1.
Sydney Tamiia Poitier
–
Sydney Tamiia Poitier is an American television and film actress. Born in Los Angeles, Poitier is the daughter of Bahamian-American actor Sidney Poitier and her mother is of Lithuanian Jewish and Irish descent. She has a sister, Anika. She also has four older half-sisters, Beverly, Pamela, Sherri and he mentions that the surname Poitier is a French name, and there were no white Poitiers from the Bahamas. Poitier attended Tisch School of the Arts where she earned a degree in acting. She also studied at Stella Adler Studio of Acting, Poitier began her career of acting in the late 1990s. In 2001, she landed her first role on television in the NBC drama series First Years, the series was canceled after three episodes. In 2003, she starred in the UPN sitcom Abby and that series was also canceled during its first season. Later that same year, she had a role in Joan of Arcadia, where she played Rebecca Askew. She was also a regular on the first season of Veronica Mars, however, she left the show after only appearing in four episodes because of budget cuts. In 2007, Poitier starred in Death Proof, director Quentin Tarantinos segment of the movie Grindhouse, the next year, she had a co-starring role in the new Knight Rider series, as FBI Agent Carrie Rivai. In 2011, she guest starred on two episodes of Private Practice, sydney Tamiia Poitier at the Internet Movie Database
Sydney Tamiia Poitier
–
At the premiere of
Grindhouse in
Austin, Texas, March 2007
2.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
–
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
–
MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
–
Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
–
Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
3.
Miami
–
Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
Miami
–
From top, left to right: Skyline of
Downtown,
Freedom Tower,
Villa Vizcaya,
Miami Tower,
Virginia Key Beach,
Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts,
AmericanAirlines Arena,
PortMiami, the Moon over Miami
Miami
–
The
Freedom Tower of 1925 is Miami's historical
landmark.
Miami
–
Approximately 400 men voted for Miami's incorporation in 1896 in the building to the left.
Miami
–
The mouth of the
Miami River at
Brickell Key
4.
Florida
–
Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
Florida
–
St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
Florida
–
Flag
Florida
–
Aerial view of
Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
Florida
–
The five flags of Florida from the right,
Spain (1565–1763), the
Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the
Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
5.
The Bahamas
–
The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
The Bahamas
–
A depiction of Columbus' first landing, claiming possession of the
New World for Spain in
caravels; the
Niña and the
Pinta, on Watling Island, an island of The Bahamas that the natives called
Guanahani and that he named San Salvador, on October 12, 1492.
The Bahamas
–
Flag
The Bahamas
–
Sign at
Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of
African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in the Bahamas.
The Bahamas
–
Edward VIII, the
Duke of Windsor and
Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945.
6.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
7.
United States Army
–
The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775. As a uniformed service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army. As a branch of the forces, the mission of the U. S. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States, the United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. Section 3062 of Title 10, U. S, the army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, a number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780–81 sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the British were weakest, to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776, with a decisive victory at Yorktown, and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates, State militias became the new nations sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Points arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U. S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U. S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops, were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, U. S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant, and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides, the United States and Great Britain, returned to the status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict, the armys major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars to defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma
United States Army
–
Storming of Redoubt #10 in the
Siege of Yorktown during the
American Revolutionary War prompted the British government to begin negotiations, resulting in the
Treaty of Paris and British recognition of the United States of America.
United States Army
–
Emblem of the United States Department of the Army
United States Army
–
General
Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking
Highlanders during the
defense of New Orleans, the final major battle of the War of 1812
United States Army
–
The
Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War
8.
Academy Award for Best Actor
–
The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
Academy Award for Best Actor
–
Emil Jannings (center) was the first winner in this category for his roles in 1928's
The Last Command and 1927's
The Way of All Flesh.
Academy Award for Best Actor
–
Warner Baxter won in 1928 for his performance in
In Old Arizona.
Academy Award for Best Actor
–
George Arliss won in 1929 for his performance in
Disraeli.
Academy Award for Best Actor
–
Lionel Barrymore won in 1930 for his performance in
A Free Soul.
9.
Lilies of the Field (1963 film)
–
Lilies of the Field is a 1963 film adapted by James Poe from the 1962 novel of the same name by William Edmund Barrett, and stars Sidney Poitier, Lilia Skala, Stanley Adams, and Dan Frazer. It was produced and directed by Ralph Nelson, the title comes from Matthew 6, 27-33, a portion of the Sermon on the Mount, and its parallel scripture from Luke 12, 27-30. It also features a film score by prolific composer Jerry Goldsmith. The film was turned into a Broadway musical in 1970, retitled Look to the Lilies, with Shirley Booth in the role of Mother Maria Marthe. It tells the story of an African American itinerant worker who encounters a group of East German nuns, Homer Smith is an itinerant handyman/jack-of-all-trades who stops at a farm in the Arizona desert to obtain some water for his car. There he sees several women working on a fence, very ineptly, the women, who speak very little English, introduce themselves as German, Austrian and Hungarian nuns. The mother superior, the leader of the nuns, persuades him to do a small roofing repair and he stays overnight, assuming that he will be paid in the morning. Next day, Smith tries to persuade the mother superior to pay him by quoting Luke 10,7, The laborer is worthy of his hire. Mother Maria Marthe, responds by asking him to read another Bible verse from the Sermon on the Mount, Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow, they toil not, neither do they spin. And yet I say unto you that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. ”Mother Maria likes things done her way. The nuns have essentially no money and subsist by living off the land, on what vegetables the arid climate provides, when Sunday comes, Mother Maria informs Smith that he will be driving the sisters to Mass in his station wagon. Smith is invited to attend the Catholic Mass, celebrated by a roving priest not in a church but outdoors, instead, he takes the opportunity to get a proper breakfast from the trading post next door. Juan humorously tells Homer that he considers prayer and belief in religion a form of insurance and he rationalizes that it would be too hard for the sisters to move the heavy beams. After losing another duel of Bible quotes with Mother Maria, Smith acknowledges that he has wanted to be an architect. His unfulfilled dream impels him to agree to undertake the job of building the sisters a chapel, Smith supplements the nuns diet as well, shopping for groceries to stock up their kitchen and delighting them with treats such as lollipops. To pass the evenings, Smith helps the sisters improve their rudimentary English and they share their different musical traditions with one another, their Catholic chants and his Baptist hymns. He teaches them to him in the call-and-response song Amen by Jester Hairston. Smith, determined that the building will be constructed to the highest standards, insists that the work be done by him, meanwhile, the nuns write letters to various philanthropic organizations and charities asking for money for supplies, but all their requests are denied
Lilies of the Field (1963 film)
–
original film poster
10.
Race (human classification)
–
Race is the classification of humans into groups based on physical traits, ancestry, genetics, or social relations, or the relations between them. First used to refer to speakers of a language and then to denote national affiliations. The term was used in a general biological taxonomic sense, starting from the 19th century. Social conceptions and groupings of races vary over time, involving folk taxonomies that define essential types of individuals based on perceived traits, scientists consider biological essentialism obsolete, and generally discourage racial explanations for collective differentiation in both physical and behavioral traits. Although still used in contexts, race has often been replaced by less ambiguous and emotionally charged synonyms, populations, people, ethnic groups, or communities. A popular view in American sociology is that the categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation, when people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs and these constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups, as a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to instances of tragedy, including slavery. In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects and this use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality. As sociological factors, racial categories may in part reflect subjective attributions, self-identities, accordingly, the racial paradigms employed in different disciplines vary in their emphasis on biological reduction as contrasted with societal construction. Groups of humans have identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups. These features are the features of how the concept of race is used today. As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world, they speculated about the physical, social, a set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities. Brutal conflicts between groups have existed throughout history and across the world. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation, Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless
Race (human classification)
Race (human classification)
–
The racial diversity of
Asia 's peoples,
Nordisk familjebok (1904)
Race (human classification)
–
Portrait "Redenção do Can" (1895), showing a Brazilian family each generation becoming "whiter".
11.
