1.
Territorial Governor of Montana
–
The Governor of Montana is the head of the executive branch of Montanas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current Montana Constitution, ratified in 1972, calls for a term for the governor. The governor is term-limited to 8 years in any 16-year period, the constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the same term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, a provision which did not appear in the states first constitution. In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor due to resignation, disqualification, or death, if the governor is unable to perform his duties for any other reason, the lieutenant governor may become acting governor at the discretion of the state legislature. The 1889 constitution made the lieutenant governor president of the state senate, Montana has had 24 governors, consisting of 9 Republicans and 15 Democrats. The longest-serving governor was John Edward Erickson, who was elected three times and served from 1925 to 1933 before resigning to become a U. S. senator, the shortest-serving governor was Elmer Holt, who served less than 13 months when the previous governor died. The current governor is Democrat Steve Bullock, who took office on January 7,2013 and was re-elected in 2016. Prior to the creation of Montana Territory, numerous areas of what is now Montana were areas of Oregon Territory, Washington Territory, Idaho Territory, and Dakota Territory. NOTE, Term dates are for the full, official term of office, Parties Dem Democratic Rep Republican Parties Dem Democratic Rep Republican This is a table of the equivalent or higher state and federal offices and other governorships held by governors. All representatives and senators represented Montana, * denotes cases where the governor resigned the governship to accept the other office. As of May 2015, there are five former governors of Montana who are living at this time. The most recent death of a governor of Montana, was Tim M. Babcock. The most recently serving governor of Montana to die was Thomas Lee Judge. General Constitutions Governors of Montana from NNMD. com
2.
Abraham Lincoln
–
Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
3.
Thomas Francis Meagher
–
Thomas Francis Meagher was an Irish nationalist and leader of the Young Irelanders in the Rebellion of 1848. After being convicted of sedition, he was first sentenced to death, in 1852 he escaped and made his way to the United States, where he settled in New York City. There Meagher studied law, worked as a journalist, and traveled to present lectures on the Irish cause and he married for a second time in New York. At the beginning of the American Civil War, Meagher joined the U. S. Army and he was most notable for recruiting and leading the Irish Brigade, and encouraging support among Irish immigrants for the Union. He had one surviving son, born in Ireland from his first wife after Meagher was in the United States, following the Civil War, Meagher was appointed acting governor of the Montana Territory. In 1867, Meagher drowned in the swift-running Missouri River after falling from a steamboat at Fort Benton, timothy Egan, author of a 2016 biography on Meagher, has suggested that the governor was murdered by Montana opponents. Thomas Francis Meagher was born in what is now The Granville Hotel on the Quay in Waterford City, from the age of two he lived with his family at nearby Number 19, The Mall. His father, Thomas Meagher, was a merchant who had retired to enter politics. He was twice elected Mayor of the City, which he represented in Parliament from August 1847 to March 1857. He had lived in the city since he was a young man, the senior Meagher was born in St Johns, Newfoundland. His father, also named Thomas, had emigrated as a man from County Tipperary just before the turn of the 18th century. Starting as a farmer, the grandfather Meagher became a trader, and advanced to merchant, Newfoundland was the only British colony where the Irish constituted a majority of the population. The senior Thomas Meagher married the widow Mary Crotty and he established a prosperous trade between St. Johns and Waterford, Ireland. Later, the grandfather placed his eldest son Thomas in Waterford to represent their business interests, with the son Thomas move to Waterford, the Meagher family had come full circle, returning to Ireland to prosper. The son Thomas became a merchant in Waterford, whose economic success was followed by political office. Thomas Francis Meaghers mother, Alicia Quan, was the second eldest daughter of Thomas Quan and her father was a partner in the trading and shipping firm known as Wye, Cashen and Quan of Waterford. She died when Meagher was three and a years old, after the birth of twin girls. Meagher had four siblings, a brother Henry and three sisters, only his older sister Christine Mary lived past childhood
4.
Idaho Supreme Court
–
The Idaho Supreme Court is the state supreme court of Idaho and is composed of the chief justice and four associate justices. The decisions of the Idaho Supreme Court are binding on all other Idaho state courts, the only court that may reverse or modify its decisions is the Supreme Court of the United States. Justices are elected in statewide elections and serve staggered six-year terms. Elections are held in the primary, now in the spring. The Chief Justice is selected by an election among the five justices, prior to 1983, the position went to the justice with the least amount of time remaining in his term. The first female justice on the court was Linda Copple Trout, appointed 25 years ago in 1992 and elected in 1996 and 2002, and was chief justice from 1997 to 2004. Cathy Silak was appointed in 1993, elected in 1994, and served through 2000, following the retirement of Trout in 2007, the court had been all-male until the election of Robyn Brody in November 2016
5.
Silas Woodson
–
Silas Woodson was the 21st Governor of Missouri, United States, between January 3,1873 and January 12,1875. He was notable for being the first Democrat elected to that position since the Civil War, no Republican would reach the office for over 30 years after Woodsons election. He was born in Barbourville, Kentucky and died in Saint Joseph and he is buried at the Mount Mora Cemetery in Saint Joseph, Missouri. His headstone was vandalized in October 2006, Silas Woodson began as a lawyer. In 1846 he became partners with Samuel Freeman Miller, Woodson gained a reputation as a trial lawyer. Silas had made one unsuccessful attempt for the Missouri Legislature in 1868. Woodson beat Henderson 156,777 votes to 121,889, in his inaugural address, Governor Woodson spoke about education, in particular defending the Democrat position regarding common schools. Historian Arthur Lee commented this showed the institutionalization of public schooling in Missouri, as part of his time as governor, Woodson brought a case against Pacific Railroad for non-payment of a state-issued debt. The Railroad had contended that it was unable to repay $2 million lent to it due to the impact of the Civil War, Woodson had responded by attempting a sale of the Railroad in default. In the 1874 case of Woodson v Murdock, the Supreme Court found in favor of the Railroad, in 1875, Silas Woodson was briefly investigated for his role in co-signing certificates issued during the Civil War by the Crafton Commission. Woodson owned $198,045 worth of the certificates personally and he was exonerated after it was shown that Crafton had been forging then-Governor Woodsons signature on certificates for defective muster rolls. Miller in Kentucky, 1816–1849, The Filson History Quarterly, Vol.71, 430–462
6.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
7.
Ohio
–
Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
8.
Ohio's 18th congressional district
–
The 18th congressional district of Ohio is an obsolete congressional district last represented by Republican Bob Gibbs. The district voted for the majority party in the House of Representatives in every election since 1954, after the 2010 census, Ohio lost two congressional seats, and the 18th district became obsolete after the 2012 elections. The territory of the 18th district was divided and placed several other Ohio districts. A large portion of district, including Congressman Gibbs home in Holmes County. The following chart shows historic election results, Padgett had won a special primary held on September 14,2006. The rest of the Republican primary field included Holmes County Commissioner Ray Feikert, Jerry Firman of Coshocton, James Brodbelt Harris of Muskingum County, when he announced his withdrawal from the race, Ney identified Padgett as his favored successor. Two other Republican candidates, Dover mayor Richard Homrighausen and Ney aide John Bennett, candidate Greg Zelenitz was rejected by the Tuscarawas County Board of Elections. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
9.
Benjamin F. Leiter
–
Benjamin Franklin Leiter was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer, teacher and justice of the peace from Ohio. Born in Leitersburg, Maryland, Leiter received a limited schooling as a child and he taught school in Maryland from 1830 to 1834 before moving to Ohio where he continued teaching from 1834 to 1842. He studied law at the office of David A. Starkweather and he was admitted to the bar in 1842, commencing practice in Canton, Ohio. Leiter was a justice of the peace and mayor of Canton for ten years and he was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1848 and 1849, serving as Speaker of the House in the latter year. Leiter was elected an Oppositionist and later Republican to the United States House of Representatives in 1854 and he died in Canton, Ohio on June 17,1866 and was interred in Canton in West Lawn Cemetery. In 1836, Leiter married Catherine Burger of Canton, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Benjamin F. Leiter at Find a Grave
10.
