1.
Yoruba people
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Yoruba people are an ethnic group of Southwestern and North Central Nigeria as well as Southern and Central Benin, together known as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute over 40 million people in total, the majority of this population is from Nigeria and make up 21% of its population, according to the CIA World Factbook, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. The majority of the Yoruba speak the Yoruba language, which is tonal, the Yoruba share borders with the Bariba to the northwest in Benin, the Nupe to the north, and the Ebira to the northeast in central Nigeria. To the east are the Edo, Ẹsan, and the Afemai groups in mid-western Nigeria, adjacent the Ebira and Edo groups are the related Igala people found in the northeast to the left bank of the Niger river. To the southwest are the Gbe speaking Mahi, Egun, Fon and Ewe who border Yoruba communities in Benin, to the southeast are Itsekiri who live in the north-west end of the Niger delta. They are ancestrally related to the Yoruba but chose to maintain a cultural identity. Significant Yoruba populations in other West African countries can be found in Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia and this older group has communities in such countries as Cuba, Dominican Republic, Saint Lucia, Jamaica, Brazil, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, among others. As an ethnic description, the word Yoruba was first recorded in reference to the Oyo Empire in a written by the 16th-century Songhai scholar Ahmed Baba. It was popularized by Hausa usage and ethnography written in Arabic and Ajami during the 19th century, the extension of the term to all speakers of dialects related to the language of the Oyo dates to the second half of the 19th century. It is due to the influence of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the first Anglican bishop in Nigeria, Crowther was himself a Yoruba and compiled the first Yoruba dictionary as well as introducing a standard for Yoruba orthography. The number of speakers is estimated at about 30 million in 2010. Yoruba is classified within the Edekiri languages, which together with the isolate Igala, Igala and Yoruba have important historical and cultural relationships. The languages of the two ethnic groups bear such a close resemblance that researchers such as Forde and Westermann and Bryan regarded Igala as a dialect of Yoruba, the Yoruboid languages are assumed to have developed out of an undifferentiated Volta-Niger group by the 1st millennium BCE. There are three dialect areas, Northwest, Central, and Southeast. The area where North-West Yoruba is spoken corresponds to the historical Oyo Empire, south-East Yoruba was probably associated with the expansion of the Benin Empire after c. Central Yoruba forms an area in that the lexicon has much in common with NWY. Though for a part based on the Oyo and Ibadan dialects. As of the 7th century BCE the African peoples who lived in Yorubaland were not initially known as the Yoruba, although they shared a common ethnicity, by the 8th century, a powerful Yoruba kingdom already existed in Ile-Ife, one of the earliest in Africa
2.
Nigeria
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Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia, the modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms, Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970. Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa, owing to its large population, with approximately 184 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world, Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as native to the Igbo. As of 2015, Nigeria is the worlds 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and it overtook South Africa to become Africas largest economy in 2014. The 2013 debt-to-GDP ratio was 11 percent, Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globes next BRIC-like economies. It is also listed among the Next Eleven economies set to become among the biggest in the world, Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country and this name was coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Lord Lugard, a British colonial administrator. The origin of the name Niger, which applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River, is uncertain. The word is likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. The Nok civilisation of Northern Nigeria flourished between 500 BC and AD200, producing life-sized terracotta figures which are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa, further north, the cities Kano and Katsina have a recorded history dating to around 999 AD. Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem-Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa, the Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture, Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri, in West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu, a city under Nri influence. The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th and 14th centuries, the oldest signs of human settlement at Ifes current site date back to the 9th century, and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures
3.