Race relations
–
The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of racism, residential segregation, the sociological analysis of race and ethnicity frequently interacts with other areas of sociology such as stratification and social psychology, as well as with postcolonial theory. At the level of policy, ethnic relations is discussed in terms of either assimilationism or multiculturalism. Anti-racism forms another style of policy, particularly popular in the 1960s and 1970s, at the level of academic inquiry, ethnic relations is discussed either by the experiences of individual racial-ethnic groups or else by overarching theoretical issues. Marx described society as having nine great classes, the capitalist class and he hoped for the working class to rise up against the capitalist class in an attempt to stop the exploitation of the working class. He blamed part of their failure to organize on the capitalist class, as they separated black and this separation, specifically between Blacks and Whites in America, contributed to racism. Marx attributes capitalisms contribution to racism through segmented labor markets and a racial inequality of earnings, weber laid the foundations for a micro-sociology of ethnic relations beginning in 1906. Weber argued that biological traits could not be the basis for group foundation unless they were conceived as shared characteristics and it was this shared perception and common customs that create and distinguish one ethnicity from another. This differs from the views of many of his contemporaries who believed that a group was formed from biological similarities alone apart from social perception of membership in a group. Du Bois is well known as one of the most influential black scholars, du Bois educated himself on his people, and sought academia as a way to enlighten others on the social injustices against his people. Du Bois believed that Black Americans should embrace higher education and use their new access to schooling to achieve a position within society. He referred to this idea as the Talented Tenth, with gaining popularity, he also preached the belief that for blacks to be free in some places, they must be free everywhere. After traveling to Africa and Russia, he recanted his original philosophy of integration, booker T. Washington was considered one of the most influential black educators of the 19th and 20th centuries. Born in 1856 as a slave in Virginia, Washington came of age as slavery was coming to an end, just as slavery ended, however, it was replaced by a system of sharecropping in the South that resulted in black indebtedness. By focusing on education for blacks, rather than political advancement, secretly, however, he pursued legal challenges against segregation and disfranchisement of blacks. The effect is so strong that even simply asking the test-taker to state her or his race before taking the test will significantly alter test performance, psychoanalysis has much to offer the study of racism. Its central proposition is that rationality is not the state of the individual. Humans resist change because change threatens established ways of dealing with anxiety, individual defence mechanisms contribute to social defence mechanisms
Race relations
–
A racist political campaign poster from the 1866
Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
Race relations
–
Sociology
12.
To Sir, with Love
–
To Sir, with Love is a 1967 British drama film that deals with social and racial issues in an inner city school. It stars Sidney Poitier and features Christian Roberts, Judy Geeson, Suzy Kendall, james Clavell directed from his own screenplay, which was based on E. R. Braithwaites 1959 autobiographical novel of the same name. The movie ranked number 27 on Entertainment Weeklys list of the 50 Best High School Movies, a made-for-television sequel, To Sir, with Love II, was released nearly three decades later, with Poitier reprising his starring role. Mark Thackeray, an man, applies for an engineering job. He also applies for, and is awarded, a position at the North Quay Secondary School in the tough East End of London. He comes from British Guiana via California, Thackeray learns from the staff of North Quay that most of the students have been rejected from other schools, and their antics drove their last teacher to resign. The students live up to their reputation, led by Bert Denham and Pamela Dare, their antics progress from disruptive behavior to distasteful pranks. Thackeray retains his calm manner but a turning point comes one morning when one of the female pupils acts disrespectfully, future classes discuss what the students can expect as adults, such as how to fill out resumes. Thackeray wins the class over, except for Denham, who continues to bait him, Thackeray suggests a class outing to a museum, which turns out to be a success. He loses some of this support when he defuses a potentially violent situation between Potter and a gym teacher, Mr Bell. In class, he demands that Potter apologize directly to Bell for the incident even if he believes Bell was wrong. The group refuse to invite Thackeray to the dance, and when Sealess mother dies. At this point, the headmaster advises him that he feels the adult approach has failed, future class outings are cancelled, meanwhile, Thackeray receives the engineer job offer in the mail. He starts to win the students back after he beats Denham in a boxing match, Denham expresses his admiration for Thackeray to his fellow students, Thackeray wins back their respect and is invited to the class dance. At the dance Barbara Pegg announces a ladies choice dance and Pamela chooses Thackeray as her dance partner, while Miss Pegg sings the film theme song, the class then presents Thackeray with a gift and he is too moved for words and retires to his classroom. Two youths rush into the classroom, and upon seeing Thackeray they begin mocking his gift, Thackeray realises that he has a job to do and he tears up the job offer letter, signifying that he is going to stay on at the school. He realises how affectionate he feels towards the children and understands he can never part from them, Sidney Poitier as Mark Thackeray Christian Roberts as Bert Denham Judy Geeson as Pamela Dare Suzy Kendall as Gillian Blanchard Lulu as Barbara Babs Pegg Ann Bell as Mrs. S. Poitier gives a quaint example of being proper and turning the other cheek
To Sir, with Love
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UK theatrical release poster
To Sir, with Love
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To Sir, with Love
13.
In the Heat of the Night (film)
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In the Heat of the Night is a 1967 American mystery drama film directed by Norman Jewison. The movie changes various details found in the book from relatively minor ones to more major and it stars Sidney Poitier and Rod Steiger, and was produced by Walter Mirisch. The screenplay was by Stirling Silliphant, the film won five Academy Awards, including the 1967 awards for Best Picture and Rod Steiger for Best Actor. The film was followed by two sequels, They Call Me Mister Tibbs. in 1970, and The Organization in 1971, in 1988, it also became the basis of a television series adaptation of the same name. Although the film was set in the fictional Mississippi town of Sparta, part of the movie was filmed in Sparta, Illinois, where many of the films landmarks can still be seen. The quote They call me Mister Tibbs. was listed as number 16 on the American Film Institutes 100 Years.100 Movie Quotes, a list of top film quotes. In 2002, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, phillip Colbert, a wealthy industrialist from Chicago, is constructing a factory in Sparta, Mississippi. One night in September 1966, when driving back into town after a meeting at the home of one of Spartas leading citizens, Eric Endicott. His body is found on the pavement at the front of an entrance onto Main Street by Police Officer Sam Wood at about 3,30 a. m. Police Chief Bill Gillespie arrives on the scene where the body has been discovered, a local undertaker and a freelance photographer have been summoned to the scene to assist the police with their investigation. At the town depot, Wood finds a black man, Virgil Tibbs. Officer Wood immediately arrests him, cursorily searches him, and finds more than $200 in cash in his wallet, Wood takes him into the Sparta police station, where he presents him to Gillespie. Prejudiced against blacks, Gillespie jumps to the conclusion that he has his culprit, but he is embarrassed to learn that Tibbs is a police officer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who happens to make more money in a week than Gillespie does in a month. Gillespie phones Tibbs chief to confirm the story, the chief informs Gillespie that Tibbs is his top homicide investigator and recommends that Tibbs stay and assist the investigation. Tibbs wants nothing more than to leave as quickly as possible, but as Tibbs prepares to head back to the train station, Gillespie swallows his pride and asks for help. She threatens to stop construction on the much needed factory unless Tibbs leads the investigation, unwilling to accept help, but under orders from the towns mayor, Gillespie talks a reluctant Tibbs into working on the case. Despite the rocky start to their relationship, the two policemen are compelled to respect each other as they are forced to work together to solve the crime, Tibbs initially suspects wealthy plantation owner Eric Endicott, a racist who publicly opposes the new factory. When Tibbs attempts to interrogate Endicott about Colbert, Endicott slaps him in the face, but Tibbs slaps him back, which leads to Endicott sending a gang of hooligans after Tibbs
In the Heat of the Night (film)
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Theatrical release poster
14.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
American Film Institute
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American Film Institute
15.
A Piece of the Action (film)
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A Piece of the Action is a 1977 comedy crime film starring Sir Sidney Poitier and Bill Cosby. It was also Poitiers last acting role for more than a decade, the film also stars James Earl Jones. Dave Anderson and Manny Durrell are two high-class sneak thieves who have never been caught, joshua Burke is a retired detective who has enough evidence on the both of them to put them behind bars. Instead, he offers to maintain his silence if the crooks will go straight, at first, the crooks are reluctant and unwilling. As time goes by they gain the trust and admiration of the kids, all goes well until a past heist comes back to haunt them and they have to make up for it. or else. Smith stated that he hoped to get Eddie Murphy, Martin Lawrence, a Piece of the Action at the Internet Movie Database A Piece of the Action at the TCM Movie Database
A Piece of the Action (film)
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A Piece of the Action promotional movie poster
16.
