1.
War of 1812
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Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the wars end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved, the view was shared in much of New England and for that reason the war was widely referred to there as Mr. Madison’s War. As a result, the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies, the war was fought in three theatres. Second, land and naval battles were fought on the U. S. –Canadian frontier, Third, large-scale battles were fought in the Southern United States and Gulf Coast. With the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars, early victories over poorly-led U. S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated. Despite this, the U. S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britains Native American allies, both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in Ghent in August 1814. This brought an Era of Good Feelings in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism, the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U. S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force. The U. S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spains Mobile District, the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border. At the conclusion of the commemorations in 2014, a new national War of 1812 Monument was unveiled in Ottawa. The war is remembered in Britain primarily as a footnote in the much larger Napoleonic Wars occurring in Europe, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States, as Risjord notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also vindication of American identity. Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States Second War of Independence, in 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series of Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law, the American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of U. S. cotton, the British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition. The United States view was that Britains restrictions violated its right to trade with others, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors to man. The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U. S. citizens and this meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters, it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment. Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and it was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805
2.
Perrysburg, Ohio
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Perrysburg is a city in Wood County, Ohio, United States, along the south side of the Maumee River. The population was 20,623 at the 2010 census, located about 12 miles southwest of Toledo, it was founded before the now larger port city on Lake Erie. It has become a suburb of the city and they had occupied this territory since the turn of the 18th century, after having settled in the region of the French trading post at Fort Detroit. The Odawa had controlled much of the territory along the Maumee River in present-day northwestern Ohio, in 1810, early European-American settlers here were Major Amos Spafford, his wife Olive, and their four children. In 1796, Spafford, a native of Connecticut, was a surveyor for the Connecticut Land Company and he drew the first map laying out Cleveland and named the city. He left there in 1810 following appointment as collector and postmaster for the new port at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee River. Spafford was granted a 160-acre land patent on River Tract #64 in Waynesfield township, two years later,67 families lived in the area, but most fled at the outbreak of the War of 1812. After the war and the 1817 Treaty of Fort Meigs, which extinguished Odawa claim to this area, when the war clouds of 1812 began to creep upon Northwest Ohio, General William Henry Harrison ordered the construction of the fort, beginning in February 1813. Harrison was General Anthony Waynes former aide-de-camp, later he was elected as the countrys ninth president. The installation was named Fort Meigs in honor of Ohios fourth governor, Fort Meigs was constructed on a bluff above the Maumee River, and built from a design by the army engineer Captain Eleazer D. Wood, for whom the county would be named. Two critical battles with the British were fought at the fort during the War of 1812, early settlers in the area fled to Huron during the War of 1812. They returned to settle in the floodplain below Fort Meigs, calling the settlement Orleans and they moved to higher ground after being flooded out. Perrysburg was located by a team led by Alexander Bourne, appointed to that position by Edward Tiffin. The town soon became a center for shipbuilding and commerce on Lake Erie and it was named after Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, naval commander during the War of 1812. In 1833, Perrysburg contained a house and jail, a school house. In 1854, an epidemic of cholera decimated the population, the town closed down for two months in that summer, trying to contain the epidemic at a time when people did not understand how it was transmitted. Other towns along the Maumee also suffered losses from the epidemic. It has suffered a fire less than a decade before
3.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
4.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
5.
Upper Canada
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The new province remained, for the next fifty years of growth and settlement, the colonial government of the territory. Upper Canada existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841, the upper prefix in the name reflects its geographic position being closer to the headwaters of the Saint Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada to the northeast. The control the French had over Canada was handed over to Great Britain in 1763 when the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in America. The territories of modern southern Ontario and southern Quebec were initially maintained as the single Province of Quebec, from 1763 to 1791, the Province of Quebec maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. This region quickly became culturally distinct, while the act addressed some religious issues, it did not appease those used to English law. Upper Canada became an entity on December 26,1791 with the Parliament of Great Britains passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. The act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, the first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe. On February 1,1796, the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark to York, which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. Upper Canadas constitution was said to be the image and transcript of the British constitution. The Executive Council of Upper Canada had a function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the Legislative Assembly. They held a position, however, and did not serve in administrative offices as cabinet ministers do. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative Assembly but were members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative branch of the government consisted of the parliament comprising legislative council, forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident. The site was abandoned for another, to the west. The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada, although modelled after the British House of Lords, Upper Canada had no aristocracy. Members of the Legislative council, appointed for life, formed the core of the group, the Family Compact. The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada functioned as the house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council, local government in the Province of Upper Canada was based on districts
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Tecumseh
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Tecumseh /tᵻˈkʌmsə, tᵻˈkʌmsi/tə-KUM-sə, tə-KUM-see was a leader of the Shawnee Native Americans. He led a large tribal confederacy against the United States during Tecumsehs War, Tecumseh grew up in the Ohio Country during the American Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War, where he was constantly exposed to warfare. With Americans continuing to move west after the British ceded the Ohio Valley to the new United States in 1783, in 1808, they settled Prophetstown in present-day Indiana. During the War of 1812, Tecumsehs confederacy allied with the British, prior to the raid, Chief Tecumseh delivered a powerful speech upon a rock that is preserved to this day at Fort Malden. After the U. S. Navy took control of Lake Erie in 1813, American forces caught them at the Battle of the Thames, and killed Tecumseh in October 1813. With his death, his confederation disintegrated, and the Native Americans had to move west again, yet Tecumseh became a folk hero in American, Aboriginal. Tecumsehs father was named Puckshinwa, a minor Shawnee war chief of the Kispoko band, according to some sources, Puckshinwas father was Muscogee and his mother was Shawnee. Either because his father died when he was young, or because among the Creeks a husband lives with his wifes family, Tecumsehs mother was Methotaske, Puckshinwas second wife. She is believed to have been Shawnee through her father and her mother, possibly of the Pekowi band, Tecumsehs great-great grandfather on his mothers side, Straight Tail Meaurroway Opessa, was a prominent Chief of the Pekowi and the Turtle Clan. Shawnee lineage was recorded paternally, which made Tecumseh a member of the Kispoko, at the time Tecumsehs parents married, their tribe was living somewhere near modern Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The tribe had lived in that region alongside the Creek tribe since being driven from their homes in the Ohio River Valley by the Iroquois during the 17th-century Beaver Wars, about 1759, the Pekowi band decided to move west into the Ohio Country. Not wanting to force his wife to choose him and her family, Puckshinwa decided to travel north with her. The Pekowi founded the settlement of Chillicothe where Tecumseh was likely born, during the 1760s, Puckshinwa took part in the French and Indian War. Tecumseh was born about March 1768, Popular tradition locates his birthplace in Old Chillicothe. During Tecumsehs boyhood, white frontiersmen slew his father Pucksinwah at the Battle of Point Pleasant during Lord Dunmore’s War in 1774, the frontiersmen had crossed onto Indian land in violation of a recent treaty. Tecumseh did not witness battle of any sort, however, until about 1780 during the battle of Piqua, while he did not engage in combat, the sacking of his village was essential in his drive towards becoming a warrior. Tecumseh resolved to become a warrior like his father and to be a fire spreading over the hill and valley, in time, Tecumseh came to lead his own band of warriors. For a while, these Indian raids became so effective that river traffic virtually ceased, the Shawnee were military allies with the British during the American Revolutionary War and repeatedly battled the Americans
8.