Rufus P. Spalding
–
Rufus Paine Spalding was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer and judge from Ohio. Born in West Tisbury, Massachusetts, Spalding graduated from Yale College in 1817, after graduating, Spalding began his study of law as an apprentice under Zephaniah Swift. Swift was a prominent lawyer and judge from Connecticut, and the author of several legal digests, during his apprenticeship, Swift was the sitting Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court. In December 1819, Spalding left New England and moved to Little Rock, in Little Rock, Spalding established a law practice with Samuel Dinsmoore. Spalding and Dismoore practiced law together for a year and a half before Spalding dissolved the partnership, in 1821 Spalding moved to Warren, Ohio to continue practicing. He moved to Ravenna, Ohio in 1835 and, once again, in 1839, Spalding was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives as a Democrat. During his first term, Spaldings most notable accomplishment was overseeing the creation of Summit County, lawmakers in the General Assembly had proposed legislation to form a new county six years before Spalding was elected, but the bill failed to gain the necessary support. Republican Representatives from these counties opposed the legislation for political reasons, following the 1839 election, the Democrats, led by Spalding, and the Whigs gained enough seats to form a coalition and pass bill. Following the creation of Summit County, Spalding moved from Ravenna to Akron, Spalding was reelected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1841, and served as Speaker of the House for one term. During his second term, Spalding oversaw the defeat of a bill which would have repudiated the state debt, during the 1840s Ohio suffered from an inflationary boom. As a result, the state now faced repayment of the debt with dollars that were more than the money they had been previously borrowed. A popular solution at the time was to repudiate the debt and he believed that if Ohio repudiated its debt and chose not to repay its creditors, it would make it harder for the state to borrow money in the future. Proponents of the debt repudiation bill continued to push for its passage and it was not until John Brough, the State Auditor, joined Spalding in opposing the scheme, that the bill died. Spalding served as an Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court from 1849 to 1852. While Spalding never advocated the interference of slavery in states in which it already existed, in 1849, local Free Soil leaders invited Spalding, who was still a Democrat, to give a speech at a party convention in Cleveland. In his speech, Spalding maintained that he was still a party man. Spalding continued to argue that slavery should not be extended into the American territories, in 1850, Spalding left the Democratic Party for the Free Soil Party. His primary motivation behind this decision was the Partys support of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, in 1852, the Free-Soil party held their national convention in Pittsburgh to select a presidential candidate
11.
Cazenovia, New York
–
Cazenovia is a town in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 7,086 at the 2010 census, the town is named after Theophilus Cazenove, an agent of the Holland Land Company. The Town of Cazenovia has a village also named Cazenovia, the town is on the west border of the county. Cazenovia is the location for Cazenovia College, a liberal arts college in the greater Syracuse area. The Town of Cazenovia was established in 1793 by the Towns of Whitestown, subsequently, other towns in the county were formed from partitions of its territory. Cazenovia was part of a region called The Gore, based on a surveying error and it was founded by John Lincklaen, an agent of the Holland Land Company, and was named after Theophilus Cazenove, Lincklaens boss. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 51.7 square miles. The west town line is the border of Onondaga County, U. S. Route 20, also known as Albany Street, crosses the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,481 people,2,353 households, the population density was 129.9 people per square mile. There were 2,567 housing units at a density of 51.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 25% White,1. 10% Black or African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 52% Asian,0. 15% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 48% of the population. 24. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.02. In the town, the population was out with 24. 0% under the age of 18,12. 8% from 18 to 24,23. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $57,232, and the median income for a family was $73,590. Males had an income of $50,556 versus $31,613 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,957, about 2. 4% of families and 4. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 9% of those under age 18 and 6. 7% of those age 65 or over. The following sites and historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, edward P. Dwinelle, Lawyer and Politician in California Jane Calkins Egan, American Artist, created box assemblages
12.
Akron, Ohio
–
Akron /ˈækrən/ is the fifth-largest city in the U. S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Summit County. It is located on the edge of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. As of the 2015 Census Estimate, the city proper had a population of 197,542. The Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area covers Summit and Portage counties and it is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, which in 2013 had a population of 3,501,538, ranking 15th. Co-founded along the Little Cuyahoga River in 1825 by Simon Perkins and Paul Williams, it was done so being a point at the summit of the developing Ohio. The name derived from the Greek word ἄκρον signifying a summit or high point, due to Eliakim Crosby founding North Akron in 1833, South was added to its name until the two merged into an incorporated village in 1836. Neighboring settlements Kenmore and Ellet became annexed in 1929 and it is a setting for several movie films, television shows and novel stories, and is the origin of fictional characters. Residents of the city are called Akronites and it has had many nicknames, three of which are Rubber Capital of the World, Rubber City and City of Invention. Akron became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the canal, as well as being connected to numerous others and railroad lines. The city is home to the All-American Soapbox Derby, WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens, Akron City Hospital, the Goodyear Polymer Center, and Alcoholics Anonymous. Listed by Newsweek as one of ten Information Age high tech havens, it was awarded by the National Civic League, residents Frank and Charles Menches have a disputed claim of inventing the hamburger thus the annual national festival is hosted in the city. A creature often referred to as the Kenmore Grassman is reported through history, Notable historical events that occurred in the city includes the Akron School Law of 1847 creating the K-12 system, and Sojourner Truth giving her Aint I A Woman. Resident Ferdinand Schumacher supplied the Union Army with quaker oats during the American Civil War. Akron is known for the rubber, tire, and airship industries among others, including the trucking, stoneware, sewer pipe, fishing tackle, farming equipment, mining, match, zipper, and toy industries. With a population increase of 201. 8% during the 1910s, three major civil unrest events took place during the riot of 1900, rubber strike of 1936, and the Wooster Avenue riots of 1968. Du Bois and President Bill Clinton gave speeches on race relations in the city, while visiting during August 1914, Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. In 1971, James R. Williams founded Alpha Phi Alpha Homes Inc. to build the Channelwood Village area of Akron. During a 2016 march on West Market Street, purple heart Vietnam War veteran, Notable criminal history includes mobster Rosario Borgio headquartering the areas black hand operations, and Pretty Boy Floyds Walker-Mitchell mobs activities
13.
Tallmadge, Ohio
–
Tallmadge /ˈtælmᵻdʒ/ is a city in Summit and Portage counties in Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Akron and part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 17,537 at the 2010 census. Tallmadge was founded in 1807 and is the second-oldest city in Summit County, following Hudson, historically, Tallmadge was a part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, which was a three million acre plot of land in northeast Ohio. Prior to being named Tallmadge, it was part of Town 2, in 1807, the Reverend David Bacon founded and organized Tallmadge, placing a square road in the center of town where several other roads met, modeled after New England designs of the time period. The town was named after Benjamin Tallmadge, an American Revolutionary War figure, in the nineteenth century, Tallmadge continued to develop around the square as its centerpiece, which years later became a traffic circle named Tallmadge Circle. The Circle as it is today represents New Englands role in the settlement of the Ohio Western Reserve, the rest of the city was designed in a grid pattern, with industry tending to develop near the railroad. No alcohol could be bought or consumed in public in Tallmadge until the early 1990s, when the law was amended to allow the sale of alcohol in stores. In 2001, the law was repealed and alcohol could be sold and consumed in restaurants, the first restaurant to offer alcohol in Tallmadge was Delanies on West Avenue. While the vast majority of the city lies in Summit County and this phenomenon resulted from the annexation of small portions of a neighboring township, Brimfield. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.02 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 17,537 people,7,026 households, the population density was 1,252.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,413 housing units at a density of 529.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 6% White,3. 3% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 0% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 0% of the population,25. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 2.94. The median age in the city was 45.1 years. 21. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,20. 7% were from 25 to 44,30. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 19. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 16,390 people,6,273 households, and 4,711 families residing in the city
14.
Free Soil Party
–
The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. Founded in Buffalo, New York, it was a third party, the party leadership consisted of anti-slavery former members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories and it opposed slavery in the new territories and sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such as Ohio. It nominated Martin Van Buren for the presidency in 1848 and John P. Hale for the presidency in 1852, the party membership was largely absorbed by the Republican Party between 1854 and 1856, by way of the Anti-Nebraska movement. The party also called for a tariff for revenue only, the Free Soil Partys main support came from areas of Ohio, upstate New York and western Massachusetts, although other northern states also had representatives. The party contended that slavery undermined the dignity of labor and inhibited social mobility, viewing slavery as an economically inefficient, obsolete institution, Free Soilers believed that slavery should be contained, and that if contained it would ultimately disappear. In 1848 the New York State Democratic convention did not endorse the Wilmot Proviso, almost half the members, known as Barnburners, walked out after denouncing the national platform. Lewis Cass, the Democratic Partys 1848 presidential nominee, supported popular sovereignty for determining the status of slavery in the U. S. territories, the main party leaders were Salmon P. Chase of Ohio and John P. Hale of New Hampshire. The Free Soil candidates won 10% of the vote in 1848 but no electoral votes. The party distanced itself from abolitionism and avoided the moral problems implicit in slavery, members emphasized instead the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen in the new western territories. Although abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison derided the party philosophy as white manism, the 1848 platform pledged to promote limited internal improvements, work for a homestead law, work towards paying off the public debt, and introduce a moderate tariff for revenue only. The Compromise of 1850 temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery and undercut the partys no-compromise position, most Barnburners returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs returned to the Whig Party. This resulted in the Free Soil Party becoming dominated by ardent anti-slavery leaders, the party ran John P. Hale in the 1852 presidential election, but its share of the popular vote shrank to less than 5%. However two years later, after enormous outrage over the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, the remains of the Free Soil Party helped form the Republican Party. The Free Soil Party sent two Senators and fourteen Representatives to the thirty-first Congress, which convened from March 4,1849 to March 3,1851. Since there were party members on the floor of Congress, they could carry far more weight in the government, the partys spoiler effect in 1848 may have helped Taylor into office in a narrowly contested election. The strength of the party, however, was its representation in Congress, the sixteen elected officials had influence far beyond their numerical strength. The partys most important legacy was as a route for anti-slavery Democrats to join the new Republican coalition, in August 1854 an alliance was brokered at Ottawa, Illinois between the Free Soil Party and the Whigs that gave rise to the Republican Party
15.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
16.
