1.
Strip mall
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Strip Mall is a situation comedy that aired on Comedy Central from June 2000 until March 2001. The series, a spoof of prime time soap operas, was set in Van Nuys, the titular Strip Mall was the fictional Plaza del Toro. Brown starred as Tammi Tyler, an actress who at 12 had stabbed her adult co-star to death after eating a cupcake laced with PCP. Now, as an adult, Tammi worked as a waitress at the Funky Fox, one of her fellow employees was Patti the barmaid. In the series premiere Tammi married the owner of Starbrite Cleaners, Harvey Krudup, who she thought was worth millions, for the rest of the shows run Tammi would try to end her marriage. There was also an insurance agency near the plaza, run by an agent named Dwight, bob Koherr, who had directed Brown in the 1997 movie Plump Fiction, played a biker named Blank and his identical brothers Blair and Blunt. Juan Vidal played Tammis Latin lover, Fernando, former Miss Alabama Kim Wimmer played Elyce Cantwell. All twenty episodes of series were written by the same writers. In addition to Brown and Koherr, episodes of the series were directed by Alan Cohn, Sam Irvin, and Bobcat Goldthwait. Frequent guest stars on the series included Stella Stevens, one of several actresses to play Harveys mom, and Cindy Williams—like Brown, many of the behind-the-scenes crew came from Browns previous series, Clueless, which was also set in the Los Angeles area. Every episode of this series ended with a cliffhanger, the final episode ended with Tammi being thrown from an airplane by Dwight, who yelled, Goodbye, Tammi Tyler. Strip Mall was one of two Comedy Central sitcoms cancelled in June 2001 due to cost reasons, the other was Thats My Bush, Strip Mall at the Internet Movie Database
2.
Westfield Garden State Plaza
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Its department store anchors are J. C. Penney, Lord & Taylor, Macys, Neiman Marcus and Nordstrom. It was the first large shopping mall in New Jersey. The mall had sales of $775 per square foot in 2013, about $320 above the national average, Garden State Plaza was built in 1957 by the Muscarelle Construction Company for owner/developer R. H. Macy & Co. as an open-air shopping plaza. Gimbels and J. C. Penney were added in 1958, total construction costs were $26 million in 1957 for the mall and its original group of 90 stores. By 1961, it was the worlds largest mall, the mall was enclosed between 1981 and 1984 in response to competitive pressure from newer fully enclosed malls such as the Willowbrook Mall in nearby Wayne. Later in the 1980s, a level was added by converting a former basement truck tunnel into retail space. In 1987, Gimbels parent company, BATUS, which had been selling off its Gimbels stores, Associated reopened the store as the new headquarters for its Hahnes department stores. Hahnes had previously been headquartered at its store in downtown Newark, NJ. Two years later, a Nobody Beats the Wiz store was added to the mall site, on September 7,1990, Nordstrom opened its first New Jersey location, building a $37 million,272,000 sq ft. three-level store on the former Hahnes site. In 1996, Lord & Taylor opened a store in the mall, the downstairs food court was connected to the lower level from the previous expansion. A Venetian Carousel was also added at that time of the expansion, the carousel closed in 2016 and was removed so that the mall could use that space for The Bergen Performing Arts Center to give performances and shows. There is also a Bergen PAC ticket center located nearby as well, westfield acquired the mall in 1986 from Macys in a deal that also included New Jerseys Brunswick Square Mall and Quaker Bridge Mall. The petition was turned down, and the mall celebrated its 50th Anniversary with the new expansion, other than the AMC, some of the stores and restaurants that are in the expanded wing are Grand Lux Cafe, Jamba Juice, a Sprint store, and Vans. In 2013, the mall rebuilt the east parking garage, expanding it to five levels and 1,800 parking spaces, adjacent were built a new guest services office and a valet lounge. A year later, the added a 55,000 square foot wing at a cost of $160 million known as the Fashion District that has 22 stores. Tenants in the Fashion District include Microsoft Store, Michael Kors, LUSH, Armani Exchange, Au Bon Pain, Garden State Plazas parking lot is accessible, on Sundays, only from the Route 4 and Route 17 access points. Gates are down so that the roads from the secondary streets are blocked. The Paramus Borough Code forbids the performance of any worldly employment on Sunday and these laws were enacted shortly after Garden State Plaza opened out of fear that the mall would cause high levels of congestion in the borough
3.
Paramus, New Jersey
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Paramus is a borough in Bergen County, in the U. S. state of New Jersey. A suburb of New York City, Paramus is located 15 to 20 miles northwest of Midtown Manhattan, in 2013, it was named as a New Jersey Healthy Town under the states Mayors Wellness Campaign. Paramus was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 2,1922, and ratified by a referendum held on April 4,1922, Paramus was created from portions of Midland Township, which now exists as Rochelle Park. The name is said to be of Native American origin. The borough is one of the largest shopping destinations in the country, generating over $5 billion in retail sales. More than 63% of Bergen County voters rejected a referendum on the ballot in 1993 that would have repealed the countys blue laws, New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Paramus as its 21st best place to live in its 2013 rankings of the Best Places To Live in New Jersey. According to a recent NerdWallet survey, the sixth-best place to start a business in New Jersey is Paramus as well as being the ninth-best place for home ownership in the state, funderas 2016 study ranked Paramus the fouth-best city in New Jersey for entrepreneurs. Paramus ranked in the top 20 places with populations over 25,000 in the U. S. by median income as reported by CNNMoney. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 10.520 square miles. The borough borders the Bergen County municipalities of Emerson, Fair Lawn, Glen Rock, Hackensack, Maywood, Oradell, Ridgewood, River Edge, Rochelle Park, Saddle Brook and Washington Township. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Arcola, Bergen Place, the area that became northern New Jersey was occupied for thousands of years by prehistoric indigenous peoples. At the time of European encounter, it was settled by the historic Lenape people, the Lenape language word for the area, Peremessing, which meant that it had an abundant population of wild turkey, was anglicized to become the word Paramus. A large metal statue of a turkey in the Paramus Park mall commemorates this history. Another variation is that the word means pleasant stream, albert Saboroweski, whose descendants became known by the family name Zabriskie, immigrated from Poland via the Dutch ship The Fox in 1662. He settled in the Dutch West Indies Company town of Ackensack, a son, Jacob, was captured by the Lenape and held for 15 years. When he was returned to his family, the Lenape explained to Saboroweski that they had taken the child in order to him their language so that he could serve as a translator. They granted Saboroweski approximately 2,000 acres of land became known as the Paramus Patent. During the American Revolutionary War, the county included both Tories and Patriots, with Patriots greatly outnumbering Tories, although no major battles were fought in Bergen County, Paramus was part of the military activity, as colonial troops were stationed in Ramapo under the command of Aaron Burr
4.
Westfarms Mall
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Westfarms, sometimes referred to as Westfarms Mall, is an upscale shopping mall located seven miles southwest of Hartford, Connecticut. The mall sits on the line between Farmington and West Hartford, and takes its name from the two. The mall was developed, and is managed by, The Taubman Company and it is the third largest indoor mall in the state. Westfarms is located on Connecticut Route 71, not far from the intersection of Interstate 84 and Connecticut Route 9, the retail strip housing Westfarms is situated between the towns of West Hartford, Farmington, Newington, and New Britain and is surrounded by additional shopping plazas. Since 2006, Westfarms has been anchored by Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, JCPenney, and Macys, the mall features more than 160 shops in total. F. Changs China Bistro, Spanx, The North Face, Tiffany & Co, tommy Bahama, Tory Burch, True Religion Brand Jeans, Urban Outfitters, Vans and many more. Westfarms Mall opened in 1974 with original anchors JC Penney, G. Fox & Co. the original mall corridor currently connects JCPenney and Macys Womens and Children. The first expansion project of the mall took place when Lord & Taylor moved from Bishops Corner in West Hartford to the back of the mall in the early 1980s, a short, new wing of the mall connected Lord & Taylor to center court, across from Sage Allen. In 1997, the mall expanded once again and went through renovations when New Englands first Nordstrom department store opened, not only did Nordstrom build a new store, but a new wing of 32 additional stores was added, connecting Nordstrom to the main mall corridor. The second floor of the Nordstrom wing has an entrance to Lord & Taylors second floor as well, the G. Fox store converted to its sister Filenes division in 1993. After Sage-Allen went out of business, the Sage-Allen space became the Filenes Mens & Home store in 1995, both locations are now rebranded as Macys. From its grand opening in 1974 until 2002, the center court featured waterfall-style fountains. A renovation in 2002 removed all of the display and gave the space a more open look with a Starbucks Coffee located in the center. In early 2008, Westfarms announced another renovation to the mall, the main entrance received a facelift as well as introducing new signature dining P. F. Changs China Bistro, in the former Pizzeria Uno, and Brio Tuscan Grille, both of these places include outdoor seating, for the summer time. Also, Westfarms brought in upscale stores like Louis Vuitton, Tiffany & Co, & Vera Bradley to replace departed stores like Timberland, LOréal, JCPenney Lord & Taylor Macys Nordstrom Official website
5.