William Henry Harrison
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William Henry Harrison Sr. was the ninth President of the United States, an American military officer, and the last president born as a British subject. He was 68 years,23 days old at the time of his inauguration and he died of complications from pneumonia 31 days into his term, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history. He was the first president to die in office, and his death sparked a constitutional crisis. He was the grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, who served as the 23rd United States President from 1889 to 1893, before election as president, Harrison served as the first congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory and the first Governor of Indiana Territory. He gained national fame for leading U. S. forces against Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, as a general officer in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable action was in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Indian coalition which Tecumseh had led, after the war, Harrison moved to Ohio, where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. In 1824, the legislature elected him to the United States Senate. He served a term after being appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia in May 1828. In Santa Fe de Bogotá, he spoke with president Simón Bolívar, returning to his farm in Ohio, Harrison lived in relative retirement until he was nominated for the presidency as one of several Whig Party candidates in the election of 1836. He received more votes than any other Whig, but was defeated by Democrat Martin Van Buren and he retired again to his farm. Van Buren soon became a target of criticism from the Whigs surrounding economic difficulties following the Panic of 1837. John Tyler of Virginia was selected as his running mate, Harrison and Tyler defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election. However, Harrison died of pneumonia in April 1841, a month after taking office, Tyler then assumed all of the powers and duties of the president, setting a major precedent. Harrison was a member of a prominent political family of entirely English descent, Harrison was also the last U. S. president born as a British subject before American Revolution. Benjamin Harrison V, Williams father, was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, the senior Harrison also served in the Virginia legislature as the fifth governor of Virginia in the years during and after the American Revolutionary War. Williams older brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, represented Virginia in the U. S. House, Harrison was tutored at home before he entered Hampden–Sydney College, the Presbyterian school in Virginia in 1787 at age 14. He remained at the school until 1790, receiving an education that included Latin, Greek, French, logic. Harrisons Episcopalian father removed him from the college, possibly because of a revival that was occurring at the school
9.
Green Clay
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He was believed to be one of the wealthiest men of the state, owning tens of thousands of acres of land, many slaves, several distilleries, a tavern, and ferries. Clay was born in Powhatan County, Virginia in 1757 to Charles, after serving in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, he joined the westward migration to Kentucky, where he became a surveyor. This gave him a chance to assess lands for cultivation and development and he was a cousin of US Congressman and statesman Henry Clay and Alabama governor Clement Comer Clay. Clay developed and owned several distilleries and a tavern in central Kentucky and he also started a business providing ferry service at several stops across the winding Kentucky River. In 1789 he was elected Kentuckys representative to the Virginia House of Delegates, later he was elected and served in both the house and senate of the Kentucky General Assembly. In 1795, Green Clay at 38 married the much younger Sally Lewis in Kentucky and she was the daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Lewis. They had seven children, of whom six survived to adulthood and their first child was Elizabeth Lewis Clay and other daughters were Pauline, Rodes and Sallie. Their sons were Sidney, Brutus J. Clay and Cassius Marcellus Clay, at age 17, Elizabeth married John Speed Smith, who became a politician in Kentucky and U. S. Congressman. Their son Green Clay Smith was named for his grandfather, like his father, maternal uncles Brutus and Cassius, and cousins, he also became a politician in Kentucky. During the War of 1812, Clay was commissioned as a general in the Kentucky militia, in the spring of 1813, he was ordered to the aid of General William Henry Harrison, who was besieged by British forces at Fort Meigs, Ohio. Clay fought his way into the fort, however, many of his men were taken prisoner by Tecumseh after they had captured a British artillery battery, when the British abandoned the siege, Clay was left in command of the fort. He was still commanding when the British returned in July 1813, in an attempt by Tecumseh to lure Clay and the garrison out of the fort, the native warriors staged a mock battle, appearing to ambush a column of American reinforcements. Clay was not fooled, since he knew no reinforcements were coming and he was able to hold out until the British again retreated. After the war, Clay returned to his plantation, and spent the rest of his directing the labor of his many slaves in cultivating commodity crops of tobacco. He is thought to have been the wealthiest man in Kentucky of his time and he died at his home in 1828 at the age of 73, and was buried with Masonic rites in Richmond, Kentucky. His widow Sally Lewis Clay married again, to Jeptha Dudley and she moved with him to Frankfort, Kentucky, living there for nearly 40 years before her death in 1867. Clay County, Kentucky, was named in his honor, Green Clay at Find a Grave
10.
Battle of Tippecanoe
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Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans from various tribes that opposed US expansion into Native territory. Tecumseh, not yet ready to oppose the United States by force, was away recruiting allies when Harrisons army arrived, Tenskwatawa, a spiritual leader but not a military man, was in charge. Harrison camped near Prophetstown on November 6 and arranged to meet with Tenskwatawa the following day, early the next morning, however, warriors from Prophetstown attacked Harrisons army. Although the outnumbered attackers took Harrisons army by surprise, Harrison, the Native Americans were ultimately repulsed when their ammunition ran low. After the battle, they abandoned Prophetstown and Harrisons men burned it to the ground, destroying the supplies stored for the winter. Harrison, having accomplished his goal of destroying Prophetstown, proclaimed he had won a decisive victory and he gained the nickname Tippecanoe, which was popularized in the campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler too during the election of 1840, which Harrison won and became president. The defeat was a setback for Tecumsehs confederacy from which it never fully recovered, public opinion blamed the violence on British interference in American affairs through financial and munitions support for the Indians. This led to a deterioration of relations with Britain and was a catalyst of the War of 1812. By the time the US declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1812, in preparation, the Natives soon rebuilt Prophetstown, and frontier violence increased after the battle until Tecumseh was finally killed in 1813 during the Battle of the Thames. Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, had been leading a movement among the northwestern tribes. His brother, Tecumseh, was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne, not yet ready to confront the United States directly, Tecumsehs primary adversaries were initially the Native American leaders who had signed the treaty. He began by intimidating them and threatening to kill anyone and their followers who carried out the terms of the treaty, Tecumseh began to travel widely, urging warriors to abandon the accommodationist chiefs and to join the resistance at Prophetstown. Tecumseh insisted that the Fort Wayne treaty was illegitimate, in an 1810 meeting with Harrison, he demanded that Harrison nullify the treaty and warned that settlers should not attempt to settle the lands sold in the treaty. Harrison rejected his demands and insisted that the tribes could have relations with the United States. In the meeting Tecumseh warned Harrison that he would seek an alliance with the British if hostilities broke out, tensions between the United States and Britain had been high for several months as a result of British interference in U. S. commerce with France. In August 1811, Tecumseh again met with Harrison at Vincennes, Tecumseh then traveled to the south on a mission to recruit allies among the Five Civilized Tribes. Harrison left the territory for business in Kentucky shortly after the meeting with Tecumseh, by mid-September, most of the militia regiments had formed. By then, Harrison had returned, accompanied by a force of army regulars
11.
Siege of Fort Mackinac
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The Siege of Fort of Mackinac was one of the first engagements of the War of 1812. A British and Native American force captured the island soon after the outbreak of war between Britain and the United States, encouraged by the easy British victory, more Native Americans rallied to their support. Their cooperation was an important factor in several British victories during the remainder of the war, Mackinac Island was a U. S. fur trading post in the Straits of Mackinac between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. Since the mid-seventeenth century, it had been important for its influence, British and Canadian traders had resented it being ceded to the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War. The United States Army maintained a fort, named Fort Mackinac. About 40 miles away was the British military post on St. Joseph Island, as soon as he learned of the outbreak of war, Brock sent a canoe party led by the noted trader William McKay to Roberts with the vital news, and orders to capture Mackinac. McKay reached St. Joseph Island on 8 July, as preparations for the expedition proceeded, Roberts received successive orders from Brock to cancel, and then to reinstate, the attack on Mackinac. Colonel Edward Baynes, the Adjutant General for all British forces in Canada, however, on 15 July, Roberts received further orders from Brock which allowed him to use his own discretion. Fearing that the Indians would drift away if they were not allowed to attack and his force was embarked in the armed schooner Caledonia belonging to the North West Company, seventy war canoes and ten bateaux. Fort Mackinac was sited on a ridge which overlooked the harbour at the south-eastern end of the island. The American garrison consisted of 61 artillerymen under Lieutenant Porter Hanks with seven guns, although one of these. There were other weaknesses, the garrison relied for fresh water on a spring outside the fort, the United States Secretary of War William Eustis, who was apparently preoccupied with financial economies, had sent no communications to Hanks for several months. He sent word of the declaration of war on 18 June to the commanders in the northwest by ordinary rate post, though he was unaware of events elsewhere, Hanks had heard rumours of unusual activity at St. Joseph Island. He sent a fur trader named Michael Dousman, who held a commission as an officer in the militia, dousmans boat was captured by the advancing British force, and Dousman apparently quickly changed sides. Hankss force was surprised and was already at a tactical disadvantage, the flag of truce had been accompanied by three of the villagers, who greatly exaggerated the number of Indians in Robertss force. Fearing a massacre by the Indians, Hanks capitulated without a fight, the garrison of the fort was taken prisoner but was released on giving their parole not to fight for the remainder of the war. The islands inhabitants were made to swear an oath of allegiance to the United Kingdom or leave within a month, Roberts arrested three deserters from the British Army and twenty alleged British citizens. There was no looting, although Roberts expropriated the goods in the United States storehouses, the British abandoned their own fort at St. Joseph Island and concentrated their forces at Mackinac Island
12.