Lawyer
–
A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
17.
Judge
–
A judge presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, the judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and, typically, in an open court. In some jurisdictions, the judges powers may be shared with a jury, in inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation, a judge might also be an examining magistrate. A variety of traditions have become associated with the rank or occupation, in many parts of the world, judges wear long robes and sit on an elevated platform during trials. In some countries, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations, judges wear wigs, the long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for ceremonial occasions, although it was part of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to a wig would be worn in court. This tradition, however, is being phased out in Britain in non-criminal courts, American judges frequently wear black robes. American judges have ceremonial gavels, although American judges have court deputies or bailiffs, however, in some of the Western United States, like California, judges did not always wear robes and instead wore everyday clothing. Today, some members of state courts, such as the Maryland Court of Appeals wear distinct dress. In Italy and Portugal both judges and lawyers wear black robes. In Oman, the judge wears a stripe, while the attorneys wear the black gown. In Hong Kong, court proceedings are conducted in either English or Cantonese Chinese, Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as Your worship, in writing, the post-nominal letters PJ is used to refer to a permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal and NPJ to a non-permanent judge. In the High Court, the abbreviation JA is used to denote a justice of appeal, Masters of the High Court are addressed as Master. When trials are conducted in Chinese, judges were addressed, in Cantonese, as Fat Goon Dai Yan before the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China, and as Fat Goon Gok Ha since 1997. In India, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts were addressed as Your Lordship or My Lord and Your Ladyship or My Lady, the Bar Council of India had adopted a resolution in April 2006 and added a new Rule 49 in the Advocates Act. As per the rule, lawyers can address the court as Your Honour, if it is a subordinate court, lawyers can use terms such as sir or any equivalent phrase in the regional language concerned. Explaining the rationale behind the move, the Bar Council had held that the such as My Lord
18.
Teacher
–
A teacher is a person who helps others to acquire knowledge, competences or values. Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone, in some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family, rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching, in most countries, formal teaching is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed, as their role, to teach others in a formal education context. A teachers role may vary among cultures, Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills. Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, a teachers professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline, Teaching is a highly complex activity. This is in part because teaching is a practice, that takes place in a specific context. Factors that influence what is expected of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, so the competences required by a teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models, the teacher as manager of instruction, the teacher as caring person, the teacher as expert learner, some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such a common understanding. Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings, knowledge craft skills and dispositions and it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the materials on a daily basis. One of the challenges facing teachers is that they may have covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didnt show much enthusiasm for the course materials, Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom, students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom. There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation, teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teachers enthusiasm may contribute to the expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning
19.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
20.
Cincinnati in the American Civil War
–
During the American Civil War, the Ohio River port city of Cincinnati, Ohio, played a key role as a major source of supplies and troops for the Union Army. The Queen City became a major path for escaped slaves. Leading abolitionists such as Lyman Beecher, James Birney, Salmon P. Chase, Levi Coffin and they often encountered local resistance, including violent actions from those with opposing viewpoints. Several locations in the region were alleged to be stops on the Underground Railroad, debates held at the Lane Theological Seminary fueled the anti-slavery controversy. Many of the citys swelling immigrant population, including Germans, embraced the fledgling Republican Party, in 1859, Abraham Lincoln made his first political visit to Cincinnati, where he challenged presidential hopeful Stephen Douglass views on slavery. The Cincinnati Daily Times, a Democratic newspaper, openly supported the Souths right to secede, at the outset of the war in early 1861, hundreds of Cincinnatis young men flocked to military service. Among the more prominent regiments raised in Cincinnati was the 9th Ohio Infantry, the city gave $250,000.00 for the organization of this unit. In May 1861, the United States Sanitary Commission recruited associate members in Cincinnati, through their efforts, the Good Samaritan Hospital was completed as a medical facility for injured or wounded soldiers. A year later, they established a Soldiers Home, the city became noted as a major source of gunboats and other Union Navy vessels from the burgeoning shipyards in the east side Fulton neighborhood along the Ohio River. Boilers, armor plating, and cast iron cannons were manufactured in Cincinnati. The city also was a distribution point for grain, pork, beef, other food. With the outbreak of the Civil War, George B, McClellan, a prominent Cincinnati resident and the commander of Ohios state militia, was charged with selecting a site for a recruitment and training center for southern Ohio. He chose a tract of land near Indian Hill, Ohio,17 miles from Cincinnati. More than 50,000 Union soldiers were mustered in or out of service at Camp Dennison, as many as 12,000 occupied the camp at any one time. Among the posts commanders was Cincinnati horticulturalist and former Ohio Militia general Melancthon Wade, shortly after the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, a military hospital was established on the grounds of Camp Dennison, with over 200 beds situated in a series of wooden barracks. The nearby Waldschmidt Cemetery served as the gravesite for Union soldiers. As the war progressed, Camp Dennison became a significant base of operations for Federal military units heading south to the front lines. Another significant U. S. Army training camp near Cincinnati was Camp Harrison, located six miles north of Cincinnati, on the Cincinnati, the post was named for President William Henry Harrison, who was from Hamilton County
21.
Idaho Territory
–
The territory was officially organized on March 3,1863, by Act of Congress, and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. The first territorial capital was at Lewiston from the inception in 1863 to 1866, Boise was made the territorial capital from 1866 by a one-vote margin of the Territorial Supreme Court. In 1864, the Montana Territory was organized from the section of the territory east of the Bitterroot Range. Most of the area of the territory was made part of the Dakota Territory. In the late 1860s Idaho Territory became a destination for displaced Southern Democrats who fought for the Confederate States of America during the Civil War and these people were well represented in the early territorial legislatures, which often clashed with the appointed Republican territorial governors. The political infighting became particularly vicious in 1867, when Governor David W. Ballard asked for protection from federal troops stationed at Fort Boise against the territorial legislature, by 1870, however, the political infighting had decreased considerably. In 1868, the areas east of the 111th meridian west were part of the newly created Wyoming Territory. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the state at that time. As Idaho approached statehood, mining and other extractive industries became important to its economy. By the 1890s, for example, Idaho exported more lead than any other state, construction began on the Idaho Territorial Prison in 1870 and was completed by 1872. The prison was in use by the territory, then the state until 1973, the Old Idaho State Penitentiary was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 for its significance as a Territorial Prison. The site currently contains museums and an arboretum, almost immediately after Idaho Territory was created, a public school system was created and stage coach lines were established. Regular newspapers were active in Lewiston, Boise and Silver City by 1865, the first telegraph line reached Franklin in 1866, with Lewiston being the first town linked in northern Idaho in 1874. The first telephone call in the Pacific Northwest was made on May 10,1878, although forming a sizeable minority, Mormons in Idaho were held in suspicion by others in Idaho. By 1882 notable and powerful Idahoans successfully disenfranchised Mormon voters in Idaho Territory, Idaho was able to achieve statehood some six years before Utah, a territory which had a larger population and had been settled longer, but was majority LDS with voting polygamists. There were four thousand Chinese living in the Idaho Territory from 1869 to 1875, like many Chinese immigrants, they came to Gold Mountain to work as miners, or found work as laundrymen and cooks. The 1870 census reported there were 1,751 Chinese in Idaho City who were half of city residents. Annie Lee was one legendary Idaho city woman who like Polly Bemis and she escaped from a member of the Yeong Wo Company in the 1870s to Boise to marry her lover, another Chinese man
22.
