On a rail transport system, signalling control is the process by which control is exercised over train movements by way of railway signals and block systems to ensure that trains operate safely, over the correct route and to the proper timetable. Signalling control was originally exercised via a decentralised network of control points that were known by a variety of names including signal box, interlocking tower and signal cabin. Currently these decentralised systems are being consolidated into wide scale signalling centres or dispatch offices. Whatever the form, signalling control provides an interface between the human signal operator and the lineside signalling equipment. The technical apparatus used to control switches (points), signals and block systems is called interlocking.
Class 66 at Bardon Hill signal box in Leicestershire, England. It is a Midland Railway signal box dating from 1899, although the original mechanical lever frame has been replaced by electrical switches. Seen here in 2009.
Signal box and tracks at Deval interlocking, Des Plaines, in 1993
A mechanical lever frame inside the signal box at Knockcroghery in Ireland
Trimley Junction IFS panel in the 1988 replacement signal box; built by BREL York
A railway signal is a visual display device that conveys instructions or provides warning of instructions regarding the driver's authority to proceed. The driver interprets the signal's indication and acts accordingly. Typically, a signal might inform the driver of the speed at which the train may safely proceed or it may instruct the driver to stop.
The additional lights on Japanese signal 10 show that the points are set for the left route at the next junction.
Some signals convey large amounts of information. This older German signal indicates preliminary caution with max. 60 km/h in the upper main signal aspect (green above yellow, number plate "6") and caution in the lower distant aspect. The lower yellow number indicator announces a speed limit of 30 km/h by displaying "3". At that specific station the selected route ends on a stub track, thus distant caution with additional speed limits.
A Finnish distant signal at the western approach to Muhos station is displaying Expect Stop. In the background, express train 81 is pulling away from the station.