Battle of Fort Dearborn
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The battle, which occurred during the War of 1812, followed the evacuation of the fort as ordered by William Hull, commander of the United States Army of the Northwest. The battle lasted about 15 minutes and resulted in a victory for the Native Americans. Fort Dearborn was burned down and those soldiers and settlers who survived were taken captive, Fort Dearborn was constructed by United States troops under the command of Captain John Whistler in 1803. It was located on the bank of the main stem of the Chicago River in what is now the Loop community area of downtown Chicago. At the time, the area was seen as wilderness, in the view of later commander, Heald, the fort was named in honor of Henry Dearborn, then United States Secretary of War. It had been commissioned following the Northwest Indian War of 1785–1795, the British Empire had ceded the Northwest Territory—comprising the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin—to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. However the area had been the subject of dispute between the Native American nations and the United States since the passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787, the Indian Nations followed Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee prophet and the brother of Tecumseh. Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the children of the Evil Spirit, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion. The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies, attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States. The Confederations raids hindered American access to potentially valuable farmlands, mineral deposits, in 1810, as a result of a long running feud, Captain Whistler and other senior officers at Fort Dearborn were removed. Whistler was replaced by Captain Nathan Heald, who had stationed at Fort Wayne. Heald was dissatisfied with his new posting and immediately applied for a leave of absence to spend the winter in Massachusetts. On his return journey to Chicago, he visited Kentucky, where he married Rebekah Wells, the daughter of Samuel Wells, as the United States and Britain moved towards war, antipathy between the settlers and Native Americans in the Chicago area increased. In the summer of 1811, British emissaries tried to enlist the support of Native Americans in the region, on April 6,1812, a band of Winnebago Indians murdered Liberty White, an American, and John B. Cardin, a French Canadian, at a farm called Hardscrabble that was located on the branch of the Chicago River. News of the murder was carried to Fort Dearborn by a soldier of the garrison named John Kelso, following the murder, some residents of Chicago moved into the fort while the rest fortified themselves in a house that had belonged to Charles Jouett, a Native American agent. Fifteen men from the population were organized into a militia by Captain Heald. On June 18,1812, the United States declared war on the British Empire, Hull also sent a copy of these orders to Fort Wayne with additional instructions to provide Heald with all the information, advice and assistance within their power
13.
Siege of Detroit
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The Siege of Detroit, also known as the Surrender of Detroit, or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the Anglo-American War of 1812. The British victory reinvigorated the militia and civil authorities of Upper Canada, many Native American people in the Northwest Territory were inspired to take arms against American outposts and settlers. The British held Detroit for more than a year before their small fleet on Lake Erie was defeated, in particular it was urgently necessary to reinforce the outpost of Detroit, which had a population of 800 but a peacetime garrison of only 120 soldiers. Madison and Eustis concurred with this plan, Madison offered command of the army to Hull, an ageing veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Hull was initially reluctant to take the appointment, but no other officer with his prestige, after repeated pleas from Madison, Hull finally accepted, and was commissioned as a Brigadier General in the United States Army. Hulls army consisted initially of three regiments of Ohio militia under Colonels Lewis Cass, Duncan McArthur and James Findlay. When Hull took command of them at Dayton on 25 May, he found that they were equipped and ill-disciplined. He made hasty efforts to remedy the deficiencies in equipment, Infantry under Lieutenant Colonel James Miller, the army marched north from Urbana on 10 June. On instructions from Eustis, Hull ignored an earlier established by Anthony Wayne. On 26 June, he received a letter from Eustis, dated 18 June, warning him that war was imminent, Eustis had sent his first letter of 18 June by special messenger. Congress had passed the declaration of war later that day but Eustis sent a letter to Hull with this vital information only by ordinary mail. On 28 June, the postmaster at Cleveland, Ohio hired an express rider to rush the letter to Hull but even this arrived only on 2 July. On 2 July, the unsuspecting Cayahoga was captured by a Canadian-manned armed brig of the Provincial Marine, Hull reached Detroit on 5 July. Here he was reinforced by detachments of Michigan militia, including the 140 men of the Michigan Legionary Corps which Hull had established in 1805, the American army was short of supplies, especially food, as Detroit apparently provided only soap and whiskey. Nevertheless, Eustis urged Hull to attack Amherstburg, the fort there was defended by 300 British regulars, mainly from the 41st Regiment of Foot,400 Native Americans, and some militia. The posts commander was Colonel St. George, who was superseded by Colonel Henry Procter of the 41st. Although Hull was not enthusiastic, writing to Eustis that The British command the water and he issued several proclamations which were intended to induce Canadians to join or support his army. Some of his troops raided up the Thames as far as Moraviantown
14.
Siege of Fort Harrison
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The Siege of Fort Harrison was an engagement that lasted from September 4 to 15,1812. Harrison had long advocated building a fort in the strategic location, the fort protected the armys supply lines, as well as the capital of the Indiana Territory downstream in Vincennes. The site, located in present-day Vigo County, Indiana, at the edge of Terre Haute, was only two miles from the Wea village of Weauteno. It was said to be the location of a battle involving the Illiniwek. Major Joseph Hamilton Daveiss proposed that the stockade be named Fort Harrison in General Harrisons honor, the fort was finished October 28,1811, and had a 150 feet stockade encircling the post. Leaving the fort and a garrison under Colonel James Miller, Harrison led his army to the Tippecanoe battleground. When the army returned, Harrison left Captain Josiah Snelling in command of Fort Harrison, Snelling served as commandant of the fort from November 11,1811 until May 1812. During that winter, the fort was shaken by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes, Snelling was later transferred to Fort Detroit. After the outbreak of the War of 1812, Captain Zachary Taylor, future President of the United States, was ordered by Harrison to leave Fort Knox and assume command of Fort Harrison. The United States had suffered a series of defeats immediately after war was declared, at the hands of the British, Canadians and these victories helped motivate other native tribes to take up campaigns against remote American outposts. On September 3,1812, a band of Miami arrived and warned Captain Taylor that they would soon be attacked by a force of Native Americans. That evening, shots were heard, but Taylor was hesitant to send a scout party and he only had 50 men in his garrison, and sickness had reduced the number of effective soldiers to only 15. In the morning, a party was dispatched and discovered the bodies of two settlers, the Doyle brothers. The brothers were buried, and the party reported back to Fort Harrison, Captain Taylor, with his 15 able soldiers and about 5 healthy settlers, made ready for the expected attack. Each of the 20 men was issued sixteen rounds to fire and that day, September 4, a force of 600 Potawatomi, Wea, Shawnee, Kickapoo and Winnebago warriors approached Fort Harrison. A party of 40 men under command of Kickapoo Chief Namahtoha approached under a flag of truce, Taylor agreed, and the Indian force retreated to camp for the night. That night, a warrior crawled up and set the blockhouse on fire, when the sentries opened fire on the arsonist, the 600-strong Indian war party attacked the west side of the fort. Taylor ordered the forts surgeon and a handful of defenders to control the fire, the blockhouse, which was attached to the barracks, had a store of whiskey, which soon ignited, and the fire raged out of control
15.