Governors of Montana Territory
–
The Governor of Montana is the head of the executive branch of Montanas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The current Montana Constitution, ratified in 1972, calls for a term for the governor. The governor is term-limited to 8 years in any 16-year period, the constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the same term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, a provision which did not appear in the states first constitution. In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor due to resignation, disqualification, or death, if the governor is unable to perform his duties for any other reason, the lieutenant governor may become acting governor at the discretion of the state legislature. The 1889 constitution made the lieutenant governor president of the state senate, Montana has had 24 governors, consisting of 9 Republicans and 15 Democrats. The longest-serving governor was John Edward Erickson, who was elected three times and served from 1925 to 1933 before resigning to become a U. S. senator, the shortest-serving governor was Elmer Holt, who served less than 13 months when the previous governor died. The current governor is Democrat Steve Bullock, who took office on January 7,2013 and was re-elected in 2016. Prior to the creation of Montana Territory, numerous areas of what is now Montana were areas of Oregon Territory, Washington Territory, Idaho Territory, and Dakota Territory. NOTE, Term dates are for the full, official term of office, Parties Dem Democratic Rep Republican Parties Dem Democratic Rep Republican This is a table of the equivalent or higher state and federal offices and other governorships held by governors. All representatives and senators represented Montana, * denotes cases where the governor resigned the governship to accept the other office. As of May 2015, there are five former governors of Montana who are living at this time. The most recent death of a governor of Montana, was Tim M. Babcock. The most recently serving governor of Montana to die was Thomas Lee Judge. General Constitutions Governors of Montana from NNMD. com
23.
Montana Vigilantes
–
The history of vigilante justice and the Montana Vigilantes began in 1863 in what was at the time a remote part of eastern Idaho Territory. Vigilante activities continued, although sporadically, through the Montana Territorial period until the territory became the state of Montana on November 8,1889. Vigilantism arose because territorial law enforcement and the courts had little power in the remote mining camps during the territorial period. There are estimates that over 100 persons were killed in road agent robberies in the fall of 1863, formal territorial law reached Alder Gulch in late 1864 with the arrival of Territorial Judge Hezekiah L. Hosmer and vigilante activity ceased in the region. As the gold fields of Alder Gulch and Grasshopper Creek declined in 1865, prospectors and fortune seekers migrated to newly discovered areas in, as lawlessness increased, vigilante justice continued there with the formation of the Committee of Safety in 1865. During the period 1865–1870, at least 14 alleged criminals were executed by Helenas vigilantes, in 1884, ranchers in Central and Eastern Montana resorted to vigilante justice to deal with cattle rustlers and horse thieves. The best-known vigilante group in that area were Stuarts Stranglers, organized by Granville Stuart in the Musselshell region, as formal law enforcement became more prevalent in the region, vigilantism fell into decline. On July 28,1862, gold was discovered along Grasshopper Creek, Bannack was a gold rush boomtown that was the first territorial capital of Montana Territory for a brief period after the territory was established in 1864. The Alder Gulch find became one of the largest placer mining gold fields in the western U. S, the mining settlements of Virginia City and Nevada City, Montana, which sprang up in Alder Gulch, boasted thousands of prospectors and fortune seekers by the end of 1863. These new settlements generally lacked justice systems found in populated portions of the territory, such as in the capital in Lewiston. In 1863, gold was the form of currency in western frontier communities and had a value, fixed and guaranteed by the U. S. Government. During the early years of the territory, there was no way to transport wealth out of the region. Additionally, there was a track, 70-mile stage road that connected Alder Gulch with Bannack. Several commercial freight and two passenger stage companies—Peabody and Caldwells and A. J, stagecoaches had to stop at several different ranches during the trip to water and change horses, feed passengers and provide overnight lodging. One of these ranches, the Rattlesnake Ranch, was owned by Bill Bunton and Frank Parish, in a region where valuable gold was plentiful, transportation was insecure and effective law and order was lacking, travelers became easy prey for robbers. By late 1863, thefts and murders along the routes in, in their writings about the vigilantes, Thomas Dimsdale and Nathaniel P. Langford estimated that at least 102 travelers were killed by robbers in the fall of 1863. Many more travelers left the region and were never heard from again, the gang became known as the Innocents because of their passwords, I am innocent. On October 13,1863, Lloyd Magruder was killed by road agent Chris Lowrie, Magruder was an Idaho merchant leaving Virginia City with $12,000 in gold dust from goods he had sold there
24.
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
–
John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Browns party of 22 was defeated by a company of U. S. Marines, Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. Brown came with a group of men minimally trained for military action. His group included 18 men besides himself, Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 breech-loading.52 caliber Sharps carbines and 950 pikes, in preparation for the raid. The United States Armory was a complex of buildings that manufactured small arms for the U. S. Army, with an Arsenal that was thought to contain 100,000 muskets. Brown attempted to more black recruits. He tried recruiting Frederick Douglass as an officer to the slaves in a meeting held in a quarry at Chambersburg. It was at this meeting that ex-slave Emperor Shields Green consented to join with John Brown on his attack on the United States Armory, Douglass declined, indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission. The plan was an attack on the government that would array the whole country against us. You will never get out alive, he warned, the Kennedy Farmhouse served as barracks, arsenal, supply depot, mess hall, debate club, and home. It was very crowded and life there was tedious, Brown was worried about arousing neighbors suspicions. As a result, the raiders had to stay indoors during the daytime, without much to do but study, drill, argue politics, discuss religion, Browns daughter-in-law Martha served as cook and housekeeper. His daughter Annie served as lookout, Brown wanted women at the farm, to prevent suspicions of a large all-male group. The raiders went outside at night to drill and get fresh air, thunderstorms were welcome since they concealed noise from Browns neighbors. Brown did not plan to have a raid and escape to the mountains. He believed that on the first night of action, 200-500 black slaves would join his line and he ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him. He planned to send agents to nearby plantations, rallying the slaves and he planned to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time, expecting that as many volunteers, white and black, would join him as would form against him. He would move rapidly southward, sending out armed bands along the way and they would free more slaves, obtain food, horses and hostages, and destroy slaveholders morale
25.
Montana Territory
–
The Montana Territory was organized out of the existing Idaho Territory by Act of Congress and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 26,1864. The areas east of the Continental Divide had been part of the Nebraska Territory. The part of the Oregon Territory that became part of Montana had been split off as part of the Washington Territory and they successfully implemented the boundary change that won the Flathead and Bitterroot valleys for Montana Territory. The boundaries of the territory did not change during its existence and it was admitted to the Union as the State of Montana on November 8,1889. The act of Congress of 1864 creating Montana, known as the Organic Act and it established executive, judicial, and legislative branches of government, however, the federal government held a dominant role in administering the new territory. Particularly, the Congress reserved the right to any laws passed by the citizen-elected territorial legislature. S. The citizens of the territory elected an assembly, consisting of a Council and House of Representatives. Citizens also elected a delegate to Congress as strictly an advisor to the U. S. House of Representatives. The territorial government was meant to provide a ground for a future move to statehood, allowing time for an areas institutions to mature. The governor served a term, unless removed by the President. Duties of the office included 1) the faithful execution of the laws, 2) to serve as the commander-in-chief of the militia, the governor also had to approve or veto laws within three days of passage by the territorial legislative assembly. Parties Dem Democratic Rep Republican The secretary of the territory served a four-year term, importantly, the secretary also served as acting governor in case of the death, removal, resignation, or absence of the governor from the territory. Parties Dem Democratic Rep Republican The eligible citizens of Montana Territory voted for a delegate to Congress, electing them to a two-year term. The territorial delegate had a seat in the House of Representatives and, as any other representative, participated in debates, State created from the Territory of Montana, State of Montana,1889 William F. Wheeler, U. S. Marshal of the Montana Territory An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Montana, archived from the original on January 12,2007. Malone, Michael P. Roeder, Richard B, lang, William L. Montana, a history of two centuries. An Illustrated History of the State of Montana, owings, Ralph E. Montana Directory of Public Affairs, 1864-1955. Ann Arbor, MI, Edwards Bothers, Inc, delegates to the U. S. Congress, History and Current Status
26.
