlantic flight, star announcer Graham McNamee doing the honors. Three months later, a combined hookup of 67 stations on the two presented the second Dempsey–Tunney fight, broadcast by McNamee and NBC colleague Phillips Carlin. See Elizabeth McLeods discussion of surviving NBC broadcast material from this era, during the 1932–1933 season, Standard Oil of New Jersey sponsored an unusual program, the Five-Star Theater, which each weeknight presented a show in a different format
30.
Our Miss Brooks
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Our Miss Brooks is an American situation comedy starring Eve Arden as a sardonic high-school English teacher. It began as a show broadcast on CBS from 1948 to 1957. When the show was adapted to television, it one of the mediums earliest hits. In 1956, the sitcom was adapted for big screen in the film of the same name, the television episodes have returned to air as of September 6,2016, shown every weekday on MeTV at 5,00 a. m. Connie Brooks is an English teacher at fictional Madison High School, Osgood Conklin is a blustery, gruff, crooked, and unsympathetic Madison High principal, a near-constant pain to his faculty and students. Occasionally, Conklin would rig competitions at the school—such as that for prom queen—so that his daughter Harriet would win, perfectly aware of Miss Brooks feelings, he tirelessly tries to help Brooks snare Mr. Boynton, despite the latters cluelessness. Philip Boynton, is a Madison High biology teacher, the shy, margaret Davis, Miss Brooks absentminded landlady, has two trademarks, a cat named Minerva and a penchant for whipping up exotic and often inedible breakfasts. Harriet Conklin is a Madison High student and daughter of principal Conklin, a sometime love interest for Walter Denton, Harriet is honest and guileless, with none of her fathers malevolence and dishonesty. Stretch Snodgrass is a dull-witted Madison High athletic star and Walters best friend, daisy Enright is a Madison High English teacher and a scheming professional and romantic rival to Miss Brooks. Jacques Monet is a French teacher, Arden had actually been the third choice to play the title role. Lucille Ball was believed to have been the choice, but she was already committed to My Favorite Husband. Then CBS chairman Bill Paley, who was friendly with Arden, produced by Larry Berns and written by director Al Lewis, Our Miss Brooks premiered on CBS July 19,1948. According to radio critic John Crosby, her lines were very feline in dialogue scenes with principal Conklin and would-be boyfriend Boynton, with sharp, witty comebacks. The interplay between the cast—blustery Conklin, nebbishy Denton, accommodating Harriet, absentminded Mrs. Davis, clueless Boynton, Jeff Chandler played Boynton and stayed with the role for five years, even after becoming a movie star. He ultimately resigned because it was too exhausting to juggle a regular role with his film commitments. Others in the cast included Anne Whitfield as Conklins daughter, Harriet, Arden won a radio listeners poll by Radio Mirror magazine as the top-ranking comedienne of 1948–49, receiving her award at the end of an Our Miss Brooks broadcast that March. Im certainly going to try in the months to merit the honor youve bestowed upon me. But she was also a hit with the critics, a winter 1949 poll of newspaper, for its entire radio life, the show was sponsored by Colgate-Palmolive-Peet, promoting Palmolive soap, Lustre Creme shampoo, and Toni hair-care products
31.
Eve Arden
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Eve Arden was an American film, stage, and television actress, and comedian. She performed in leading and supporting roles over nearly six decades, Arden would go on to earn an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Mildred Pierce. Lucille, a milliner, divorced Charles over his gambling, although not Roman Catholic, young Eunice was sent to a Dominican convent school near Modesto, and later attended Tamalpais High School, a public high school in Mill Valley until age 16. After leaving school, she joined a theater company. She made her debut under her real name in the backstage musical Song of Love, as a wisecracking, homewrecking showgirl who becomes a rival to the films star. The film was one of Columbia Pictures earliest successes, in 1933, she relocated to New York City, where she appeared in multiple Broadway stage productions in supporting parts. In 1934, she was cast in that years Ziegfeld Follies revue and this was the first role in which she was credited as Eve Arden. Told to change her name for the show, she looked at her cosmetics and stole my first name from Evening in Paris and the second from Elizabeth Arden. Between 1934 and 1941, she would appear in Broadway productions of Parade, Very Warm for May, Two for the Show, and Lets Face It. Her film career began in earnest in 1937 when she signed a contract with RKO Radio Pictures and her Stage Door portrayal of a fast-talking, witty supporting character gained Arden considerable notice and was to be a template for many of Ardens future roles. In 1938, she appeared in a part in the comedy Having Wonderful Time, starring Ginger Rogers. This was followed by roles in the crime film The Forgotten Woman, and the comedy At the Circus, opposite Groucho Marx, in 1940, she appeared opposite Clark Gable in Comrade X, followed by the drama Manpower, opposite Marlene Dietrich. She also appeared in a part in the Red Skelton comedy Whistling in the Dark. In 1946, exhibitors voted her the sixth-most promising star of tomorrow and she became familiar to a new generation of film-goers when she played Principal McGee in both 1978s Grease and 1982s Grease 2. Arden portrayed the character on radio from 1948 to 1957, in a version of the program from 1952 to 1956. Ardens character clashed with the principal, Osgood Conklin. Except for Chandler, the radio cast of Arden, Gordon, Richard Crenna, Robert Rockwell, Gloria McMillan. She won a poll by Radio Mirror magazine as the top-ranking comedienne of 1948–1949
32.