Siege of Fort Wayne
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The Siege of Fort Wayne took place during the War of 1812, between United States and American Indian forces in the wake of the successful British campaigns of 1812. Since 1811, after the defeat at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Encouraged by other British/Native American victories at places such as Fort Dearborn and Detroit, Fort Wayne, in northeast Indiana Territory, had fallen into disrepair in the years leading up to 1812. As a frontier outpost stationed in a busy Native American town, the garrison was often insubordinate, the walls, once strong enough to withstand cannonballs, had not been maintained. Although there was a well inside the fort, the food stores had gotten low by September. The garrison first learned of the fall of Fort Dearborn on 26 August, on 28 August, Stephen Johnston, the assistant trade factor at Fort Wayne, was killed a mile away from Fort Wayne. The news was met with alarm, and John Johnston of Piqua, in September 1812, Indians from the Potawatomi and Miami tribes, led by Chief Winamac, gathered around Fort Wayne. Captain James Rhea sent letters to John Johnston and Ohio Governor Return Meigs to ask for assistance, the growing Indian threat outside the fort led Rhea to begin drinking heavily. On several occasions Rhea invited Indian delegates into the fort to discuss terms of peace with the Indians, on 4 September, Potawatomi chiefs Winamac and Five Medals approached the fort under a flag of truce and asked to speak to Captain Rhea. Rhea, who had been drinking, met them at the gate, Rhea invited Winamac to his quarters, where they shared wine. Rhea declared Winamac to be his friend, and invited him back for breakfast the next day, Winamac interpreted feigned friendship as cowardliness, however, and prepared for battle. Morning 5 September, the siege began when Chief Winamacs forces attacked two soldiers returning from an outhouse, the Native Americans assaulted the fort from the east side and burned the homes of the surrounding village. The Indians constructed two wooden cannons and were able to trick the garrison into thinking they had artillery besieging the fort as well, Captain Rhea was again drunk, and took to his quarters, sick. The Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, Benjamin Stickney, was recovering from an illness, Chief Winamac came to the gate again, that evening, and was admitted- unarmed- with thirteen of his men. As they talked, Winamac revealed a knife that he had hidden, Winamac left the fort, and the Native American forces opened fire at about eight oclock PM. Winamacs forces tried to set the fort on fire, and while the garrison- about 70 soldiers and some tried to keep the walls wet, they returned fire with muskets. The battle lasted until three oclock in the afternoon on 6 September, when the American Indian forces retired to a distance from the fort. The fighting resumed at nine oclock that night, efforts were already underway to reinforce Fort Wayne after the news of Fort Detroit reached Newport Barracks
16.
Battle of Wild Cat Creek
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The Battle of Wild Cat Creek was the result of a November 1812 punitive expedition against Native American villages during the War of 1812. It has been nicknamed Spurs Defeat, which is thought to refer to the used by the soldiers to drive their horses away from the battle as quickly as possible. The campaign is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of Tippecanoe, russell, coming from the Siege of Fort Harrison, led a force of Illinois militia and Indiana Rangers, and was successful in destroying a hostile Kickapoo village on Peoria Lake. Russell had to retreat to Cahokia, however, when he could not locate the forces under Hopkins, Hopkins could not get his Kentucky militia to engage, and had been driven back to Vincennes when the Kickapoo started a prairie grass fire. Major General Hopkins was humiliated by his loss, and discharged the Kentucky militia under his command. He then raised a new army, consisting of three regiments of Kentucky Infantry, one company of the 7th Infantry under Major Zachary Taylor, a troop of Indiana Rangers, and a company of scouts. Hopkins left Vincennes on 11 November 1812 and marched north, following the same route William Henry Harrison had taken in 1811, when the army reached the site of the Battle of Tippecanoe, they found that some of the United States dead had been exhumed and scalped. The bodies were reburied before the army proceeded to Prophetstown, which it reached on 19 November, Prophetstown had been destroyed in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, but was now partially rebuilt, with an even larger Kickapoo village nearby. All residents and provisions had been evacuated as the army approached, the army burned the villages to the ground. A Winnebago village was nearby, on Wildcat Creek. Colonel Miller led 300 men and destroyed the evacuated village, on November 21, as a scouting party explored the creek, they were fired upon, and the entire force retreated to rejoin the main army, leaving behind the body of a soldier named Dunn. The next day,22 November, Colonels Miller and Wilcox accompanied Captain Beckes, after riding about six miles up Wildcat Creek, they found a dead comrades head stuck on a pole and a Native standing beside the head taunting them. Thirteen Indiana Rangers were outraged by this and chased the rider, but he managed to stay ahead of them, here, Kickapoo, Winnebago, and Shawnee warriors ambushed the Rangers. Within two minutes, twelve men and several horses were dead or dying, many of the officers were killed, and the Rangers fled. One man who escaped did so by spurring his horse to gallop faster, one man, Benoit Besayon, had been a long-time trader with the Indian villages in the area, and was captured alive in the canyon. He was judged to be a traitor, and sentenced to be burned at the stake, as the fire was lit, however, a friend took pity on him and shot him. The American losses on November 21–22 were seventeen killed and three wounded, scouts learned that a large force of Native Americans were gathering to fight Hopkins army, and they prepared to do battle as soon as possible. Bitter cold set in, however, and a snowstorm threatened the expedition, when the Indian camp was reached on 24 November, it was deserted
17.
Battle of the Mississinewa
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The site is near the city of Marion, Indiana. Today, the location is the site of Mississinewa 1812, the largest War of 1812 reenactment in the United States, the annual festival draws thousands of visitors from all over the world. In 2004, a memorial was unveiled and is currently on display near the Mississinewa River in downtown Marion. After receiving permission from Secretary of War William Eustis, Harrison ordered Lieutenant Colonel John B, Campbell to lead an expedition into Indiana. Campbells objective was to destroy the Miami villages along the Mississinewa River, if possible, he was to avoid harm to Miami chiefs Pacanne, Jean Baptiste Richardville, White Loon, or Lenape Chief Silver Heel. Campbells force of 600 mounted troops departed from Fort Greenville on December 14 and traveled 80 miles and reached Silver Heels village on December 17, the mounted force then moved down the Mississinewa River, attacking at least two Miami villages. The Indians were taken by surprise and had not evacuated, a large number of Miami were killed, and 76 were taken prisoner, including 34 women and children. Later that day, having accomplished his objective, Campbell considered returning to Fort Greenville on account of severe frostbite among his troops, the next morning, December 18, as Campbell returned to Silver Heels village, a sizeable Native American force counterattacked. The American Indians were outnumbered, but fought fiercely to rescue the villagers being held by Campbell. A joint cavalry charge led by Major James McDowell and Captains Trotter, the American loss was 8 killed and 48 wounded. Campbell claimed that 8 Indians were killed on December 17 and that at least 30 were killed on December 18,8 warriors and thirty-four women and children were captured. One of the villagers told Campbell that Tecumseh was nearby and was coming with hundreds of men, so Campbell began the return march to Fort Greenville. An entire regiment, under Colonel Simrale, was disbanded due to frostbite, the Indian force was only concerned with protecting their lives and winter food supplies. In order to ensure this, they needed to stop Cambells expedition and force it to return to its base, Harrison received approval and appointed Campbell a full colonel in the Regular Army. Harrison ordered another attack on the Mississinewa villages the following July, although crops and houses were again destroyed, the Miami had evacuated and escaped further casualties. Three active battalions of the Regular Army perpetuate the lineages of the old 19th Infantry Regiment, list of battles fought in Indiana Allison, Harold. The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians, the War of 1812 in the Old Northwest. East Lansing, MI, The Michigan State University Press, the Miami Indians of Indiana, A Persistent People
18.
Battle of Frenchtown
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The Battles of Frenchtown, also known as the Battle of the River Raisin and the River Raisin Massacre, was a series of conflicts that took place from January 18–23,1813 during the War of 1812. It was fought between the United States and a British and Native American alliance near the River Raisin in Frenchtown, the battle on January 22 had the highest number of fatalities of any battle during this war. On January 18,1813 the Americans forced the retreat of the British and their Native American allies from Frenchtown, the movement was part of a larger United States plan to advance north and retake Fort Detroit, following its loss in the Siege of Detroit the previous summer. Despite this initial success, the British and Native Americans rallied and launched a counterattack four days later on January 22. Ill-prepared, the Americans lost 397 soldiers in this battle, while 547 were taken prisoner. Dozens of wounded prisoners were murdered the day in a massacre by the Native Americans. More prisoners were killed if they could not keep up on the march to Fort Malden. This was the deadliest conflict recorded on Michigan soil, and the casualties included the highest number of Americans killed in a battle during the War of 1812. Parts of the battlefield were designated as a state historic park. In 2009 Congress authorized its upgrade into the River Raisin National Battlefield Park, one of four parks in the nation. The Battle of Frenchtown took place in Frenchtown township in the Michigan Territory, much of the land it was fought on is now incorporated into the city of Monroe. The plural Battles of Frenchtown is also used for the conflict from January 18 through 22. While the battle began on January 18, the heaviest fighting took place on January 22 and it is often referred to as the Battle of the River Raisin, because of its proximity to that river. The engagement may be divided into the First Battle of the River Raisin, the name River Raisin Massacre is used for the events of January 23, the day after the surrender, when pro-British Indians murdered dozens of wounded United States prisoners. These volunteer soldiers from Kentucky were too badly injured to march overland to Canada, on August 17,1812, Brigadier General William Hull, commanding the American Army of the Northwest, surrendered his troops and Fort Detroit to the British army following the Siege of Detroit. This early success convinced many Native Americans to side with Britain in the war, General Hull was later tried by a military court and sentenced to death for his disgraceful conduct at Detroit. However, President James Madison commuted the sentence to dismissal from the army in recognition of Hulls honorable service during the American Revolution, at that time, Fort Detroit was a strategic outpost and a potential base for any US invasion of British Upper Canada. Its loss to the British gave them a base to increase their presence in the Michigan Territory, when the British captured Detroit, the Frenchtown militia also surrendered and were disarmed
19.
