1.
Shot grouping
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In shooting sports, a shot grouping, or simply grouping, is the placement of multiple shots on a target, taken in one shooting session. The tightness of the grouping is a measure of the precision of a weapon, and a measure of the shooters consistency and skill. For firearms that shoot one round at a time, a shot grouping test can be used to measure the accuracy of the system, the weapons mechanical precision. The weapon is fixed into position on a test mount, multiple shots using rounds from the same type and batch are fired to observe how the weapon groups the shots. If a person holds the weapon and shoots it, the measures the combination of the persons skill. In shotgun shooting, the grouping is called the pattern. The pattern is the spread of shot from a shotgun shell. The barrel of a shotgun is designed to deliver a wide or narrow grouping, depending on the expected use. Shooting at close range indicates a cylinder bore barrel to deliver a wide grouping, while for hunting at longer distances such as 50 yards or meters, in archery, a shot grouping is the result of one person shooting multiple arrows at a target. A tight grouping indicates consistency in form, mean point of impact is the calculated center of the grouping, which is the average center of all the shots, and is not necessarily located at a hole in the target. The size of the grouping is described as the smallest circle containing all the shots, a flier is a shot from the same shooting session that is farther from the general shot group, considered to be outside of the grouping. Such shots may be the result of an unexpected gust of wind, rarely, it may indicate inconsistency in the ammunition. Single fliers may be discounted when evaluating a grouping, but if fliers occur often, then the problem should be traced to its origin. When using SI units, shooting accuracy is measured in mils by measuring the size in millimeters. The error of assuming that 0.1 mil equals 1 cm at 100 meters is about 1 × 10-7. When using imperial units, shooting accuracy is measured in minutes of arc by measuring the size in inches, multiplying by a factor of 100. The error of assuming that 1′ equals 1 at 100 yd is about 4.5 %, when shooting at a target 100 yards away, 1′ is a circle 1.047 inches in diameter, while at 100 meters, 1′ is a 29. 1-millimeter circle. The arcminute is a measurement, with 1′ equal to one minute of one degree
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
Pistol
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A pistol is a type of handgun. In some usage, the term refers to a subset of handguns. In other usage, the term is interchangeable with handgun, some handgun experts and dictionaries make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns, others use the terms interchangeably. But UK/rest of Commonwealth usage does not always make this distinction, for example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI revolver was Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No.1 Mk VI. The English word was introduced in ca.1570 from the Middle French pistolet, the etymology of the French word pistolet is disputed. The first suggestion derives the word from Czech píšťala, a type of hand-cannon used in the Hussite Wars during the 1420s, the Czech word was adopted in German as pitschale, pitschole, petsole, and variants. The second suggestion is less likely, the use of the word as a designation of a gun is not documented before 1605 in Italy, long after it was used in French, the Czech word is well documented since the Hussite wars in 1420s. Other suggestions include from Middle High German pischulle or from Middle French pistole, also it is suggested that early pistols were carried by cavalry in holsters hung from the pommel of a horses saddle. The most common types of pistol are the shot. Single shot handguns were mainly seen during the era of flintlock and musket weaponry where the pistol was loaded with a ball and fired by a flint striker. However, as technology improved, so did the single shot pistol, new operating mechanisms were created, and due to this, they are still made today. It is the oldest type of pistol, and is used to hunt wild game. Multi-barreled pistols were common during the time as single shot pistols. As designers looked for ways to increase fire rates, multiple barrels were added to all guns including pistols, one example of a multi-barreled pistol is the Ducks foot pistol, which generally had either four or eight barrels, although some 20th century models had three barrels. Around 1850, pistols such as the Jarre harmonica gun were produced that had a sliding magazine, the sliding magazine contained pinfire cartridges or speedloaders. The magazine needed to be moved manually in many designs, hence distinguishing them from semi-automatic pistols, with the development of the revolver in the 19th century, gunsmiths had finally achieved the goal of a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one handgun barrel in quick succession. The semi-automatic pistol was the step in the development of the pistol. By avoiding multiple chambers—which need to be individually reloaded—semi-automatic pistols delivered faster rates of fire, an example of a modern blow back action semi-automatic pistol is the HK VP70
4.