Bloomington, Illinois
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Bloomington is a city in Illinois, United States and the county seat of McLean County. It is adjacent to Normal, and is the populous of the two principal municipalities of the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area. The 2010 census showed the city had a population of 76,610, making it the 12th most populated city in Illinois, combined with Normal, the twin cities have a population of roughly 130,000. Bloomington is located at 40°29′03″N 88°59′37″W, the city is at an elevation of 797 feet above sea level. According to the 2010 census, Bloomington has an area of 27.229 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.71 inches in February to 4.52 inches in May, the Bloomington area was at the edge of a large grove occupied by the Kickapoo people before the first Euro-American settlers arrived in the early 1820s. Springing from the settlement of Keg Grove, later called Blooming Grove, Bloomington was named as county seat on December 25,1830, when the County of McLean was incorporated, a county seat was established. However, the legislation stated the site of Bloomington would be located later, james Allin, one of the new countys promoters, offered to donate 60 acres of his land for the new town. His offer was accepted, and Bloomington was laid out and its lots were sold at a well-attended and noisy auction on the 4th of July 1831. At this time there were few roads, but rich soils brought new farmers who began commerce by conducting their business in the newly formed county. People came from all over to trade and do business at the center, known today as Downtown Bloomington, including Abraham Lincoln who was working as a lawyer in nearby Springfield. In 1900 an officer on patrol discovered a fire in a laundry across the street from the old City Hall and he sounded the alarm but the fire destroyed the majority of the downtown, especially the areas north and east of the courthouse. However, the burnt area was rebuilt from the designs of local architects George Miller. During the first two decades of the 20th century, Bloomington continued to grow, agriculture, the construction of highways and railroads, and the growth of the insurance business all influenced the growth of Bloomington and its downtown area. The downtown area became a shopping center attracting trade from adjoining counties. This trend has continued to the present day, where expansion has included many restaurants, as of the census of 2010, there were 76,610 people and 30,454 households within the city. The population density was 2,814.8 people per square mile, there were 34,339 housing units at an average density of 1,261.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 77. 5% White,10. 1% African American,0. 3% Native American,7. 0% Asian,1. 42% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 6% of the population
4.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
5.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
The Gumps
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The Gumps, a popular comic strip about a middle-class family, was created by Sidney Smith in 1917, launching a 42-year run in newspapers from February 12,1917, until October 17,1959. According to a 1937 issue of Life, The Gumps was inspired by Andy Wheat, through Dr. Thomas Smith of Bloomingdale, Illinois, a dentist and a brother of Sidney Smith, Wheat met the cartoonist, who saw in him an ideal comic character. Wheat subsequently had his surname changed to Gump to match the cartoon character. His wifes name is Min, and he has two children, Chester and Goliath, now living in San Francisco, and an Uncle Bim who lives in Georgia, Gumps home is in Tucson, Arizona, but he also has a farm near his birthplace in Mississippi. The Gumps were utterly ordinary, chinless, bombastic blowhard Andy Gump, who is henpecked by his wife, Min, their sons Sam and baby James, wealthy Uncle Bim and they had a cat named Hope and a dog named Buck. The idea was envisioned by Joseph Patterson, editor and publisher of the Chicago Tribune, Patterson referred to the masses as gumps and thought a strip about the domestic lives of ordinary people and their ordinary activities would appeal to the average American newspaper reader. He hired Smith to write and draw the strip, and it was Smith who breathed life into the characters, Smith was the first cartoonist to kill off a regular character, His May 1929 storyline about the death of Mary Gold caused a national sensation. The Gumps made its debut in an unusual way, cartoonist Sidney Smith had previously drawn and written Old Doc Yak, a talking-animal strip that sustained only a brief run. The very last Old Doc Yak strip depicted Yak and his moving out of their house. On Thursday, February 8,1917, the last panel showed only the empty house, on Monday, February 12,1917, after the Gumps were introduced in the space formerly occupied by Old Doc Yak, they moved into the house formerly occupied by the Yak family. The Gumps had a key role in the rise of syndication when Robert R and it was a picture paper, and it was a perfect setting for the newly developed art of the comic strip. The first issue shows but a strip, The Gumps. It was the almost instant popularity of this strip that directly brought national syndication into being. As one of the earliest continuity strips, The Gumps was extremely popular, many of these shorts were directed by Norman Taurog, later famed as the leading director of Elvis Presley movies. In 1924, Smith wrote his characters into a novel, Andy Gump, His Life Story, the strip and its merchandising made Smith a wealthy man. On his way home from signing a $150,000 a year contract in 1935, he crashed his new Rolls-Royce, Patterson replaced Smith with sports cartoonist Gus Edson. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, when actor Martin Landau was a cartoonist, he worked as Edsons assistant on The Gumps, the Gumps launched a craze for continuity strips in newspapers. It also influenced radio and television programming, at the Chicago Tribunes radio station WGN, Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll signed on as staffers in 1925
8.
