1.
Flag of Sicily
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The flag of Sicily was first adopted in 1282, after the successful Sicilian Vespers revolt against the king Charles I of Sicily. The flag is characterized by the presence of the triskelion in its middle, the three bent legs allegedly represent the three points of the triangular shape of the island of Sicily, or the historical three valli of the island. Palermo and Corleone were the first two cities to found a confederation against the Angevin rule. The flag looks somewhat similar to the flag of the Isle of Man, the symbol is also known as the trinacria, which is also an ancient name of Sicily. The name was revived and used during the Aragonese period of the Kingdom of Sicily immediately after the Sicilian Vespers which ended Angevin rule. During the period of Muslim rule under Emirate of Sicily, the island used a green flag. History of the Sicilian flag La Bandier della Sicilia, La Trinacria
2.
Regions of Italy
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The regions of Italy are the first-level administrative divisions of Italy, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are 20 regions, of five are constitutionally given a broader amount of autonomy granted by special statutes. Each region, except for the Aosta Valley, is divided into provinces, regions are autonomous entities with powers defined in the Constitution. As the administrative districts of the state during the Kingdom of Italy. The original draft list comprised the Salento region, friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata was named Lucania. Abruzzo and Molise were identified as regions in the first draft. They were later merged into Abruzzo e Molise in the constitution of 1948. Implementation of regional autonomy was postponed until the first Regional Elections of 1970, the ruling Christian Democracy party did not want the opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in the regions, where it was historically rooted. Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a reform in 2001. In June 2006 the proposals, which had been associated with Lega Nord. The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55. 3% in favour in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria, number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1995, Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the European Union. These regions, whose statutes are approved by their councils, were created in 1970. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers, the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law. Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest, they just keep 20% of all levied taxes, Article 116 of the Italian Constitution grants to five regions home rule, acknowledging their powers in relation to legislation, administration and finance. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences, moreover, the government wanted to prevent their secession from Italy after the Second World War. Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol constitutes a special case, the region is nearly powerless, and the powers granted by the regions statute are mostly exercised by the two autonomous provinces within the region, Trentino and South Tyrol. In this case, the regional institution plays a coordinating role, the latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, where he is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives a majority of seats on the council
3.
Sicily
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Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous Region of Italy, along with surrounding minor islands, Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula, from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, the tallest active volcano in Europe, the island has a typical Mediterranean climate. The earliest archaeological evidence of activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC. It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand, a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification, Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region after the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946. Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially regard to the arts, music, literature, cuisine. It is also home to important archaeological and ancient sites, such as the Necropolis of Pantalica, the Valley of the Temples, Sicily has a roughly triangular shape, earning it the name Trinacria. To the east, it is separated from the Italian mainland by the Strait of Messina, about 3 km wide in the north, and about 16 km wide in the southern part. The northern and southern coasts are each about 280 km long measured as a line, while the eastern coast measures around 180 km. The total area of the island is 25,711 km2, the terrain of inland Sicily is mostly hilly and is intensively cultivated wherever possible. Along the northern coast, the ranges of Madonie,2,000 m, Nebrodi,1,800 m. The cone of Mount Etna dominates the eastern coast, in the southeast lie the lower Hyblaean Mountains,1,000 m. The mines of the Enna and Caltanissetta districts were part of a leading sulphur-producing area throughout the 19th century, Sicily and its surrounding small islands have some highly active volcanoes. Mount Etna is the largest active volcano in Europe and still casts black ash over the island with its ever-present eruptions and it currently stands 3,329 metres high, though this varies with summit eruptions, the mountain is 21 m lower now than it was in 1981. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps, Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 with a basal circumference of 140 km. This makes it by far the largest of the three volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under the mountain by Zeus, Mount Etna is widely regarded as a cultural symbol and icon of Sicily. The Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, to the northeast of mainland Sicily form a volcanic complex, the three volcanoes of Vulcano, Vulcanello and Lipari are also currently active, although the latter is usually dormant
4.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
5.
Sicilian language
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Sicilian is a Romance language spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands. It is also spoken in southern and central Calabria, in the parts of Apulia, Salento, and Campania, on the Italian peninsula. The Ethnologue describes Sicilian as being distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a language and is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. Some assert that Sicilian represents the oldest Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin, Sicilian has the oldest literary tradition of the Italic languages. Sicilian is currently spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Sicily, the latter are found in the countries which attracted large numbers of Sicilian immigrants during the course of the past century or so, especially the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina. In the past two or three decades, large numbers of Sicilians were also attracted to the zones of northern Italy and indeed the rest of the European Union. It is not used as an official language anywhere, even within Sicily, there is currently no central body, in Sicily or elsewhere, that regulates the language in any way. However, since its inception in 1951, the Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani in Palermo has been researching and publishing information on the Sicilian language. The autonomous regional parliament of Sicily has legislated to encourage the teaching of Sicilian at all schools, further, the Sicilian language would be protected and promoted under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. However, Italy has signed this treaty, but the Italian Parliament has not ratified it, the term Calabro-Sicilian refers to the fact that a form of Sicilian, or a dialect closely related to Sicilian, is spoken in central and southern Calabria. Sicilianu is the name of the language in Sicily itself, the term Siculu describes one of the larger prehistoric groups living in Sicily before the arrival of Greeks in the 8th century BC. It can also be used as an adjective to qualify, or further elaborate on, the very earliest influences, visible in Sicilian to this day, exhibit both prehistoric Mediterranean elements and prehistoric Indo-European elements, and occasionally a blending of both. Ruffino 2001 Before the Roman conquest, Sicily was occupied by populations considered indigenous, including Sicels, Sicani, Elymians, the Greek language influence remains strongly visible, while the influences from the other groups are less obvious. What can be stated with certainty is that there remain pre-Indo-European words in Sicilian of an ancient Mediterranean origin, of the three main prehistoric groups, only the Sicels were Indo-European, and their speech is likely to have been closely related to that of the Romans. The following table, listing words for twins, illustrates the difficulty linguists face in tackling the various sub-strata of the Sicilian language, a similar qualifier can be applied to many of the words that appear in this article. For instance, by the time the Romans had occupied Sicily during the 3rd century BC, the words with a prehistoric Mediterranean derivation often refer to plants native to the Mediterranean region or to other natural features. g. of a fruit timpa crag, cliff. The Sicels are a source of such words, but there is also the possibility of a cross-over between ancient Mediterranean words and introduced Indo-European forms. Some examples of Sicilian words with an ancient Indo-European origin, dudda mulberry, the latter would bring with them the Vulgar Latin from that region, a language not too different from that to be found in central Italy at the time
6.