Shotgun
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Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5. A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled, preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, was used in a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops because of its shorter length and ease of use. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms. The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, since then, it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian, law enforcement, and military applications. The shot pellets from a spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets. In a hunting context, this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds, however, in a military or law enforcement context, the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries, shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. These involve shooting clay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown in various ways, shotguns come in a wide variety of forms, from very small up to massive punt guns, and in nearly every type of firearm operating mechanism. The common characteristics that make a unique center around the requirements of firing shot. These features are the typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls. Ammunition for shotguns is referred to in the USA as shotgun shells, shotshells, the term cartridges is standard usage in the United Kingdom. The shot is fired from a smoothbore barrel, another configuration is the rifled slug barrel. The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets, the spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile. The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why shotguns are used at short ranges, and typically against smaller targets. Larger shot sizes, up to the case of the single projectile slug load, result in increased penetration. Aside from the most common use against small, fast moving targets, First, it has enormous stopping power at short range, more than nearly all handguns and many rifles
5.
Darts
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Darts is a form of throwing sport in which small missiles are thrown at a circular dartboard fixed to a wall. Though various boards and rules have been used in the past, Darts were historically used in warfare in ancient history, skirmishers used darts of varying sizes, similar to miniature javelins. It was the practice of this skill that developed into a game of skill, before the First World War, pubs in the United Kingdom had dartboards made from solid blocks of wood, usually elm. They had to be soaked overnight to heal the holes made by the darts and this changed when a company called Nodor, whose primary business was making modelling clay, started producing clay dartboards in 1923. The clay dartboards never caught on, and Nodor switched to making the traditional elm dartboards that were popular at the time and their model of dartboard was not a great success until someone came up with the idea of using the century plant to make a dartboard. Small bundles of fibres of the same length were bundled together. The bundles were then compressed into a disk and bound with a metal ring, quality dartboards are made of sisal fibres, less expensive boards are sometimes made of cork or coiled paper. However, several types of fibre are used in dartboards today, originating from East Africa, Brazil. A regulation board is 17 3⁄4 inches in diameter and is divided into 20 radial sections, each section is separated with metal wire or a thin band of sheet metal. The best dartboards have the thinnest wire, so that the darts have less chance of hitting a wire, the numbers indicating the various scoring sections of the board are also normally made of wire, especially on tournament-quality boards. The wire ring on which the numbers are welded can be turned to facilitate even wear of the board, boards of lesser quality often have the numbers printed directly on the board. Recently, some companies have produced electronic dartboards and these dartboards have electronic scoring computers that are preprogrammed with a wide variety of game types. The board is made of plastic facings with small holes, the holes slant out, allowing the plastic-tipped darts to stick inside. When a dart strikes the board, the section makes contact with a metal plate, illumination should be arranged to brightly illuminate the dartboard and minimize shadows of thrown darts. The main supply for the illumination should be protected against accidental piercing, the dartboard may have its origins in the cross-section of a tree. An old name for a dartboard is butt, the word comes from the French word but, the London Fives board is another variation. This has only 12 equal segments numbered 20,5,15,10,20,5,15,10,20,5,15,10 with the doubles and trebles being a quarter of an inch wide. There is a speculation that the game originated among soldiers throwing short arrows at the bottom of a cask or at the bottom of trunks of trees, as the wood dried, cracks would develop, creating sections
6.