Uptown Saturday Night
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Uptown Saturday Night is a 1974 action–comedy crime film written by Richard Wesley, and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier, who also stars in this film, along with Bill Cosby and Harry Belafonte. Cosby and Poitier teamed up again for Lets Do It Again, although their characters have different names in each film, the three films are considered to be a trilogy. Uptown Saturday Night premiered June 15,1974 at the Criterion Theatre in New York, while enjoying themselves at Madame Zenobias club on Saturday Night, Steve Jackson and Wardell Franklin are held up by robbers who raid the club, taking Steves wallet as a result. Upon realizing that a lottery ticket worth $50,000 is in the wallet. Determined to retrieve the ticket, they search for it using the help of gangster Geechie Dan Beauford, who wants to defeat his rival Silky Slim. Using their wit, perseverance, and fearlessness, Steve and Wardell devise a plan to get the ticket using the help of gangsters, in the hopes that it will pay off for them. Main cast Sir Sidney Poitier as Steve Jackson, a mill worker. He is confident and flirtatious, and he will take up challenges posed by his best friend Wardell. His wallet was stolen by Silky Slim at Madame Zenobia, which contained the lottery ticket, Bill Cosby as Wardell Franklin, a taxi driver and Steves best friend. He has an attitude, and will often act impulsively when presented with thrilling and exciting situations. He persuades Steve to go to Madame Zenobias, and later to visit Sharp Eye Washington, Harry Belafonte as Geechie Dan Beauford, a short-tempered gangster. Although he is tough and stubborn, he is easily persuaded when money is involved. Calvin Lockhart as Silky Slim, a gangster and rival of Geechie Dan. Driven by money, he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobias estate and steal cash and jewelry, like his rival, he is also persuaded in situations where he is promised money. Movies such as Cleopatra Jones and the Shaft series had released by the same company. Poitier had reached the height of his career during the 1960s and he and Harry Belafonte were considered to be the biggest black male entertainers of the time period. Poitier became the first African-American man to win an Academy Award for his role in Lilies of the Field and he also starred in In the Heat of the Night, which won Oscar awards for Best Picture and Best Director. Throughout his career, Poitier was frustrated with how Hollywood was trying to portray the man in film
Uptown Saturday Night
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Uptown Saturday Night
17.
Bill Cosby
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William Henry Bill Cosby, Jr. is an American stand-up comedian, actor, author, and singer. Cosbys start in comedy began at the hungry i in San Francisco and was followed by his landing a starring role in the 1960s television show I Spy. He was also a regular on the television series The Electric Company during the shows first two seasons. Throughout the 1970s, Cosby starred in a number of films, after attending Temple University in the 1960s, he received his bachelors degree there in 1971. In 1973, he received a degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. His dissertation discussed the use of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids as a tool in elementary schools. The sitcom highlighted the experiences and growth of an affluent African-American family, Cosby has been the subject of publicized sexual assault allegations since about 2000. He surrendered to authorities on December 30,2015, and was released on $1 million bail, Cosby is scheduled to go on trial on or before June 5,2017. Cosby was born on July 12,1937 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and he is one of four sons of Anna Pearl, a maid, and William Henry Cosby Sr. who served as a mess steward in the U. S. Navy. During much of Cosbys early childhood, his father was away in the U. S. armed forces, as a student, he described himself as a class clown. Cosby was the captain of both the team and the track and field team at Mary Channing Wister Public School in Philadelphia. Early on, though, teachers noted his propensity for clowning around rather than studying, at FitzSimons Junior High School, Cosby began acting in plays as well as continuing his devotion to playing sports. Cosby went on to Philadelphias Central High School, a magnet and academically rigorous university prep school where he played football, basketball, baseball, and ran track. In addition, Cosby was working before and after school, selling produce, shining shoes and he transferred to Germantown High School, but failed the tenth grade. Instead of repeating, he got a job as an apprentice at a repair shop, which he liked. In 1956, Cosby enlisted in the Navy, serving at the Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland and at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland. During his four years in the Navy, Cosby served as a Hospital Corpsman working in therapy with Navy. He finished his equivalency diploma via correspondence courses and was awarded a track, there, he studied physical education while running track and playing fullback on the universitys football team
Bill Cosby
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Cosby before receiving the
U.S. Navy Lone Sailor Award at the
National Building Museum,
Washington, D.C. in 2010
Bill Cosby
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Cosby in 1957
Bill Cosby
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Cosby in 1969
Bill Cosby
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Cosby, a production assistant, and
Ginna Marston of
Partnership for Drug-Free Kids review the script for a 1990 public service spot at Cosby's studio in
Astoria, Queens.
18.
Stir Crazy (film)
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Stir Crazy is a 1980 American comedy film directed by Sidney Poitier, produced by Hannah Weinstein and written by Bruce Jay Friedman. The film stars Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor as down-on-their-luck friends who are given 125-year prison sentences after being framed for a bank robbery, while in prison they befriend other prison inmates. The film reunited Wilder and Pryor who had appeared previously in the 1976 comedy thriller film Silver Streak, the film was released in the United States on December 12,1980. Film writer Skip Donahue and actor Harry Monroe are both fired from their jobs in New York City and leave for Hollywood, along the way, they take odd jobs to make money. During one such job in Arizona, Skip and Harry perform a song, while the duo are on break, two men steal the costumes and rob the bank. However, Harry and Skip are arrested, whisked through a speedy trial and their court-appointed lawyer, Len Garber, advises them to wait until he can appeal their case. Life in a maximum-security prison proves difficult for Skip and Harry, strangely, while Harry is understandably scared of the aggression of the guards and inmates, Skip seems to be optimistic and content about the situation. At one point, the guards put Skip in a small, instead he asks them for one more day as he was just beginning to get into. Three months later, Skip and Harry are brought to see Warden Walter Beatty and Deputy Warden Wilson and they wish to run a test with Harry and Skip on a mechanical bull in the wardens office. To everyones surprise, Skip rides the bull at full power, Jesus and Rory inform Harry and Skip of the truth behind the rodeo, it is a crooked operation run by Beatty and Warden Henry Sampson, who heads the neighboring prison. The money from the rodeo, which is supposed to go to the prisoners, knowing Skip will be selected as the prisons new champion, Jesus and Rory hatch a plan for escape involving Skip refusing to participate. This backfires as the warden orders Wilson to straighten Skip out, Harry and Skip are visited by Garber, who introduces them to his partner in the mission to prove them innocent, his cousin Meredith, to whom Skip is immediately attracted. Later, Skip meets with Beatty to make a deal, in exchange for his participation in the rodeo, Skip requests his own crew, along with a larger jail cell. Beatty agrees, telling Wilson to have a guard watch them at all times, Wilson reveals to the guard, Graham, that Skip will not leave the rodeo alive. While practicing for the rodeo, Skip, Harry, Jesus, Rory and Grossberger acquire tools they need for their escape, Meredith gets a job as a waitress in a country western strip club searching for possible suspects and encounters the real crooks. She calls Garber and the police, the rodeo begins, but attempts to kill Skip fail. Once through, they put on their disguises and re-enter the grounds as audience members, Skip is to compete against champion Caesar Geronimo to swipe the prize, a bag of money from the horns of a large, Brahman bull. Skip asks Caesar if he is tired of being his wardens stooge, suggesting that they give the money to the prisoners, both contestants play hard, but Caesar wins
Stir Crazy (film)
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Theatrical release poster
19.
Richard Pryor
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Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor was an American stand-up comedian, social critic, and actor. Pryor was known for uncompromising examinations of racism and topical contemporary issues and he reached a broad audience with his trenchant observations and storytelling style. Dave Chappelle said of Pryor, You know those, like and he was the dude walking upright. Richard was the highest evolution of comedy and this legacy can be attributed, in part, to the unusual degree of intimacy Pryor brought to bear on his comedy. As Bill Cosby reportedly once said, Richard Pryor drew the line between comedy and tragedy as thin as one could possibly paint it. Pryors body of work includes the concert movies and recordings, Richard Pryor, Live & Smokin, Bicentennial Nigger, Richard Pryor, Live in Concert, Richard Pryor, Live on the Sunset Strip, and Richard Pryor, Here and Now. As an actor, he starred mainly in comedies such as Silver Streak and he collaborated on many projects with actor Gene Wilder. Another frequent collaborator was actor/comedian/writer Paul Mooney, Pryor won an Emmy Award and five Grammy Awards. In 1974, he won two American Academy of Humor awards and the Writers Guild of America Award. The first-ever Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for American Humor was presented to him in 1998 and he was listed at Number 1 on Comedy Centrals list of all-time greatest stand-up comedians. In 2017, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him first on its list of the 50 best stand-up comics of all time, many comedians have stated that the late Patrice ONeal was the only comic who came close to achieving Pryors stage presence. Pryor and ONeals discussions on race and gender is considered by many prominent stand-ups to be some of the best material performed in stand-up history. Born on December 1,1940 in Peoria, Illinois, Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor grew up in his grandmothers brothel and his father, LeRoy Buck Carter Pryor, was a former boxer and hustler. After his alcoholic mother abandoned him when he was 10, Pryor was raised primarily by his grandmother Marie Carter, Pryor was one of four children raised in his grandmothers brothel and was sexually abused at age seven. He was expelled from school at the age of 14 and his first professional performance was playing drums at a night club. Pryor served in the U. S. Army from 1958 to 1960, according to a 1999 profile about Pryor in The New Yorker, Pryor was incarcerated for an incident that occurred while stationed in Germany. Angered that a soldier was overly amused at the racially charged sections of Douglas Sirks movie Imitation of Life, Pryor and some other black soldiers beat and stabbed him. In 1963, Pryor moved to New York City and began performing regularly in clubs alongside performers such as Bob Dylan, on one of his first nights, he opened for singer and pianist Nina Simone at New Yorks Village Gate
Richard Pryor
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Pryor in February 1986
Richard Pryor
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Pryor also performed in the
Lily Tomlin specials. He is seen here with Tomlin and
Alan Alda in Tomlin's 1973 special.