Separatism
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A common definition of separatism is that it is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. There is some debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism. Separatist groups practice a form of identity politics, political activity, such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater self-determination. However, economic and political factors usually are critical in creating strong separatist movements as opposed to less ambitious identity movements, groups may have one or more motivations for separation, including, emotional resentment and hatred of rival communities. Protection from ethnic cleansing and genocide, resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their language, culture or religion. Propaganda by those who hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict, Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion. Economic motivations, seeking to end exploitation by more powerful group or, conversely. Preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition, destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others. Geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires, continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up. Feeling that the nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate means. The perception that the state can no longer support ones own group or has betrayed their interests, governments may respond in a number of ways, some of which are mutually exclusive. Settle for a confederation or a relationship where there are only limited ties among states. Some governments suppress any separatist movement in their own country, Ethnic separatism is based more on cultural and linguistic differences than religious or racial differences, which also may exist. Chechen separatism in the Caucasus, currently the Republic of Chechnya is part of the Russian Federation, serb separatism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Albanian separatism in Kosovo and R. Macedonia Turkish separatism in Cyprus, South Ossetian and Abkhazian separatism in Georgia. Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan, azeri separatists in Iran want to unite the provinces of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Zanjan and Ardabil with Azerbaijan. Kurdish separatism in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, silesian separatism in Poland and Czech Republic
7.
Sicilian Independence Movement
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The Sicilian Independence Movement is a separatist Sicilian political party originally active in Sicily from 1943 to 1951. Its best electoral result was in 1947, when it won 8. 8% of the votes, the purpose was first to gain independence for Sicily. Once this was accomplished MIS planned to sort out the politics of the island themselves, the movement was founded in September 1942 as Committee for the Independence of Sicily finding inspiration in the Sicilian Vespers, with Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile serving as its first president. On October 1943, Finocchiaro Aprile asked the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III to abdicate, in the spring of 1944, the CIS was disbanded and the Movement for the Independence of Sicily was founded. During those days, the Allies prohibited any kind of political activity, in the fall of 1944, during the first congress held in Taormina, the MIS decided to arm itself under pushes from its more radical members. The EVIS was founded, and its operations led the Italian central government to send its troops in Sicily, on June 17,1945, following an armed clash with the Carabinieri, Antonio Canepa, head of the EVIS, was murdered. The bandit Salvatore Giuliano joined it, in the 1946 general election, MIS obtained 0. 7% of national votes, and four seats, including its leader Finocchiaro Aprile. During the 1947 congress, Antonino Varvaro, former secretary and leading member of the wing, was expelled from the party by a majority. Following these events, Varvaro founded a rival independentist movement, MISDR, in the first Sicilian elections held in 1947, MIS obtained about 9% of votes, and eight seats. However, the movement lost all its seats following the 1948 general election, soon after the latter, Finocchiaro Aprile and several other members resigned from MIS and the movement entered into a sort of political hiatus, never being formally disbanded. I primi secessionisti, separatismo in Sicilia 1866 e 1943-46, il movimento per lindipendenza della Sicilia, memorie. Finkelstein, Monte S. Separatism, the Allies and the Mafia, The Struggle for Sicilian Independence, the Honoured Society, The Sicilian Mafia Observed Eland Publishing Ltd ISBN 978-0-907871-48-4
8.
Senate of the Republic (Italy)
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The Senate of the Republic is a house of the bicameral Italian Parliament. The two houses form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Members of the Senate are styled Senator or The Honourable Senator and they meet at Palazzo Madama, the Senate consists of 315 elected members, and as of 2016 five senators for life. The elected senators must be over 40 years of age and are elected by Italian citizens aged 25 or older, the Senate is elected on a regional basis. The 309 senators are assigned to each region according to their population. However, Article 57 of the Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than seven senators representing it, except for the Aosta Valley and Molise. The five current life senators are, The current term of the Senate is five years, until a Constitutional change on February 9,1963, the Senate was elected for six-year terms. The Senate may be dissolved before the expiration of its normal term by the President of the Republic, in 2016, Italian Parliament passed a constitutional law that effectively abolishes the Senate as an elected chamber and sharply restricts its ability to veto legislation. The law was rejected on December 4,2016 by a referendum, the election of the Senate is still regulated by Law no. 270, December 21,2005, which however was judged to be partly unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court in December 2013, in each Region, except for three, at least 55% of the seats are assigned to the coalition or list which received the most votes. The Aosta Valley elects one senator, so it uses a first past the post system, Molise elects two senators with a proportional system. Trentino-South Tyrol uses a mixed member system, it elects 6 senators in first past the post constituencies. That session, presided by the oldest senator, proceeds to elect the President of the Senate for the parliamentary period. On the first two attempts at voting, a majority of all senators is needed, if a third round is needed. If this third round fails to produce a winner, a ballot is held between the two senators with the highest votes in the previous ballot. In the case of a tie, the senator is deemed the winner. The current President of the Senate is Pietro Grasso, recent Presidents of the Italian Senate, Since 1871, the Senate has met in Palazzo Madama in Rome, an old patrician palace completed in 1505 for the Medici family. The palace takes its name from Madama Margherita of Austria, daughter of Charles V, after the extinction of the Medici, the palace was handed over to the House of Lorraine
9.
Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
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The Chamber of Deputies is a house of the bicameral Parliament of Italy. The two houses form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to article 56 of the Italian Constitution, the Chamber of Deputies has 630 seats, of which 618 are elected from Italian constituencies, Deputies are styled The Honourable and meet at Palazzo Montecitorio. Previously, the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy had been briefly at the Palazzo Carignano in Turin and the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, from 1939 to 1943, the Chamber is composed of all members meeting in session at the Montecitorio. The assembly also has the right to meetings of the Government. If required, the Government is obligated to attend the session, conversely, the Government has the right to be heard every time it requires. The term of office of the House is five years,61.2 of the Constitution, states that representatives whose term has expired shall continue to exercise their functions until the first meeting of the new Chamber. An extension of the term, provided for by art,60.2, can be enacted only in case of war. Election of members to the Chamber of Deputies is by voluntary, universal, terms last for a total of five years, unless an early dissolution of the Chamber is called by the President of the Republic, at which point a snap election is held. Unlike the Senate, which members to be 40 years of age. The current system for elections to the Chamber of Deputies has been in operation since 2015, the territory of Italy is divided into 100 constituencies electing between 3 and 9 deputies depending on their size. For each constituency, the parties designate a list of candidates, head of list candidates can run in up to 10 constituencies, if two preference votes are expressed, they must be of a different sex, otherwise, the second preference is discarded. Only parties passing a 3% minimum threshold in the first round are assigned seats, if the party receiving the plurality of the votes passes a 40% threshold, it is attributed a minimum of 340 seats. The remaining 277 seats are allocated to the other parties using the largest remainder method. This provision was however rendered null and void by a Constitutional Courts judgment in January 2017, the President of the Chamber of Deputies performs the role of speaker of the house and is elected during the first session after the election. During this time the prerogatives of speaker are assumed by the vicepresident of Chamber of Deputies of the legislature who was elected first. If two were elected simultaneously, the oldest deputy serves as president of Chamber of Deputies, the President of Chamber of Deputies has also the role of President during the Parliament joint sessions, when the upper and lower houses have to vote together
10.