Old Doc Yak
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Old Doc Yak was a comic strip by Sidney Smith that centered on a talking goat. The origin of the character was Buck Nix, a goat Smith drew in 1908 for the Chicago Evening Journal, for three years, Nix romanced a she-goat called Nanny. In 1913, Doc Yak appeared in several short features produced by the Selig Polyscope Company, Doc Yak was a family man and more mature than Buck Nix. He had a son, Yutch, along with a number of domestic problems, the last daily Old Doc Yak strip, on February 10,1917, depicted Yak and his family moving out while wondering who might move into the house next. The last panel showed the empty house, the next days newspapers, in the space formerly occupied by Old Doc Yak, printed the very first strip of Smiths The Gumps, showing the Gumps moving into the house formerly occupied by the Yak family. Old Doc Yak continued as a Sunday strip until June 22,1919, the Gumps likewise took over the Sunday space the following week. On December 7,1930, Old Doc Yak was revived as a topper for The Gumps Sunday page, in 1998, Old Doc Yak and Yutch appeared in Valiant Varmints, a one-shot comic book from Shanda Fantasy Arts. Old Doc Yak at Don Marksteins Toonopedia, archived from the original on September 7,2015
9.
Joseph Medill Patterson
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Joseph Medill Patterson was an American journalist, publisher and founder of the Daily News in New York. His younger sister was publisher Cissy Patterson and he was the father of publisher Alicia Patterson, who founded and edited Newsday. His father was Robert W. Patterson Jr. a journalist at the Chicago Tribune who married the owners daughter and his grandfather was publisher Joseph Medill, founder of the Chicago Tribune and a mayor of Chicago, Illinois. Joseph Medill Patterson became one of the most significant newspaper publishers in the United States, founding New Yorks Daily News and he was groomed to follow in the footsteps of his famous grandfather. His mother, Elinor, and his aunt, Kate, both named their sons after their famous father. As a young adult, he asked his father if he could go to China to cover the Boxer Rebellion, granted permission, he went as a correspondent for William Randolph Hearst but did not arrive in time. He attended Yale University where he was a member of Scroll, upon graduation, he returned to Chicago, and covered the police beat for the Chicago Tribune. Patterson served in Illinois legislature briefly, married and was the father of three daughters by 1906. The youngest, Alicia, explained, “He had wanted a boy, instead of three daughters in succession, and that meant one of the Patterson girls would have to be his substitute son. ”Nearly 20 years later, in 1923, after his three daughters had become young women, his mistress gave birth to his son, James Joseph Patterson. Joseph Medill Patterson feuded with his father and resigned from the Tribune and he announced he was a socialist and wrote a muckraking article published in Colliers. Patterson moved to a farm in the country, wrote a novel, after his father died, Patterson took over the management of the Tribune. He had a dispute about how to run the Tribune with his cousin, after World War I ended, he visited London and observed a newspaper in tabloid form for the first time. Patterson moved to New York City and founded the New York Daily News as a tabloid on June 26,1919, with McCormick as co-editor and publisher. However, the two were unable to resolve their dispute, so in 1925 Patterson ceded full authority over the Tribune to McCormick in return for control of the Daily News. Initially, the Daily News was somewhat more liberal than the Tribune, however, over the years, it became more conservative as Patterson drifted rightward. He took an approach to managing the various comic strip properties in his papers. He suggested the character of Gasoline Alley adopt a foundling child who became Skeezix. Patterson influenced Chester Goulds Dick Tracy, changing the title from Plainclothes Tracy, milton Caniff credited Patterson for suggesting a comic strip about the Orient, which led to the creation of Caniffs Terry and the Pirates
10.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
11.