Crossbow
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A crossbow, also known as horizontal bow, is a type of weapon based on the bow and consisting of a horizontal bow-like assembly mounted on a stock. It shoots projectiles called bolts or quarrels, the medieval crossbow was called by many names, most of which were derived from the word ballista, a torsion siege engine resembling a crossbow. Historically, crossbows played a significant role in the warfare of East Asia, Europe, the introduction of the crossbow in ancient China caused a major shift in the role of projectile weaponry. The traditional bow and arrow had long been a weapon that required a considerable training, physical strength. A crossbow is a bow mounted on a stick with a mechanism in it that holds the bow string. The earliest designs featured a slot in the stock, down into which the string was placed, to shoot this design, a vertical rod is thrust up through a hole in the bottom of the notch, forcing the string out. This rod is attached perpendicular to a rear-facing lever called a trigger or tickler. A later design implemented a rolling cylindrical pawl called a nut to retain the string and this nut has a perpendicular center slot for the bolt, and an intersecting axial slot for the string, along with a lower face or slot against which the internal trigger sits. They often also have some form of strengthening internal sear or trigger face and these roller nuts were either free-floating in their close-fitting hole across the stock, tied in with a binding of sinew or other strong cording, or mounted on a metal axle or pins. Removable or integral plates of wood, ivory, or metal on the sides of the stock kept the nut in place laterally, nuts were made of antler, bone, or metal. Bows could be kept taut and ready to shoot for some time with little effort, the bow of early crossbows was made of a single piece of wood, usually ash or yew. Composite bows are made from layers of different material, often wood, horn and these composite bows made of several layers are much stronger and more efficient in releasing energy than simple wooden bows. As steel became more available in Europe around the 14th century. The crossbow prod is very short compared to ordinary bows, resulting in a draw length. This leads to a draw weight in order to store the same amount of energy. Furthermore, the thick prods are a bit less efficient at releasing energy, traditionally, the prod was often lashed to the stock with rope, whipcord, or other strong cording. This cording is called the bridle, the strings for a crossbow are typically made of strong fibers that would not tend to fray. Whipcord was very common, however linen, hemp, and sinew were used as well, in wet conditions, twisted mulberry root was occasionally used
7.
Electronic scoring system
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The score may also be shown on a big screen for audience at the shooting range, and this has in many ways revolutionized the shooting sport. Some systems even allow real time publishing on the internet, the scoring can also be held back by the Range Officer until the string of fire is finished, so that scores for each competitor can be shown in ascending order. Targets are available for calibers ranging from air gun pellets up to the 105 mm tank shell, some advantages of electronic scoring systems are, Makes organizing matches easier, since the scores are calculated automatically. Provides the shooter immediate and precise feedback, and can be used for training, real time scoring is more exciting to audience, and has in many ways revolutionized the shooting sport. Some disadvantages of electronic scoring systems are, Relatively high construction costs, vulnerability to lightning strikes because of long cables in the ground combined with sensitive electronics. The cables around the stand are vulnerable to bullets. This can especially be a problem in speed shooting competitions where some of the shots may miss the target, to protect the cables, brackets made of hardened steel have been used in stangskyting and felthurtigskyting. All types of electronic targets use some form of equations to triangulate the position of bullet impact. Sound-chamber targets is the oldest type of electronic targets, and uses the Mach wave of the bullet to determine its position as it passes through the target. The first sound-chamber system for big bore rifles was patented in 1975 and it functions by using microphones to measure the sound wave of the projectile as it passes through the target. The target is built like a frame and covered with rubber sheets front, inside the chamber there are microphones, either three in the bottom of the frame, or one in each of the four corners. Additionally, the air temperature inside the target is measured to calculate the speed of sound. In 2010 Sius Ascor released Laserscore, the first electronic target system using lasers, since the measuring method is optical and theres no moving parts, the target is almost free from wear and maintenance. Data can be transferred either wirelessly or through cables, cables are often used for permanent installations, while wireless radio transmissions are used for targets placed provisionally in the field and for running targets. So that hobbyists can build an electronic target for under 50 USD, the system is supposed to be portable, accurate within 5 mm, plot impact locations quickly and transmit the data wirelessly to a laptop or smartphone. During the project both soft targets and hard targets was tested, and hard targets were the most successful giving an electronic precision of 2 cm, to function satisfactorily, E-Targ suggests that the electronic precision should be at least 10 times better than the expected precision of the shooter. Steel target Video, Kongsberg Target Systemt - Animation of How It Works Video, Silver Mountain Targets How It Works Video, An Overview of SIUS Electronic Target and Scoring Systems
8.