Movement for the Autonomies
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The Movement for the Autonomies is a regionalist and Christian democratic political party in Italy. The party demands economic development, greater autonomy and legislative powers for Sicily and its Sicilian section is named Party of Sicilians. The MpA elected five deputies and two senators, in January 2008 the MpA formed a political pact with Italy of the Centre, under which Vincenzo Scotti, leader of IdC, became president of the party. At the 2008 general election the party won 1. 1% of the vote and obtained 8 deputies and 2 senators, thanks to the alliance with The People of Freedom, after the election the MpA joined the Berlusconi IV Cabinet. As part of its strategy the party was joined by some small northern regionalist parties, Lombardia Autonoma. The alliance gained a mere 2. 2% of the vote, thus returning no MEPs, since the election there were talks about the foundation of a new Party of the South, of which the MpA would have been the core. Lombardo appointed no members of the official PdL and of the UDC, the break-up of the alliance with the official PdL in Sicily and all around the South led to a painful split. In January 2010 Vincenzo Scotti and four out of eight. In November, as an ally of Gianfranco Finis FLI, the MpA quit Berlusconis government, on 15 December 2010 the MpA was a founding member of the New Pole for Italy along with the UDC, FLI and ApI. In March 2011 Lombardo announced that the MpA would soon merge into a party of the South. In August Lombardo resigned also from President of Sicily, prompting an early election, the Sicilian section of the MpA was renamed as Party of Sicilians. Lombardo decided not to stand for re-election and the PdS chose to support Gianfranco Micciché, leader of Great South, for President, Micciché won 15. 4% of the vote and the PdS obtained a mere 9. 5%. The PdS/MpA failed to pass the electoral thresholds in the 2013 general election, attaguile chose to team up with Lega Nord in the Lega Nord–Autonomies parliamentary group. Attaguile later left the PdS/MpA and joined to Us with Salvini, Federal Secretary, Raffaele Lombardo, Giovanni Pistorio / Agazio Loiero Federal President, Vincenzo Scotti Southern Italy autonomist movements
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Sicilian Socialist Party
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The Sicilian Socialist Party is a social-democratic and autonomist political party in Sicily. The PSS re-emerged exactly after 120 years from the first congress of the Fasci, the party adheres to the ideas of democratic socialism and of sicilianism, without any isolationist view, but maintaining itself faithful to internationalism and europeanism. The party seeks the full application of Sicilian special statute and supports the unification of the Sicilian left-wing in a democratic socialist perspective. The members of the party come from the Sicilian sections of the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Socialist Democratic Party, scolaro, Gabriella, Il movimento antimafia siciliano, Dai Fasci dei lavoratori allomicidio di Carmelo Battaglia, Lulu. com, ISBN 1-4092-2951-3 Official website
12.
Sicilian Parliament
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The Sicilian Parliament was the legislature of the Kingdom of Sicily. The Sicilian Parliament is arguably considered one of the oldest parliaments in the world, in 1097 came the first conference in Mazara del Vallo convened by Roger I the Great Count of a parliament initially travelling. The Sicilian Parliament was made up of three branches, from feudalism, from the Ecclesiastical and from the State Property, the first Norman parliament was not a deliberative, and had only an advisory function and confirmation of the sovereign, especially in taxation, economics and wars. Members were chosen from the powerful nobles. Since 1130 meetings are held in the Palazzo dei Normanni, in Palermo, first radical change came with Frederick II of Swabia, which allowed the access part to civil society. After a period in the background during the reign of Anjou, on 3 April 1282, during the uprising, the red and yellow flag with the center triscele was adopted by Parliament, today is the flag of Sicily. With the Vespers and the subsequent settlement of Frederick III of Aragon in 1297 and this was the time that the permanent establishment of the Parliament was in the Castello Ursino, in Catania, at the Sala dei Parlamenti. At this time consisted primarily of landowners, mayors of cities from the counts, with the successive kings of Aragon, Sicily lost its political autonomy and a viceroy ruled the island. With Charles V in 1532 was again summoned a parliament in Palermo, in Sicily the Bourbons ruled from Naples and found himself the function of Parliament is greatly reduced gradually until the revolution followed the riots of 1848, when it regained its centrality. In fact, Palermo,25 March of that year, met the General Parliament of Sicily, with a government composed of a president
13.
Politics of Sicily
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Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Sicilian Regional Assembly, after Italian Fascism and the Allied invasion of Sicily during the World War II, Sicily increasingly became a stronghold of Christian Democracy, in opposition to the Italian Communist Party. Sicilians had also a penchant for conservative/nationalist politics, represented mainly by the Monarchist National Party, the Sicilian Regional Assembly is composed of 90 members. One seat is reserved for the candidate who comes second, the President of Sicily promulgates regional laws and regulations. He can receive special administrative functions by the national government, the President is one of the 90 members of the Regional Assembly and, in this capacity, he can propose new laws. He appoints and dismiss the Regional Cabinet, the Cabinet is composed by regional assessors who can be members of the Council at the same time. One assessor can be appointed Vice President, the President can also appoint four under-secretaries to help the President in his functions. The President and the Cabinet are two different authorities of the Region, in matters within its competence, the Cabinet has the power to vote to give its approval. The current President of Sicily is Rosario Crocetta, who is serving for his first term after winning the 2012 regional election, Sicily was divided in nine provinces, which were a traditional form of local administration in the region. Socialist and Christian-democratic ideas had an early diffusion in all the provinces around World War I. On 19 March 2013 the Sicilian Regional Assembly decided to turn them into Free Associations of Municipalities, the same law created the new Metropolitan Cities of Palermo, Messina and Catania. Sicily is also divided in 390 comuni, which have more history. 15 comuni have more than 50,000 inhabitants, the latest regional election, for the renewal of the Regional Assembly and the election of the President of Sicily, was held on 28 October 2012. Rosario Crocetta, who had the support of the Union of the Centre, won over Nello Musumeci, Crocetta won just 30. 5% of the vote in a highly fragmented political landscape and the centre-left coalition obtained 39 regional deputies,6 short of majority. Source, Sicilian Region Sicilian Region Sicilian Regional Assembly Constitution of Sicily
14.
Sicilian Vespers
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Within six weeks, three thousand French men and women were slain by the rebels, and the government of King Charles lost control of the island. It was the beginning of the War of the Sicilian Vespers and these lay between Hohenstaufen lands in northern Italy and the Hohenstaufen Kingdom of Sicily in the south, the Hohenstaufen also at the time ruled Germany. In 1245 Pope Innocent IV excommunicated Frederick II and declared him deposed, when Frederick died in 1250, his dominion was inherited by his son, Conrad IV of Germany. A period of turmoil followed Conrads death in 1254, and the Kingdom of Sicily was seized by Manfred, King of Sicily, Fredericks illegitimate son, Manfred had no involvement in German politics, where the interregnum lasted longer and there was no emperor until 1274. He first styled himself as vicar of his nephew Conradin, Conrads son, however, following a false rumour that Conradin was dead, Manfred later had himself crowned as king. He wished for a reconciliation with the papacy, which may have explained his support for the landless Baldwin II, Latin Emperor. However, Pope Urban IV and later Pope Clement IV were not prepared to recognize Manfred as lawful ruler of Sicily and first excommunicated then sought to depose him by force of arms. After abortive attempts to enlist England as the champion of the Papacy against Manfred, Charles invaded Italy and defeated and killed Manfred in 1266 at the Battle of Benevento, becoming King of Sicily. In 1268 Conradin, who had come of age, invaded Italy to press his claim to the throne. Charles was now undisputed master of the Kingdom of Sicily, beginning on that night, thousands of Sicilys French inhabitants were massacred within six weeks. The events that started the uprising are not known for certain, the only town in Sicily not to join the rebellion was a small village called Sperlinga, which protected French soldiers in a castle excavated in sandstone. According to Steven Runciman, the Sicilians at the church were engaged in holiday festivities, a sergeant named Drouet dragged a young married woman from the crowd, pestering her with his advances. Her husband then attacked Drouet with a knife, killing him, when the other Frenchmen tried to avenge their comrade, the Sicilian crowd fell upon them, killing them all. At that moment all the bells in Palermo began to ring for Vespers. The French were attacked, first with rocks, then weapons, the news spread to other cities leading to revolt throughout Sicily. By the time the furious anger at their insolence had drunk its fill of blood, there is also a third version of the events that is quite close to Runcimans, varying only in the minor details. This story is part of the tradition on the island up to the present time. This oral tradition cannot be verified, but is of interest to sociologists, according to the legend, John of Procida was the mastermind behind the conspiracy
15.