West Hartford, Connecticut
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West Hartford is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. Located 5 miles west of downtown Hartford, is an upmarket inner-ring suburb located in Greater Hartford, the population was 63,268 at the 2010 census. The town is known for its downtown area colloquially known as West Hartford Center, or simply The Center. West Hartford Center has been the main hub since the late 17th century. In 2008, Blue Back Square opened as a new addition to the central area, Blue Back includes a bookstore, a movie theater, two parking garages, various physician and medical offices, and several restaurants. Incorporated as a town in 1854, the town was previously a parish of Hartford, in 2010, Kiplingers Personal Finance magazine listed West Hartford as one of the nations 10 Great Cities for Raising Families. In 2010, Kiplingers ranked West Hartford #9 on its 10 Best Cities for the Next Decade list, in 2010, CNN Money ranked West Hartford as the 55th best small city in America. In 2010, the online magazine Travelandleisure. com cited West Hartford as one of 10 coolest suburbs in the nation. According to new evidence, the Wampanoag people used West Hartford as one of their winter camps. Fishing and hunting along the Connecticut River, the area of West Hartford offered the Wampanoag people a refuge from the winter wind. In 1636 Reverend Thomas Hooker led a group of followers from what is now Cambridge, Massachusetts to the Great River, as the colony grew, additional land was needed. In 1672 the Proprietors of Hartford ordered that a Division be created to the West, a total of 72 Long Lots were laid out between todays Quaker Lane in the East and Mountain Road in the West. The northern boundary was Bloomfield, and the Southern, present day New Britain Avenue, in the 1670s the area was referred to as the West Division of Hartford. This remained the name until 1806 when Connecticut General Assembly started referring to it as the Society of West Hartford. In 1679, Stephen Hosmers father sent him to establish a sawmill on the property, young Hosmer would eventually go back to live in Hartford, but in his 1693 estate inventory,310 acres in West Hartford along with a house and a sawmill are listed. For nearly a century the property would be handed down throughout the family, evidence still remains of the Towns first industry, as Stephen Hosmers mill pond and dam can still be found today on the westernmost side of North Main Street. At its core was the meeting house. The First Congregational Meeting House was built around 1712 and still stands today at what is now the northwest corner of Main Street
6.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
7.
Toronto Eaton Centre
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The Toronto Eaton Centre is a shopping mall and office complex located in the downtown core of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is owned and managed by Cadillac Fairview and it was named after the Eatons department store chain that once anchored it before the chain became defunct in the late 1990s. The Toronto Eaton Centre attracts the most visitors of any of Torontos tourist attractions and it is North America’s busiest mall, largely because of extensive transit access and tourist traffic. The number of visitors to the Toronto Eaton Centre in 2015 exceeds the total 2015 passenger counts at Toronto Pearson International Airport, the main retail mall in the centre is organized around a long arcade, running parallel to Yonge Street. The complex also contains four buildings and the Ryerson University Ted Rogers School of Management. Additionally, the Eaton Centre is linked to a 17-storey Marriott hotel, Timothy Eaton founded a dry goods store on Yonge Street in the 19th century that revolutionized retailing in Canada, and became the largest department store chain in the country. By the 20th century, the Eatons chain owned most of the bounded by Yonge, Queen, Bay and Dundas streets, with the notable exceptions of Old City Hall. The Eatons land, once the site of Timothy Eatons first store, was occupied by Eatons large Main Store, the Eatons Annex and a number of related mail order and factory buildings. As the chains warehouse and support operations were increasingly shifting to cheaper suburban locales in the 1960s, Eatons wanted to make better use of its valuable downtown landholdings. In particular, the wanted to build a massive new flagship store to replace the aging Main Store at Yonge and Queen. In the mid-1960s, Eatons announced plans for a massive office, Eatons sought to demolish Torontos Old City Hall and the Church of the Holy Trinity. The plan required the closing of a number of city streets within the block, Albert Street, Louisa Street, Terauley Street, James Street, Albert Lane, Downeys Lane. At one point, even the Old City Hall clock tower was to be demolished, after a fierce local debate over the fate of the city hall and church buildings, Eatons put its plans on hiatus in 1967. The Eaton Centre plans were resuscitated in 1971, although these plans allowed for the preservation of Old City Hall, controversy erupted anew, however, as the congregation of the Church of the Holy Trinity exhibited an increased willingness to fight the demolition plans for its church. These amendments to the plans resulted in three significant changes to the centre from the 1960s concept. This resulted in the mall being constructed with Eatons and Simpsons acting as anchors at either end, finally, the bulk of the centre was shifted east to the Yonge Street frontage, and the complex was designed so that it no longer had any frontage along Bay Street. Old City Hall and the church were saved, as was the Salvation Army headquarters building by virtue of its location between the two other preserved buildings. Eatons partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto-Dominion Bank in the construction of the Eaton Centre, the complex was designed by Eberhard Zeidler and Bregman + Hamann Architects as a multi-levelled, vaulted glass-ceiling galleria, modelled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy
8.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
9.
Retailing
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Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
10.
Walkway
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In American English, walkway is a composite or umbrella term for all engineered surfaces or structures which support the use of trails. The New Oxford American Dictionary also defines a walkway as a passage or path for walking along, a raised passageway connecting different sections of a building or a wide path in a park or garden. The word is used to describe a footpath in New Zealand, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the SkyWalk is an approximately 500 metre enclosed walkway connecting Union Station to the CN Tower and the Rogers Centre. It is part of the PATH network, the SkyWalk passes above the York Street subway and the Simcoe Street Tunnel. It opened in 1989 and it was built to reduce the need for parking spaces near the Skydome stadium by providing a direct transportation link to the subway. PATH is a 29-kilometre network of tunnels beneath the office towers of Downtown Toronto. In British English, a more specifically refers to a covered or raised passage in a building
11.
Burlington Arcade
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The Burlington Arcade is a covered shopping arcade in London, that runs behind Bond Street from Piccadilly through to Burlington Gardens. It is one of the precursors of the mid-19th-century European shopping gallery, the Burlington Arcade was built for the sale of jewellery and fancy articles of fashionable demand, for the gratification of the public. The Arcade opened on 20 March 1819 and it consisted of a single straight top-lit walkway lined with seventy-two small two storey units. Some of the units have now been combined, reducing the number of shops to around forty, the ponderous Piccadilly façade in a late version of Victorian Mannerism was added in the early 20th century. The pedestrian arcade, with smart uniform shop fronts under a roof, has always been an upmarket retail location. It is patrolled by Burlington Arcade beadles in traditional uniforms including top hats and frockcoats, the original beadles were all former members of Lord George Cavendishs regiment, the 10th Hussars. Present tenants include a range of clothing, footwear and accessory shops, art and antique dealers, in 2012, it was reported that the Burlington Arcade is owned by the London-based Dutch privately held real estate investment company Meyer Bergman. Notes Bibliography Geist, Johann F. Arcades, The History of a Building Type
12.