Battle of Fort Stephenson
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The Battle of Fort Stephenson was an American victory during the War of 1812. After failing to defeat American forces in the siege of Fort Meigs, Procter attempted to take Fort Meigs again in July by staging a mock battle to lure the defenders out of the fort. The ploy failed, and Procter abandoned the idea of taking the fort, the British and Indian force moved on to capture an American supply base on the Sandusky River guarded by Fort Stephenson. The fort was commanded by Major George Croghan with a garrison of 160 U. S, william Henry Harrison, the U. S. commander of the Northwest Frontier, believed Procters force to be larger than it was and ordered Croghan to destroy the fort and withdraw. Croghan insisted that he could hold the fort and stayed, Harrison agreed to let Croghan stay, but still fearing the worst he moved all available forces 10 miles away from Fort Stephenson. Expecting Harrison to be moving to Fort Stephensons aid, Procter had no intentions of conducting a siege as he had at Fort Meigs, the British artillery and gunboats began shelling the fort but with little effect. On August 2, Procter ordered an infantry assault, Croghan ordered the defenders to hold fire until the attackers were within close range. Once within range, the garrison opened fired along with the forts artillery, the attack fell back, and Procter tried and failed several more times. Lacking scaling ladders, Procter finally realized that the attackers could do little against the fort. Procter called off the attack, and the Indians returned to the field late at night to carry away the wounded. Five currently active units of the Regular Army perpetuate the lineages of the old 17th and 24th Infantry Regiments, the battle had been a victory for the Americans. George Croghan emerged from the battle as a hero and was promoted to lieutenant colonel, both Procter and Harrison suffered criticism for their parts in the battle. The British as well as Tecumseh were growing increasingly aware of Procters shortcomings, Harrison was criticised for not making a whole-hearted effort to come to the forts aid. Yet the British had been defeated, and Procter withdrew to Canada, in the following months, the Americans won decisive victories at the battles of Lake Erie and the Thames. The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, east Lansing, MI, The Michigan State University Press
20.
Battle of Lake Erie
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The Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes called the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of British Royal Navy and it was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812. When the war broke out, the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie and they already had a small force of warships there, the sloop-of-war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter. The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war and these vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine, which was a military transport service and not a naval service. Nevertheless, the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels, the British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered, renaming her Detroit. Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured, Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy. Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop-rigged Trippe, while the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River, all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock. Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania as a base on the lake. Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there, although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities, Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812. Other than their rig and crude construction, the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet, the heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay, and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty. However, the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh, which was expanding as a manufacturing center, master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie, through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell, the Senior Senator from Rhode Island, supplanting Lieutenant Elliot and he arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March. Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle, he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey. Perry had them towed by oxen up the Niagara, an operation which took six days. Meanwhile, Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie, another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely. Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the journey to Amherstburg overland. He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen, nevertheless, he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost. He first reconnoitred Perrys base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia, with batteries and he then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie, hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock
21.
Battle of the Thames
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The Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was a United States victory in the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom and Tecumsehs Confederacy. It took place on October 5,1813 in Upper Canada, near present-day Chatham, British troops under Major General Henry Procter had occupied Detroit until the U. S. Navy gained control of Lake Erie, depriving them of their supplies. Procter was forced to retreat north up the river Thames to Moraviantown, where his allies, American control over the Northwest frontier was re-established, the tribal confederacy collapsed, and Procter would later be court-martialled for his poor leadership. The British position depended on maintaining command of Lake Erie, from the start of the war to the end of July 1813, the British ships, which since May 5,1813 were led by Commander Robert Heriot Barclay, had maintained control of the lake. They contained the American squadron under Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry at Presque Isle harbour, when Barclay lifted the blockade for two days in order to receive supplies, Perry was able to move his ships across the sandbar at the entrance to the harbour and into the lake. Once it was armed and manned, Perrys superior squadron instituted a counter-blockade of Amherstburg. Finally, with supplies almost exhausted, Barclay put out to battle with Perry. On September 10, Perry gained a victory in the Battle of Lake Erie. On receiving Perrys hastily written note that We have met the enemy and they are ours, Harrison knew that Procter would be forced to retreat, and ordered an advance. Even before he received news of Barclays defeat, Procter had made preparations to fall back to the British position at Burlington Heights at the end of Lake Ontario. Our ships have one way, and we are much astonished to see our Father tying up everything and preparing to run the other. We must compare our Fathers conduct to a fat animal that carries its tail upon its back, nevertheless, Procter could not defend Fort Amherstburg. Not only was no food, but the guns had been removed from the fort to be mounted on Barclays ships. Procter began to retreat up the Thames River on September 27, Tecumseh had no option but to go with him. Procter apparently agreed to a compromise to retreat only as far as Moraviantown, as this was the highest point of the river to which batteaux could navigate, it was safe from outflanking moves by water. Also, some supplies could in theory be brought overland from Burlington Heights. However, Procter made no attempt to fortify this position, the British retreat was badly managed, and the soldiers had been reduced to half rations. The Americans left a brigade under Duncan McArthur to garrison Detroit and another under Lewis Cass to garrison Sandwich, Harrison led the main body from Sandwich in pursuit of Procter on October 2
22.
Battle of Longwoods
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The Battle of Longwoods took place during the Anglo-American War of 1812. Late in December,1813, the British established an outpost at Delaware, on 23 December, the garrison of the post at Delaware surprised and captured a small American outpost near Chatham. The American commander at Amherstburg was Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Butler of the 28th U. S. Infantry and he sent an expedition under Captain Andrew Holmes to capture one of these two British posts, as circumstances allowed. The expedition consisted of mounted detachments from the 24th, 26th, 27th and 28th U. S, Regiments of Infantry and two six-pounder cannon, and was later joined by some rangers and militia dragoons from Michigan. The raiders, including the regulars, were dressed in buckskins against the cold and were armed with rifles, Holmes left Amherstburg on 21 February, moving along the shore of Lake Erie. The ground was soft, and he was forced to abandon his two guns near Pointe au Pelee, after a clash with some Canadian militia who escaped, Holmes decided that the militia would warn the defenders of Port Talbot, and he determined therefore to make for Delaware instead. On 2 March, he was within 15 miles of Delaware, the British had indeed been warned of his presence, and Holmes learned from a Canadian renegade that 300 men had sallied from Delaware and were within an hours march of him. Holmes left the Michigan Rangers as a rearguard while his main body retreated five miles to the Twenty Mile Creek, the Michigan troops also fell back after a skirmish with Caldwells Rangers, who were leading the British advance. Holmes was urged by some of his subordinates to retreat further and he occupied a hill overlooking the bridge over the creek, and fortified the hill with a u-shaped abatis. Early on 4 March, Caldwells Rangers exchanged a few shots with the Americans and then feigned a retreat, Holmes did indeed pursue for 5 miles before the Michigan Militia Dragoons warned him that the British were preparing an ambush, and he hastily returned to his position. The full British force followed up the Americans and arrived at Twenty Mile Creek at 5 p. m. that day, the force consisted of two companies of regulars, two full-time militia units and 44 Native American warriors. In all, this force numbered about 240 men, although Basden had only a rough idea of the ground and American strength from the Rangers earlier reconnaissance, he nevertheless attacked immediately. The Rangers, militia and Indians crossed the out of range of the American position. The regulars opened fire against the American centre, with little effect, Basden then led a charge against the American position. As the British advanced towards the bridge, bunched into a column by the narrow road, Basden only became aware of the abatis after the British had crossed the bridge, but nevertheless led an advance up the hill. The British were unable to climb the icy slope in the face of the fire and were beaten back. Basden himself was wounded in the leg, and Captain Johnston, on the flanks, the Indians had not pressed their attack. The Rangers had been successful, but were too few to risk an attack into the American position
23.