Sicilian revolution of 1848
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The Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 occurred in a year replete with revolutions and popular revolts. It commenced on 12 January 1848, and therefore was the very first of the revolutions to occur that year. Three revolutions had previously occurred on the island of Sicily starting from 1800 against Bourbon rule, the constitution that survived the 16 months was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of an Italian confederation of states. The former kingdoms of Naples and Sicily were formally reunited following the 1815 Congress of Vienna to become the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Both kingdoms had previously comprised the single Kingdom of Sicily during the 12th and 13th centuries, the seeds of the revolution of 1848 were sown prior to the Congress of Vienna, in 1814. This was during the tumultuous Napoleonic period when the Bourbon court was forced to escape from Naples, however, post Congress of Vienna, Ferdinand IV of Naples immediately abolished the constitution upon returning the royal court to Naples. The 1848 revolution was organized from, and centered in. The popular nature of the revolt is evident in the fact that posters, the timing was deliberately planned to coincide with the birthday of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, himself born in Palermo in 1810. Vincenzo Fardella was elected president of Sicilian Parliament, the idea was also put forward for a confederation of all the states of Italy. At this point it should be mentioned that the Sicilian Parliament was never able to control the well fortified city of Messina, similarly, it was the city of Messina that held out the longest against Garibaldi’s attack on the island in 1860. Thus Sicily survived as a quasi-independent state for sixteen months, with the Bourbon army taking back control of the island on 15 May 1849 by force. The effective head of state during this period was Ruggero Settimo, on capitulating to the Bourbons, Settimo escaped to Malta where he was received with the full honours of a head of state. He remained exiled there for the rest of his life and died there in 1863, nevertheless, this invitation provides more than a casual hint as to the nexus the existed between the events of 1848 and 1860-61 in the History of Italy. The Revolution which began in Palermo was one of a series of events in Italy. It quickly spread across the island and throughout Italy, where it prompted Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, to follow the example of Ferdinand II and issue a hastily written constitution. In imitation of these events, riots and revolutions followed around Europe at the same time, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states Correnti, Santo A Short History of Sicily, Les Editions Musae, Montreal
16.
Southern Italy autonomist movements
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There are various regional Southern Italy autonomist movements, covering the political spectrum from socialist to Bourbon monarchist. Since the fall of the Roman Empire, Southern Italy often experienced distinct historical developments when compared to Northern Italy, as a result, it has developed distinctive cultures and identities that persist to this day. During World War II there were attempts by Sicilians to achieve independence. Political groups continue to advocate greater autonomy, or sometimes even independence, however, the demand for autonomy or independence, with the exception of the island of Sardinia which is often included as part of Southern Italy, is now weaker in the South than in the North. This article does not include Sardinia nor its own nationalist movement, being grounded on different historical and cultural reasons, after the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Italy and Sicily came under the control of successive Germanic invaders such as the Ostrogoths, Lombards and Franks. However, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire continued to retain links with Venice. For long periods the southern territories were under Greek Byzantine control, following the expansion of Islam, Sicily was progressively conquered by the Arabs from the mid-9th to the mid-10th centuries, and Arab advances were introduced to Europe. In the 11th century Norman invaders took control of southern Italy, captured Messina in 1061, various dynastic changes occurred in the ensuing centuries, with Sicily and Naples coming under control of the Swabian Hohenstaufen Dynasty, then the French Angevin Dynasty. In 1282 Peter III of Aragon, son-in-law of the last Hohenstaufen king, in 1442 King Alfonso V of Aragon reunified the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. For most of its existence, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies was ruled directly by Aragon, then by Spain, in 1713 Spain and both Sicilies passed to Philip, Duke of Anjou, who founded the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon. As a result of its history and geography, Sicily has developed some distinctive qualities. Compared to the regions of Italy, cultural similarities to the Greeks, Spaniards. Unlike much of the other Italian regions, Sicilian cuisine has strong Greek, Arab, with the exception of Sardinian, most of the languages traditionally spoken in southern Italy are grouped as dialects of the Neapolitan and Sicilian languages. Sicilian has a very strong Greek-Arab substratum, which give the many distinct sounds. The French Revolution created a change in political thought in Europe. After seizing power from the republicans, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in 1805, in 1806 Napoleon dispatched a French army to the south of Italy, installing his brother Joseph king of Naples and Sicily. Two years later Joseph was replaced as king by Joachim Murat who ruled until 1815, Ferdinand IV of Naples fled to Palermo in 1806 and managed to retain control of Sicily under British naval protection. He appointed his son Francis regent, and at the insistence of Lord William Bentinck, however, following the defeat of Napoleon, Ferdinand violated his oath and in 1816 abolished the Sicilian constitution, imposing a reactionary system of aristocratic government
17.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
18.
Stateless nation
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Stateless nation is a political term for ethnic/national minority that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. The term implies that the group should have such a state, members of stateless ethnic groups may be citizens/nationals of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are not represented as a nation in international sports such as FIFA. Nations without state are classified as fourth world nations, stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states or form the native population of a province within a larger state. Some ethnic groups were once a nation that later became a nation state. Stateless nations can have large population, for example, the Tamil people are one of the largest stateless nation with a population of more than 70 million. Tamils speak Tamil, a language belonging to the Dravidian languages, although there are more than 200 million Dravidian speakers in South Asia, there is no sovereign state in South Asia with a Dravidian majority. As not all states are states, there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a multinational state without being considered stateless nations. The symbiotic relation between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule, only a small fraction of the worlds national groups have associated nation-states. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan, the rest are distributed in one or more states. Of the 192 member states of the United Nations in 2006, thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world. Some nations have been victims of carve out and their homeland was divided among several countries, even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These often differ from cultural boundaries and this results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua and Papua New Guinea. During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences. This led states with many minority groups in the successor states. Some of these minority groups have campaigned for self-determination, because of the ethnic differences in some countries, problems such as discrimination, ethnic conflict, separatism, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and partition have occurred. Most peoples have their own history, language, culture, religion and customs, a nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person, nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence
19.