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
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The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the worlds oldest shopping malls. Housed within a double arcade in central Milan, the Galleria is named after Victor Emmanuel II. It was designed in 1861 and built by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877, the structure consists of two glass-vaulted arcades intersecting in an octagon covering the street connecting Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Scala. The central octagonal space is topped with a glass dome, the Milanese Galleria was larger in scale than its predecessors and was an important step in the evolution of the modern glazed and enclosed shopping mall, of which it was the direct progenitor. It has inspired the use of the term galleria for many other shopping arcades, on the ground of the central octagonal, there are four mosaics portraying the coat of arms of the three capitals of the Kingdom of Italy plus Milans. Tradition says that if a person spins around three times with a heel on the testicles of the bull from Turin coat of arms this will bring good luck and this practice causes damage to the mosaic, a hole developed on the place of the bulls genitals. The Galleria connects two of Milans most famous landmarks, The Duomo and the Teatro Alla Scala, but the Galleria is a landmark in its own right, the Milan gallery and its roof have been acknowledged as an important reference on 19th-century iron-and-glass architecture by Pevsner and Hitchcock. As one can observe today, the roof consists of four barrel vaults that are crowned with a huge dome. Jorini pointed out the accomplishments of this dome with special regard to the large dimensions, each of the roof parts is topped with a lantern. According to Geist, the Milan gallery and the roof were unprecedented in dimensions by previously built shopping arcades, another difference with already existing passages, was the monumental character of the roof at Milan. Jodice, for example, appreciated the monumental spatial effect of the dome, the construction of the whole Gallery was the result of international collaboration. This especially concerned the roof, the ironwork was produced, transported and installed by the French Atelier Henry Joret, the glass plates were made of flat ribbed glass by Saint-Gobain. The construction technology of the roof employs primary wrought-iron arches in order to support the glazing, by contrast, arcades that were built earlier were smaller and had simpler roofs, the same components were used for both load bearing and glazing purposes. In addition, the roof at Milan was equipped with invisible reinforcements in the supporting walls and this complicated roof is discussed as the unity of four systems that were skillfully combined through characteristic construction details. This construction technology was creative for avoiding visible tie-rods in the spans of the vaults, the historical roof was heavily damaged during World War II. Before that the roof had undergone multiple maintenance interventions, serious problems in the roof were reported in the 1970s and some of them were solved in the 1980s. The roof that we see today has gone through different historic modifications, the Galleria is often nicknamed il salotto di Milano, due to its numerous shops and importance as a common Milanese meeting and dining place. As of 2013, the arcade principally contains luxury retailers selling haute couture, jewelry, books and paintings, as well as restaurants, cafés, and bars
13.
Movie theater
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A movie theater or movie theatre is a venue, usually a building, that contains an auditorium for viewing films, for entertainment. Most, but not all, movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies which charge members a membership fee to view films. The film is projected with a projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds. Since the 1970s, subwoofers have used for low-pitched sounds. In the 2010s, most movie theaters are equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create, a great variety of films are shown at cinemas, ranging from animated films for children, blockbusters for general audiences and documentaries for patrons who are interested in non-fiction topics. The smallest movie theaters have a viewing room with a single screen. In the 2010s, most movie theaters have multiple screens, the largest theater complexes, which are called multiplexes—a design developed in the U. S. in the 1960s—have up to 25 screens. The audience members sit on padded seats which in most theaters are set up on a sloped floor. Movie theaters typically sell soft drinks, popcorn and candy and some theaters also sell hot fast food, in some jurisdictions, movie theaters are licensed to sell alcoholic drinks. A movie theater may also be referred to as a theatre, movie house, film house. In the US, theater has long been the preferred spelling, while in the UK, Canada, the latter terms, as well as their derivative adjectives cinematic and kinematic, ultimately derive from Greek κινῆμα, κινήματος —movement, motion. In the countries where those terms are used, the theatre is usually reserved for live performance venues. Colloquial expressions, mostly applied to motion pictures and motion picture theaters collectively, include the silver screen, specific to North American term is the movies, while specific terms in the UK are the pictures, the flicks and for the facility itself the flea pit. A screening room is a theater, often a private one. Open air place in ancient times for viewing spectacles and plays, the term theater comes from the Old French word theatre, from the 12th century and. The use of the theatre to mean a building where plays are shown dates from the 1570s in the English language. The earliest precursors to movies were magic lantern shows, magic lanterns used a glass lens, a shutter and a powerful lamp to project images from glass slides onto a white wall or screen. The invention of the Argand lamp in the 1790s, limelight in the 1820s, the magic lantern could project rudimentary moving images, which was achieved by the use of various types of mechanical slides
14.
Restaurant
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A restaurant, or an eatery, is a business which prepares and serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many also offer take-out and food delivery services. In Western countries, most mid- to high-range restaurants serve alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, some restaurants serve all the major meals, such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Other restaurants may serve a single meal or they may serve two meals or even a kids meal. Restaurants may be classified or distinguished in different ways. The primary factors are usually the food itself, the cuisine and/or the style of offering, beyond this, restaurants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed, formality, location, cost, service, or novelty themes. In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing, in the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear semi-casual, semi-formal or formal wear. Typically, at mid- to high-priced restaurants, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a waiter, after eating, the customers then pay the bill. Another restaurant approach which uses few waiters is the buffet restaurant, customers serve food onto their own plates and then pay at the end of the meal. Buffet restaurants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages, fast food restaurants are also considered a restaurant. The travelling public has long been catered for with ships messes and railway restaurant cars which are, in effect, many railways, the world over, also cater for the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms, a form of restaurant, at railway stations. In the 2000s, a number of travelling restaurants, specifically designed for tourists, have been created and these can be found on trams, boats, buses, etc. A restaurants proprietor is called a restaurateur /ˌrɛstərəˈtɜːr/, like restaurant, professional cooks are called chefs, with there being various finer distinctions. Most restaurant will have various waiting staff to serve food, beverages and alcoholic drinks, including busboys who remove used dishes and cutlery. In finer restaurants, this may include a host or hostess, a maître dhôtel to welcome customers and to them. A new route to becoming a restauranter, rather than working ones way up through the stages, is to operate a food truck, once a sufficient following has been obtained, a permanent restaurant site can be opened. This trend has become common in the UK and the US, a chefs table is a table located in the kitchen of a restaurant, reserved for VIPs and special guests. Patrons may be served a themed tasting menu prepared and served by the head chef, Restaurants can require a minimum party and charge a higher flat fee
15.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
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Robinsons Place Manila
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Robinsons Place Manila is a shopping mall located behind the Philippine General Hospital, the campus of the University of the Philippines Manila and St. Paul University Manila in the City of Manila. It was the second and by-far, the largest Robinsons Mall ever built by John Gokongwei and it began operations in 1995 and was opened in 1997. The mall features anchors like Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Department Store and it was then redeveloped into a 7-level shopping complex housing over 330 local shops, dining outlets, entertainment facilities and service centers. The Padre Faura Wing was opened in June 2000 which contains additional shopping and dining facilities and it has opened another wing, The Midtown Wing or The Midtown in mid-2008 making it larger than Robinsons Galleria and therefore the largest Robinsons Mall. The new wing was built on what used to be the adjacent Manila Midtown Hotel, opened in 1976 and closed down in 2003, and demolished in 2004. Robinsons Place Manila is connected to a twin tower residential high-rise condominium – Robinsons Place Residences, and a triple tower residential high-rise condominium - Adriatico Place Residences
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Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
18.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
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Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
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Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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South America
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South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, North America and it includes twelve sovereign states, a part of France, and a non-sovereign area. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers. Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000, South America ranks fourth in area and fifth in population. Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the regions GDP and has become a first regional power, most of the population lives near the continents western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, the continents cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish. South America occupies the portion of the Americas. The continent is delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, South Americas major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies and this is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth, South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a proportion of the Earths species. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the land area
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North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
23.