Siege of Prairie du Chien
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The Siege of Prairie du Chien was a British victory in the far western theater of the War of 1812. During the war, Prairie du Chien was a frontier settlement with residents loyal to both American and British causes. Although Prairie du Chien became a part of the United States following the Treaty of Paris in 1783, thus, it remained largely under British influence into the 19th Century. In the spring of 1814, American forces decided to secure the location, realizing that if it fell to the British, William Clark, the governor of Missouri Territory, organized a force in St. Shortly after the force was assembled, Taylor left for personal reasons, in his place, Lieutenant Joseph Perkins of the 24th Infantry took command of the regulars. On May 1, Governor Clark and the forces under Perkins, Yeizer. On May 17, they scattered some Sauk warriors who attempted to bar their passage at the Rock Island rapids, the American force arrived in Prairie du Chien on June 2. A few days later, on June 6, they began building a fort on a mound north of the main village. The fort was named Fort Shelby in honor of Governor Isaac Shelby of Kentucky, seeing that construction of the small wooden fort was underway, Governor Clark left to return to St. Louis on June 7. The Americans made steady progress on the fort, and although the defenses were unfinished, around the time that the fort was being occupied, the sixty-day terms of service for the volunteers led by Yeizer and Sullivan expired. Word of the American advance reached the British at Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, to respond to the American threat, he despatched a force consisting of the Mississippi Volunteers,14 men of the Michigan Fencibles and several hundred Winnebago and Fox warriors. Perhaps the most important part of the force was a brass 3-pounder gun, captain William McKay of the Michigan Fencibles was made a local Lieutenant Colonel and put in command of the force. Having collected additional militia volunteers and Native Americans en route, McKays force eventually numbered about 650 men, on July 17, the British force arrived at Prairie du Chien. Late in the morning, Thomas Anderson approached Fort Shelby to deliver Perkins a note demanding the Americans unconditional surrender, Perkins refused and prepared to defend the fort. The battle began early in the afternoon when the British 3-pounder gun opened fire, the gun damaged the Governor Clark and compelled it to retreat downriver. The boat carried the Americans cannon and a supply of goods and ammunition. With the gunboat gone, the British concentrated their fire on Fort Shelby, the Americans and the British maintained a steady exchange of gunfire throughout the next day, but to no avail for either side. However, by the day of battle the Americans inside Fort Shelby were beginning to run short of ammunition
24.
Battle of Rock Island Rapids
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The Battle of Rock Island Rapids, also called the Battle of Campbell Island, was an American defeat during the War of 1812 at the hands of the British allied Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo. In July 1814, an expedition was mounted to supply the U. S garrison at Prairie du Chien after calls for help. The U. S expedition was ambushed on July 19, in the aftermath another expedition was sent to re-capture Prairie after it fell to the British. This expedition was too ambushed in the Battle of Credit Island, in June 1814, the U. S army at Fort Shelby, Prairie du Chien, was threatened with British and Indian attack. After calls for more supplies and men reached St. Louis, on July 4, Campbells expedition left Cape au Gris with three fortified barges, or keel boats, each with a cabin and all having sails. There were 33 regular soldiers and 65 rangers, some of the latter being Frenchmen from Cahokia, the regulars were from the 1st and 7th Infantry regiments together with the Illinois rangers. The expedition also included a settlers establishment, boatmen, and women and children, making the total one hundred and thirty-three persons. Lieutenant John Campbell of the First Infantry commanded the first boat, occupied by the 1st Infantry, contractors, the second boat was commanded by Lieutenant Stephen Rector and the third by Lieutenant Jonathan Riggs. The number of regulars in this expedition has been given as forty-two, Major Campbell, however, reported that he had. On July 13, about eighty miles below the mouth of Rock river and they informed Campbell that the American garrison at Prairie was still holding on. On the eighteenth of July, about twenty miles below Rock river and they told Major Campbell that they had heard of the Americans approach and had come to welcome them in peace. The keel boats proceeded up the river and landed on the Illinois shore opposite of the end of Rock Island. In a short time, about one hundred and fifty warriors, besides women and children of the Sauk, Chief Black Hawk was at the head of the party. During the meeting Campbell and Black Hawk discussed opening a war against the Winnebagos only if he had the means to do so. Black Hawk also ensured Campbell that the Mississippi River would remain open to U. S travel, fear that the British, keeping in spirit the Indians remained very friendly for the remainder of the night, recognizing many old friends among the Frenchmen from Cahokia. On the morning of July 19, the continued on its way to Prairie du Chien. However, later last night, a party of Indians arrived at the Sauk village from Prairie du Chien and they brought the Sauks six kegs of powder and told them that the fort at Prairie du Chien had been captured by the British. These messengers told the Sauks that the British wished them to join them in the war against the Americans which Black Hawk agreed to do
25.
Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)
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The Battle of Mackinac Island was a British victory in the War of 1812. Before the war, Fort Mackinac had been an important American trading post in the straits between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron and it was important for its influence and control over the Native American tribes in the area, which was sometimes referred to in historical documents as Michilimackinac. The British meanwhile abandoned their own defences at St. Joseph Island, for the rest of the year and through much of 1813, the British hold on Mackinac was secure since they also held Detroit, which the Americans would have to recapture before attacking Mackinac. In February 1814, Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall of the Glengarry Light Infantry was ordered to re-establish communications with Mackinac, McDoualls first task was to open a new supply line from York via Yonge Street and Lake Simcoe to the Nottawasaga River, which flows into Georgian Bay. The Nottawasaga was selected in preference to the established post at Penetanguishene on Matchedash Bay, even though the navigation from the Nottwasaga was obstructed by rocks and shoals. McDoualls party consisted of ninety men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles, most of whom were accustomed to serving as marines, on 19 April, McDoualls batteaux began descending the river with the Newfoundlanders, artillerymen and sailors, and reached the Lake on 25 April. He arrived at Mackinac on 18 May, carrying a quantity of provisions for the hungry garrison. A few days later he was reinforced by another 200 Native Americans, McDouall ordered the defences of the island to be strengthened. The existing fort was situated on a ridge which dominated the harbour on the side of the island, but was itself overlooked by another wooded ridge. In 1812, the British had dragged artillery to this ridge to compel the fort to surrender, McDoualls troops built a stockade and blockhouse on the upper ridge, naming the new fortification Fort George. The expedition to recover Mackinac was prepared at Detroit, and Brigadier General Duncan McArthur established Fort Gratiot at the end of Lake Huron as an advanced base. William Clark, Governor of the Missouri Territory, meanwhile led an expedition to establish a fort at Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi River, news that the Americans had occupied Prairie du Chien arrived at Mackinac on 21 June. McDouall was compelled to weaken his garrison by despatching an expedition under William McKay to recover the post. As the weather was foggy and the Americans had no pilots familiar with the area and they then sailed to St. Joseph Island, which had been the original British military post in 1812, but found it had been abandoned. They burned the empty post, and also the Canadian North West Company trading post at Sault Sainte Marie, the Americans finally arrived off Mackinac on 26 July. Their delayed arrival had given McDouall ample warning, and he had reinforced his defences by calling in the last two companies of militia left to defend St. Joseph Island and Sault Ste. The American ships attempted to bombard the fort for two days, with most of the shot falling harmlessly in vegetable gardens around the fort, Sinclair discovered that the new British blockhouse, Fort George, stood too high for the naval guns to reach. A dense fog forced the American squadron away from the island for a week
26.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
27.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
28.