Anson Green Phelps
–
Anson Green Phelps was an American entrepreneur and business man from Connecticut. Beginning with a business, he founded Phelps, Dodge & Co. in 1833 as an export-import business with his sons-in-laws William E. Dodge and Daniel James based as partners in Liverpool. His third son-in-law, James Boulter Stokes, became a partner years later. Later in the 19th century after the senior Phelps death, Phelps Dodge acquired mining interests and companies in the American West, Anson Green Phelps was born in Simsbury, Connecticut in 1781, his mother died when he was 12 years old. Afterward, he was raised in the house of the Congregational minister of Simsbury, Phelps was descended from the early American colonial governors Thomas Dudley, John Haynes and George Wyllys. On 13 October 1799, he chose a relative, Thomas Woodbridge Phelps, on 5 May 1799, Thomas Woodbridge Phelps and Anson Green Phelps were admitted to the Congregational Church in South Canton, Connecticut, which was led by Reverend Jeremiah Hallock. In his early adulthood, Anson Phelps left Simsbury and settled in Hartford, after moving to Hartford, Phelps began manufacturing saddles and shipping them to the South. He had a brick building constructed on North Main street. In 1812 he moved to New York City and began doing business with Elisha Peck under the name of Phelps. In Liverpool, England, where Peck managed it, the firm was known as Peck and they dealt in metal imports from England including tin, tin plate, iron, and brass, and exported cotton from the South to the textile mills in England. Such cotton trade was important to England and contributed to its considering support for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Fellow businessman Sheldon Smith persuaded Phelps to invest in the town of Derby, Connecticut. Unable to grow his business farther north, Phelps selected a location on the east bank of the Naugatuck River in what is now downtown Ansonia, Ansonia was first settled in 1652 and named in honor of Anson Phelps. The state chartered Ansonia as a borough of Derby in 1864, in 1893, Ansonia incorporated as a city, consolidating with the boundaries of the town. Phelps business continued to prosper and he accumulated a large fortune and his original partnership with Peck was dissolved in 1832 following the destruction of their New York warehouse due to structural failure. Phelps and his son escaped, but among the dead was Josiah Stokes. This was a blow to Phelps and his family. He reorganized the business, forming the Phelps Dodge Company in 1833 with his sons-in-law William Earl Dodge, the two of them operated the firms functions in Liverpool, England
27.
Genesee Wesleyan Seminary
–
The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was the name of two institutions located on the same site in Lima, New York. The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the plan for its establishment dates to 1829 when the Conference appointed a committee for this purpose. In 1849, there was an attempt to upgrade the institution to a truly college-level entity. The facilities at Lima remained open as the second Genesee Wesleyan Seminary from 1870 through to 1941, although vacant through the war years, in 1947, Genessee Junior College opened in the grounds in 1947, again under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The junior college closed in 1951, the Elim Bible Institute has operated on the grounds since that time. Two seminary / college buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Luckey was elected the first Principal of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, and was transferred from the New York Annual Conference of the M. E. He remained in office until 1836, when he was elected by the M. E. General Conference as the Editor of The Christian Advocate and Journal, the institution is said to have opened most favorably, with a total enrollment the first year of 341, with 170-180 students attending at any one time. The Agents of the seminary solicited funds for the erection of handsome buildings, in 1880, Bishop Matthew Simpson of the M. E. Church described the early years thus no other institution in the church accomplishing apparently more in the education of active and useful young men. The early years of the institution were said to be ones of great prosperity and this was especially true under the administrations of the Rev. Schuyler Seager. Seager was born 8 July 1807 in Simsbury, Connecticut and he joined the Genesee Conference in 1833. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1836 and that same year he was appointed Teacher of Moral Science and Belles-Lettres in the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary. He was chosen as Principal of the seminary in 1837, after entering pastoral ministry in 1844, he returned to the seminary in 1854, again as Principal. In 1856-57 he was made Principal of the Genesee Model School in Lima, New York, george H. Durand, served in the United States Congress for the state of Michigan. Merton W. Herrick, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, charles Henry Fowler, President of Northwestern University from 1873-1876. Henry A. Patterson, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, Henry Jarvis Raymond, journalist and politician who was a founder of The New York Times, attended Geneva Wesleyan Seminary. Sarah Amelia Scull, respected Greek scholar and author of Greek Mythology Systematized, in 1850 it was resolved to enlarge the institution from a seminary into a college, or to connect a college with the seminary
28.
Lima, New York
–
Lima is a town in Livingston County, New York, U. S. The population was 4,305 at the 2010 census, the town of Lima is in the northeast part of the county, south of Rochester. The village of Lima is located within the town, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary / Genesee College in Lima village was one of the first co-educational schools in the country when it first opened in 1822. Eventually, determined by a Methodist-Episcopal convention in 1870, the college was shut in favor of the newly developed Syracuse University, the population of Lima was 1,890 in 1920. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.9 square miles. The north town line is the border of Monroe County, Honeoye Creek defines the east town line. New York State Route 5 conjoined with US Route 20 is a major east-west highway, New York State Route 15A, a north-south highway, intersects NY-5/US-20 in Lima village. Public schools in Lima are in the Honeoye Falls-Lima Central School District and include Honeoye Falls-Lima Senior High School, Honeoye Falls-Lima Middle School, the Lima Primary School is in the district but located in Town of Lima. The School mascot is the Cougar, as of June 2009, Genesee Community College has started construction for one of its satellite campuses. The campus is expected to be finished and open for the Fall 2009 semester, elim Bible Institute is located in Lima New York and is a religious college that offers a two-year degree and certifications in religious study. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,541 people,1,553 households, the population density was 142.4 people per square mile. There were 1,610 housing units at a density of 50.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 87% White,1. 04% Black or African American,0. 29% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 33% from other races, and 0. 97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 26% of the population,24. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.10. In the town, the population was out with 23. 8% under the age of 18,13. 2% from 18 to 24,28. 8% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $48,774, and the median income for a family was $57,127
29.
University of Cincinnati College of Law
–
The University of Cincinnati College of Law was founded in 1833 as the Cincinnati Law School. It is the fourth oldest continually running law school in the United States, then-dean and future 27th President of the United States, William Howard Taft, merged it with the University of Cincinnati in 1896. The school has produced both a President of the United States and a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, the school has also produced a Vice President of the United States, Charles G. Dawes, and a Secretary of Commerce, Charles W. Sawyer. U. S. News & World Report, perhaps the most well-known publisher of law school rankings. The Greater Cincinnati area is home to over 685 law firms, furthermore, Cincinnati is home to 10 Fortune 500 companies including being the headquarters for Procter & Gamble, Fifth Third Bank, GE Aviation, Macys, Inc. and Kroger. The College of Law is located at the corner of Clifton Avenue, the period from 1925 to 1929 was a golden era for the schools alumni. During this time, UC Law alumni had significant influence in all three branches of the federal government, Charles G. Dawes was Vice President, Nicolas Longworth was Speaker of the House of Representatives, and William Howard Taft was Chief Justice of United States. Also during this time, alumnus Miller Huggins managed the New York Yankees to World Series championships in 1927 and 1928, according to University of Cincinnatis 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 53% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. Actually 69. 1% of Cincinnati’s Class of 2013 obtained full-time, JD-required is not recognized as a category in the ABA-required disclosures. To achieve a JD-required calculation one has to combine two of the four ABA reporting categories - Bar Passage Required and J. D. Advantage. The total cost of attendance at University of Cincinnati for the 2013-2014 academic year is $41,872 for residents and 59,380 for non-residents. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $159,045 for residents and $176,001 for non residents, University of Cincinnati College of Law
30.
Agnosticism
–
Agnosticism is the philosophical view that the existence of God or the supernatural are unknown and unknowable. Agnosticism is a doctrine or set of rather than a religion. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the word agnostic in 1869, the Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda is agnostic about the origin of the universe. Agnosticism is of the essence of science, whether ancient or modern and it simply means that a man shall not say he knows or believes that which he has no scientific grounds for professing to know or believe. Consequently, agnosticism puts aside not only the part of popular theology. On the whole, the bosh of heterodoxy is more offensive to me than that of orthodoxy, because heterodoxy professes to be guided by reason and science, and orthodoxy does not. Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, positively the principle may be expressed, In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. And negatively, In matters of the intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable, being a scientist, above all else, Huxley presented agnosticism as a form of demarcation. A hypothesis with no supporting objective, testable evidence is not an objective, as such, there would be no way to test said hypotheses, leaving the results inconclusive. His agnosticism was not compatible with forming a belief as to the truth, or falsehood, karl Popper would also describe himself as an agnostic. Others have redefined this concept, making it compatible with forming a belief, george H. Smith rejects agnosticism as a third alternative to theism and atheism and promotes terms such as agnostic atheism and agnostic theism. Agnostic was used by Thomas Henry Huxley in a speech at a meeting of the Metaphysical Society in 1869 to describe his philosophy, early Christian church leaders used the Greek word gnosis to describe spiritual knowledge. Agnosticism is not to be confused with religious views opposing the ancient religious movement of Gnosticism in particular, Huxley used the term in a broader, Huxley identified agnosticism not as a creed but rather as a method of skeptical, evidence-based inquiry. In recent years, scientific literature dealing with neuroscience and psychology has used the word to mean not knowable, in technical and marketing literature, agnostic can also mean independence from some parameters—for example, platform agnostic or hardware agnostic. Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume contended that meaningful statements about the universe are always qualified by some degree of doubt and he asserted that the fallibility of human beings means that they cannot obtain absolute certainty except in trivial cases where a statement is true by definition. A strong agnostic would say, I cannot know whether a deity exists or not, a weak agnostic would say, I dont know whether any deities exist or not, but maybe one day, if there is evidence, we can find something out. Therefore, their existence has little to no impact on human affairs. Agnostic thought, in the form of skepticism, emerged as a philosophical position in ancient Greece
31.