Arcade (architecture)
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An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter-thrusting the next, supported by columns, piers, or a covered walkway enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians, the walkway may be lined with stores. A blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall, blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that was taken into Gothic architecture. European shopping malls generally resemble the bazaars and souks of Asia, the word arcade comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata, based on Latin arcus, ‘bow’. One of the earliest examples of a European shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, the Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans, twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products, Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg, Russia is another early shopping arcade. Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets, during the post-World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe. An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and it was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets. A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings, shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration. Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments and sometimes brothels. S. W, australia Great Gostiny Dvor St. Petersburg, Russia The Passage St
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Arab States of the Persian Gulf
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The Arab states of the Persian Gulf are the seven Arab states which border the Persian Gulf, namely Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. This excludes the non-Arab state of Iran, all of these nations except Iraq are part of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Soap operas are important national pastimes in the Persian Gulf Arab region and they are most popular during the time of Ramadan, when families gather to break their fast. Most of these operas are based in Kuwait. Kuwaiti soap operas are the most-watched soap operas in the Persian Gulf region, although usually performed in the Kuwaiti dialect, they have been shown with success as far away as Tunisia. Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of theatre, radio and television soap opera, darb El Zalag, Khalti Gmasha, and Ruqayya wa Sabika are among the most important television productions in the Gulf region. The inhabitants of Eastern Arabias coast share similar cultures and music such as fijiri, sawt. The most noticeable trait of Eastern Arabias Arabs is their orientation. Maritime-focused life in the small Arab states has resulted in a society where livelihoods have traditionally been earned in marine industries. Before the GCC was formed in 1981, the term Khaleeji was solely used to refer to the inhabitants of Eastern Arabia, historically, Khaleeji meant descendants of Ichthyophagi, the coast-dwelling fish eaters. Geographically, the Arabic-speaking is solely Eastern Arabia, some states are constitutional monarchies with elected parliaments. Bahrain and Kuwait have legislatures with members elected by the population, the Sultanate of Oman also has an advisory council that is popularly elected. Saudi Arabia remains a monarchy with limited political representation. In Qatar, a national parliament has been mooted and is written into the new constitution. Both organizations rank Kuwaits press as the most free of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf and, in fact, Qatar and Oman come in second and third respectively within the regional ranks. All of these Arab states have significant revenues from petroleum, the United Arab Emirates has been successfully diversifying the economy. 79% of UAEs total GDP comes from non-oil sectors, oil accounts for only 2% of Dubais GDP. Bahrain has the Persian Gulfs first post-oil economy because the Bahraini economy does not rely on oil, since the late 20th century, Bahrain has heavily invested in the banking and tourism sectors
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UK
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Town centre
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The town centre is the term used to refer to the commercial or geographical centre or core area of a town. Town centres are associated with shopping or retail. They are also the centre of communications with major transport hubs such as train or bus stations. Public buildings including town halls, museums and libraries are often found in town centres, Town centres are symbolic to settlements as a whole and often contain the best examples of architecture, main landmark buildings, statues and public spaces associated with a place. In some areas of Canada, particularly large, urban areas and these centres are usually located within a large neighbourhood and characterized by medium-high density commercial and residential property. Ten years or so later, in the cities and larger towns at least, the term High Street is often employed even though it makes much less sense in the Main Street in the Irish context. The first example in the UK of a planned commercial or town centre is Newcastles Grainger Town in the 1840s. As changes in shopping patterns occurred, town centres have been forced to adapt, other major changes included the development of indoor shopping malls in major towns and cities. Examples include the Manchester Arndale Centre, the St. James Centre in Edinburgh and they tended to be constructed in a Brutalist or Modernist fashion reflecting the architectural styles of the period. During the Thatcher government of the 1980s, a change in planning policy allowed competing out-of-town shopping, examples include the Metro Centre in Gateshead, the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in Dudley, and the Gyle Centre in Edinburgh. Developments of this type have, in a number of places, today, there is a focus on the redevelopment of town centres and the creation of a greater mix of uses in the centres. Planning policy focus aims to maintain town centres as vibrant successful places, many town centres have undergone major redevelopment, with environmental improvements and increased retail floorspace. Major town centre shopping malls, such as the Arndale Centre, downtown City centre Central business district
27.
West Quay
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Apple, and many more top brand names. It is situated in the centre of the city, close to the docks, with entrances on the main High Street, on Portland Terrace, through Waterstones, there is a built-in multi-storey car park with an entrance into the centre along with a 3 tier car park beneath. Building work began in 1997 as the former Daily Echo building, the centre was opened on 28 September 2000. The building is heated using geothermal energy, as is the civic centre, a centralised plant uses heat from an aquifer underground and then distributes it to the buildings in the city centre via a district heating scheme. The John Lewis store replaced the local department store Tyrrell & Green, marks & Spencer relocated from Above Bar Street to take the second anchor store. There have been a few changes to the centres shops since its opening. Tower Records was replaced with a Nike store, which closed after just a few months and this unit is now Pret A Manger, a sandwich retailer. Waitrose moved to Portswood in 2006 and the old Waitrose space has now replaced by New Look. The former New Look store is now River Island, Waitrose did return, however, to Westquay in 2015 within the lower ground floor of the John Lewis store, branded as Little Waitrose. Demolition of the buildings began in September 1997 and Westquay opened on 28 September 2000. Harbour Parade is crossed by a footbridge to the adjacent multi-storey car park, there is a total of 32 lifts throughout the development. The steelwork took 20 weeks to design, order and manufacture,13 tower cranes worked on the site, the tallest crane had a 66 m mast and a reach of 65 m. Southamptons nearby Geothermal Heat Station supplies heat and chilling facilities to the centre, Westquay has had many adverts on television in the local region, particularly in the months leading up to Christmas. Westquay has appeared briefly on an episode in the first series of Trinny & Susannah Undress on ITV, during the late-2000s, Hammerson thought up plans for a £70 million extension entitled Watermark WestQuay. In December 2012, the model of the plan was unveiled to the public. On 11 April 2013, it was announced that Hammerson had submitted the application to Southampton City Council. On 14 April 2014, Hammerson submitted detailed designs for one of its Watermark WestQuay scheme to Southampton City Council. On 25 June 2014, the designs for one of the development were approved
28.
Southampton
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Southampton, on the south coast of England, is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire. It is 75 miles south-west of London and 19 miles north-west of Portsmouth, Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the Rivers Test and Itchen, the city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The citys name is abbreviated in writing to Soton or Soton. Significant employers in the city include the University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park, Westquay. In 2014, the city approved a follow-up from the Westquay park, WestQuay Watermark. This built-up area is part of the area known as South Hampshire. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the one of the United Kingdoms most populous metropolitan areas. Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age, following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410, the Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Marys area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun, archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name, viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established. Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. By the 13th century Southampton had become a port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth. The Franciscan friary in Southampton was founded circa 1233, the friars constructed a water supply system in 1290, which carried water from Conduit Head some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road, the friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310. The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships, on visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to close the town
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Manchester Arndale