William Hull
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William Hull was an American soldier and politician. He fought in the American Revolution and was appointed as Governor of Michigan Territory, as a general in the War of 1812, Hull is best remembered for surrendering Fort Detroit to the British on August 16,1812 following the Siege of Detroit. After the battle, Hull was court-martialed, convicted, and sentenced to death and he graduated from Yale University in 1772, studied law in Litchfield, Connecticut, and joined the bar in 1775. At the outbreak of fighting in the American Revolution, Hull joined a militia and was quickly promoted to captain, then to major. He was in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Stillwater, Saratoga, Fort Stanwix, Monmouth and he was recognized by George Washington and the Continental Congress for his service. Hull was a friend of Nathan Hale and tried to dissuade Hale from the spy mission that would cost him his life. Hull was largely responsible for publicizing Hales famous last words, I only regret that I have, after the American Revolution, he moved to his wifes family estate in Newton, Massachusetts and served as a judge and state senator in Massachusetts. He was elected captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in 1789, on March 22,1805, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Hull as Governor of the recently created Michigan Territory and as its Indian Agent. By February 1812, the US was openly talking about and making plans in Congress for war with Great Britain, the British responded by recruiting Native American tribes to form part of their defense in the Michigan, Canada area in case the Americans attacked Canada. While Hull was in Washington, Secretary of War William Eustis informed him that President Madison wished to appoint him a Brigadier General in command of the new Army of the Northwest, Hull, then nearly 60 years old, expressed his disinterest in a new military commission. Colonel Kingsbury was selected to lead the force instead, Kingsbury fell ill before taking command, and the offer was repeated to Hull, who this time accepted. From there he was to march the army to Detroit, where he was also to continue managing as Territorial Governor, during this war he was known as the man of sound. Hull arrived in Cincinnati on May 10,1812, and on May 25 took command of the militia at Dayton, the militia comprised three regiments, who elected as their commanding Colonels Duncan McArthur, Lewis Cass, and James Findlay. They marched to Staunton and then to Urbana, where they were joined by the 300-man 4th Infantry Regiment, the men of the militia were ill-equipped and little trained, averse to strong military discipline. Hull relied on the regiment to quell several instances of insubordination on the remainder of the march. By the end of June, the army had reached the rapids of the Maumee River, the US signed its declaration of war on Great Britain on June 18,1812, and that same day Secretary Eustis sent two letters to General Hull. One of them, sent by messenger, arrived on June 24. The second one, announcing the declaration of war, was sent via the postal service, as a result, Hull was still unaware that war had broken out when he reached the rapids of the Maumee
29.
James Winchester
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James Winchester was an officer in the American Revolutionary War and a brigadier general during the War of 1812. He commanded the American forces at the Battle of Frenchtown, which led to the Massacre of the River Raisin, born in Carroll County, Maryland, Winchester enlisted in the Maryland militia during the American Revolution. He served Gen. Hugh Mercers Flying Camp battalion during the months of the war. He was captured by British forces during Gen. John Sullivans failed attempt to take Staten Island on August 22,1777, Winchester was released in a prisoner exchange, and in May 1778 he was commissioned a lieutenant in the 3rd Maryland Regiment. He was taken prisoner a second time at the surrender of Charlestown, exchanged in December, he was promoted to captain and served the remainder of the war under Gen. Nathanael Greene. In 1785, Winchester moved to what is now central Tennessee and he became an officer in the militia and eventually was promoted to brigadier general. Following Tennessees admission to the union in 1796, Winchester was elected to its first Tennessee General Assembly serving in the Tennessee State Senate, in 1802, he completed the construction of his plantation home, Cragfont. In March 1812, three months before the war with Britain began, Winchester was commissioned a general in the United States Army. When the hostilities started, he was placed in command of the Army of the Northwest, winchesters seniority was confirmed in September, but he was forced to relinquish command several days later when Harrison was commissioned a major general in the regular army. Later that month, Winchester commanded one wing of Harrisons advance to Fort Defiance, after engaging in several skirmishes with British and Native American forces, he camped at the Maumee Rapids in December 1812. Early in 1813, Winchester took part in an attempt to recapture Frenchtown, on January 18, his men drove off a smaller Canadian and Indian force and recaptured the American town. However, his men were attacked four days later by a combined British/Indian/Canadian force under Col. Henry Procter in the Battle of Frenchtown, Winchester himself was captured by Roundhead while trying to reach his men. Following the loss of hundreds of his soldiers in the initial assault, despite Procters pledge, Indians accompanying the British slaughtered 68 seriously wounded American soldiers in the Massacre of the River Raisin. Winchester was imprisoned in Canada for more than a year and he was released in a prisoner exchange and assigned to command the District of Mobile. After the wars end, he resigned his commission in March 1815. In 1819, Winchester served on the commission to regulate the Tennessee-Missouri boundary. Along with Andrew Jackson and John Overton, he founded the city of Memphis, Winchester died in Gallatin, Tennessee at the age of 74 on July 26,1826. He is buried in Winchester Cemetery at Gallatin, websters American Military Biographies, Springfield, Mass
30.
Maumee River
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The Maumee River is a river running from northeastern Indiana into northwestern Ohio and Lake Erie in the United States. Toledo, Ohio, developed at the Maumee Rivers mouth, the Maumee was designated an Ohio State Scenic River on July 18,1974. The Maumee watershed is Ohio’s breadbasket, it is farmland, mostly corn. It is the largest watershed of any of the feeding the Great Lakes. Historically the river was known as the Miami in United States treaties with Native Americans. As early as 1671, French colonists called the river Miami du Lac, Maumee is an anglicized spelling of the Ottawa or Odawa name for the Miami tribe, Maamii. The Odawa had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River, the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, was fought 3⁄4 mile north of the banks of the Maumee River. After this decisive victory for General Anthony Wayne, Native Americans ceded a twelve mile square tract around Perrysburg and Maumee to the United States by the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Lands north of the river and downstream of Defiance were ceded in the 1807 Treaty of Detroit, prior to the development of canals, portages between the rivers were important trade routes. U. S. forces built forts such as Fort Loramie, Fort Recovery, in honor of General Waynes victory on the banks of the Maumee, the primary bridge crossing the river near downtown Toledo is named the Anthony Wayne Suspension Bridge. A dispute over control of part of the Maumee River region led to the so-called Toledo War between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, agricultural practices along the Maumee River have contributed in the 21st century to high phosphate levels in Lake Erie. This triggered algae blooms in the lake, rendering drinking water from the city of Toledo unsafe for consumption for nearly a week in August 2014. The Maumee River watershed was part of the Great Black Swamp, a remnant of Glacial Lake Maumee. The 1, 500-square-mile swamp was a vast network of forests, wetlands, and grasslands, the mouth of the river at Toledo and Lake Erie is wide and supports considerable commercial traffic, including oil, grain, and coal. About 12 miles upstream, in the town of Perrysburg, Ohio, the Miami and Erie Canal was built parallel to and north of the Maumee between Toledo and Defiance, Ohio, to enable extended transportation of shipped goods. The canal entered the river at a slackwater created by Independence Dam and it exited the river at Defiance and was built to the south, ending at Cincinnati, Ohio. While abandoned for use, portions of the canals towpath are maintained for recreational use in both Lucas and Henry counties. A restored section of canal, including a lock, is operated at Providence Metropark
31.
James Monroe
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James Monroe was an American statesman who served from 1817 to 1825 as the fifth President of the United States. Monroe was the last president among the Founding Fathers of the United States as well as the Virginian dynasty, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. He took a part in the new government, and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to prominence as a diplomat in France. During the War of 1812, Monroe served in roles as Secretary of State. As president, he sought to ease tensions, embarking on a tour of the country that was well received. As nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided, and the Era of Good Feelings ensued, until the Panic of 1819 struck, and a dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Monroe supported the founding of colonies in Africa for freed slaves that would form the nation of Liberia, whose capital. His presidency concluded the first period of American presidential history before the beginning of Jacksonian democracy, following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4,1831 and he has been ranked in the aggregate by scholars as the 16th most successful president. James Monroe was born on April 28,1758, in his parents house located in a area of Westmoreland County. The marked site is one mile from the community known today as Monroe Hall. The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and his father Spence Monroe was a moderately prosperous planter who also practiced carpentry. His mother Elizabeth Jones married Spence Monroe in 1752 and they had several children and his paternal great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century. In 1650 he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, also among James Monroes ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700. First tutored at home by his mother Elizabeth, between the ages of 11 and 16, the young Monroe studied at Campbelltown Academy, a run by Reverend Archibald Campbell of Washington Parish
32.