Prosecutor
–
The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecution is the party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law. Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognized as legal professionals by the court in which they intend to represent society and they usually only become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and charges need to be filed. They are typically employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Often, multiple offices exist in a country, especially those countries with federal governments where sovereignty has been bifurcated or devolved in some way. Since prosecutors are backed by the power of the state, they are subject to special professional responsibility rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct requires prosecutors to make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information and that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense. Not all U. S. states adopt the rules, however, U. S. Supreme Court cases. Typical sources of requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinions, state or federal court rules. A DPP may be subject to varying degrees of control by the Attorney General, in Australia, the Offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions institute prosecutions for indictable offences on behalf of the Crown. More recent constitutions, such as South Africas, tend to guarantee the independence, in Canada, public prosecutors in most provinces are called Crown Attorney or Crown Counsel. They are generally appointed by the provincial Attorney-General, though Scots law is a mixed system, its civil law jurisdiction indicates its civil law heritage. Here, all prosecutions are carried out by Procurators Fiscal and Advocates Depute on behalf of the Lord Advocate, in very serious cases, a Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute or even the Lord Advocate, may take charge of a police investigation. Other remedies are open to a prosecutor in Scotland, including fines and non-court based interventions, such as rehabilitation. All prosecutions are handled within the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, Procurators fiscal will usually refer cases involving minors to Childrens Hearings, which are not courts of law, but a panel of lay members empowered to act in the interests of the child. In the United States, the director of an office may be known by any of several names depending on the jurisdiction. Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the work of the office. United States Attorneys, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, represent the government in federal court
32.
Summit County, Ohio
–
Summit County is an urban county in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 541,781 making it the fourth-most populous county in Ohio, the county was formed on March 3,1840, from portions of Medina, Portage and Stark Counties. It was named Summit County because the highest elevation on the Ohio, Summit County is part of the Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 419.38 square miles. The largest portion of Cuyahoga Valley National Park is located in the part of the county. The southern border of the former Connecticut Western Reserve passes through the part of the county. I-76 I-77 I-80 / Ohio Turnpike I-271 Interstate 277 Interstate 480 U. S, under its charter, rather than three elected commissioners, Summit County has an elected County Executive and an eleven-member County Council. Eight members of the council are elected from districts the other three are elected at large. The remaining officials are similar to the officials in other counties, three members are elected at-large in mid-term cycles, while eight members are elected from districts coinciding with the Presidential election. Morgan, 1981–1989 Tim Davis, 1989–2001 James B, the population density was 1,312.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 245,109 housing units at a density of 593.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 6% white,14. 4% black or African American,2. 2% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 5% from other races, and 2. 1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1. 6% of the population. In terms of ancestry,24. 9% were German,15. 3% were Irish,10. 6% were English,10. 1% were Italian,5. 1% were Polish, and 4. 5% were American. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 2.98. The median age was 40.0 years, the median income for a household in the county was $47,926 and the median income for a family was $62,271. Males had an income of $47,892 versus $35,140 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,676, about 10. 0% of families and 13. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 8% of those under age 18 and 8. 0% of those age 65 or over
33.
1856 Republican National Convention
–
The 1856 Republican National Convention, also known as the first Republican National Convention, met from June 17 to June 19,1856, at the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The gathering nominated Major General and former Senator John C, Frémont of California and former Senator William Dayton of New Jersey for President and Vice President, respectively, as the fledgling partys standard-bearers the 1856 presidential election. The convention also appointed a Republican National Committee to govern the new organization, on June 19,1855, a small gathering of like-minded individuals met in Washington, D. C. A number of organizations were soon established along similar lines. This was slated to begin on June 17,1856, in Philadelphia, each state organization was to be allocated six at-large delegates, plus three delegates for each congressional district. The candidates to be nominated by the New Republican party were first nominated by the Antislavery rump of the American party, the anti-slavery Americans from the North formed their own party after the nomination of Fillmore in Philadelphia. This party called for its convention to be held in New York, New York. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan, the national convention was held on June 12 to 20,1856 in New York. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result, banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot over John C. Frémont and John McLean, with the understanding that he would withdraw from the race, Frémont once he had won the Republican nomination. The delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Frémont on the 11th ballot shortly after his nomination by the Republican Party in Philadelphia, the chairman of the convention, William F. The first Republican National Convention was held in the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frémont, John McLean, William Seward, Salmon Chase, and Charles Sumner all were considered by those at the convention, but the latter three requested that their names be withdrawn. McLeans name was withdrawn by his manager Rufus Spalding. Frémont was nominated for president overwhelmingly on the ballot. Gienapp, William E. Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856, johnson, Charles W. ed. Minneapolis, MN, Harrison and Smith, Printers. Republican Party Platform of 1856 at The American Presidency Project OurCampaigns overview of the First Republican National Convention
34.
Abolitionism in the United States
–
Abolitionism in the United States was the movement before and during the American Civil War to end slavery in the United States. In the Americas and western Europe, abolitionism was a movement to end the Atlantic slave trade, in the 17th century, English Quakers and Evangelicals condemned slavery as un-Christian. At that time, most slaves were Africans, but thousands of Native Americans were also enslaved, in the 18th century, as many as six million Africans were transported to the Americas as slaves, at least a third of them on British ships to North America. Abolition was part of the message of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s in the Thirteen Colonies, in the same period, rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment criticized slavery for violating human rights. A member of the British Parliament, James Edward Oglethorpe, was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, founder of the Province of Georgia, Oglethorpe banned slavery on humanistic grounds. He argued against it in Parliament and eventually encouraged his friends Granville Sharp, soon after his death in 1785, Sharp and More joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect. Although anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, colonies and emerging nations, notably in the southern United States, continued to use and uphold traditions of slavery. Massachusetts ratified a constitution that declared all men equal, freedom suits challenging slavery based on this principle brought an end to slavery in the state, in other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans. During the ensuing decades, the abolitionist movement grew in Northern states, britain banned the importation of African slaves in its colonies in 1807 and abolished slavery in the British Empire in 1833. The United States criminalized the international trade in 1808 and made slavery unconstitutional in 1865 as a result of the American Civil War. Historian James M. McPherson defines an abolitionist as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional and total abolition of slavery in the United States. He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln, U. S. President during the Civil War, or the Republican Party, the first Americans who made a public protest against slavery were the Mennonites of Germantown, Pennsylvania. Soon after, in April 1688, Quakers in the town wrote a two-page condemnation of the practice and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church. The Quaker establishment never took action, the Quaker Quarterly Meeting of Chester, Pennsylvania, made its first protest in 1711. Within a few decades the entire slave trade was under attack, being opposed by leaders as William Burling, Benjamin Lay, Ralph Sandiford, William Southby. Slavery was banned in the Province of Georgia soon after its founding in 1733, the colonys founder, James Edward Oglethorpe, fended off repeated attempts by South Carolina merchants and land speculators to introduce slavery to the colony. In 1739, he wrote to the Georgia Trustees urging them to hold firm, If we allow slaves we act against the principles by which we associated together. Whereas, now we should occasion the misery of thousands in Africa, by setting men upon using arts to buy, the struggle between Georgia and South Carolina led to the first debates in Parliament over the issue of slavery, occurring between 1740 and 1742
35.
Alexander Boteler
–
Alexander Robinson Boteler was a nineteenth-century politician and clerk from Virginia. Born in Shepherdstown, Virginia, Boteler graduated from Princeton College in 1835 and engaged in agriculture and he was elected an Oppositionist to the United States House of Representatives in 1858, serving from 1859 to 1861. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in the Confederate Army and was commissioned a member of General Thomas J. Stonewall Jacksons staff. Boteler died in Shepherdstown, West Virginia on May 8,1892 and was interred there at Elmwood Cemetery with his wife Helen Stockon Boteler, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
36.
Harrison G. O. Blake
–
Harrison Gray Otis Blake was a U. S. Born in Newfane, Vermont, Blake moved to Salem, New York and he received his education at public schools, later studying medicine at Seville for one year. In 1836, he moved to Medina, where he engaged and mercantile pursuits and he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Medina. From 1846 to 1847, he served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, Blake was elected as a Republican to the 36th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Cyrus Spink, formerly Representative for Ohios 14th congressional district. He was reelected to that Congress, serving from October 11,1859 to March 3,1863 and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1862 to the Thirty-eighth Congress, but instead, with the Civil War raging, entered the United States Army in 1864. He served as colonel of the 166th Ohio Infantry, a Hundred Days Regiment, after the war, he declined the appointment of Governor of Idaho Territory, resuming the practice of law and maintaining an interest in banking and mercantile pursuits. He served as delegate to the Loyalist Convention at Philadelphia in 1866 and he was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
37.