Richard Pryor
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Richard Pryor's star at the
Hollywood Walk of Fame covered with flowers, beer bottles, fan letters etc.
20.
Gene Wilder
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Jerome Silberman, known professionally as Gene Wilder, was an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, singer-songwriter and author. Wilder began his career on stage, and made his debut in an episode of the TV series The Play of the Week in 1961. Wilder directed and wrote several of his own films, including The Woman in Red and his third wife was actress Gilda Radner, with whom he starred in three films, the last two of which he also directed. After his last contribution to acting in 2003 – a guest role on Will & Grace for which he received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor – Wilder turned his attention to writing. Wilder was born Jerome Silberman on June 11,1933, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Jeanne and William J. Silberman and his father was a Russian Jewish immigrant, as were his maternal grandparents. Wilder first became interested in acting at age 8, when his mother was diagnosed with rheumatic fever, at the age of 11, he saw his sister, who was studying acting, performing onstage, and he was enthralled by the experience. He asked her if he could become his student. The day after Wilder turned 13, he called the teacher and he adopted Gene Wilder for his professional name at the age of 26. After an unsuccessful short stay at Black-Foxe, Wilder returned home and became involved with the local theatre community. At age 15, he performed for the first time in front of an audience, as Balthasar in a production of Shakespeares Romeo. Gene Wilder graduated from Washington High School in Milwaukee in 1951, Wilder was raised Jewish, but he held only the Golden Rule as his philosophy. In a book published in 2005, he stated, I have no other religion, I feel very Jewish and I feel very grateful to be Jewish. But I dont believe in God or anything to do with the Jewish religion, Wilder studied Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of Iowa, where he was a member of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. Following his 1955 graduation from Iowa, he was accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in Bristol, after six months of studying fencing, Wilder became the first freshman to win the All-School Fencing Championship. Desiring to study Stanislavskis system, he returned to the U. S. living with his sister and her family in Queens, Wilder enrolled at the HB Studio. Wilder was drafted into the Army on September 10,1956, at the end of recruit training, he was assigned to the medical corps and sent to Fort Sam Houston for training. In November 1957, his mother died from ovarian cancer and he was discharged from the army a year later and returned to New York. A scholarship to the HB Studio allowed him to become a full-time student, at first living on unemployment insurance and some savings, he later supported himself with odd jobs such as a limousine driver and fencing instructor
Gene Wilder
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Wilder in 1970
Gene Wilder
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Wilder with Gilda Radner, 1986
21.
Ghost Dad
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Ghost Dad is a 1990 American fantasy comedy film directed by Sidney Poitier and starring Bill Cosby, in which a widowers spirit is able to communicate with his children after his death. It was critically panned, and wound up on many critics worst of 1990, the film remains Sidney Poitiers last directorial effort to date. Elliot Hopper is a widower who is about to land the deal of a lifetime at work, which he hopes will win him a promotion. After he forgets his daughter Dianes birthday, he attempts to make it up to her by promising her she can have his car when he secures the deal at work on the coming Thursday. After being persuaded to give the car to his early, Elliot must hail a taxi from work, which is driven by Satanist Curtis Burch. Attempting to get the taxi stopped, Elliot announces that he is Satan, shocked to see his Evil Master, Burch drives off a bridge and into the river. When he gets home he discovers that his three children can see him, but only in a dark room, and they cant hear him. One day, he must choose between staying in an important work meeting and helping his son with a trick at school. He eventually decides that his familys happiness is important and walks out on his furious boss, Mr. Collins. Dejected, Elliot reveals himself as a ghost to his love interest, Joan, Edith arrives from London to announce that Elliot is not dead, his spirit jumped out of his body in fright. They also work out that the previous known case of this happening was Elliots father. In the excitement to find Elliots body to reunite his spirit with it, Diane trips on a pair of skates that her little sister Amanda left on the stairs, the family rush her to the hospital where her spirit has also jumped out of her body. As she delightedly flies around, Elliot begs her to re-enter her body, when he collapses, Diane becomes concerned and races into the intensive-care unit to find her fathers body. She helps him into the room and they discover that Burch had swapped wallets with Elliot, Elliot returns to his body and wakes up, Diane does the same and jumps off the operating table to tell the family what has happened. As the reunited family leave the hospital, Elliot spots a yellow taxi parked outside, delighted to see his Evil Master, Burch returns Elliots wallet and tells Elliot he will do whatever Elliot commands. Elliot commands Burch to go to hell and sit on red hot coals waiting for him until it snows, Curtis agrees enthusiastically and drives off while Elliot, Joan, Edith and the family leave the hospital. However, both Badham and Martin left the project for unknown reasons, as a result, Universal hired Sidney Poitier and Bill Cosby to be their respective replacements. As part of the publicity for the movie, a Ghost Dad novelization written by Mel Cebulash was released the year of the films debut, the film received widespread negative reviews, with a 7% rating on film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews
Ghost Dad
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Promotional poster
22.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Headquarters building
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study building on La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in the Hollywood district
23.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
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The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
24.
Japan
–
Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
Japan
–
The
Golden Hall and
five-storey pagoda of
Hōryū-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the world,
National Treasures, and a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Japan
Japan
–
Samurai warriors face Mongols, during the
Mongol invasions of Japan. The
Kamikaze, two storms, are said to have saved Japan from Mongol fleets.
Japan
–
Samurai could
kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population.
Edo period, 1798
25.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
–
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. The award is not limited to U. S. citizens and, while it is an award, it can also be awarded to military personnel. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085, with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige. It was the first U. S. civilian neck decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U. S. sash and star decoration. The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president, Recipients are selected by the president, either on his own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to a more than once. It may also be awarded posthumously, examples include John F, golden American bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a ribbon with white edge stripes. When the medal With Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented descending from a neck ribbon, the sash and medal of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction has never been worn in public since its inception. Andrew Presidential Medal of Freedom, an article from jfklibrary. org, Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, a list of recipients from May 5,1993, through August 19,2009, from senate. gov, the U. S. Senates official website. Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov, a section of the U. S. National Archives, Medal of Freedom Ceremony, a news release, August 12,2009, from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse. gov, the White Houses official website. War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom, The New York Times, December 15,2004
Presidential Medal of Freedom
–
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Presidential Medal of Freedom
–
Graphical representation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction
Presidential Medal of Freedom
–
Medal and accoutrements including undress ribbon, miniature, and lapel badge.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
–
Civil Rights leader
A. Philip Randolph receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from president
Lyndon B. Johnson on September 14, 1964.
26.
Barack Obama
–
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
–
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
–
Obama with his half-sister
Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother
Ann Dunham and grandfather
Stanley Dunham, in
Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
–
Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after
ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
–
Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
27.