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Manchester Arndale is a large shopping centre in Manchester, England. The centre was built in the 1970s when many cities were constructing large malls. Manchester Arndale is the largest of a chain of Arndale Centres built across the UK in the 1960s and 1970s and it was constructed in phases between 1972 and 1979, at a cost of £100 m. The centre was redeveloped after the 1996 Manchester bombing, the centre has a retail floorspace of just under 1,500,000 sq ft, making it Europes third largest city-centre shopping mall. It is one of the largest shopping centres in the UK with 41 million visitors annually, in August 2015 the Arndale announced the launch of its first ever Charity Star initiative, which will see the centre fundraise for a chosen charity for one whole year. The first phase opened in 1975 and it was the largest Arndale Centre in the United Kingdom. The Arndale Property Trust, formed in the early 1950s, took its name from its founders, Arnold Hagenbach, Hagenbach, a Yorkshireman of Swiss extraction owned a chain of bakers shops and had invested in retail premises from 1939. Chippindale was an agent and former civil servant from Otley. Arndale was unusual, though not unique, amongst property companies in being based outside London, Hagenbach invested more and was the quieter partner. Chippindale was blunt and outspoken but was able to persuade sceptical northern councils to accept the companys proposals, Arndale bought property north of Market Street in 1952. The City Surveyor stated in 1962 that, Manchester crystallised in its Victorian setting, a new look for the city has been long overdue. Its unsightly areas of mixed industrial, commercial and residential development need to be unravelled and redeveloped on comprehensive lines. Only in this way can a city assume its place as a regional centre. The corporation used compulsory purchase orders to speed redevelopment at the bomb-damaged Market Place, at the CIS buildings, in the view of the surveyor, These schemes have greatly improved the appearance of the central area of the City. The corporations preferred development was a tower above a two or three storey podium, the used in all three developments, and later that of the Arndale. Corporation planners added the land and buildings they owned to those acquired by Arndale to increase the size of the available plot, Manchester was traditionally the dominant retail centre of the conurbation and region, and Market Street was the main shopping street from about 1850. Manchesters position weakened during the 1960s as the range of goods available elsewhere increased, salford had concentrated its three main retail areas into one, with the aim of eliminating the need for residents to travel to Manchester to shop. Stockport town centre had been cleared of cotton mills to improve its appearance, and a major through route had been closed to build the Merseyway Shopping Centre, which doubled local retail spend
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Birmingham Bull Ring
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The Bullring is a major commercial area of central Birmingham. It has been an important feature of Birmingham since the Middle Ages, two shopping centres have been built in the area, in the 1960s, and then in 2003, the latter is styled as one word, Bullring. The site is located on the edge of the sandstone city ridge which results in the gradient towards Digbeth. The slope drops approximately 15 metres from New Street to St Martins Church, the current shopping centre was the busiest in the United Kingdom in 2004 with 36.5 million visitors. It houses one of only four Selfridges department stores, the fourth largest Debenhams, consequently, the centre has been a huge success, attracting customers from all over the world. The market legally began in 1154 when Peter de Bermingham, a local landowner, seven years later, another document described another mercer in the area. Within the next ten years, the area developed into a market town. The name Mercer Street is first mentioned in the Survey of Birmingham of 1553 and this was a result of the prominence of the area in the cloth trade. In the 16th century and 17th century, Mercer Street rapidly developed, in the early 18th century Mercer Street was known as Spicer Street, reflecting the growing grocery and meat trade that had begun to take over from the cloth trade. By the end of the century the street was known as Spiceal Street, despite being overcrowded and cramped, many houses on the street had gardens as indicated by an advertisement for a residential property in 1798. Houses were constructed close to St Martins Church, eventually encircling it and these became known as the Roundabout Houses. On a map produced by Westley in 1731, other markets had developed nearby including food, cattle and this corn market was moved to the Corn Exchange on Carrs Lane in 1848. The Bull Ring developed into the retail market area for Birmingham as the town grew into a modern industrial city. The earliest known building for meetings in the town with any architectural record is the High Cross. The last known work was in 1703, it was demolished in 1784. It was also known as the Old Cross, to distinguish it from the Welch Cross, a series of events in Birminghams political history saw the area become a popular meeting place for demonstrations and speeches from leaders of working class movements during the 1830s and 1840s. In 1839, the Bull Ring was the location of the Bull Ring Riots and it prompted fears amongst the towns residents at the councils inability to prevent or control the riots and led to speculation that the council was tolerant of lawlessness. Because of disorderly behaviour at fairs, in 1861 the area, along with Smithfield and Digbeth, in 1875, all fairs were banned from the town
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Liverpool One
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Liverpool ONE is a shopping, residential and leisure complex in Liverpool, England. The project, previously known as The Paradise Project, involved the redevelopment of 42 acres of underutilised land in Liverpool city centre, the completion of Liverpool ONE has significantly boosted the local economy as well as lifted Liverpool into the top five most popular retail destinations in the UK. Liverpool ONE is the largest open air shopping centre in the United Kingdom, the majority of the development was opened in phases on 29 May 2008 and 1 October 2008, during Liverpools year as European Capital of Culture, whilst the final residential units opened in early 2009. The cost of construction associated with the project was £500 million, Cushman & Wakefield recommended a radical City Centre re-development of over 42 acres, which would represent the largest city centre development in Europe since the post-war reconstruction. The area contained Chavasse Park, the Paradise Street Bus Station and NCP Car Park, Quiggins, there were also large areas of wasteland, some used as car parks. In March 2000, after a series of workshops, Liverpool City Council selected the Duke of Westminsters Grosvenor Group as developer. The Development Agreement between the council and Grosvenor was signed in January 2003, as a result of the technical workshops, it became apparent to Cushman & Wakefield that whilst the boundary of the PSDA was appropriate, the boundary needed to be extended and more clearly defined. The proposals were attacked by a competing 60,000 sq ft scheme. Following further consideration by Members, the revised PSDA Planning Framework incorporating the mixed use extension areas was issued for consultation in May 2000, the Council subsequently resolved to incorporate the PSDA Planning Framework into the emerging Unitary Development Plan. This necessitated a public inquiry and consultation period. Three years later Cushman & Wakefield secured the Unitary Development Plan changes sought, in December 2003, Grosvenor selected Laing ORourke as construction partner. BDP designed the masterplan for Liverpool ONE which, in 2009, was nominated for the RIBA Stirling Prize and this is the first time a masterplan, rather than one particular building, has been nominated for the prize. BDP integrated these features and linked the 40 new buildings designed by over 20 different architects, work began in Spring 2004 with the excavation of Chavasse Park, and construction began in Autumn the same year. The first parts of the development to be completed were the car park on Liver Street. Both opened in November 2005, allowing the old bus station and this cleared the way for construction of the new buildings on the west side of Paradise Street, as the Moat House Hotel had already been demolished in May 2005. In July 2006, Herberts Hairdressers became the first business to move into new premises in the development, at the same time, BBC Radio Merseyside moved into new premises also on Hanover Street, allowing the demolition of the remaining buildings on Paradise Street. In August 2006, the traditional Topping out ceremony was held on what would become the top floor of the John Lewis store on the corner of Paradise Street and Canning Place. In March 2007, following the completion of the underground car park, works on re-instating Chavasse Park started
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Trinity Leeds
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Trinity Leeds is a shopping and leisure centre in Leeds, England, named after the adjacent 18th-century Holy Trinity Church. The shopping centre is located in Leeds city centre and it opened on 21 March 2013, with over 130,000 recorded visitors on opening day. The development is in two parts, Trinity East, a new development on the site of the former Trinity and Burton Arcades, and Trinity West. The development has a catchment of 5.5 million people offering a spend of £1.93 billion annually and it has lifted Leeds from seventh to fourth in the CACI UK retail rankings and has created over 3000 jobs. The combined scheme has 93,000 m2 of retail space for 120 stores anchored by the flagship Marks & Spencer. These units existed as standalone stores and have expanded and remodelled into Trinity Leeds. The shopping centre has a food area in Trinity West, namely Trinity Kitchen. Everyman Cinemas opened its first premises outside London, a 3,700 m2 four screen art-house cinema, the Lead Architect for constructing Trinity Leeds was Chapman Taylor. Among other awards, it has given the VIVA Design and Development Award at the 2015 global VIVA Best-of-the-Best Awards. The development was a combination of older developments including Leeds Shopping Plaza. It was built as an independent shopping centre surrounded by the streets of Bond Street, Albion Street, Boar Lane and Lower Basinghall Street. The new build part of Trinity, Trinity East, was occupied by the Trinity & Burton Arcades. Extensive preparation works were required, including the demolition of the development and frontages on Briggate, Albion Street. Site clearance was complete by 2008, but development was delayed due to the 2007–2012 Global Financial Crisis, contractor Laing ORourke estimates that over 1000 construction workers worked on Trinity Leeds. Initial construction started at Trinity East, where four tower cranes were used in its construction, redevelopment of the Topshop/Topman store commenced in February 2012 after Topman and Topshop moved to temporary stores elsewhere in the city and was completed in December 2012. A3,716 m2 glass dome is the centrepiece of Trinity East, designed by SKM Anthony Hunts, its 1902 glass panels rise 30.5 m above street level. The dome is built on a framework, and during construction was supported on an immense scaffold structure. The dome is large enough to fit the Corn Exchange under it, major works started at Trinity West in 2011 to remodel the centres interior
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Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
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Eldon Square Shopping Centre