B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing
–
The original Harpers Ferry operated from 1747 until it was replaced by a timber covered road bridge in about 1824 at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers. In 1839, the B&Os first crossing over the Potomac was an 830 feet covered wood truss, the single-track bridge, which comprised six river spans plus a span over the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, II. Latrobe designed a Y span for the route to Winchester, which was added to the bridge in 1839, the bridge was destroyed during the American Civil War and was subsequently replaced by temporary structures. In 1851, a bridge was built across the Shenandoah becoming was one of the earliest Bollman trusses in existence. A newer Bollman truss bridge, which carried both rail and highway traffic, opened in 1870 and it was washed away in a flood in 1936. The two crossing today, which are on different alignments, are from the late 19th century, a steel Pratt truss and plate girder bridge was built in 1894 to carry the B&O Valley line toward Winchester, Virginia along the Shenandoah River. This was complimented in 1930-31 with a plate girder bridge that carries the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad main line to Martinsburg. A rail tunnel was built at the time as the 1894 bridge to carry the line through the Maryland Heights bypassing a sharp curve. In the 1930s the western end of the tunnel was widened in during the construction of the bridge to allow the broadest possible curve across the river. MD-16, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Harpers Ferry Bridge Piers, Junction of Potomac & Shenandoah Rivers, Sharpsburg, Washington County, MD,5 photos,1 photo caption page HAER No
38.
Charles Town, West Virginia
–
Not to be confused with the state capital, Charleston, West Virginia. For other cities of this name, see Charlestown, Charles Town, officially the City of Charles Town, is a city in Jefferson County, West Virginia, and is also the county seat. The population was 5,259 at the 2010 United States Census, Charlestown was established by an act of the Virginia General Assembly in January 1787. Charles Washington, the founder of Charles Town, was born in Hunting Creek, now Fairfax County and he was the youngest full brother of George Washington. He came to present Jefferson County between April and October 1780, the estate of Charles Washington, Happy Retreat, was erected in 1780. In 1786, on 80 acres of his land, Charles laid out the streets of Charles Town, naming many of them after his brothers and one after his wife. In 1794, James Madison married Dolly Todd at Harewood, the home of George Steptoe Washington, son of Colonel Samuel Washington, Jefferson County was formed in 1801 as Charles Washington had anticipated. The county court house stands on one of the lots he donated, Charles Washington died sometime between July and September,1799, only a short while before the death of his brother George. Charles and his wife Mildreds grave sites near Evitts Run have recently been located and surrounded by a stone wall, in 1844, the first issue of the Spirit of Jefferson newspaper was published in Charles Town by James W. Beller. It is still published as the Spirit of Jefferson-Advocate, making it one of the oldest newspapers in the state, on October 16,1859, abolitionist John Brown and his followers raided the Federal arsenal at nearby Harpers Ferry, seven miles east of Charles Town. The insurrection was put down and John Brown was tried for treason in the towns Jefferson County court house. On December 2,1859, he was hanged in Charles Town at the Gibson-Todd House, in 1883, the Valley Telephone Company was incorporated in West Virginia and began installing telephone lines throughout Jefferson County. The companys main office was in Charles Town, in 1922, William Blizzard, a leader of striking coal miners, was charged with treason and murder for engaging in warfare against state and federal troops in Mingo and Logan counties. He was tried in the Jefferson county courthouse in Charles Town and was not guilty. The Charles Town Race Track first opened in 1933 and it was built on land purchased from the Charles Town Horse Show Association. In 1975, the new Jefferson Memorial Hospital opened, replacing the old Charles Town General Hospital and it is now part of the West Virginia University Hospitals chain of health care facilities, and was renamed Jefferson Medical Center in 2013. In 1999, the Charles Town Race Track underwent major renovation included a large addition to house video slot machines. It was renamed Charles Town Races & Slots and now attracts visitors each week from the nearby Baltimore
39.
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
–
Harpers Ferry is a historic town in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. It was formerly spelled Harpers Ferry with an apostrophe and that continues to appear in some references. It is situated at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers where the U. S. states of Maryland, Virginia and it is the easternmost town in West Virginia. The towns original, lower section is on a plain created by the two rivers and surrounded by higher ground. Historically, Harpers Ferry is best known for John Browns raid on the Armory in 1859, the population was 286 at the 2010 census. The lower part of Harpers Ferry is within Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, most of the remainder, which includes the more highly populated area, is included in the separate Harpers Ferry Historic District. Two other National Register of Historic Places properties adjoin the town, the Appalachian Trail Conservancy headquarters is in Harpers Ferry and the town is one of only a few through which the Appalachian Trail passes directly. Other popular outdoor activities include white water rafting, fishing, mountain biking, tubing, canoeing, hiking, zip lining, and rock climbing. In 1733, Peter Stephens, a squatter, had settled on land near The Point, fourteen years later, while traveling from Maryland to Virginia, Robert Harper passed through the area which was named The Hole. Harper recognized the potential for industry, given the power the two rivers could generate, and the traffic he could ferry across the Potomac River, Harper paid Stephens 30 British guinea for what was essentially Stephens squatting rights, since the land actually belonged to Lord Fairfax. In April 1751, Harper purchased 126 acres of land from Lord Fairfax, in 1761, the Virginia General Assembly granted Harper the right to establish and maintain a ferry across the Potomac River. In 1763, the Virginia General Assembly established the town of Shenandoah Falls at Mr. Harpers Ferry, on October 25,1783, Thomas Jefferson visited Harpers Ferry. He viewed the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge from a rock that is now named for him and this stop took place as Jefferson was traveling to Philadelphia and passed through Harpers Ferry with his daughter Patsy. Jefferson called the site one of the most stupendous scenes in nature. George Washington, as president of the Patowmack Company, traveled to Harpers Ferry during the summer of 1785 to determine the need for bypass canals, in 1794, Washingtons familiarity with the area led him to propose the site for a new United States armory and arsenal. In 1796, the government purchased a 125-acre parcel of land from the heirs of Robert Harper. Construction began on the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in 1799 and this was one of only two such facilities in the U. S. the other being Springfield, Massachusetts. Together they produced most of the arms for the U. S. Army
40.
William B. Taliaferro
–
William Booth Taliaferro, was a United States Army officer, a lawyer, legislator and Confederate general in the American Civil War. William Booth Taliaferro was born in Gloucester County, Virginia, to a prominent family of English-Italian origin who settled in Virginia in the 17th century. He was the nephew of James A. Seddon, who would become Secretary of War for the Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis, Taliaferro attended Harvard University and The College of William and Mary, graduating from the latter in 1841. Taliaferro joined the U. S. Army during the Mexican-American War, after the war, Taliaferro entered public life, serving as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and as a prominent backer of James Buchanans presidential campaign in 1856. He also continued his service as commander of a division of the Virginia state militia. Later he later took command of the 23rd Virginia Infantry as a colonel and he fought several engagements in 1861 and by the end of the year had ascended to brigade command, where he led Confederate forces at the Battle of Greenbrier River, in what is now West Virginia. Taliaferros Brigade came under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jacksons command at the end of 1861 and he remained with Jackson for some months, rising to division command in 1862. Taliaferro was seriously injured at the Battle of Second Bull Run, Taliaferro was a strict and aloof commander who alienated many of his troops. There is at least one known circumstance when one of his troops actually assaulted him, Taliaferro chafed under the command of General Jackson, complaining to his political colleagues in Virginia about Jacksons tactics and treatment of the men. Jackson later would select Taliaferro for temporary command in specific engagements. After Fredericksburg, Taliaferro was given command of the District of Savannah, in this capacity he led troops at the Battle of Fort Wagner on Morris Island, a battle which is depicted in the movie Glory. Taliaferro was commended for his service in that battle, in 1864, Taliaferro was given command of all forces in the Eastern district of Florida, which made him the overall commander at the Battle of Olustee that February. He subsequently returned to South Carolina, where he was commander of all forces in that state. Taliaferro was still in command when Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman entered the state from Savannah, Taliaferro returned to Virginia when the Army of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida surrendered later that year. After the war, Taliaferro lived in Gloucester County and he served again in the state legislature and as a judge and sat on the board of the College of William and Mary and the Virginia Military Institute. He died at his home, Dunham Massie, aged 75 and his collected papers are located at the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William and Mary. Taliaferro is also the namesake of a hall at William. Bartholomew Taliaferro married Joane Lane, January 1,1583, at St. Michaels, Cornhill, London, the couple are the common ancestors of cousins Brig. Gen. William Booth Taliaferro and Maj
41.