Cat Island, Bahamas
–
Cat Island is in the central Bahamas, and is one of its districts. Cat Island also has the nations highest point, Mount Alvernia and it rises to 206 feet and is topped by a monastery called The Hermitage. This assembly of buildings was erected by the Franciscan Brother Jerome, the first European settlers were Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, who arrived in 1783. The island may have named after Arthur Catt, a pirate. Historically, the island gained wealth from cotton plantations, but slash, an economic crop is Croton eluteria bark, which is gathered and shipped to Italy where it becomes a main ingredient in medicines, scents and Campari. Until written accounts were found, Cat Island was thought to be Guanahani or San Salvador, the population of Cat Island is 1,522. The main settlements are New Bight, Arthurs Town, Orange Creek, Cat Island was also the birthplace of famed Bahamian musician Tony McKay, better known as Exuma. New Bight Airport and Arthurs Town Airport serve the island, at the top of 206 ft Como Hill is Mt. Alvernia Hermitage on Mount Alvernia, the highest point in The Bahamas. This small stone monastery built by hand by the hermit, Father Jerome, is at the peak and is worth the trek up this steep rocking incline. Just south of the Hermitage are the ruins of Armbrister Plantation, Armbrister Creek flows into a clear lake called Boiling Point or Boiling Hole whose tidal conditions cause bubbles and burps, the conditions which lead to folklore of a sea monster below its surface. Today, this is a spot to spy rays and baby sharks. Located in Bain Town is another lake and this 65 ft wide 10 ft deep lake called Mermaid Hole is where many believe a mermaid lives amongst the 4 bed holes within that lead to underground caverns and passageways. One of the attractions in Cat Island Bahamas is the Big Blue Hole near Orange Creek at Dickies Road. The hole is deep and it has a strong undercurrents flowing into the sea. Many objects such as farm animals tossed into the lake ended up reaching the ocean through its caverns. The locals believed that a monster lived in Big Blue Hole and this folklore still scares local fisherman from venturing too far into this freshwater lake. Dickie’s Road goes east to Griffin Bat Cave, once a hideout for slaves, in the Port Howe area of Cat Island, are the ruins of an 18th-century plantation at Deveaux House mansion. In its glory days it was given to Colonel Andrew Deveaux in 1783 for protecting Nassau from Spanish invasion and occupation
Cat Island, Bahamas
–
Astronaut photograph of Cat Island.
Cat Island, Bahamas
–
District of Cat Island
28.
Nassau, Bahamas
–
Nassau is the capital, largest city, and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The city has an population of 274,400 as of 2016. The city is located on the island of New Providence, which much like a business district. Nassau is the site of the House of Assembly and various departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates. The city was named in honour of William III of England, nassaus modern growth began in the late eighteenth century, with the influx of thousands of American Loyalists and their slaves to the Bahamas following the American Revolutionary War. Many of them settled in Nassau and eventually came to outnumber the original inhabitants, as the population of Nassau grew, so did its populated areas. Today the city dominates the island and its satellite, Paradise Island. However, until the post-Second World War era, the outer suburbs scarcely existed, most of New Providence was uncultivated bush until Loyalists were resettled there following the American Revolutionary War, they established several plantations, such as Clifton and Tusculum. In addition, slaves freed from American ships, such as the Creole case in 1841, were allowed to settle there, Nassau was formerly known as Charles Town, it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684 during one of their frequent wars with the English. The name Nassau derives from the House of Nassau and ultimately from the town of Nassau, due to a lack of effective Governors, Nassau fell on hard times. In 1703 Spanish and French allied forces briefly occupied Nassau, from 1703 to 1718 there was no governor in the colony and by 1713, the sparsely settled Bahamas had become a pirate haven. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1,000 pirates in Nassau and they proclaimed Nassau a pirate republic, establishing themselves as governors. Examples of pirates that used Nassau as their base are Charles Vane, Thomas Barrow, Benjamin Hornigold, Calico Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, Mary Read, in 1718, the British sought to regain control of the islands and appointed Captain Woodes Rogers as Royal governor. He successfully clamped down on the pirates, reformed the civil administration, Rogers cleaned up Nassau and rebuilt the fort, using his own wealth to try to overcome problems. In 1720 the Spanish made an attempt to capture Nassau. During the wars in the Thirteen Colonies, Nassau experienced an economic boom, with funds from privateering, a new fort, street lights and over 2300 sumptuous houses were built and Nassau was extended. In addition to this, mosquito breeding swamps were filled, in 1778 after an overnight invasion, American raiders led by Captain Rathburn, left with ships, gunpowder and military stores after stopping in Nassau for only two days. In 1782 Spain captured Nassau for the last time when Don Juan de Cagigal, governor-general of Cuba, attacked New Providence with 5000 men
Nassau, Bahamas
–
A view of Bay Street
Nassau, Bahamas
–
Wesleyan Chapel and Mission Premises. In the Eastern District of New Providence, Bahamas (p.6, 1849) (Ebenezer Methodist Church, Nassau, Bahamas)
Nassau, Bahamas
–
Prince George Wharf in Nassau Harbour
Nassau, Bahamas
–
Satellite View of Nassau and Paradise Island
29.
Haiti
–
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly called Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic, the region was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people. Spain discovered the island on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus across the Atlantic, when Columbus initially landed in Haiti, he had thought he had found India or Asia. On Christmas Day 1492, Columbus flagship the Santa Maria ran aground north of what is now Limonade, the island was named La Española and claimed by Spain, which ruled until the early 17th century. Competing claims and settlements by the French led to the portion of the island being ceded to France. The development of plantations, worked by slaves brought from Africa. Upon his death in a prison in France, he was succeeded by his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the Haitian Revolution lasted just over a dozen years, and apart from Alexandre Pétion, the first President of the Republic, all the first leaders of government were former slaves. The Citadelle Laferrière is the largest fortress in the Americas, Henri Christophe – former slave and first king of Haiti, Henri I – built it to withstand a possible foreign attack. It has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas, most recently, in February 2004, a coup détat originating in the north of the country forced the resignation and exile of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. A provisional government took control with security provided by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, the name Haïti comes from the indigenous Taíno language which was the native name given to the entire island of Hispaniola to mean, land of high mountains. The h is silent in French and the ï in Haïti, is a mark used to show that the second vowel is pronounced separately. In English, this rule for the pronunciation is often disregarded, the name Haïti was restored by Haitian revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors. The Taíno name for the island was Haiti. The people had migrated over centuries into the Caribbean islands from South America, genetic studies show they were related to the Yanomami of the Amazon Basin. They also originated in Central and South America, after migrating to Caribbean islands, in the 15th century, the Taíno were pushed into the northeast Caribbean islands by the Caribs. In the Taíno societies of the Caribbean islands, the largest unit of organization was led by a cacique, or chief. The caciquedoms were tributary kingdoms, with payment consisting of harvests, Taíno cultural artifacts include cave paintings in several locations in the country. These have become symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions
Haiti
–
Burning of the town of
Cap-Français
Haiti
–
Flag
Haiti
–
Battle between
British troops in French service and the
Haitian rebels.
Haiti
–
Pétion and Dessalines swearing allegiance to one another before God; painting by
Guillon-Lethière
30.
Maroon (people)
–
Maroons were Africans who had escaped from slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements. The term can also be applied to their descendants, in all likelihood, the words Maroon and Seminole share the same origin in the Spanish word cimarrón, meaning wild or untamed. This word usually referred to runaways or castaways and is derived from the word for thicket in Old Spanish. In the New World, as early as 1512, enslaved Africans escaped from Spanish captors, Sir Francis Drake enlisted several cimarrones during his raids on the Spanish. As early as 1655, escaped Africans had formed their own communities in inland Jamaica, when runaway Blacks and Amerindians banded together and subsisted independently they were called Maroons. On the Caribbean islands, they formed bands and on some islands, Maroon communities faced great odds to survive from colonists, obtain food for subsistence living, and to reproduce and increase their numbers. As the planters took over land for crops, the Maroons began to lose ground on the small islands. Only on some of the islands were organized Maroon communities able to thrive by growing crops. Here they grew in number as more Blacks escaped from plantations, the early Maroon communities were usually displaced. By 1700, Maroons had disappeared from the smaller islands, Survival was always difficult as the Maroons had to fight off attackers as well as attempt to grow food. In Cuba, there were communities in the mountains, where African refugees who escaped the brutality of slavery. Before roads were built into the mountains of Puerto Rico, heavy brush kept many escaped maroons hidden in the hills where many also intermarried with the natives. Escaped Blacks sought refuge away from the plantations of Ponce. Remnants of these remain to this day for example in Viñales, Cuba. Maroon communities emerged in many places in the Caribbean, but none were seen as such a threat to the British as the Jamaican Maroons. A British governor signed a treaty in 1738 and 1739 promising them 2,500 acres in two locations, to bring an end to the warfare between the communities, in exchange they were to agree to capture other escaped Blacks. They were paid a bounty of two dollars for each African returned, to this day, the Jamaican Maroons are to a significant extent autonomous and separate from Jamaican society. The physical isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today led to their communities remaining among the most inaccessible on the island, in their largest town, Accompong, in the parish of St. Elizabeth, the Leeward Maroons still possess a vibrant community of about 600
Maroon (people)
–
Body of
Ndyuka Maroon child brought before a
shaman,
Suriname, 1955
Maroon (people)
–
Maroon village,
Suriname River, 1955
Maroon (people)
–
Maroon men in Suriname, picture taken between 1910–1935
31.