Nationalism
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Nationalism is a complex, multidimensional concept involving a shared communal identification with ones nation. It is contrasted by Anti-nationalism as a political ideology oriented towards gaining and maintaining self-governance, or full sovereignty, Nationalism therefore holds that a nation should govern itself, free from unwanted outside interference, and is linked to the concept of self-determination. Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve the nations culture and it often also involves a sense of pride in the nations achievements, and is closely linked to the concept of patriotism. In these terms, nationalism can be considered positive or negative, from a political or sociological outlook, there are three main paradigms for understanding the origins and basis of nationalism. The first, known as Primordialism or Perennialism, sees nationalism as a natural phenomenon and it holds that although the concept nationhood may be recent, nations have always existed. The third, and most dominant paradigm is Modernism, which sees nationalism as a recent phenomenon that needs the structural conditions of society in order to exist. There are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, however and this anomie results in a society or societies reinterpreting identity, retaining elements that are deemed acceptable and removing elements deemed unacceptable, in order to create a unified community. Nationalism means devotion for the nation and it is a sentiment that binds the people together. National symbols and flags, national anthems, national languages, national myths, Nationalism is a newer word, in English the term dates from 1844, although the concept is older. It became important in the 19th century, the term increasingly became negative in its connotations after 1914. Glenda Sluga notes that The twentieth century, a time of disillusionment with nationalism, was also the great age of globalism. Nationalism is the term used to characterize the modern sense of national political autonomy. For example, German nationalism emerged as a reaction against Napoleonic control of Germany as the Confederation of the Rhine around 1805–14, linda Colley in Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837 explores how the role of nationalism emerged about 1700 and developed in Britain reaching full form in the 1830s. The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century, National symbols, anthems, myths, flags and narratives were assiduously constructed by nationalists and widely adopted. The Union Jack was adopted in 1801 as the national one, Thomas Arne composed the patriotic song Rule, Britannia. in 1740, and the cartoonist John Arbuthnot invented the character of John Bull as the personification of the English national spirit in 1712. The political convulsions of the late 18th century associated with the American, the Prussian scholar Johann Gottfried Herder originated the term in 1772 in his Essay on the Origins of Language. Stressing the role of a common language, the political development of nationalism and the push for popular sovereignty culminated with the ethnic/national revolutions of Europe. During the 19th century nationalism became one of the most significant political and social forces in history, napoleons conquests of the German and Italian states around 1800–06 played a major role in stimulating nationalism and the demands for national unity
20.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
21.
Andalusian nationalism
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Andalusian nationalism is the nationalism which asserts that Andalusians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Andalusians. It is considered to be represented primarily by the Andalusian Party, some political forces without parliamentary presence like Nación Andaluza and Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía may be found advocating independence. The predecessor of Andalusian nationalism is the peasant anarchism which was active during the 19th century. During the reign of Isabella II of Spain, Andalusia was a hotbed of anarchist insurgency, later, these anarchist cores became protagonists in conflicts between local people and Madrid. With the declaration of the First Spanish Republic in 1873, various nationalist currents began to emerge in Andalusia, in 1883, an assembly gathered at Antequera drafted a constitution styling Andalusia as an autonomous republic inside a federal state. This constitution is known as Constitución Federal de Antequera, Blas Infante, a Georgist idealist and founder of modern Andalusian nationalism, initiated an assembly at Ronda in 1918. This assembly adopted a charter based on Antequera Constitution and also adopted the current flag, during the Second Spanish Republic, the Andalucismo was represented by the Junta Liberalista, a federalist political party led by Infante. Andalusian nationalism was revived when Alianza Socialista de Andalucía or ASA was founded in 1971, Andalusian nationalism drew limited but considerable support from the western part of Andalusia, particularly from provincial capitals like Cádiz and Seville. After dictator Francisco Francos death, the new Spanish Constitution of 1978 established in its Article 2 the right of regions, nevertheless, this article also offered the possibility of other regions or nationalities accessing the same level of autonomy if approved on referendum. A separate statute of autonomy for Andalusia had been written by Blas Infante and submitted, approved by parliament in June 1936, to be voted in referendum in September 1936. However the start of the Civil War in July and the assassination of Infante by Francos rebels in August of the year put an end to the autonomist project for Andalusia. In spite of this, Andalusia was never recognised as a nationality in the 1978 constitution. The fast route required a referendum by an absolute majority of all elegible voters in the region as well as in each constituent province. Due to this, Andalusia could not achieve autonomous status under the fast route proposed by the Spanish constitution, the new Statute of Autonomy was approved by the Spanish parliament in 1981 under the requirements of article 151. A proposal for the reform of the Statute of Autonomy for Andalusia was finalised by the Andalusian Parliament on May 2006, after being debated and posteriorly approved in the Spanish Parliament, the original wording of the statute was amended to define Andalusia as a Nacionalidad. The amended text was approved by both the Senate of Spain and the Congress of Deputies of Spain and was voted in referendum on February 18,2007, socialist Party of Andalusia, in Spanish. Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía, in Spanish, major standpoints of Nación Andaluza CUT-BAI, a nationalist trade union, in Spanish
22.
Asturian nationalism
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Nationalism and regionalism is present in the political spectrum of the Principality of Asturias. Asturian nationalist parties such as Partíu Asturianista had representation in the Asturian parliament and government, however, nationalism is more of a social than a political movement. In 1976 the first modern Asturian nationalist party, the Asturian Nationalist Council, was founded, combine they represent a minimal part of Asturian society. Andecha Astur, leftist nationalist political party, Bloque por Asturies, leftist nationalist political party. In coalition with Izquierda Unida in Asturias, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, leftist nationalist political party formed by Izquierda Asturiana and other organizations. Unión Asturianista, electoral coalition of the social democrat nationalist Partíu Asturianista, conceyu Abiertu Compromisu por Asturies Darréu, youth organization. Andecha Astur Bloque por Asturies Partíu Asturianista Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana Unión Asturianista Asturian irredentism
23.