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Eldon Square is a shopping centre in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It was officially opened in 1977, Eldon Square was also the name applied to a terrace development on the same site, designed by John Dobson in about 1824 and partially demolished in the 1960s, with the eastern terrace left standing. This redevelopment has been criticized with one calling it the greatest single example of architectural vandalism in Britain since the war. The centre has been rebranded as intu Eldon Square as of 15 April 2013 following the renaming of parent Capital Shopping Centres Group plc as intu properties plc. Eldon Square Shopping Centre was opened in 1977 by Queen Elizabeth II and is named after the original Eldon Square which the centre was built around. Eldon Square was at the time the biggest indoor shopping mall in Britain, the main building is split in two halves, the northern part being separated from the southern part by Blackett Street. The Blackett Bridge walkway, which crosses Blackett Street near Greys Monument, most of the structure is built in textured brown brick and mirror glass. The bottom level houses roadways for HGV trucks to deliver to shops in the malls above, loading bays are linked to shopping areas by freight elevators, while passenger lifts and escalators took people from the bus concourse to the Mall. Most of the levels are located on the upper level. Water features were seen in some large courts or squares, however as a result of subsequent renovations. On top of the part of the building is a car parking deck reached from Percy Street via an eight storey spiral-shaped multi-storey car park. This upper parking deck is reached from the malls by lifts or stairs within the John Lewis department store, the flagship Fenwick department store is also attached to the centre. The Green Market, which was situated in the part of the centre was demolished in 2007 as part of redevelopment works. As a result, the shops, rotisserie and wet fish shop have been relocated to the nearby Grainger Market. The Green Market was also linked to a Safeway supermarket at street level, above the shopping malls, is a leisure centre called Eldon Leisure. This features various fitness studios, squash courts and a sports hall, suitable for a range of indoor sports, including basketball. The southern part of the links to the underground Monument Metro station. Metro trains provide links around Tyne & Wear and to the mainline Newcastle Central railway station, the opening of the MetroCentre in nearby Gateshead during 1986 provided competition for Eldon Square, however, both are now owned by intu Properties
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Newcastle upon Tyne
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Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself, the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. Newcastle also houses Newcastle University, a member of the Russell Group, the city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the trade in the 14th century. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the worlds largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastles economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge. Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run, a marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius and it was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain, Pons Aelius population at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrians Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road, the course of the Roman Wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the walls end—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all, because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a castle in 1087. The castle was again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city dates from this period. Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was Englands northern fortress, incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589
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Conurbation
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In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area, in which transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labour market or travel to work area. The term conurbation was coined in 1915 by Patrick Geddes in his book Cities In Evolution, the term as described is used in Britain, whereas the term in the United States is most closely equivalent to metropolitan area as used by the Census Bureau. It may consist of a city and its suburbs. A conurbation should also be contrasted with a megalopolis, where the areas are close but not physically contiguous. The cities and towns of Port Louis, Beau Bassin-Rose Hill, Curepipe, Quatre Bornes, Vacoas-Phoenix and other urbanized villages form a large, a large part of this conurbation is located in the district of Plaines Wilhems. This network of urban areas has a population of 530,920 as of 2011. Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni, and Tshwane are currently merging to form a region that comprises a population of 14.6 million people, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region consists of Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of seven municipal corporations, the region has an area of 4,355 km² and with a population of 20,998,395, and is among the top ten most populated urban agglomerations in the world. It is linked together through the Mumbai Suburban Railway system and a network of roads. The population of the NCR region is 21.7 million, Dhaka has recently been linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur city such that there are no gaps between Dhaka and those two cities. The Klang Valley conurbation in the state of Selangor is composed of, Kuala Lumpur, the second largest conurbation by population in Malaysia is Greater Penang. Centred in George Town, the city of the state of Penang, the conurbation also includes the following towns in Penang. Lahore–Raiwind–Kala Shah Kaku, the second largest city in Pakistan with its towns of Kala Shah Kaku. Metro Manila, Philippines Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Region, comprising Ho Chi Minh City, Bình Dương, Đồng Nai, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu, Tây Ninh, and Tân An. Hanoi Metropolitan Region, comprising Hanoi, Bắc Ninh, Thái Nguyên, Vĩnh Phúc, and Việt Trì. Qui Nhơn-Nha Trang-Da Lat Conurbation Belt, comprising Qui Nhơn, An Nhơn, Sông Cầu, Tuy Hòa, Vân Phong Bay, Ninh Hòa, Nha Trang, Dien Khánh, Cam Lâm, Cam Ranh, Trường Sa, Phan Rang, and Da Lat. Huế-Da Nang-Quảng Ngãi Conurbation Belt, comprising Huế, Hương Tra, Hương Thủy, Lăng Cô, Da Nang, Hòa Vang, Hoàng Sa, Hội An, Tam Kỳ, Chu Lai, Dung Quất, Sơn Tịnh and this area is colloquially known as the Area Metropolitana. The Flemish Diamond is the Flemish reference to a network of four areas in Belgium
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MetroCentre (shopping centre)
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Intu Metrocentre, formerly MetroCentre and known on road signs as Metro Centre, is a shopping centre in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. It has more than 340 shops occupying 2,000,000 square feet of floor space, making it the largest shopping. Additional retail space is available in the adjoining Metro Retail Park, the centre was rebranded as intu Metrocentre in 2013 following the renaming of its parent Capital Shopping Centres Group as Intu Properties. Access to the development was facilitated by a development grant from the Department of the Environment. Services are held on occasions such as Mothering Sunday, Remembrance Sunday. The Metrocentre has five main malls, Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, the first phase of the development was opened on 28 April 1986 - the red mall. At the time it featured a large Carrefour supermarket, which later became Gateway, Metrocentre also featured the first out of town Marks & Spencer. In 1997, Asda moved from the Metrocentre to a larger stand-alone store nearby, in 2014, the Metrocentre name was amended to include the owners Intu name as a prefix, becoming Intu Metrocentre. Asdas move out of the centre was planned so that its former store could be demolished to make way for an extension. The new Red Mall, anchored by a new Debenhams department store, the refurbishment programme also included a new Public Transport Interchange at the end of the Blue Mall. It replaced the old bus station and was intended to provide improved bus links to parts of North East England. The new interchange features electronic display boards and a new waiting room at the MetroCentre railway station, the Metrocentre is not directly connected to the Tyne and Wear Metro System though regular bus shuttle services provide connections to Monument, Central Station and Gateshead Metro stations. The rail link also provides access to neighbouring Newcastle upon Tyne city centre. On 30 November 2006, centre owner Capital Shopping Centres announced plans to redevelop the centres Yellow Mall, the Metroland indoor funfair closed in April 2008 and the area has been reconstructed to become the Metrocentre Qube. With the first phase completed, the Qube contains branches of YO, a new Odeon cinema opened in December 2009 and includes 12 digital screens including multiple 3D screens and an IMAX Digital, the first in the north east of England. The Namco Funscape is an entertainment centre dodgems and soft play. The Qube exterior is made from zinc and glass to distinguish it as the entertainment part of the centre. The former central area of the centre has been refurbished and renamed the Platinum Mall and this area focuses on higher end stores and furnishings including improved lighting and decor
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Gateshead
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Gateshead is a large town in Tyne and Wear, England, and the main settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. The local authority of Gateshead is also the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, Gateshead lay in County Durham, in 1835 the town became part of Gateshead County Borough. After the Local Government Act 1972, in 1974, Gateshead became part of the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough local authority, the town lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. Gateshead and Newcastle are joined by seven bridges across the Tyne, the town is known for its architecture, including the Sage Gateshead, the Angel of the North and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. Residents of Gateshead, like the rest of Tyneside, are referred to as Geordies, Gatesheads population in 2011 was 120,046. Gateshead is first mentioned in Latin translation in Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People as ad caput caprae at the goats head, although other derivations have been mooted, it is this that is given by the standard authorities. There has been a settlement on the Gateshead side of the River Tyne, around the old river crossing where the Swing Bridge now stands, the first recorded mention of Gateshead is in the writings of the Venerable Bede who referred to an Abbot of Gateshead called Utta in 623. In 1068 William the Conqueror defeated the forces of Edgar the Ætheling, during medieval times Gateshead was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Durham. At this time the area was largely forest with agricultural land. The forest was the subject of Gatesheads first charter, granted in the 12th century by Hugh du Puiset, an alternative spelling may be Gatishevede, as seen in a legal record, dated 1430. The earliest recorded coal mining in the Gateshead area is dated to 1344, as trade on the Tyne prospered there were several attempts by the burghers of Newcastle to annex Gateshead. In 1576 a small group of Newcastle merchants acquired the Grand Lease of the manors of Gateshead, in the hundred years from 1574 coal shipments from Newcastle increased elevenfold while the population of Gateshead doubled to approximately 5,500. However, the lease and the abundant coal supplies ended in 1680, the pits were shallow as problems of ventilation and flooding defeated attempts to mine coal from the deeper seams. William Hawks originally a blacksmith, started business in Gateshead in 1747, Hawks and Co. eventually became one of the biggest iron businesses in the North, producing anchors, chains and so on to meet a growing demand. There was keen rivalry between Hawks Blacks and Crowleys Crew. The famous Hawks men including Ned White, went on to be celebrated in Geordie song, throughout the Industrial Revolution the population of Gateshead expanded rapidly, between 1801 and 1901 the increase was over 100,000. This expansion resulted in the spread southwards of the town, in 1854, a catastrophic explosion on the quayside destroyed most of Gatesheads medieval heritage, and caused widespread damage on the Newcastle side of the river. Robert Stirling Newall took out a patent on the manufacture of ropes in 1840