Agnosticism
–
Agnosticism is the philosophical view that the existence of God or the supernatural are unknown and unknowable. Agnosticism is a doctrine or set of rather than a religion. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the word agnostic in 1869, the Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda is agnostic about the origin of the universe. Agnosticism is of the essence of science, whether ancient or modern and it simply means that a man shall not say he knows or believes that which he has no scientific grounds for professing to know or believe. Consequently, agnosticism puts aside not only the part of popular theology. On the whole, the bosh of heterodoxy is more offensive to me than that of orthodoxy, because heterodoxy professes to be guided by reason and science, and orthodoxy does not. Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, positively the principle may be expressed, In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. And negatively, In matters of the intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable, being a scientist, above all else, Huxley presented agnosticism as a form of demarcation. A hypothesis with no supporting objective, testable evidence is not an objective, as such, there would be no way to test said hypotheses, leaving the results inconclusive. His agnosticism was not compatible with forming a belief as to the truth, or falsehood, karl Popper would also describe himself as an agnostic. Others have redefined this concept, making it compatible with forming a belief, george H. Smith rejects agnosticism as a third alternative to theism and atheism and promotes terms such as agnostic atheism and agnostic theism. Agnostic was used by Thomas Henry Huxley in a speech at a meeting of the Metaphysical Society in 1869 to describe his philosophy, early Christian church leaders used the Greek word gnosis to describe spiritual knowledge. Agnosticism is not to be confused with religious views opposing the ancient religious movement of Gnosticism in particular, Huxley used the term in a broader, Huxley identified agnosticism not as a creed but rather as a method of skeptical, evidence-based inquiry. In recent years, scientific literature dealing with neuroscience and psychology has used the word to mean not knowable, in technical and marketing literature, agnostic can also mean independence from some parameters—for example, platform agnostic or hardware agnostic. Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume contended that meaningful statements about the universe are always qualified by some degree of doubt and he asserted that the fallibility of human beings means that they cannot obtain absolute certainty except in trivial cases where a statement is true by definition. A strong agnostic would say, I cannot know whether a deity exists or not, a weak agnostic would say, I dont know whether any deities exist or not, but maybe one day, if there is evidence, we can find something out. Therefore, their existence has little to no impact on human affairs. Agnostic thought, in the form of skepticism, emerged as a philosophical position in ancient Greece
Agnosticism
–
Thomas Henry Huxley
Agnosticism
–
Robert G. Ingersoll
Agnosticism
–
Bertrand Russell
32.
Deism
–
Deism is a philosophical position which posits that a god does not interfere directly with the world. Deism gained prominence among intellectuals during the Age of Enlightenment, especially in Britain, France, Germany, included in those influenced by its ideas were leaders of the American and French Revolutions. These lead to many subdivisions of modern deism which tends, therefore, Deism is a theological theory concerning the relationship between the Creator and the natural world. Deistic viewpoints emerged during the revolution of 17th Century Europe. Deism stood between the narrow dogmatism of the period and skepticism, though deists rejected atheism, they often were called atheists by more traditional theists. There were a number of different forms in the 17th and 18th Centuries, in England, deism included a range of people from anti-Christian to non-Christian theists. See the section Features of deism, following, Deism is related to naturalism because it credits the formation of life and the universe to a higher power, using only natural processes. Deism may also include an element, involving experiences of God. The words deism and theism are both derived from words for god, the former from Latin deus, the latter from Greek theós, prior to the 17th Century the terms were used interchangeably with the terms theism and theist, respectively. Theologians and philosophers of the 17th Century began to give a different signification to the words, both asserted belief in one supreme God, the Creator. Perhaps the first use of the term deist is in Pierre Virets Instruction Chrétienne en la doctrine de la foi et de lÉvangile, Viret, a Calvinist, regarded deism as a new form of Italian heresy. I have heard there are of this band those who call themselves Deists, an entirely new word. In England, the term deist first appeared in Robert Burtons The Anatomy of Melancholy, Lord Herbert of Cherbury is generally considered the father of English Deism, and his book De Veritate the first major statement of deism. Deism flourished in England between 1690 and 1740, at which time Matthew Tindals Christianity as Old as the Creation, also called The Deists Bible, later deism spread to France, notably through the work of Voltaire, to Germany, and to the United States. The concept of deism covers a variety of positions on a wide variety of religious issues. Sir Leslie Stephens English Thought in the Eighteenth Century describes the core of deism as consisting of critical and constructional elements, critical elements of deist thought included, Rejection of religions that are based on books that claim to contain the revealed word of God. Rejection of religious dogma and demagogy, Skepticism of reports of miracles, prophecies and religious mysteries. Constructional elements of deist thought included, God exists and created the universe, God gave humans the ability to reason
Deism
–
"Life and works of Confucius", by
Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.
Deism
–
Edward Herbert, portrait by
Isaac Oliver (1560–1617)
Deism
–
David Hume
Deism
–
Voltaire at age 24 by
Nicolas de Largillière
33.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
34.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
35.
A Raisin in the Sun
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A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959. The title comes from the poem Harlem by Langston Hughes, the New York Drama Critics Circle named it the best play of 1959. Walter and Ruth Younger, their son Travis, along with Walters mother Lena and Walters sister Beneatha, Walter is barely making a living as a limousine driver. Though Ruth is content with their lot, Walter is not and his plan is to invest in a liquor store in partnership with Willy and Bobo, street-smart acquaintances of Walters. At the beginning of the play, Walter and Beneathas father has recently died, Walter has a sense of entitlement to the money, but Mama has religious objections to alcohol and Beneatha has to remind him it is Mamas call how to spend it. Eventually Mama puts some of the money down on a new house, later she relents and gives the rest of the money to Walter to invest with the provision that he reserve $3,000 for Beneathas education. Walter passes the money on to Willys naive sidekick Bobo, who gives it to Willy, meanwhile, Karl Lindner, a white representative of the neighborhood they plan to move to, makes a generous offer to buy them out. He wishes to avoid neighborhood tensions over interracial population, which to the three womens horror Walter prepares to accept as a solution to their financial setback. Lena says that money was something they try to work for. While all this is going on, Beneathas character and direction in life are being defined for us by two different men, Beneathas wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison, and Joseph Asagai, neither man is actively involved in the Youngers financial ups and downs. Asagai patiently teaches Beneatha about her African heritage, he gives her thoughtfully useful gifts from Africa and she straightens her hair, for example, which he characterizes as mutilation. When Beneatha becomes distraught at the loss of the money, she is upbraided by Joseph for her materialism. She eventually accepts his point of view that things will get better with a lot of effort, along with his proposal of marriage and his invitation to move with him to Nigeria to practice medicine. Walter redeems himself and black pride at the end by changing his mind and not accepting the offer, stating that the family is proud of who they are. The play closes with the family leaving for their new home, the character Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes are often cut in reproductions. Mrs. Johnson is the Younger familys neighbor and she is nosy and loud, and cannot understand how the family can consider moving to a white neighborhood. Her lines are employed as comic relief, but Hansberry also uses this scene to mock those who are too scared to stand up for their rights. This case was heard prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act, the Hansberrys won their right to be heard as a matter of due process of law in relation to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
A Raisin in the Sun
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First-edition publication (
Random House 1959)
A Raisin in the Sun
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Scene from the play.
Ruby Dee as Ruth,
Claudia McNeil as Lena,
Glynn Turman as Travis,
Sidney Poitier as Walter, and
John Fiedler as Karl Lindner.
36.
Louis Gossett, Jr.