Sidney Blackmer
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Sidney Alderman Blackmer was an American actor. Blackmer was born and raised in Salisbury, North Carolina, the son of Clara Deroulhac and he started off in an insurance and financial business but gave up on it. While working as a laborer on a new building, he saw a Pearl White serial being filmed. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Blackmer went to New York, hoping to act on the stage. He made his Broadway debut in 1917, but his career was interrupted by service in the U. S. military in World War I. After the war, he returned to the theatre and, in 1929, returned to motion pictures and he won the 1950 Tony Award for Best Actor for his role in the Broadway play, Come Back, Little Sheba, co-starring with Shirley Booth. In film, Blackmer is remembered for his more than a dozen portrayals of U. S, in 1919, Blackmer played a major role in the strike that led to the formation of Actors Equity Association. A humanitarian, Blackmer served as the vice president of the United States Muscular Dystrophy Association. He also helped start up the North Carolina School of the Arts, in 1972, he was honored with the North Carolina Award in the Fine Arts category. It is the State of North Carolinas highest civilian award, on his death in 1973, Blackmer was interred in the Chestnut Hill Cemetery in his hometown of Salisbury, North Carolina. Blackmer was married to actress Lenore Ulric from 1928–1939 and his second wife was Suzanne Kaaren to whom he was married from 1943 to his death in 1973. He and Kaaren had two sons and they lived in the family home in Salisbury, North Carolina. For his contribution to the picture industry, Sidney Blackmer has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1625 Vine Street. Blackmer also appeared in roles, such as The Premature Burial episode of TV series Thriller,1961. He is perhaps best-remembered as Presidential candidate William Lyons Selby in the Outer Limits episode The Hundred Days of the Dragon, Sidney Blackmer at the Internet Movie Database Sidney Blackmer at the Internet Broadway Database Sidney Blackmer at Find a Grave Sidney Blackmer at AllMovie
33.
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (musical)
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A Tree Grows in Brooklyn is a musical with a book by George Abbott and Betty Smith, lyrics by Dorothy Fields, and music by Arthur Schwartz. After two previews, the Broadway production, directed by Abbott and choreographed by Herbert Ross, opened on April 19,1951 at the Alvin Theatre, where it ran for 267 performances. In addition to Booth, the cast included Johnny Johnston as Johnny, Marcia Van Dyke as Katie, Van Dyke was honored with a Theatre World Award. The musical director was Max Goberman, goodspeed Opera House mounted a revised production relegating Aunt Cissy to a supporting role in 2003. Staged concert production at New York City Center in 2005 starred Emily Skinner as Cissy, Jason Danieley as Johnny, a cast recording of the original production is available on a compact disc released by Sony. The musical tells of the working-class Nolan family at the turn of the 20th century in Brooklyn, the father, Johnny, is an optimistic but undependable singing waiter who spends his paycheck in the neighborhood saloon. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn at the Internet Broadway Database A Tree Grows in Brooklyn plot summary & character descriptions 2005 Encores
34.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
35.
Burt Lancaster
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Burton Stephen Burt Lancaster was an American film actor. Initially known for playing tough guys, Lancaster went on to success with more complex. He was nominated four times for Academy Awards and won once for his work in Elmer Gantry in 1960 and he also won a Golden Globe for that performance and BAFTA Awards for The Birdman of Alcatraz and Atlantic City. During the 1950s his production company Hecht-Hill-Lancaster was highly successful, making such as Marty, Trapeze, Sweet Smell of Success, Run Silent, Run Deep. The American Film Institute ranks Lancaster as #19 of the greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema, Lancaster was born in Manhattan, New York City, at his parents home at 209 East 106th Street, between Second and Third Avenues, today the site of Benjamin Franklin Plaza. Lancaster was the son of Elizabeth and James Henry Lancaster, who was a mailman, both of his parents were Protestants of working class origin. All of Lancasters grandparents were Ulster immigrants to the United States, the family believed themselves to be related to Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts. Before he graduated from DeWitt Clinton, his mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage, Lancaster was accepted by New York University with an athletic scholarship, but subsequently dropped out. At the age of 19, Lancaster met Nick Cravat, with whom he developed a lifelong partnership, together they learned to act in local theatre productions and circus arts at Union Settlement, one of the citys oldest settlement houses. They formed the acrobat duo Lang and Cravat in the 1930s, however, in 1939, an injury forced Lancaster to give up the profession, with great regret. He then found work, first as a salesman for Marshall Fields. He served with General Mark Clarks Fifth Army in Italy from 1943–45, although initially unenthusiastic about acting, after returning to New York from his Army service, Lancaster auditioned for a Broadway play and was offered a role. Wallis, who signed him to an eight-movie contract, Lancasters first filmed movie was Desert Fury. Fortunately for Lancaster, producer Mark Hellinger approached him to star in The Killers, in 1946, the tall, muscular actor won significant acclaim and appeared in two more films the following year. Subsequently, he played in a variety of films, especially in dramas, thrillers, and military and adventure films. In two, The Flame and the Arrow and The Crimson Pirate, a friend from his circus years, Nick Cravat, played a key supporting role, in 1953, Lancaster played one of his best-remembered roles with Deborah Kerr in From Here to Eternity. The American Film Institute acknowledged the iconic status of the scene from film in which Deborah Kerr. The organization named it one of AFIs top 100 Most Romantic Films of all time, Lancaster won the 1960 Academy Award for Best Actor, a Golden Globe Award, and the New York Film Critics Award for his performance in Elmer Gantry
36.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
37.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
38.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