Bunker
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A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people or valued materials from falling bombs or other attacks. Bunkers are mostly underground, compared to blockhouses which are mostly above ground and they were used extensively in World War I, World War II, and the Cold War for weapons facilities, command and control centers, and storage facilities. Bunkers can also be used as protection from tornadoes, trench bunkers are small concrete structures, partly dug into the ground. Many artillery installations, especially for coastal artillery, have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems, typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living quarters. When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with fibre-reinforced plastic shells. Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear, nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after the shock wave passes, and block radiation. A bunkers door must be at least as strong as the walls, in bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of ventilation or air conditioning must be provided. Bunkers can be destroyed with explosives and bunker-busting warheads. The word bunker originates as a Scots word for bench, seat, the word possibly has a Scandinavian origin, Old Swedish bunke means boards used to protect the cargo of a ship. A sense of earthen seat is recorded 1805, with the spelling boncure from whence the use to refer to sand traps in golf, all the early references to its usage in the Oxford English Dictionary are to German fortifications. This type of bunker is a concrete structure, partly dug into the ground. Such bunkers give the defending soldiers better protection than the open trench and they also provide shelter against the weather. The front bunker of a system usually includes machine guns or mortars. The rear bunkers are usually used as posts or Tactical Operations Centers, for storage. Many artillery installations, especially for coastal artillery, have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems, artillery bunkers are some of the largest individual pre-Cold War bunkers. The walls of the Batterie Todt gun installation in northern France were up to 3.5 m thick, typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living quarters. They were built mainly by nations like Germany during World War II to protect important industries from aerial bombardment, industrial bunkers are also built for control rooms of dangerous activities, e. g. tests of rocket engines or explosive experiments. They are also built in order to perform experiments in them or to store radioactive or explosive goods
9.
Cabela's
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Cabelas Inc. is an American direct marketer and specialty retailer of hunting, fishing, boating, camping, shooting, and related outdoor recreation merchandise, based in Sidney, Nebraska. The company was founded by Richard N. Cabela in 1961 and went public in 2004, with that fiscal years revenue reaching $1.56 billion, the largest Cabelas is also known for the biggest indoor habitat. They are known for their many taxidermies, but what the Cabelas is best known for in Ohio are the live squirrels on their two-story mountain habitat and its direct marketing operation is one of the largest in the United States. Cabelas mail-order catalogs are shipped to 50 states and 120 countries, more than 120 million catalogs were mailed in its first year as a public company. It also has Trophy Properties LLC, the Gun Library, the company that would become a sporting goods reseller and chain was started in 1961. Richard N. Cabela purchased $45 worth of fishing flies at an expo in Chicago which he then advertised for sale in a local newspaper advertisement. When his first effort produced only one response, he placed an ad in a magazine, Sports Afield. Included with each order was a catalog of products for sale by Cabela. As the business grew, Cabela and his wife Mary moved their operation to Sidney, dicks brother Jim also joined the business. From those modest beginnings, the company has grown to a publicly traded corporation with over $3 billion in annual sales. On February 17,2014, founder Dick Cabela died at his home in Sidney, Nebraska, founders Dick and Mary Cabela and Dick’s brother James Cabela retained 25% ownership of the now public company which trades under the stock symbol CAB. About half of Cabela’s sales come from hunting-related merchandise with about a third derived from the sale of firearms, ammunition, additionally, in 2012 30% of revenue came from direct sales, and 59% from physical retail stores. The remaining 11% of revenue came from its subsidiary and credit card business. In 1996 Gander Mountain, prior to declaring bankruptcy, sold its mail order business to Cabelas with a no-compete clause, in 2007, Cabelas brought suit against them to prevent their re-entry into the mail-order business. Gander Mountain won the lawsuit and began selling online as well, in February 2013, Cabelas sued Gander Mountain for patent infringement over a fold-up cot that Gander was selling. In December 2013, Gander sued Cabelas for cybersquatting, earnings per share came in at $0.70 which was higher than 2012s earnings of $0.60 per share. In December 2015, Cabelas sold their Outdoor Adventures & T. A. G. S, on October 3,2016, Bass Pro Shops announced an agreement to acquire Cabelas for $5.5 billion. Cabelas has a look to its retail operations, a look which turns its retail stores into tourist attractions
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