Basque nationalism
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Basque nationalism is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques. Since its inception in the late 19th century, Basque nationalism has included separatist movements, Basque nationalism, spanning three different regions in two states is irredentist in nature as it favors political unification of all the Basque-speaking provinces. Basque nationalism is rooted in Carlism and the loss, by the laws of 1839 and 1876, the Spanish government suppressed the fueros after the Third Carlist War. The fueros were the decision making and justice system issued from consuetudinary law prevailing in the Basque territories and Pyrenees. They are first recorded in the Kingdom of Navarre, confirming its charter system also across the western Basque territories during the High Middle Ages, the Fueros guaranteed the Basques a separate position in Spain with their own tax and political status. While its corpus is extensive, prerogatives contained in them set out for one that Basques were not subject to direct levee to the Castilian army, the native Basque institutions and laws were abolished in 1876 after the Third Carlist War, and replaced by the Basque Economic Agreements. The levelling process with other Spanish regions disquieted the Basques, according to Sabino Aranas views, the Biscayan personality was being diluted in the idea of an exclusive Spanish nation fostered by centralist authorities in Madrid. Arana was inspired by his brother Luis, a co-designer of the Basque flag ikurriña, Sabino characterized Catholicism as a sort of shelter for Basque personality. This became a point of contention with other personalities holding like views, later industrialist and prominent Basque nationalist Ramon de la Sota dismissed Sabinos positions of Catholicism as inherent to the national issue. In 1893, the Gamazada popular uprising erupted in Navarre against the breach by the Spanish government of several foundations of the ending the Carlist Wars. Arana eagerly supported the Navarrese outbreak by travelling to the territory, the widespread protest in Navarre sparked solidarity in Biscay. This rebellion, called the Sanrocada, is held as the beginning of political Basque nationalism, in 1895, the Basque Nationalist Party was founded around Arana. His nationalism shifted from a focus on Biscay to the rest of Basque territories, the program of Arana was specified as follows, The Basques represent a nation, with their own history and culture. This nation consists of race, language and an own political system, the solution to all these problems is to restore independence, by breaking the political ties with France and Spain, and the construction of a Basque state with its own sovereignty. By the end of the 19th century, Arana differed clearly from the Carlists, the immigration had started after the boom of manufacturing related to the ore exportation to England and privatization of communal lands and exploitations as the fueros were lost. The nature of that document is still subject to discussion, Luis Arana took the reins of the Basque Nationalist Party. In the early 20th century, Basque nationalism, developed from a nucleus of enthusiasts in Bilbao to incorporate the agrarian Carlists in Biscay, the seeds of Seminal Basque nationalism bloomed also in Navarre and Álava early on on the heat of the Gamazada. The movement survived without major problems the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera under the guise of cultural, the Basque Nationalist Party split in the early 20s, and Comunión Nacionalista Vasca was created
24.
Bavarian nationalism
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Bavarian nationalism is a point of view that asserts that Bavarians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Bavarians. It has been a phenomenon since the incorporation of Bavaria into the state of Germany in 1871. After the defeat of Germany in World War I, Bavarian nationalism grew in strength, following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I, proposals for Austria to join Bavaria were made. At this time the Bavarian government held particular interest in incorporating the regions of North Tyrol and this was a serious issue in the aftermath of World War I with significant numbers of Austrias North Tyrolese declaring their intention to have North Tyrol join Bavaria. The origins of the rise of Bavarian nationalism as a political movement were in the Austro-Prussian War. Austria along with Bavaria and its allies were defeated by Prussia. In the aftermath Bavaria paid an indemnity to Prussia and joined the Prussian-founded German Empire in 1871. After unification with Germany in 1871, Bavarian nationalists were opposed to the Prussian-domination of the German state. After the collapse of the Soviet Republic, Bavarian nationalism—associated with anti-Prussian as well as anti-Semitic tendencies—became popular amongst both radical and reactionary movements, following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, proposals for Austria to join Bavaria were made. The Bavarian government held particular interest in incorporating the regions of North Tyrol, such proposals were taken with interest by significant numbers of North Tyrolese wishing to join Bavaria. The Bavarian governments actions prompted the German government to respond by proposing the anschluss of Austria into Germany, Bavarian nationalism reemerged in the latter part of the war and Bavarian nationalists sought Allied support for the creation of an independent Bavaria. In the end, major autonomy for Bavaria was accepted within a federal Germany, during the 1950s, the separatist Bavaria Party was a significant player in Bavarian state politics, polling from 5% to over 20% in state and federal elections. The Bavaria Party was part of the governing coalition under Wilhelm Hoegner from 1954 to 1957, along with the Social Democrats. The partys electoral share fell significantly in subsequent decades, in 2013, the Bavaria Party won 2. 1% of the total vote in state elections. Austrian nationalism German nationalism Germans Swabian nationalism
25.
Breton nationalism
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Breton nationalism is the nationalism of the traditional province of Brittany in France. Brittany is considered to be one of the six Celtic nations, like the nationalism of many neighbouring regions, Breton nationalism combines political as well as cultural aspects. Breton cultural nationalism includes an important linguistic component, with Breton, cultural nationalists also seek a reinvigoration of Breton music, traditions and symbols, and the forging of strong links with other Celtic nations. The French position includes a range of views, from allowing Brittany a devolved government to curbing wishes for independence, contemporary political parties holding Breton nationalist views are the Union Démocratique Bretonne, the Breton Party, Emgann, Adsav and Breizhistance. According to a poll in 201318 % of Bretons support Breton independence. Bleimor Bonnets Rouges Breton nationalism and World War II
26.
Canarian nationalism
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Canarian nationalism is a political movement that encourages the national consciousness of the Canarian people. The term includes several ideological trends, ranging from the right to self-determination to a demand for autonomy within Spain. This treaty defined the archipelago as a kingdom within the Spanish monarchy, establishing the framework for its administration. The pact signed in Calatayud granted the rights and duties that would shape the Canarian fuero, which would soon be utilized in such as the Cabildos. Notable rights stated in the fuero included an autonomous treasury and army, the Canary Islands had its own currency until 1776. Initially only Gran Canaria accepted the pact, but one by one the whole archipelago eventually consented to the agreement, Spain failed to fulfill the pact several times, a failure that resulted in the uprisings of 1502,1770, and 1778. The pact was finally discarded during the Restoration, the first nationalist organizations were born in the 19th century as part of a local labour movement. Some of its proponents were José Cabrera Díaz, Nicolás Estévanez, Delgado is considered today as the father of the Canarian nationalism. The earliests nationalists parties was the Partido Popular, founded in 1901 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, during the Second Spanish Republic Canarian nationalism went unnoticed, although an autonomy statute was proposed, the Spanish Civil War blocked hopes for autonomy. Francoism fiercely oppressed any kind of nationalism in Spain and its colonies. However, the 1960s were years known for the activism of various groups, in 1959 the movement Canarias Libre acquired some notoriety, and in 1964, Antonio Cubillo founded the MPAIAC. The MPAIAC created the flag of the seven stars that is accepted by the nationalist movement as a whole today. During the last days of Francoism the DAC and the FAG, movements attached to Canarian nationalism, although the movements had initially attracted sympathies, the violent terror actions and the armed struggle spearheaded by Cubillos MPAIAC brought about a general rejection among local Canarios. Since 1982 the Canary Islands have a statute of autonomy, never ratified by the people, in the 1980s a nationalist-like party called UPC was the third most voted party in Canary Islands. In 1985 Antonio Cubillo returned from Algiers and founded the National Congress of the Canaries, since 1993, the nationalist party Canarian Coalition has held the government of the islands. At present, there are lots of parties, trade unions and associations of many sorts that describe themselves as nationalist, the nationalist parties include CC, NC, FREPIC-AWAÑAK, CCN, ANC, Azarug, Partido Nacionalista Canario Alternativa Popular Canaria, Alternativa Maga Nacionalista, and UP. There are also nationalist trade unions such as FSOC, IC, as well as revolutionary organizations, some radical groups use the word Taknara to refer to the Canary Islands, but other nationalists do not agree with this name. The movement has undergone a modest renaissance
27.
