1.
Silent Night, Deadly Night
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In adulthood, the Christmas holiday leads him into a psychological breakdown, and he emerges as a spree killer donning a Santa suit. As a result, the film received reviews and was pulled out of theaters a week after its release. While successful during its week, the film was a moderate success with $2.5 million made overall. Since its release, the film has developed a following and was followed by four sequels. This was the film in the series to be distributed by a major movie distributor. In 1971, 5-year-old Billy Chapman and his family go to visit a home where his catatonic grandfather stays. While driving back, a criminal dressed in a Santa outfit, as they pull over, the Santa-clad criminal shoots the father with a pistol and slits the mothers throat with a switchblade in front of Billy and his younger brother Ricky. Billy then runs off to hide with Ricky left in the car, on Christmas morning, the orphanage invites a man in a Santa Claus suit to visit the children, Billy gets dragged by Mother Superior and he punches the man before fleeing to his room in horror. Ten years later, a now adult Billy leaves the orphanage to find a normal life, at the store, he develops a crush on his coworker Pamela, he has sexual thoughts regarding her, but are often interrupted by morbid visions of his parents murders. Despite his protestations, Billy is coerced by his co-workers into dressing up as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve for the store. After he murders his boss Mr. Sims with a hammer and this awakens a little girl who may either be a younger sibling or a daughter of one of the 2 people killed there. Billy then confronts her and asks her if she has been nice or naughty, she says nice, after this, he witnesses bullies picking on two sledding teenage boys and decapitates one of the bullies with his axe as the other screams in horror. The next morning, the orphanage is secured with Officer Barnes and Captain Richards aided by Sister Margaret, the deaf pastor Father OBrien, who was dressed in a Santa outfit, is mistakenly shot by Barnes upon coming forward and is soon axed by Billy while distracted. Due to his Santa outfit, Billy gains access into the orphanage and confronts Mother Superior, who remains in a wheelchair. She taunts Billy due to her disbelief in Santa Claus and just as he prepares to kill her with his axe, Richards appears, as the dying Billy lays on the ground, he utters to the nearby children youre safe now, Santa Claus is gone. As the children gather around, his younger brother Ricky witnesses this and coldly staring at Mother Superior, initially throughout production, the film was titled as Slayride, before TriStar decided to change the title to Silent Night, Deadly Night. The film was shot on location in Salt Lake City and Heber City, the films editor Micheal Spence came in as the co-director for the film. This was because director Charles E. Sellier Jr. was uncomfortable with shooting the death scenes, the film was released theatrically in the United States by TriStar Pictures on November 9,1984, opening to 400 theaters in the Eastern United States
2.
Lloyd Kaufman
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Stanley Lloyd Kaufman, Jr. is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. With producer Michael Herz, he is the co-founder of Troma Entertainment film studio, Kaufman was born in New York City, New York, the son of Ruth and Stanley Lloyd Kaufman, Sr. a lawyer. Kaufman graduated from Yale University with the class of 1968, where he majored in Chinese studies and his fellow Yale classmates included Oliver Stone and George W. Bush. Originally intending to become a worker, he became fast friends with student filmmaker Robert Edelstein and Eric Sherman. Some of Lloyds favorite filmmakers include John Ford, Kenji Mizoguchi, Ernst Lubitsch, Stan Brakhage and Franklin Schaffner. Like the members of Monty Python troupe, who were a big influence on him, Kaufman read Punch magazine and enjoyed the performances of Beyond the Fringe, Flanders & Swann. In 1966, Lloyd went on a hiatus from his studies, returning to Yale, he produced Robert Edelsteins low-budget film Rappaccini and directed his own first feature film, an experimental black and white film titled The Girl Who Returned. The film was presented at film societies at Yale, Harvard, following his graduation, Kaufman went on to work for Cannon Films, where he met John G. Avildsen. The two collaborated for several years, making films including Joe and Cry Uncle. Kaufman also served as executive in charge of locations for Saturday Night Fever, from 1973-1979, Kaufman produced and directed a handful of adult films in New York under the pseudonym Louis Su. He directed at least three movies, The Divine Obsession, The Newcomers, and Sweet & Sour, and has been credited for producing at least three more. In 1974, Kaufman and his business partner Michael Herz founded Troma Entertainment and began producing and distributing independent action and comedy films. In order to pay the bills, Kaufman did some work for major Hollywood productions, including Rocky, Saturday Night Fever, and The Final Countdown. From 1979 to 1981, the two wrote, produced and directed a series of profitable sexy comedies including Squeeze Play, stuck on You. and The First Turn-On. On most of early films, Kaufman is credited as Samuel Weil. Kaufman also made a appearance in Rocky and served as the production manager on Louis Malles My Dinner With Andre. In 1985, Troma experienced mainstream success with the violent, darkly comic superhero film The Toxic Avenger. Toxic went on to become Tromas most popular movie, inspiring two sequels, a independent film sequel, a Saturday morning childrens television show, comic books
3.