Chalk talk
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A chalk talk is a monologue presentation done while the speaker draws. It is usually done with chalk, hard crayon, or pastel, the chalk talk method of teaching focuses on the blackboard and the lecturers voice and also the activities – to be precise, the physical activities. This method can be preferred for presenting lectures and talks and this method has some characteristics which the presenter does not want the viewers to lose. The dominant is eyes and the communication that exist whenever the presenter has a nice lecture. This method needs an excellent teacher who is sensitive to the atmosphere to carry out chalk talk with some good effect. The teachers voice should be audible and attractive enough, otherwise students will get bored and tired, the students should get enough attention to engage them and also to inspire them. Education needs to be practical, should allow children to express themselves. Because of an article in the Deseret News published on September 17,1895 the roots of chalk talks can be traced to the Methodist church -, today chalk talks are still regularly used as a method of preaching scripture visually, by evangelists that have artistic ability. A book by Jeanne Bridge, Chalk Talk for Catechists, gives us a useful introduction to a catechetical method, basically, it talks about speaking the message by illustrating with simple chalk drawings, along with the talk, that highlight the main points of the lesson. The word which is predominant is at a lead together with the word, so that the word, in her book she uses everyday dialect for a better understanding and gives simple examples to show how a wide variety of chalk figures can be built up from a basic figurine. She also proposes a range of standard attitudes and gestures capable of depicting various situations. The use of colors and techniques and the talks about the easy use of chalk talk with unnecessary details which can be carried out quickly. People who are not familiar with this method and would like to give this method a try, a chalk talk was a popular act in vaudeville. A performer used chalk on a blackboard to make changes in a drawing while delivering a monologue, some performers would do caricatures of audience members. The term also was used to describe an act done with crayons, the term became ingrained in the language to the extent that a performance using markers and a sketch pad is still known today as a chalk talk. Winsor McCay began doing vaudeville chalk talks in 1906, in his The Seven Ages of Man vaudeville act, he drew two faces and progressively aged them. Popular illustrator Vernon Grant was also known for his vaudeville circuit chalk talks, the chalk talk format again gained attention in the 2000s in television advertisements for United Parcel Service. Andy Azula, the director for The Martin Agency, starred in a series of UPS advertisements in which he draws on a whiteboard
12.
Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
13.
Chicago American
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The papers first edition came out on July 4,1900 as Hearsts Chicago American. It became the Morning American in 1902 with the appearance of an afternoon edition, the morning and Sunday papers were renamed as the Examiner in 1904. James Keeley bought the Chicago Record-Herald and Chicago Inter-Ocean in 1914, William Randolph Hearst purchased the paper from Keeley in 1918. Distribution of the Herald Examiner after 1918 was controlled by gangsters, dion OBanion, Vincent Drucci, Hymie Weiss and Bugs Moran first sold the Tribune. They were then recruited by Moses Annenberg, who offered money to sell the Examiner, later the Herald-Examiner. This selling consisted of pressuring stores and news dealers, in 1939, Annenberg was sentenced to three years in prison for fraud and died behind bars. Under pressure from his lenders, Hearst consolidated the American and the Herald-Examiner in 1939 and it continued as the Chicago Herald-American until 1953 when it became the Chicago American. The American was bought by the Chicago Tribune in 1956, and was renamed as Chicagos American in 1959. As with many other afternoon dailies, the paper suffered in years from declining circulation figures caused in part by television news. The paper continued as a broadsheet until 1969 when the Tribune converted the paper to the tabloid-format Chicago Today. Measures to bolster the paper were unsuccessful, and Chicago Today published its final issue on September 13,1974, the Chicago Tribune inherited many of the Todays writers and staff and became a 24-hour operation. The American was the product of the merger or acquisition of 14 predecessor newspapers and inherited the tradition, as an afternoon paper, the American was dependent on street sales rather than subscriptions, and it was breaking news that brought street sales. The American was noted for its aggressive reporting and its editors, writers, and photographers went hard after every story. It was not uncommon for them to pretend to be officers or public officials to get a story. These techniques were usually used legitimately, reporters demanded information as if they had a right to it, and would often get it. With its connections to news sources and its bravado, the staff of the American regularly scooped its larger, more respectable afternoon competition. When Frank Lloyd Wright announced plans to build a building in Chicago. The tradition was exemplified by the night city editor of the American, Harry Romanoff, Romy
14.
Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
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Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, USA. The population was 7,651 at the 2010 census, a resort city located on Geneva Lake, it is popular with vacationers from Chicago and Milwaukee areas. Originally called Muck-Suck for a Potawatomi chief, the city was later named Geneva after the town of Geneva, New York, located on Seneca Lake, to which early settler John Brink saw a resemblance. Geneva, to avoid confusion with the town of Geneva, Illinois, was renamed Lake Geneva. The city was known as The Newport of the West. In 1954, Lake Geneva was one of the three finalists for the location of the new United States Air Force Academy, but ultimately lost to Colorado Springs, in 1968, Hugh Hefner built his first Playboy resort in Lake Geneva. The club closed in 1981 and in 1982 was converted into the Americana Resort, royal Records was a Lake Geneva music recording studio where artists such as Ministry, Cheap Trick, Queensrÿche, Crash Test Dummies, Iron Maiden, Nine Inch Nails and Skid Row have recorded albums. Lake Geneva is located at 42°35′33″N 88°26′4″W, the city is situated on the northeast bay of Geneva Lake on relatively flat ground, with some steep hills and bluffs. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.55 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,651 people,3,323 households, the population density was 1,169.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,225 housing units at a density of 646.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 6% White,0. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 5% Asian,8. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 17. 3% of the population. 36. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 39.8 years. 22. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 5% were from 25 to 44,26. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 5% male and 52. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 7,148 people,3,053 households, and 1,801 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,425.1 people per square mile, there were 3,757 housing units at an average density of 749.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 81% White,0. 90% African American,0. 11% Native American,1. 08% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,5. 16% from other races, and 1. 89% from two or more races
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Sol Hess (writer)
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Sol Hess was a comic strip writer best known for creating the long-run strip The Nebbs with animation artist Wallace Carlson. Born on an Illinois farm, Hess moved with his parents to Chicago and he took a job as a traveling salesman for a wholesale jewelry company and became a successful jeweler with Rettif, Hess & Madsen, a prominent firm. The company office was located near the Chicago Tribune, and Hess became friendly with the Tribune journalists and he entered the comics field as an amateur writer, receiving no pay for the gags he supplied to the cartoonists. Sidney Smith created The Gumps in 1917, and two later, he started using Hess dialogue and ideas. In 1922, after Smith signed a contract, Hess felt he was due a significant share as writer. When Smith offered him only $100 a week, a bitter Hess decided to create his own comic strip, earning $800 a week after he teamed with cartoonist Carlson to launch The Nebbs on May 22,1923. Carlson had been animating The Gumps for John Randolph Bray in 1919, and while the series was not successful, it brought Carlson in contact with Hess, carlsons career as animator ended with his last Gumps short, Fatherly Love. The Nebbs closely paralleled The Gumps, although the character of Junior Nebb bore a resemblance to an earlier Carlson character. With a situation and characters not unlike The Gumps, the strip caught on with readers and quickly became popular, comics historian Don Markstein described the characters, Even the name was Gumps-like. Gump was a word Tribune Syndicate chief Joseph M. Patterson used for a member of the Unwashed Masses, the name Nebb was short for nebbish, a Yiddish word for the sort of person who doesnt stand out in any way. Dad Rudy wasnt a type, but he did think more highly of himself than an objective observer would be likely to do. Mom Fanny was a domestic type, the family power center. Young son Junior was a lot like Chester Gump, but he did have a fabulous adventure, such as joining a circus. Teenage daughter Betsy, a young woman of the flapper era, was the only one who didnt have an analog in the other strip. Despite its similarity to a property, The Nebbs caught on. In fact, it was in most of the Hearst papers, despite being distributed by a rival of Hearsts King Features Syndicate, but it never reached the stellar heights of The Gumps. There were a few Big Little Books in the 1930s, a radio show in the mid-40s. Interviewed in 1929, Hess talked about his characters and finding humor in real-life situations, oh, they are entirely imaginary, he declared
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Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost
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The Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost name refers both to a car model and one specific car from that series. Originally named the 40/50 h. p. the chassis was first made at Royces Manchester works, with moving to Derby in July 1908. 60551, registered AX201, was the car that was given the name Silver Ghost. The Silver Ghost was the origin of Rolls-Royces claim of making the Best car in the world – a phrase coined not by themselves, the chassis and engine were also used as the basis of a range of Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars. The 40/50 hp was so new that the cars were not fully finished. The car at first had a new side-valve, six-cylinder,7036 cc engine with the cylinders cast in two units of three cylinders each as opposed to the triple two-cylinder units on the earlier six, a three-speed transmission was fitted at first with four-speed units used from 1913. The seven-bearing crankshaft had full pressure lubrication, and the main bearing was made especially large to remove vibration. Two spark plugs were fitted to each cylinder with, from 1921, continuous development allowed power output to be increased from 48 bhp at 1,250 rpm to 80 bhp at 2,250 rpm. Electric lighting became an option in 1914 and was standardised in 1919, electric starting was fitted from 1919 along with electric lights to replace the older ones that used acetylene or oil. Development of the Silver Ghost was suspended during World War I, although the chassis, the chassis had rigid front and rear axles and leaf springs all round. Early cars only had brakes on the wheels operated by a hand lever. The footbrake system moved to drums on the axle in 1913. Four-wheel servo-assisted brakes became optional in 1923, despite these improvements the performance of the Silver Ghosts competitors had improved to the extent that its previous superiority had been eroded by the early 1920s. Sales declined from 742 in 1913 to 430 in 1922, the company decided to launch its replacement which was introduced in 1925 as the New Phantom. After this, older 40/50 models were called Silver Ghosts to avoid confusion, a total of 7874 Silver Ghost cars were produced from 1907 to 1926, including 1701 from the American Springfield factory. Many of them still run today, a fine example is on display at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu. A 40/50 was privately entered in the prestigious 1912 Austrian Alpine Trial by James Radley, a factory team of four cars were prepared for the 1913 event with four-speed gearboxes, and engine power increased from 60 to 75 bhp by an increase in compression ratio and larger carburettor. The team gained six awards including the Archduke Leopold Cup, in 1907 Claude Johnson, Commercial and Managing Director of Rolls-Royce, ordered a car to be used as a demonstrator by the company
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Amos 'n' Andy
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Amos n Andy is an American radio and television sitcom set in Harlem, Manhattans historic black community. When the show moved to television, black actors took over the majority of the roles, Amos n Andy began as one of the first radio comedy series and originated from station WMAQ in Chicago. After the first broadcast in 1928, the became a hugely popular radio series. Early episodes were broadcast from the El Mirador Hotel in Palm Springs, the show ran as a nightly radio serial, as a weekly situation comedy, and as a nightly disc-jockey program. A television adaptation ran on CBS and continued in syndicated reruns and it would not be shown to a nationwide audience again until 2012. Amos n Andy creators, Gosden and Correll, were white actors familiar with minstrel traditions and they met in Durham, North Carolina, in 1920. Both men had some scattered experience in radio, but it was not until 1925 that the two appeared on Chicagos WQJ and their appearances soon led to a regular schedule on another Chicago radio station, WEBH, where their only compensation was a free meal. The lucrative offer allowed them to become full-time broadcasters, the Victor Talking Machine Company also offered them a recording contract. He suggested that Gosden and Correll adapt The Gumps for radio, the idea seemed to involve more risk than either Gosden or Correll was willing to take, neither was adept at imitating female voices, which would have been necessary for The Gumps. They were also conscious of having made names for themselves with their previous act, by playing the roles of characters doing dialect, they would be able to conceal their identities enough to be able to return to their old pattern of entertaining if the radio show was a failure. Instead, they proposed a series about a couple of colored characters and their new show, Sam n Henry, began on January 12,1926, and fascinated radio listeners throughout the Midwest. When WGN rejected the proposal, Gosden and Correll quit the show, episodes of Sam n Henry continued to be aired until July 14,1928. Corrells and Gosdens characters contractually belonged to WGN, so, when they left WGN, WMAQ, the Chicago Daily News station, hired Gosden and Correll and their former WGN announcer, Bill Hay, to create a series similar to Sam n Henry. They offered higher salaries than WGN and the right to pursue the chainless chain syndication idea, the creators later said that they named the characters, Amos and Andy, after hearing two elderly African-Americans greet each other by those names in a Chicago elevator. Amos n Andy began on March 19,1928 on WMAQ, early 1930s broadcasts of the show were done from the El Mirador Hotel in Palm Springs, California. For the programs run as a nightly series, Gosden. With the episodic drama and suspense heightened by cliffhanger endings, Amos n Andy reached a radio audience. Amos Jones and Andy Brown worked on a farm near Atlanta, Georgia, by 1930, the noted toy maker Louis Marx and Company was offering a tin wind-up version of the auto, with Amos and Andy inside
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Situation comedy
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
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