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Louis Cameron Gossett Jr. is an American actor. Gossett has also starred in film productions including A Raisin In The Sun. Gossett was born in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York, on May 27,1936, to Hellen Rebecca, a nurse and he is an alumnus of Mark Twain Intermediate School 239 and Abraham Lincoln High School. His stage debut came at the age of 17, in a production of You Cant Take It with You when a sports injury resulted in the decision to take an acting class. Polio had already delayed his graduation, after graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1954, he attended New York University, declining an athletic scholarship. Standing 64, he was offered the opportunity to play varsity basketball during his years at NYU. Gossett replaced Bill Gunn as Spencer Scott in Broadways Take a Giant Step and he was 17, and still a student at Abraham Lincoln High School, with no formal drama training. Gossetts Broadway theatre credits include A Raisin in the Sun, Gossett stepped into the world of cinema in the Sidney Poitier vehicle A Raisin in the Sun in 1961. Also in 1961, Gossett appeared in the original cast of Jean Genets The Blacks, the original cast also featured James Earl Jones, Roscoe Lee Browne, Cicely Tyson, Godfrey Cambridge, Maya Angelou and Charles Gordone. In 1965, Gossett appeared in the play, Zulu. Gossett wrote the antiwar folk song Handsome Johnny with Richie Havens which Havens recorded in 1966 and his Emmy Award-winning role of Fiddler in the 1977 television miniseries Roots first brought Gossett to the audiences attention. In 1983, he was cast in the role in Sadat. While filming An Officer and a Gentleman, Gossett was also starring in the 1982–1983 science fiction series and his role as drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley in the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman won him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was the first African-American male to win an Oscar in a role, the second black male to win for acting. In 1986, Gossett starred in another role as a man in the film Iron Eagle. It was followed by three sequels, Gossett is the voice of the Vortigaunts in the video game Half-Life 2 and is the Free Jaffa Leader Gerak in Season 9 of the sci-fi television series Stargate SG-1. He provides the voice of Lucius Fox in The Batman animated series and he recorded several commercials for a Nashville-based diabetic company, AmMed Direct, LLC. In 1997, Gossett presented When Animals Attack,4, a one-hour special on Fox
Louis Gossett, Jr.
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Gossett in February 2008
37.
Ruby Dee
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Ruby Dee was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist and civil rights activist. She is perhaps best known for originating the role of Ruth Younger in the stage and her other notable film roles include The Jackie Robinson Story, and Do the Right Thing. She was a Grammy, Emmy, Obie and Drama Desk winner and she was also a National Medal of Arts, Kennedy Center Honors and Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award recipient. She was married to Ossie Davis, with whom she frequently performed, Dee was born Ruby Ann Wallace on October 27,1922, in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Gladys and Marshall Edward Nathaniel Wallace, a cook, waiter and porter. After her mother left the family, Dees father remarried, to Emma Amelia Benson, Dee was raised in Harlem, New York. She attended Hunter College High School and went on to graduate from Hunter College with a degree in Romance languages in 1945 and she was a member of Delta Sigma Theta. Dee joined the American Negro Theater as an apprentice, working with Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte and she made several appearances on Broadway. Her first onscreen role was in That Man of Mine in 1946 and she received national recognition for her role in the 1950 film The Jackie Robinson Story. She played both roles opposite Poitier, during the 1960s, Dee appeared in such politically charged films as Gone Are the Days and The Incident, which is recognized as helping pave the way for young African-American actors and filmmakers. In 1969, Dee appeared in 20 episodes of Peyton Place and she appeared as Cora Sanders, a Marxist college professor, in the Season 1/Episode 14 of Police Woman, entitled “Target Black which aired on Friday night, January 3,1975. The character of Cora Sanders was obviously, but loosely, influenced by the real-life Angela Y and she appeared in one episode of The Golden Girls sixth season. She played Queen Haley in Roots, The Next Generations, a 1979 miniseries, Dee was nominated for eight Emmy Awards, winning once for her role in the 1990 TV film Decoration Day. She was nominated for her television guest appearance in the China Beach episode and her husband Ossie Davis also appeared in the episode. She appeared in Spike Lees 1989 film Do the Right Thing, in 1995, she and Davis were awarded the National Medal of Arts. They were also recipients of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004, in 2003, she narrated a series of WPA slave narratives in the HBO film Unchained Memories. In 2007 the winner of the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album was shared by Dee and Ossie Davis for With Ossie And Ruby, In This Life Together, and former President Jimmy Carter. Dee was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2007 for her portrayal of Mama Lucas in American Gangster and she won the Screen Actors Guild award for the same performance. At 83 years of age, Dee is currently the second oldest nominee for Best Supporting Actress and this was Dees only Oscar nomination
Ruby Dee
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Ruby Dee in 1972
Ruby Dee
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Dee speaking in 2006
38.
Lysistrata
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Lysistrata is a comedy by Aristophanes. The play is notable for being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society, additionally, its dramatic structure represents a shift from the conventions of Old Comedy, a trend typical of the authors career. It was produced in the year as the Thesmophoriazusae, another play with a focus on gender-based issues. At this time, Greek theatre was a form of entertainment. LYSISTRATA There are a lot of things about us women That sadden me and these lines, spoken by Lysistrata and her friend Calonice at the beginning of the play, set the scene for the action that follows. Women, as represented by Calonice, are sly hedonists in need of firm guidance, Lysistrata, however, is an extraordinary woman with a large sense of individual and social responsibility. She has convened a meeting of women from various city states in Greece and, very soon after confiding in her friend about her concerns for the female sex, the women begin arriving. With support from the Spartan Lampito, Lysistrata persuades the women to withhold sexual privileges from their menfolk as a means of forcing them to end the interminable Peloponnesian War. The women are reluctant, but the deal is sealed with a solemn oath around a wine bowl, Lysistrata choosing the words. It is a long and detailed oath, in which the women abjure all their sexual pleasures, Lampito goes off to spread the word of revolt, and the other women retreat behind the barred gates of the Acropolis to await the mens response. A Chorus of Old Men arrives, intent on burning down the gate of the Acropolis if the women dont open up, the Old Women complain about the difficulty they had getting the water, but they are ready for a fight in defense of their younger comrades. Threats are exchanged, water beats fire, and the Old Men are discomfited with a soaking, the magistrate then arrives with some Scythian archers. He reflects on the nature of women, their devotion to wine, promiscuous sex, and exotic cults. He has come for silver from the treasury to buy oars for the fleet. However, they are overwhelmed by groups of unruly women with such unruly names as σπερμαγοραιολεκιθολαχανοπώλιδες and σκοροδοπανδοκευτριαρτοπώλιδες. Lysistrata restores order and she allows the magistrate to question her and she explains to him the frustrations women feel at a time of war when the men make stupid decisions that affect everyone, and their wives opinions are not listened to. She drapes her headdress over him, gives him a basket of wool and she then explains the pity she feels for young, childless women, ageing at home while the men are away on endless campaigns. When the magistrate points out that men also age, she reminds him that men can marry at any age whereas a woman has only a time before she is considered too old
Lysistrata
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Illustration by
Aubrey Beardsley, 1896. Dramatis Personae in ancient comedy depend on scholars' interpretation of textual evidence. This list is based on Alan Sommerstein's 1973 translation.
Lysistrata
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A 2007 staging of Lysistrata
Lysistrata
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From the 2005 staging of Lysistrata produced in Central Park.
39.