Patrick O'Neal (actor)
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Patrick Wisdom ONeal was an American television, stage and film actor and New York restaurateur. ONeal was born in Ocala, Florida, to Martha and Coke Wisdom ONeal and he attended the Riverside Military Academy in Gainesville, Georgia, and Ocala High School. Upon graduation, he enrolled at the University of Florida in Gainesville where he majored in drama, during college, ONeal joined the Florida Players, a theatre troupe. He was also a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and was the editor of the University yearbook, after earning a bachelors degree, ONeal enlisted in the US Army Air Forces and served during the Korean War. During the war, he directed training films. After his military stint, he moved to New York and studied at the Actors Studio, ONeal was seen mostly as a guest star on US television throughout four decades, beginning in the 1950s. In the early 1960s he received praise for his leading role on Broadway in Tennessee Williams The Night of the Iguana. ONeal appeared in films of the mid-1960s. In 1969 he had a role in John Hustons The Kremlin Letter. He appeared in the 1973 hit The Way We Were, in 1972 he portrayed a murderous architect in the Columbo episode Blueprint For Murder. With his wife and his brother Michael, ONeal co-owned a number of restaurants, including the Ginger Man. ONeal married actress Cynthia Baxter in 1956 and they had two sons, Maximilian and Fitzjohn, and remained married until ONeals death. ONeal died on September 9,1994, of failure at Saint Vincents Catholic Medical Center in Manhattan. At the time of his death, ONeal was also suffering from cancer and tuberculosis. A. S
4.
Mary Woronov
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Mary Woronov is an American actress, published author and figurative painter. She is primarily known as a star because of her work with Andy Warhol. She frequently co-starred with friend Paul Bartel, the pair appeared in 17 films together, Woronov was born to Carol Eschholz in the Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach, Florida, when it served as the Ream General Hospital during World War II. Her stepfather, who adopted her, Victor D. Woronov, was a surgeon in Brooklyn. She attended Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn Heights and Cornell University and she first made headlines in the early 1960s as a Warhol superstar. She danced with Exploding Plastic Inevitable, Warhols multimedia presentation of the Velvet Underground and she played Hanoi Hannah in Chelsea Girls, the 1966 experimental underground film directed by Andy Warhol. The film was Warhols first major success after a long line of avant-garde art films. Of this time she has said, Of all the girls at Andy Warhols Factory, put me in his Screen Test and I spent my nights at Maxs Kansas City. I was the girl at the Factory. She became a fan of the L. A. punk music scene and made an appearance with actors Jack Nance. Woronovs notable appearances include in the 1975 cult film Death Race 2000 and 1979s Rock n Roll High School and she has written such books as Snake, Blind Love and Swimming Underground, My Years in the Warhol Factory. She appeared in Barneys New York fall 2014 advertising campaign, L. A. Stories shot by Bruce Weber, Mary Woronov at the Internet Movie Database Mary Woronov at AllMovie
5.
John Carradine
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John Carradine was an American actor, best known for his roles in horror films, Westerns, and Shakespearean theatre. DeMilles stock company and later John Fords company, he was one of the most prolific actors in Hollywood history. He was married four times, had five children, and was the patriarch of the Carradine family, including four of his sons, william Carradine was the son of evangelical author Beverly Carradine. The family lived in Peekskill and Kingston, New York, william Carradine died from tuberculosis when his son John was two years old. Carradines mother then married a Philadelphia paper manufacturer named Peck, who thought the way to bring up someone elses boy was to him every day just on general principle. Carradines son, David, claimed his father ran away when he was 14 years old and he later returned, as he studied sculpture at Philadelphias Graphic Arts Institute. Carradine lived with his uncle, Peter Richmond, in New York City for a while. He traveled for a time, supporting himself painting portraits, if the sitter was satisfied, the price was $2.50, he once said. It cost him nothing if he thought it was a turkey, I made as high as $10 to $15 a day. During this time, he was arrested for vagrancy, while in jail, Carradine was beaten, suffering a broken nose that did not set correctly. This contributed to the look that would become world famous, David Carradine said, My dad told me that he saw a production of Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice when he was 11 years old and decided right then what he wanted to do with his life. He made his debut in 1925 in New Orleans in a production of Camille. Carradine joined a tent repertory theater under the management of R. D. MaClean, who became his mentor. In 1927, he took a job escorting a shipment of bananas from Dallas, Texas, to Los Angeles and he became friends with John Barrymore, and began working for Cecil B. Carradine, however, did not have the job long, DeMille noticed the lack of Roman columns in my sketches, Carradine said. Once DeMille heard his voice, however, he hired him to do voice-overs. DeMille saw an apparition - me - pass him by, reciting the lines from Hamlet. He became a member of DeMilles stock company and his voice was heard in several DeMille pictures, Carradines first film credit was Tolable David, but he claimed to have done 70 pictures before getting billing
6.