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Meadowhall Centre
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Meadowhall is an indoor shopping centre in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. It lies 3 miles north-east of Sheffield city centre and 2 miles from Rotherham town centre, the Meadowhall Retail Park is a separate development, owned by British Land, lying almost 1 mile to the south of Meadowhall shopping centre in the Carbrook area of the city. Originally the site of the 19th century Meadow Hall Iron Works, owned by John Crowley, the centre was opened on 4 September 1990. With a floor area of 139,355 m2, it is the eighth largest shopping centre in the UK and it is similar in concept to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre at Brierley Hill in the West Midlands, which was completed just before Meadowhall. With over 280 stores, Meadowhall has been blamed for the closure of shops in Sheffield City Centre. Meadowhall is owned by British Land, a property developer, the centre attracted 19.8 million visitors in its first year of opening, and now attracts about 30 million visitors a year. Scenes from the video of the Sheffield-based duo Molokos first single Fun For Me were shot in the Oasis area of the shopping centre. Meadowhall can be busy in the run-up to Christmas. In extreme cases the centre has been known to have a one in and this has led to the centre earning the nickname Meadowhell among many local people. One of Meadowhalls largest stores of the past was Sainsburys which closed in mid-2005, there was a Namco Station arcade which closed in September 2007 after more than 15 years at the shopping centre. In December 2005, Meadowhall became home to the fifth Apple Store in the UK, the centre was also home to the only McCafé in Yorkshire, which has since closed. The centres Burger King was replaced in October 2007 by a small franchise called Burger Knight. Meadowhall was inundated by the River Don during the June 2007 floods, the centre re-opened and trading commenced within six days, before fully relaunching in October 2007 Meadowhall has since fitted flood gates to prevent this happening again. In 2015 Meadowhall celebrated its 25th anniversary, and announced in the year a £50m interior refurbishment. The work is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2017, in 2016 it was announced plans had been put forward for a £300 million leisure extension to be built next to the Oasis. Should the development attain full planning permission, construction work could begin in 2018. The Lanes is a next to the Oasis Dining Quarter which includes small independent shops. The Oasis Dining Quarter is Meadowhalls food court which has food outlets, the ground floor contains mostly fast food outlets including McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, Shere Khan and El Mexicana but includes restaurants Nandos and Harvester
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Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible
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South Yorkshire
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South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 and it has an area of 1,552 square kilometres and consists of four metropolitan boroughs, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 with Barnsley as its county town. The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the UK, South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region, reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshires two largest cities. South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant, South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Although the modern county of South Yorkshire was not created until 1974, prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic house dating to around 8000 BC, found at Deepcar, in the northern part of Sheffield. The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period, the main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north, there were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield. The proximity of the iron and coal made this an ideal place for steel manufacture. Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the towns of West Yorkshire, there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also, South Yorkshire has a high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists National Union. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report, the Royal Commissions 1969 report, known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report, proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. Redcliffe-Mauds recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970, the Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established South Yorkshire on 1 April 1974, although South Yorkshire County Council had been running since elections in 1973, South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements
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Trafford Centre
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The Trafford Centre is a large indoor shopping centre and leisure complex in Greater Manchester, England. In the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, the centre is close to the Trafford Park industrial estate, the Trafford Centre opened in 1998 and is the second largest shopping centre in the United Kingdom by retail size. It was developed by the Peel Group and is owned by Intu Properties following a £1.65 billion sale in 2011 - the largest single property acquisition in British history, as of 2016, the centre has a market value of £1.9 billion. The site was owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company until 1986, when the company was acquired by John Whittaker of Peel Holdings, ultimately, the matter was decided by the House of Lords in 1996, which voted in favour of the development. Twelve years after the Trafford Centre was first conceptualised by the Peel Group, construction took 27 months at a cost of £600 million - approximately £1 billion in 2016. Two further extensions have since opened, Barton Square and the Great Hall in 2008 and its vivid and quirky rococo/late baroque architectural style pays homage to the history of the area. The Orient food hall is themed as a ship, reflecting the centres proximity to the Manchester Ship Canal. Ten per cent of the UK population lives within a 45-minute drive of the centre which attracts more than 35 million visits annually. It has Europes largest food court in The Orient and the UKs busiest cinema, Manchester City Council retained seats on the board of the Ship Canal Company until the mid-1980s. By then the arrangement had become meaningless, as the majority of the shares were controlled by property developer. Crucially, the council were powerless and Peel held voting rights due to majority shareholding, Manchester City Council opposed the development, believing it would impact negatively on the city centre economy, but accepted it was obviously in the interests of the shareholders. Peel Holdings submitted an application to Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council for a development on approximately 300 acres of land in 1986. The application was called in by the Secretary of State for the Environment, issues involved congestion on the M60 orbital motorway, and some believed the development would have adverse consequences on shopping centres throughout Greater Manchester region and beyond. Planning permission was granted in 1993 before being rejected by the Court of Appeal and it was reinstated in 1995 when the House of Lords gave approval for the development. Construction began in 1996 and the centre opened on 10 September 1998 becoming the UKs last mega mall which combined retail, dining, on opening, the Trafford Centre was the largest shopping centre in the UK but lost the title to Bluewater in Kent in 1999. However, due to numerous expansions since 2006, the Trafford Centre is now larger than Bluewater, the Peel Group sold the centre to Capital Shopping Centres in January 2011 for £1.6 billion and John Whittaker, chairman of Peel Group, became deputy chairman of CSC. The Trafford Centre is valued at £1.7 billion by its owners, Capital Shopping Centres, and has an income of £85.3 million. The Trafford Centres unorthodox style of architecture was prompted by the wish to offer a unique shopping experience, John Whittaker, chairman of Peel Holdings, had to convince architects that a lavish design would not alienate shoppers
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Greater Manchester
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Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, Greater Manchester spans 493 square miles, which roughly covers the territory of the Greater Manchester Built-up Area, the second most populous urban area in the UK. It is landlocked and borders Cheshire, Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, for the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government, district councils shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council. The county council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts became unitary authority areas. However, the county has continued to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference, and as a ceremonial county, has a Lord Lieutenant. A further devolution of powers to Greater Manchester is set to place upon the election of the inaugural Mayor of Greater Manchester scheduled for 2017. Before the creation of the county, the name SELNEC was used for the area. Since deindustrialisation in the century, Greater Manchester has become known as an exporter of media and digital content, for its guitar and dance music. Although the modern county of Greater Manchester was not created until 1974, there is evidence of Iron Age habitation, particularly at Mellor, and Celtic activity in a settlement named Chochion, believed to have been an area of Wigan settled by the Brigantes. Stretford was also part of the believed to have been occupied by the Celtic Brigantes tribe. The remains of 1st-century forts at Castlefield in Manchester, and Castleshaw Roman fort in Saddleworth, are evidence of Roman occupation. Much of the region was omitted from the Domesday Book of 1086, Redhead states that this was only a partial survey was taken. During the Middle Ages, much of what became Greater Manchester lay within the hundred of Salfordshire – an ancient division of the county of Lancashire, Salfordshire encompassed several parishes and townships, some of which, like Rochdale, were important market towns and centres of Englands woollen trade. The development of what became Greater Manchester is attributed to a tradition of domestic flannel and fustian cloth production. Infrastructure such as rows of terraced housing, factories and roads were constructed to house labour, transport goods, however, it was Manchester that was the most populous settlement, a major city, the worlds largest marketplace for cotton goods, and the natural centre of its region. In the 1910s, local government reforms to administer this conurbation as an entity were proposed. In the 18th century, German traders had coined the name Manchesterthum to cover the region in, however, the English term Greater Manchester did not appear until the 20th century. One of its first known recorded uses was in a 1914 report put forward in response to what was considered to have been the creation of the County of London in 1889
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White Rose Centre