Darryl F. Zanuck
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Darryl Francis Zanuck was an American film producer and studio executive, he earlier contributed stories for films starting in the silent era. He played a part in the Hollywood studio system as one of its longest survivors. He earned three Academy Awards as producer for Best Picture during his tenure, but was responsible for many more, Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska, the son of Louise and Frank Zanuck, who owned and operated a hotel in Wahoo. Zanuck was of part Swiss descent and was raised a Protestant, at age six, Zanuck and his mother moved to Los Angeles, where the better climate could improve her poor health. At age eight, he found his first movie job as an extra, in 1918, despite being sixteen, he deceived a recruiter, joined the United States Army, and served in France with the Nebraska National Guard. Upon returning to the US, he worked in many jobs while seeking work as a writer. He found work producing movie plots, and sold his first story in 1922 to William Russell and he moved into management in 1929, and became head of production in 1931. In 1933, Zanuck left Warners over a dispute with studio head Jack L. Warner. A few days later, he partnered with Joseph Schenck to form 20th Century Pictures, Inc. with financial help from Josephs brother Nicholas Schenck, mayer, President and Studio head of Loews, Inc and its subsidiary Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, along with William Goetz and Raymond Griffith. 20th Century released its material through United Artists, after a dispute with United Artists over stock ownership, Schenck and Zanuck negotiated and bought out the bankrupt Fox studios in 1935 to form Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation. Zanuck was Vice President of Production of this new studio and took an approach, closely involving himself in scripts. When the U. S. who was chauffeured by limousine to Long Island each morning from a luxury Manhattan hotel. Appalled by such privileged cosseting, Zanuck stormed down to Washington, D. C. and into the War Department, demanding a riskier assignment from Chief of Staff and he even persuaded Lord Mountbatten to allow him along on a secret coastal raid across the Channel to occupied France. The daring nighttime attack on a German radar site was a success, navy even before the U. S. entered the war, and he was horrified to discover himself drafted into Zanucks Africa unit. Cant I ever get away from you, I bet if I die and go to heaven, youll be waiting for me under a sign reading Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck. Unlike Col. Warner, most colonels from the studio system—Col, Frank Capra, Col. Anatole Litvak, Col. Hal Roach—were actually doing their cinematic jobs, often, like Zanuck, under enemy fire. Nonetheless, when Col. Zanuck was named in this investigation in 1944, whatever the reason, despite having published his own first-person account of his wartime adventures he resigned. Zanuck returned to Twentieth Century-Fox in 1944 and he avoided the studio and instead read books at home, surrounded by his growing family, and caught up on all the films he had missed while overseas in his private screening room
Darryl F. Zanuck
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Darryl F. Zanuck, 1964
Darryl F. Zanuck
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Darryl F. Zanuck at the Academy Awards celebration
Darryl F. Zanuck
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Darryl Zanuck's grave at the
Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
40.
No Way Out (1950 film)
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No Way Out is a 1950 black-and-white American film noir directed by Joseph L. No Way Out marked the film debuts of Sidney Poitier. Because he lacks self-confidence, Luther requests to work as a resident at the hospital for another year. Johnny and Ray Biddle, brothers who were shot in the leg by a policeman as they attempted a robbery, are brought to the hospitals prison ward. As Luther tends to the disoriented Johnny, he is bombarded with racist slurs by Ray, who grew up in Beaver Canal, believing that Johnny has a brain tumor, Luther administers a spinal tap, but Johnny dies during the procedure. When Ray refuses, as he not want his brothers body to be cut up, Wharton confers with the head of the hospital, Dr. Sam Moreland. Moreland, aware that a scandal over the doctors actions could endanger funding. Although she does not reveal it to Wharton, his sympathetic attitude persuades her to visit Ray to ask about the autopsy. Ray tells her, however, that Johnny would be if he had had a white doctor. Accompanied by Rays other brother George, who is deaf, Edie goes to the club, where Rocky and his pals lay plans to attack the section of town. Although Edie desperately wishes to leave, Rocky forces her to stay, meanwhile, Luther arrives at the hospital and learns about the upcoming attack from Lefty Jones, a black elevator operator. Luther tries to dissuade Lefty from organizing a counterattack, but Lefty reminds him of a riot that occurred while Luther was away at school, during which Lefty. Luther then contacts Alderman Tompkins to try to avert the riot, while Lefty, Edie watches in disgust as the whites prepare their weapons, but leaves before the blacks surprise the whites by attacking first. As victims of the riots are brought in to the hospital, before he departs, however, a drunken and disheartened Edie arrives at his house, and Wharton leaves her in the care of his black maid, Gladys. Although Edie fears that Gladys will harm her because of her connection to the riot, at the hospital, Luther tends to the victims until a white woman orders him to take his black hands off her son. Cora relates that after he left the hospital, Luther realized that the coroner would be forced to conduct an autopsy if he were charged with murder. Wharton assures Cora that he stand by Luther, and after he leaves with Edie, Coras stoic demeanor in front of the whites crumbles. Following the autopsy, the coroner confirms that Johnny died of a brain tumor, Wharton, Cora and Edie are pleased that Luther has been exonerated, but Ray insists that the doctors are conspiring to bury the truth
No Way Out (1950 film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Paul Rand
41.
Richard Widmark
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Richard Weedt Widmark was an American film, stage and television actor and producer. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role as the villainous Tommy Udo in his film, Kiss of Death. For his contribution to the picture industry, Widmark has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6800 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2002, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Widmark was born in Sunrise Township, Minnesota, the son of Ethel Mae and Carl Henry Widmark. His father was of Swedish descent and his mother of English and Scottish ancestry, Widmark grew up in Princeton, Illinois, and also lived in Henry, Illinois for a short time, moving frequently because of his fathers work as a traveling salesman. He attended Lake Forest College, where he studied acting and also taught acting after he graduated, Widmark made his debut as a radio actor in 1938 on Aunt Jennys Real Life Stories. The story of a newspaperman and his wife, the story of David. Farrell was a top reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle, when the series moved to NBC, Widmark turned the role over to Carleton G. Young and Staats Cotsworth. During the 1940s, Widmark was also heard on network radio programs as Gang Busters, The Shadow, Inner Sanctum Mysteries, Joyce Jordan, M. D. Molle Mystery Theater, Suspense and Ethel. In 1952 he portrayed Cincinnatus Shryock in an episode of Cavalcade of America titled Adventure on the Kentucky and he returned to radio drama decades later, performing on CBS Radio Mystery Theater, and was also one of the five hosts on Sears Radio Theater from 1979–81. Widmark appeared on Broadway in 1943 in F and he was unable to join the military during World War II because of a perforated eardrum. He was in Chicago appearing in a production of Dream Girl with June Havoc when 20th Century Fox signed him to a seven-year contract. Widmarks first movie appearance was in Kiss of Death, as the giggling, in his most notorious scene Udo pushed a wheelchair-bound woman down a flight of stairs to her death. He said, The director, Henry Hathaway, didnt want me, I have a high forehead, he thought I looked too intellectual. Hathaway was overruled by studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck, Hathaway gave me kind of a bad time, recalled Widmark. Widmark played Dude in the Western film Yellow Sky, with Gregory Peck and his name was billed third, above the title. They are considered examples of film noir. Around the same time, Widmark starred with Sidney Poitier in the gripping racial melodrama No Way Out, in 1952, Widmark had his handprints cast in cement at Graumans Chinese Theatre
Richard Widmark
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Widmark as Max Brock, 1973
Richard Widmark
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Widmark as Tommy Udo in
Kiss of Death (1947)
Richard Widmark
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Widmark in
Broken Lance (1954)
Richard Widmark
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Jean Hazlewood and Richard Widmark in the 1950s
42.
Blackboard Jungle
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In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Dadier makes various attempts to engage the students interest in education, cast notes This was the debut film for Campos, Morrow, and Farah, and one of Poitiers earliest. Farah later changed his name to Jamie Farr, well known for playing Corporal Klinger in the M*A*S*H TV series. According to MGM records the film earned $5,292,000 in the US and Canada, in 2010, Turner Classic Movies listed the soundtrack of the movie on its list of the Top 15 Most Influential Movie Soundtracks of all time. TCM described the impact and the influence of the movie, MGM brought Hollywood into the era with BLACKBOARD JUNGLE. In search of the kind of music teens like the films potential delinquents were listening to, when he heard Bill Haley and his Comets perform Rock Around the Clock, he found the perfect theme song -- the first rock song ever used in a Hollywood feature. Teens flocked to the film, dancing in theatre aisles as the song played over the opening credits, parents may have been shocked by such uninhibited behavior, but things got worse when screenings also inspired violence and vandalism around the world. Thanks to BLACKBOARD JUNGLE, the hit number one on the Billboard charts, eventually selling 25 million copies. The record had released the previous year, gaining only limited sales. But, popularized by its use in the film, Rock Around the Clock reached number one on the Billboard charts, and remained there for eight weeks. In some theaters, when the film was in first release, despite this, other instances of the song were not cut. The music led to a teenage audience for the film. In this sense, the film has seen as marking the start of a period of visible teenage rebellion in the latter half of the 20th century. The film marked a watershed in the United Kingdom and was refused a cinema certificate before being passed with heavy cuts. When shown at a South London Cinema in Elephant and Castle in 1956 the teenage Teddy Boy audience began to riot, tearing up seats, after that, riots took place around the country wherever the film was shown. In 2007, the Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture published an article that analyzed the films connection to crime theories, in 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally significant. The film was released on DVD in North America on May 10,2005 by Warner Home Video, list of American films of 1955 Notes Sources Ford, Peter. Rock Around the Clock and Me Blackboard Jungle at the American Film Institute Catalog Blackboard Jungle at the Internet Movie Database Destgulch. com
Blackboard Jungle
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Theatrical release poster
United States
United States Army