Henry A. Wise
–
Henry Alexander Wise was an American lawyer and politician from Virginia. Representative and Governor of Virginia, and US Minister to Brazil, during the American Civil War, he was a general in the Confederate States Army. He was the father of U. S, representatives Richard Alsop Wise and John Sergeant Wise. Wise was born in Drummondtown, Accomack County, Virginia, to Major John Wise and his second wife Sarah Corbin Cropper, Wise was of English and Scottish descent. He was privately tutored until his year, when he entered Margaret Academy. He graduated from Washington College in 1825 and he was a member of the Union Literary Society at Washington College. After attending Henry St. George Tuckers Winchester Law School, Wise was admitted to the bar in 1828 and he settled in Nashville, Tennessee, in the same year to start a practice but returned to Accomack County in 1830. He was first married in 1828 to Anne Jennings, the daughter of Rev. Obadiah Jennings and Ann Wilson of Washington, in 1837, Anne and one of their children died in a fire, leaving Henry with four children, two sons and two daughters. Wise married a second time in November 1840, to Sarah Sergeant, Representative John Sergeant and Margaretta Watmough of Philadelphia. Sarah gave birth to at least five children and she died of complications, along with her last child, soon after its birth on October 14,1850. Sarahs sister Margaretta was married to future Union Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, in nineteen years of marriage to his first two wives, Wise fathered fourteen children, seven survived to adulthood. Henry married a third time, to Mary Elizabeth Lyons in 1853 and it was located on the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River near Norfolk, Virginia. It had first been developed by William and Susannah Moseley, English immigrants who settled there in 1649, after Wise entered Confederate service, he and his family abandoned Rolleston in 1862 as Union troops were taking over Norfolk. Wise arranged for residence for his family in Rocky Mount, Franklin County, after the Civil War, Henry and Mary Wise lived in Richmond, where he resumed his law career. Henry A. Wise served as a U. S and he was elected Representative in 1832 as a Jackson Democrat. After this election, Wise fought a duel with his defeated opponent, Wise was re-elected in 1834, but then broke with the Jackson administration over the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. He became a Whig, but was sustained by his constituents, Wise was re-elected as a Whig in 1836,1838, and 1840. In 1840 Wise was active in securing the nomination and election of John Tyler as Vice President on the Whig ticket, Tyler succeeded to the presidency and then broke with the Whigs
42.
John Brown (abolitionist)
–
John Brown was an American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. Brown first gained attention when he led groups of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of 1856. Dissatisfied with the pacifism of the organized abolitionist movement, he said, during the Kansas campaign, Brown commanded forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie. He and his supporters killed five pro-slavery supporters in the Pottawatomie massacre of May 1856 in response to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, in 1859, Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, to start a liberation movement among the slaves there. During the raid, he seized the armory, seven people were killed and he intended to arm slaves with weapons from the arsenal, but the attack failed. Within 36 hours, Browns men had fled or been killed or captured by local farmers, militiamen. Marines led by Robert E. Lee and he was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men and inciting a slave insurrection. He was found guilty on all counts and was hanged, Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid escalated tensions that, a year later, led to the Souths secession and Civil War. David Potter has said the effect of Browns raid was greater than the philosophical effect of the Lincoln–Douglas debates. Some writers, including Bruce Olds, describe him as a zealot, others. Oates, regard him as one of the most perceptive human beings of his generation, David S. John Browns Body was a popular Union marching song during the Civil War and made him a martyr. Browns actions prior to the Civil War as an abolitionist, and he is sometimes memorialized as a heroic martyr and a visionary, and sometimes vilified as a madman and a terrorist. John Brown was born May 9,1800, in Torrington and he was the fourth of the eight children of Owen Brown and Ruth Mills and grandson of Capt. Brown could trace his ancestry back to 17th-century English Puritans, in 1805, the family moved to Hudson, Ohio, where Owen Brown opened a tannery. Browns personal religion is well documented in the papers of the Rev Clarence Gee. Browns father had as an apprentice Jesse R. Grant, father of Ulysses S. Grant, at 16, Brown left his family and went to Plainfield, Massachusetts, where he enrolled in a preparatory program. Shortly afterward, he transferred to the Morris Academy in Litchfield and he hoped to become a Congregationalist minister, but money ran out and he suffered from eye inflammations, which forced him to give up the academy and return to Ohio. In Hudson, he worked briefly at his fathers tannery before opening a successful tannery of his own outside of town with his adopted brother, in 1820, Brown married Dianthe Lusk
43.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
44.
Colonel (United States)
–
It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for colonel is O-6, the insignia of the rank of colonel, as seen on the right, is worn on the officers left side. The insignia for a colonel is an eagle which is a stylized representation of the eagle dominating the Great Seal of the United States. As on the Great Seal, the eagle has a U. S. shield superimposed on its chest and is holding an olive branch, however, in simplification of the Great Seal image, the insignia lacks the scroll in the eagles mouth and the rosette above its head. On the Great Seal, the branch is always clutched in the eagles right-side talons. The head of the eagle faces towards the branch, rather than the arrows. As a result, the head of the eagle faces towards the viewers left. During World War II the military insignia for the rank of Colonel changed somewhat with the eagle facing the arrows and this was done only during war years. These special war eagles, although rare, can sometimes be found in surplus or memorabilia sales. In the United States Army and United States Air Force, the eagle is worn with the head of the eagle to the wearers right. In the United States Marine Corps, United States Navy, United States Coast Guard and NOAA, the United States rank of colonel is a direct successor to the same rank in the British Army. The first colonels in America were appointed from Colonial militias maintained as reserves to the British Army in the American colonies, upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, colonial legislatures would grant commissions to men to raise a regiment and serve as its colonels. Thus, the first American colonels were usually respected men with ties in local communities, such was the origin of the phrase soldier and statesman. With the post-war reduction of the US Army, the rank of colonel disappeared, the first insignia for the rank of colonel consisted of gold epaulettes worn on the blue uniform of the Continental Army. The first recorded use of the insignia was in 1805 as this insignia was made official in uniform regulations by 1810. The rank of colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century, partly because the U. S. Army was very small, and the rank was usually obtained only after long years of service. During the War of 1812 the Army grew rapidly and many colonels were appointed, a number of other colonels were appointed by brevet - an honorary promotion usually for distinguished service in combat. The American Civil War saw an influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the Confederate army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment
45.
Wilbur F. Sanders
–
Wilbur Fisk Sanders was a United States Senator from Montana. A leading pioneer and a lawyer, Sanders played a prominent role in the development of Montana Territory. Sanders was born in Leon, Cattaraugus County, New York to Ira and his father was a farmer originally from Rhode Island and his mother a native of Connecticut. Being a devout Methodist, Ira Sanders named his son after a hero of his faith. Family stories tell of a precocious child displaying a keen intellect, Wilbur attended the common schools in New York, and afterward taught school himself. Following his mothers wishes, Sanders moved to Akron, Ohio in 1854, Sanders Uncle Sidney,13 years his elder, exercised a profound impact on his life. Also born in western New York, Edgerton had moved to Akron, Ohio ten years earlier rising to prominence under the tutelage of veteran Ohio politician and lawyer, Edgerton likewise took Sanders under his wing. Sanders gained admission to the bar in 1856, and he, Sanders followed his uncles political development. On October 27,1858, Sanders married Harriet P. Fenn and they had five children, but only three survived into adulthood, James, Wilbur E. and Louis. Sanders served in the Battle of Shiloh and later in 1862 and his family reports that he resigned from the army in August 1862 following an illness aggravated by a wound. He returned to his family in Akron, Ohio and he settled in that part of Idaho Territory, which later became Montana, where he engaged in the practice of law and also became interested in mining and stock raising. He was a lawyer when he moved to Montana in 1863. He was there before courts were organized and, being one of the first permanent settlers, took a prominent part in bringing law and order to Montana. He was a prosecutor for the infamous Montana Vigilantes who took the law into their own hands after over one hundred men had been ambushed and murdered for their gold in Virginia City, Montana. In December 1863, Sanders led the prosecution of George Ives as the murderer of Nicolas Tiebolt in Nevada City, Ives was convicted and hanged on December 21,1863. The George Ives trial initiated a period of vigilantism that eventually brought an end to thefts, Sanders was one of the original five organizers of the Alder Gulch Vigilance Committee which was formed on December 23,1863 in Virginia City, Montana. In 1873 Sanders became a member of the Territorial Legislature, Sanders was a founding member of the Society of Montana Pioneers and served as its secretary and president. He became known as Colonel Sanders and he was a Republican candidate for election in 1864,1867,1880, and 1886 as a Delegate to Congress, and was a member of the Territorial house of representatives of Montana from 1873 to 1879
.jpg)
Media related to Montana pioneers at Wikimedia Commons