United States Secretary of War
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The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. A similar position, called either Secretary at War or Secretary of War, had appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position, when Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving. The Secretary of War was the head of the War Department, at first, he was responsible for all military affairs, including naval affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was created by statute, from 1886 onward, the Secretary of War was third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the Vice President of the United States and the Secretary of State. The office of Secretary at War was modelled upon Great Britains Secretary at War, the office of Secretary at War was meant replaced both the Commander-in-Chief and the Board of War, and like the President of the Board, the Secretary wore no special insignia. The Inspector General, Quartermaster General, Commissary General, and Adjutant General served on the Secretarys staff, however, the Army itself under Secretary Henry Knox only consisted of 700 men. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Confederate States Secretary of War Bell, commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits and Biographical Sketches. United States Army Center of Military History, encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet 1789-2010. Charlottesville, Virginia, The Judge Advocate Generals School, U. S. Army
33.
Return J. Meigs Jr.
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Return Jonathan Meigs Jr. was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the fourth Governor of Ohio, fifth United States Postmaster General, Meigs was born in Middletown in the Colony of Connecticut on November 17,1764. He was the son of Return J. Meigs Sr. and he graduated from Yale College in 1785 and studied law there. In 1788, after being admitted to the bar in Connecticut, he moved to Marietta, Ohio, in Marietta, Meigs was a lawyer, storekeeper and farmer, as well as serving in public offices. He was appointed the first court clerk for the court established at Marietta in 1788, when a post office was established in Marietta in 1794, he became its first postmaster. In 1798 he was named to a judgeship on the Northwest Territorys territorial court, in 1803 he was appointed the first Chief Justice of the Ohio State Supreme Court. In October 1804, he resigned this position to become commandant of U. S. troops in the St. Charles district of the Louisiana Territory and he attained the rank of Brevet Colonel and retain the command until 1806. In 1805 he was chosen as judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana and then in 1807 and he returned to Ohio in 1807 to run for governor. He won the election, but was declared ineligible for failing to meet the residency requirements and he then was appointed to the U. S. Senate to finish the term of John Smith and was re-elected to his own term a year later. He resigned in late 1810 after winning the governorship and he served two two-year terms, resigning in April 1814 when appointed Postmaster general by President Madison. His service as Postmaster General was not without controversy, Congress investigated him twice, and he was cleared both times. The size of the Post office doubled during his tenure, which implicated financial difficulties and he served until 1823, when he retired due to ill health and returned to Marietta. Meigs died in Marietta on March 29,1825, and is buried in Mariettas Mound Cemetery and his grave is marked by a large monument bearing a long inscription reciting his public services and family devotion. Meigs was married in 1788 to Sophia Wright, and they had one child, Return J. Meigs Jr. did not have a direct male heir, but two of his younger brothers, John and Timothy, each named a son Return Jonathan Meigs. The first of these—called Return J. Meigs III—passed the bar in Frankfort, Kentucky, commenced law practice in Athens, Tennessee and he moved to Staten Island, New York, however, at the time of Tennessees secession from the Union in 1861. Among those men who read law under his tutelage in Tennessee was William Parish Chilton who would become Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court. Timothys son, Return J. Meigs IV, married Jennie Ross, daughter of principal Cherokee chief John Ross, Meigs County, Ohio is named in his honor. Fort Meigs in Perrysburg, Ohio was named in his honor during the War of 1812 by William Henry Harrison, a Prophecy, Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications, Volume 20, pp. 351–352, poem by Return J. Meigs Jr. United States Congress
34.
Sandusky River
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The Sandusky River is a tributary to Lake Erie in north-central Ohio in the United States. It is about 133 miles long and flows into Lake Erie at Sandusky Bay, the Sandusky River, like the Maumee River to the west, is home to the annual walleye run in the spring, specifically March–April. The river also receives a run of white bass around the time in the spring. The numbers of walleye that swim upstream to spawn arent as great as those that return to the Maumee River, the fish can also swim farther upstream and have access to more spawning areas than in the Sandusky River. The Ballville dam, along the Sandusky River, in Fremont, Ohio blocks the migration for walleye, the removal of it would allow for the walleye, and other fish, to access much more spawning area further upstream boosting the population of fish in Ohio. The Ballville Dam currently has no use, however the city of Fremont has considered tearing it down or repairing it, the rivers name derives from Wyandot saandusti, meaning water or from andusti, meaning cold water. In 1970, the course between Upper Sandusky and Fremont was designated a State Scenic River by the government of Ohio. The Little Sandusky River is a tributary of the Sandusky. It flows 14.0 miles northward from northern Marion County and joins the Sandusky in southern Wyandot County
35.
Lake Erie
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Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes, at its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet deep. Lake Eries northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U. S. states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and these jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore and that Iroquoian tribe called it Erige because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of whether the lake was named after the tribe. Situated below Lake Huron, Eries primary inlet is the Detroit River, Lake Erie has a mean elevation of 571 feet above sea level. It has an area of 9,990 square miles with a length of 241 statute miles. The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F limit necessary to keep the plants cool, also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter. The waves build very quickly, according to other accounts, after being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive. This area is known as the thunderstorm capital of Canada with breathtaking lightning displays. Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River and drains via the Niagara River, navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, the drainage basin covers 30,140 square miles. Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the end of the lake, these belong to Ohio except for Pelee Island and eight neighboring islands. Major cities along Lake Erie include Buffalo, Erie, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio, Islands tend to be located in the western side of the lake and total 31 in number. The island-village of Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island attracts young crowds who sometimes wear red hats and are prone to break off cartwheels in the park. Pelee Island is the largest of Eries islands, accessible by ferry from Leamington, Ontario and Sandusky, songbirds migrate to Pelee in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall. Lake Erie has a retention time of 2.6 years
36.
Amherstburg
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Amherstburg is a town near the mouth of the Detroit River in Essex County, Ontario, Canada. In 1796, Fort Malden was established here, becoming the heart of the settlement and it has been designated as a National Historic Site. The city is approximately 25 kilometres south of the U. S. city of Detroit, Michigan, facing Wyandotte, Grosse Ile Township, Brownstown Charter Township and it is part of the Windsor census metropolitan area. Across the Detroit River from what developed as the state of Michigan in the United States, Fort Malden was occupied as a garrison. The town was developed by Loyalists who were granted land by the Crown in Ontario after the British lost the American Revolutionary War and they built many of their houses in the French style of a century before, giving the new town a historic character. During the days of the Underground Railroad before the American Civil War, fugitive African-American slaves often crossed the river to escape to freedom in Canada, by 1869, the town of Amherstburg in the Township of Malden County Essex had a population of 2,500. Fort Malden was adapted for use as a Lunatic Asylum and its main building was later used as a Port of Entry Money Order office and Post Office savings bank. Amherstburg was incorporated as a town in 1878, the local public high school in Amherstburg is General Amherst High School, named after Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst. French-speaking students in Amherstburg may also attend École Secondaire E. J, Amherstburg is home to several tourist attractions, including Fort Malden and the North American Black Historical Museum. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected in Amherstburg by the province to commemorate Bellevue Houses role in Ontarios heritage, Bellevue House was the home of Catherine Reynolds, a landscape painter and her brother Robert Reynolds. Additional tourist activities include the Park House Museum and the charming Kings Navy Yard Park, the Gibson Gallery is located in a former Michigan Central Railroad Station, which has been fully restored to its original beauty. A restored Essex Terminal railway caboose is operated as a railway museum, the restored Gordon House is another historic attraction of Amherstburg. Built as a residence in 1798 overlooking the Detroit River, it now houses a Marine exhibit, the Holiday Beach Conservation Area is one of the best fall birding sites in North America. The 546-acre nature reserve contains over 2,000 feet of beaches, picnic areas, Holiday Beach is considered a premiere spot to view the fall migration of raptors. A Festival of Hawks event takes place in September, texas Road is a street popularly associated with paranormal sightings and ghostly experiences. This stretch of road passes through a gully and it has been rumored that a man once murdered another there, since this time people have reported strange disturbances such as car ignitions failing and paranormal light shows. Amherstburg is a city of trade for regional agriculture and it has also become known for several wineries in the area. Amherstburg Farmers Market is open every Saturday, from 8, 30am to 3, the Farmers Market is located at the Malden Community and Cultural Center,7860 County Road 20 at the end of Howard Avenue on County Rd 20
37.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