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The White Rose Centre is a shopping centre in the Beeston area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It spans two floors and is near the M621 motorway and it takes its name from the White Rose of York, the traditional symbol of Yorkshire. The Upper Level houses the food court as well as retail outlets. The centre has 4,800 free car parking spaces, security on-site Police officers, although the centre is smaller than other out-of-town shopping centres, it has attracted international retailers such as Zara and H&M. The centre opened on 25 March 1997 and accommodates major tenants including Sainsburys, Debenhams, Marks and Spencer, Next, W H Smith, Topshop, Primark, Zara, H&M, and 100 other stores. The south part of the centre was re-developed in 2005 downsizing the Sainsburys Savacentre to a regular Sainsburys which made space for other units, the centre has a bus station connecting it to suburban areas of Leeds and to the city centre. The centre is managed and mainly by Land Securities and Evans of Leeds and it has also won awards including a British Council of Shopping Centres Gold Award, BCSC Purple apple, and Green apple awards. The site covers 76 acres and was formerly the Morley Sewage works, before building work began in 1995, enabling works including removing the sewage works, sealing disused mine shafts, removing contaminated soil and profiling the sloping site, were carried out. It required moving 750,000 cubic metres of soil to grade a 30-metre fall across the site and create level terraces for the structure, work commenced on the 87-week project on 10 July 1995 and by September the first steelwork was visible. 600 semi-mature, seven metre high trees were purchased from Germany, Five thousand trees and shrubs have been planted around the car parks and perimeter roads. The Balcony Food Court takes up most of the floor in the central atrium. It contains a McDonalds, a KFC, a Subway, Spud-u-like, Bagel Nash, Juice, BBs Coffee, Muffin, a Nandos restaurant, to coincide with its tenth year of trading the White Rose Centre was rebranded. Its logo, advertising, signage and staff uniforms were redesigned, the branding and strategic marketing campaign won a BCSC Purple Apple award. The White Rose Centre is involved in a number of welfare activities in the local area. It organizes tea dance sessions for older people who are able to participate in walking within the covered environment. The Quiet Room in the Upper Circle is available for use by all patrons, one criticism of the centre is the width of the malls which are narrow. Another criticism is the lack of a station, despite the centres proximity to the Huddersfield and Wakefield railway lines. In May 2013, plans for space and leisure space at the 76-acre site were submitted to the council
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Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
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Bluewater (shopping centre)
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Bluewater Shopping Centre is an out-of-town shopping centre in Stone, Kent, England, outside the M25 Orbital motorway,17.8 miles east south-east of Londons centre. Elsewhere in Europe only Istanbuls Cevahir Mall and Viennas Shopping City Süd are bigger, the floor plan is a triangular shape with 330 stores, including 3 anchors,40 cafés and restaurants, and a 13-screen cinema. The centre employs 7,000 people and serves over 27 million visitors a year, a main rival is the Lakeside Shopping Centre and its two retail parks by road 8 miles away in West Thurrock, Essex, just across the River Thames or 3.2 miles point-to-point. It is owned by four major UK institutions, Prudential plc and PRUPIM, Land Securities, in 1994, quarry operator Blue Circle approached Australian mall developer Lend Lease to form a partnership. Lend Lease also formed a pool of investors, called the Lend Lease Retail Partnership. John Lewis was the first major tenant to sign up in February 1995, albeit with major concessions, such as the offer of 300,000 sq ft, one fifth of the floor space. That gave Bluewater credibility to sign more names, including the two anchor stores, House of Fraser followed in June 1996 by Marks & Spencer. 90% of the space was committed by March 1998. Construction, undertaken by Bovis Lend Lease, started on 1 May 1996, at its peak, the site employed 2,500 workers simultaneously. In all,20,000 people worked 11.5 million hours on the construction of Bluewater, at the planned opening date,16 March 1999, Bluewater was inaugurated with 99% of the shops open for business. The total cost of construction was around GBP £400 million, in May 2005, Bluewater introduced a code of conduct to ban swearing, clothing that obscures the face, and groups of more than five without the intention to shop. The policy has divided opinion, although Tony Blair did show support, in late 2006, Dartford Borough Council granted planning permission for Bluewater to build a two-story events venue of 5200 m2, and further extend the south side of the centre. Construction on the began in early 2010, and when completed in 2011 the expansion added more restaurants to the Plaza section, including a Jamies Italian, Wagamamas. The new Glow events centre opened as part of the extension spans two floors, and has events such as the BBCs Good Food Show, Spring. The events venue was developed alongside the existing entertainment provision in this area, during 2012, the Wintergarden food court area off Rose Gallery was extensively refurbished. KFC relocated to Thames Walk to continue to trade during the development, the previous large castle-style McDonalds was replaced with a simple serving counter. A proposal was put forward in early 2013 to expand the West Village dining, existing businesses would have to be relocated or removed from the centre to allow the works to go ahead. There are over 13,000 free parking spaces, covered over six car parks, official website Bluewater on The Retail Database
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Kent
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Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west, the county also shares borders with Essex via the Dartford Crossing and the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. France can be clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county, because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as The Garden of England. The title was defended in 2006 when a survey of counties by the UKTV Style Gardens channel put Kent in fifth place, behind North Yorkshire, Devon. Haulage, logistics, and tourism are industries, major industries in north-west Kent include aggregate building materials, printing. Coal mining has played its part in Kents industrial heritage. Large parts of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its transport connections to the capital. Twenty-eight per cent of the county forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the North Downs and The High Weald, the area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era, There is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman era occupation, as indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name of Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning rim or border and this describes the eastern part of the current county area as a border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar had described the area as Cantium, or home of the Cantiaci in 51 BC, the extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by Iron Age tribes, known as the Regnenses. East Kent became a kingdom of the Jutes during the 5th century and was known as Cantia from about 730, the early medieval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara, or Kent people. These people regarded the city of Canterbury as their capital, in 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year, Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity, the Diocese of Canterbury became Britains first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since remained Englands centre of Christianity. The second designated English cathedral was in Kent at Rochester Cathedral, in the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning undefeated. This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy, the Kent peoples continued resistance against the Normans led to Kents designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of Williams half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was granted powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales
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Retail park
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It is likely to have more money spent on features and architecture than a traditional big box shopping center. Puente Hills Mall and Del Amo Fashion Center in Southern California are good examples of this, other examples are Seven Corners Shopping Center in suburban Washington, D. C. and Deerfoot Meadows in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Power centers are almost always located in areas, but occasionally redevelopment has brought power centers to densely populated urban areas. Some new power center developments have attempted to re-create the atmosphere of an old-town Main Street, in the United Kingdom, the retail park is a similar concept to the North American power center. They are found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in highly accessible locations and are aimed at households owning a car and they offer an alternative to busy city centres. In recent years, in areas across the UK, planning controls have been tightened to preserve the countryside. There are also environmental disadvantages to large parks on the rural fringe, including the increased traffic. Typically retail parks host a range of stores, including furniture, clothes or footwear superstores, electrical stores, carpet and others -. Strip mall Types of retail outlets SmartCentres – includes photos of its developments
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Westfield Stratford City
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Westfield Stratford City is a shopping centre in Stratford, London. The centre opened on 13 September 2011, with a total retail floor area of 1,905,542 square feet, it is one of the largest urban shopping centres in Europe. It is the third-largest shopping centre in the United Kingdom by retail space behind the MetroCentre, taking the surrounding shopping area into account, it is the largest urban shopping centre in the European Union in terms of size. Originally fully owned by the Westfield Group, in November 2010 ABP Pension Fund, Westfield Stratford City is adjacent to the London Olympic Park, East Village, Stratford Regional and Stratford International stations. The shopping centre is part of a large development project called Stratford City. It is promoted as contributing significantly to the economy, with the creation of up to 10,000 permanent jobs. However, there are counter-reports of the centre having a negative impact on local businesses due to the preponderance of chain stores. Westfield Stratford City has been reported to be the first large-scale use of Pavegen floor tiles to harness kinetic energy, the site was formerly occupied by Stratford Works and Locomotive Depot. The shopping centre also has a 267-room Premier Inn hotel, the shopping centre has approximately 280 stores and 70 restaurants. The Elizabeth line is scheduled to serve the station from 2017, to the north lies Stratford International station which is served by Southeastern and Docklands Light Railway services. Stratford bus station and Stratford City bus station are served by numerous London Buses routes and National Express, according to Westfield, while the site supports a 5,000 space car park, 80% of the shoppers arrive at the centre on public transport. In January 2012, X-Factor singer Olly Murs filmed a video for his single Oh My Goodness. Official Website Stratford City on The Retail Database The Golden Temple Featured Documentary on Westfield, Stratford and the Olympic Games,2012
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. Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