Castilian nationalism
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Castilian nationalism, or Castilianism, is a political movement that advocates for the national recognition of Castile, and in some cases, its independence. Some Castilian nationalists defend the traditions and values from the rebels of the Castilian War of the Communities, some of them also contend for the union of the present-day Spanish Autonomous Communities of Cantabria, Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha, La Rioja and Madrid. April 23 is commemorated as Castilian National Day after the defeat of the comuneros at the Battle of Villalar, Castilian Left Tierra Comunera Castilian Party Ahora Castilla Castilian people El hecho nacional castellano Discussion about Castilian nationalism. Castellano y no Español - Nationalist writing about the given to the Spanish language. Villalar de los Comuneros - Castilian National Day celebration Yesca - Left-wing youth organization
28.
Catalan nationalism
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Catalan nationalism is the nationalist ideology which asserts that Catalans are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Catalans. Intellectually, Catalan nationalism can be said to have commenced as a philosophy in the unsuccessful attempts to establish a federal state in Spain in the context of the First Republic. These demands were summarized in the so-called Bases de Manresa in 1892 and it met very little support at first. Being a broad movement, it can be found in several manifestations in the current political scene, the scope of their national objectives diverges as well. While some restrict them to Catalonia-proper alone, others seek the acknowledgment of the personality of the so-called Catalan Countries. Such claims, which can be seen as a form of Pan-nationalism, can be read in official documents of CiU, ERC, other nationalist parties have existed with additional affiliations such as PSC - Reagrupament whose leader Josep Pallach i Carolà died in 1977. The two main Catalan nationalist parties have shown their commitment to the idea of the Catalan Countries in different ways, for CiU, this issue is not among the main items in their agenda. Nevertheless, the CiU has enjoyed a long collaboration with the Valencian party BNV and with the Majorcan parties UM. During the first centuries of the Reconquista, the Franks drove the Muslims south of the Pyrenees, between 878 and 988 CE, the area became a hotbed of Frankish-Muslim conflict. By 1070, Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona, had subordinated other Catalan Counts and his action brought peace to a turbulent feudal system and sowed the seeds of Catalan identity. According to several scholars, the term Catalan and Catalonia emerged near the end of the 11th century, Two factors fostered this identity, stable institutions and cultural prosperity. While the temporary lack of foreign invasions contributed to Catalonias stability, rather, it provided a zone for sociopolitical development. By 1150, the king approved a series of pacts, called the Usatges, in addition, the Aragonese gentry established the Corts, a representative body of nobles, bishops, and abbots that counterbalanced the Kings authority. By the end of the 13th century, the monarch needed the consent of the Corts to approve laws or collect revenue, soon after, the Corts elected a standing body called the Diputació del General or the Generalitat, which included the rising upper bourgeoisie. The first Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of Barcelona in 1283, in the 13th century, King James I of Aragon conquered the Valencia and the Balearic Islands. Catalonias economic success formed a merchant class, which wielded the Corts as its political weapon. It also produced a middle class, or menestralia, that was composed of artisans, shopkeepers. Over the 13th and 14th centuries, these merchants accrued so much wealth, by the 15th century the Aragonese monarch was not considered legitimate until he had sworn to respect the basic law of the land in the presence of the Corts
29.
Cornish nationalism
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Cornish nationalism is a cultural, political and social movement that seeks the recognition of Cornwall – the south-westernmost part of the island of Great Britain – as a nation distinct from England. Cornish nationalists generally seek some form of autonomy for Cornwall, if correct they argue the Cornish therefore have a right to national self determination. Campaigners in 2001 for the first time prevailed upon the UK census to count Cornish ethnicity as an option on the national census. In 2004 school children in Cornwall could also record their ethnicity as Cornish on the schools census, in the world of Cornish sport also can be found expressions of Cornish national identity. In 2004 a campaign was started to field a Cornish national team in the 2006 Commonwealth Games, however, this campaign lapsed, was revived, but has now been abandoned. The notion that the Cornish are an ethnicity is sometimes tied up with the notion that the Cornish are of Celtic blood. Edward Lhuyd noticed the similarities between Breton, Cornish, Irish, Scots Gaelic and Welsh, so he grouped together as Celtic. However, Sykes questions whether there ever was a Celtic people at all, in 2011, an e-petition directed at Westminster was launched. This petition calls for signatures to raise the issue of the Cornish Identity in Parliament, the Duchy of Cornwall claims that it is a private estate which funds the public, charitable and private activities of The Prince of Wales and his family. The Duchy itself consists of around 54,424 hectares of land in 23 counties, the current Duke of Cornwall is HRH Charles, Prince of Wales. A charter ruled that each future Duke of Cornwall would be the eldest surviving son of the monarch, the Duke of Cornwall, Prince Charles, as eldest son of the reigning monarch is also the Prince of Wales. Furthermore, the entirety of the Isles of Scilly is claimed despite the Duchys admitting that they were not included in, rather omitted from, despite these assertions, the summons of Exchequer was exceptionally granted to the Dukes of Cornwall in order to govern Cornwall. Since 1752, when the incumbent Duke of Cornwall was seriously challenged by the Cornish Stannary Parliament, supporters of self-government often point to a lack of co-operation shown by the Duchy of Cornwall authorities when requests are made for an investigation of constitutional issues. On 15 May 2000 the Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, a group formed in 1974, dispatched an invoice to the chief officer of the Duchy of Cornwall. This invoice demanded a refund of a calculated £20 billion overcharge in taxation on tin production from 1337-1837 and this was calculated according to production figures and historic wealth calculation methods, and The Sunday Times Rich List, March 2000, respectively. Cornwall was charged at twice the rate levied on the adjacent county of Devon. On 17 May 2000 The Guardian reported that the CSP claimed that the Duchy had levied a tax on tin production in Cornwall for five hundred years. The CSP argued that their action demonstrated how Cornwall was treated separately from England in the past and they declared that if they received the money it would be spent on an agency to boost Cornwalls economy
30.
Corsican nationalism
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Corsican nationalism is a regionalist movement in Corsica, France, active since the 1960s, that advocates more autonomy for the island, if not outright independence. The main separatist party achieved 9, by 2012, polls showed support for independence at 10-15%, while support for increased devolution within France was as high as 51%. Among the general French population, 30% of respondents expressed a view on Corsican independence. In 2015, Gilles Simeonis pro-autonomy coalition Pè a Corsica won for the first time ever in the French regional elections, rocca in 1953 demanded from France the acceptance of the Corsican people and language and the creation of the University of Corte. The end of the 1950s saw the point of Corsicas population. Since the end of the 19th Century, Corsica had continued to decrease in population, culminating in a precarious economic situation, Corsican society was then further affected by two events, The first was the collapse of the French colonial empire. The Colonial Army and colonial enterprises were the form of employment for Corsicans. In 1920, Corsicans made up 20% of colonial administration, despite making up 1% of Metropolitan Frances population. The end of colonialism deprived young Corsicans of the opportunities of their elders and this situation resulted in the emergence of a regionalist movement with the objective of increasing the number of opportunities for the islanders. During the uprisings in Algeria in 1958 and 1961, Corsica was the only French départment that joined the insurgent colonists, the second shock was the arrival of people returning from the former African colonies, to whom the state controversially granted land in the eastern plain. At the beginning of the 1960s, before the arrival of returnees from Algeria, many Corsicans began to become aware of the demographic decline and economic collapse of the island. These movements have caused a revival of the Corsican language. But these movements felt that their demands were being ignored and saw the treatment of the returnees as a sign of contempt. In a situation that many considered dire, the group Corsican Regionalist Action decided to more radical methods of action. On 21 August 1975, twenty members of the ARC, led by the groups leader Edmond Simeoni, occupied the Depeille cave, equipped with rifles and machine guns, they wanted to bring to public attention the economic situation of the island, particularly that regarding agriculture. They denounced the takeover of lands in the east of the island by pieds-noirs, the French Interior Minister at the time, Michel Poniatowski, sent 2,000 CRS and gendarmes backed with light armoured vehicles, and ordered an attack on the 22nd at 4pm. Two gendarmes were killed during the confrontation, a week later the cabinet ordered the dissolution of the ARC. The tension rose rapidly in Bastia and scuffles broke out in the late afternoon, one member of the ARC was killed and many were wounded
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Dalmatianism
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Dalmatianism or Dalmatian nationalism refers to the nationalism or patriotism of Dalmatians and Dalmatian culture. There were significant Dalmatian nationalists in the 19th century, but Dalmatian regional nationalism faded in significance over time in favor of ethnic nationalism, the Autonomist Party has been accused of secretly having been a pro-Italian movement due to their defense of the rights of ethnic Italians in Dalmatia. This was in part because name Dalmatia was a Roman-created name, the Autonomist Party did not claim to be an Italian movement, and indicated that it sympathized with a sense of hetereogeneity amongst Dalmatians in opposition to ethnic nationalism. In the 1861 elections, the Autonomists won twenty-seven seats in Dalmatia, while Dalmatias Croatian nationalist movement, Dalmatian National Party is political organisation in Croatia which promotes revival of Dalmatian Language and creation of autonomous region of Dalmatia in south Dalmatia and quarnaro islands region
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English nationalism
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English nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that the English are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of English people. In a general sense, it comprises political and social movements and sentiment inspired by a love for English culture, language and history, and a sense of pride in England, English nationalists often see themselves as predominantly English rather than British. On the political level, some English nationalists have advocated self-government for England and this could take the form either of a devolved English Parliament within the United Kingdom or the re-establishment of an independent sovereign state of England outside the UK. The history of English nationalism is an area of scholarship. The historian Adrian Hastings has written that, One can find historians to date the dawn of English national consciousness in almost every century from the eighth to the nineteenth. Patrick Wormald has claimed that England was a nation by the time of the Venerable Bede, Wormald attributes Bede with a decisive role in defining English national identity and English national destiny. Bede uses the label English to describe the Germanic peoples who inhabited Britain, Angles, Saxons and Jutes and excludes Britons and this is the first verbal appearance of the English nation. The Anglo-Saxon poem The Battle of Maldon described the battle between the Anglo-Saxon forces of Ethelred the Unready against a Viking invasion in 991. Both Hastings and James Campbell believe England was a nation-state during late Anglo-Saxon times, Campbell writes that by the Norman conquest of 1066, England was by then a nation-state. He also lamented, England has become the habitation of outsiders, today, no Englishman is earl, bishop, or abbot, and newcomers gnaw away at the riches and very innards of England, nor is there any hope for an end of this misery. Another chronicler, Robert of Gloucester, speaking in part of earlier centuries, but humble men keep to English and their own speech still. I reckon there are no countries in the world that do not keep to their own speech. In the Cursor Mundi, a religious poem in northern Middle English dating from approximately 1300, appears the words. The Prologue starts, Efter haly kyrces state Þis ilke bok it es translate, Into Inglis tong to rede, For þe love of Inglis lede, Inglis lede of Ingeland, For þe commun at understand. Frankis rimes here I redd Comunlik in ilk a sted, Mast es it wroght for Frankis man — Quat is for him na Frankis can, of Ingeland þe nacioun, Es Inglis man þar in commun. Þe speche þat man with mast may spede, Mast þarwith to speke war nede, selden was for ani chance Praised Inglis tong in France, Give we ilk an þar langage, Me think we do þam non outrage. To lauid Inglis man I spell, I have normally read French verses everywhere here, it is mostly done for the Frenchman — what is there for him who knows no French. As for the nation of England, it is an Englishman who is usually there and it ought to be necessary to speak mostly the speech that one can best get on with
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Faroese independence movement
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The Faroese independence movement or the Faroese national movement is a political movement which seeks the establishment of the Faroe Islands as a sovereign state outside of Denmark. It is known that Norsemen settled the islands c,800, bringing the Old Norse language that evolved into the modern Faroese language. A traditional name for the islands in the Irish language, Na Scigirí, means the Skeggjar and possibly refers to the Eyja-Skeggjar, according to Færeyinga Saga, emigrants left Norway who did not approve of the monarchy of Harald I of Norway. These people settled the Faroes around the end of the 9th century and it is thus officially held that the islands Nordic language and culture are derived from the early Norwegians. The islands were a possession of the Hereditary Kingdom of Norway from 1035 until their incorporation into Denmark, the islands have been ruled, with brief interruptions, by the Danish government since 1388, all the time being part of Norway up until 1814. Although the state of Denmark-Norway was thoroughly divided by the Treaty of Kiel of 1814, a series of discriminatory policies were put in place soon after the treaty, the Faroese parliament, the Løgting was abolished in 1816 along with the post of Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands. The aforementioned offices were replaced by a Danish judiciary, concurrently, the usage of the Faroese language was generally discouraged and Danish was instilled as the official language of the region. The renewed Danish Constitution of 1849 granted the Faroese two seats in the Danish Parliament Rigsdagen,1852 saw the restoration of the Løgting, albeit merely as an 18-member consultative body to the Danish authorities. The designated start is believed to be the Christmas Meeting of 1888, two of the persons who participated were Jóannes Patursson and Rasmus Effersøe. Patursson had written a poem which Effersøe read aloud, the first line starts, Nú er tann stundin komin til handa, the poem was about preserving and taking care of the Faroese language, over the years it has gained a strong cultural footing in the Faroe Islands. The Faroese language was not allowed to use in the Faroese public schools as teaching language until 1938, young students who studied in Denmark played a prominent role in the nationalist movement. The Faroese Merkið flag was designed in 1919 by Faroese students in Copenhagen, prior to the Merkiðs utilization, there were other flags which some of the Faroese people identified themselves with, one was a flag featuring a ram and one was a flag with a tjaldur. Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany as part of the Second World War on April 9,1940, the United Kingdom, viewing the Faroe Islands as strategically valuable, began a military occupation of the islands in order to thwart further German conquest of Danish territory. This effectively put the Faroe Islands under British administration until the conclusion of the war in 1945, under British rule the Merkið was recognized as the official flag of the Faroes so that authorities could discern what vessels were Faroese fishing boats and which were hostile. In the status quo, the Faroe Islands is a country within the Kingdom of Denmark. In response to growing calls for autonomy, the Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands was passed on March 23,1948, the Faroe Islands are not part of the European Union. The Faroe Islands is also operating its own football team and is a full member of FIFA and UEFA. Four local political parties seek independence from Denmark, the Peoples Party, Republic, Progress and these parties, while spanning the political left and right, make up 17 of the Løgtings 33 seats
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