The Cannon Group, Inc.
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The Cannon Group, Inc. was an American group of companies, including Cannon Films, which produced a distinctive line of low-to medium-budget films from 1967 to 1994. Cannon Films was incorporated on October 23,1967 and it was formed by Dennis Friedland and Chris Dewey while they were in their early 20s. They had immediate success producing English-language versions of Swedish soft porn films directed by Joseph W. Sarno, Inga, aka Jag - en oskuld and To Ingrid, My Love, Lisa, aka Kvinnolek. By 1970, they had produced films on a production scale than a lot of major distributors, such as Joe. They managed this by limiting their budgets to $300,000 per picture—or less. However, as the 1970s moved on, a string of unsuccessful movies seriously drained Cannon’s capital and this, along with changes to film-production tax laws, led to a drop in Cannons stock price. By 1979, Cannon had hit financial difficulties, and Friedland and Dewey sold Cannon to Israeli cousins Menahem Golan. The two cousins forged a business model of buying bottom-barrel scripts and putting them into production and they tapped into a ravenous market for action B-pictures in the 1980s. Although they are most remembered for the Death Wish sequels and Chuck Norris action pictures such as The Delta Force, one of Cannon’s biggest hits was the Vietnam action B-movie Missing in Action, with Chuck Norris. The film, however, was criticized heavily as being a preemptive cash-in on the Rambo film series, james Camerons story treatment for Rambo, First Blood Part II was floating around Hollywood in 1983, which Golan and Globus reviewed and were inspired by. The writers of MIA even gave Cameron credit saying their film was inspired by his script treatment, but Cannon had initially put the prequel Missing in Action 2, The Beginning into production. Only after the two movies were completed had the company realized that the second movie was superior to the first one. So, the first movie produced became an awkward prequel, substantial pre-sales of the next years films were made based on the strong salesmanship skills of Globus, and the advertising created by Design Projects. Slavenburgs Bank in the Netherlands provided bridge financing until the pre-sales amounts were collected, by 1986, when company earnings reached their apex with 43 films in one year, Cannon Films shares had soared a hundredfold. Golan remained Chairman of the Board, while Globus served as President, during this year, Cannon Films released Robotech, The Movie for a limited run in Mesquite, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. Cannon was reportedly unsatisfied with Carl Macek’s first version of the movie and it was at their insistence that footage from The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Megazone 23 be spliced together to produce a more action-oriented movie. Macek recalls that although he was unhappy with this version, Menahem Golan, after viewing it, happily said. Nevertheless, Robotech, The Movie was unsuccessful in its brief Texas run, Carl Macek has gone on record as disowning it
7.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
8.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
9.
Christmas Eve
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Christmas Eve is the day before Christmas Day, the festival commemorating the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Christmas Day is observed around the world, and Christmas Eve is widely observed as a full or partial holiday in anticipation of Christmas Day, together, both days are considered one of the most culturally significant celebrations in Christendom and Western society. Many churches still ring their bells and hold prayers in the evening, for example. Since tradition holds that Jesus was born at night, Midnight Mass is celebrated on Christmas Eve, traditionally at midnight, roman Catholics and high church Anglicans traditionally celebrate Midnight Mass, which begins either at or sometime before midnight on Christmas Eve. This ceremony, which is held in churches throughout the world, celebrates the birth of Christ, Midnight Mass is popular in Poland. In recent years churches have scheduled their Midnight Mass as early as 7 pm. In Spanish-speaking areas, the Midnight Mass is sometimes referred to as Misa de Gallo, in the Philippines, the custom has expanded into the nine-day Simbang Gabi, when Filipinos attend dawn Masses from 16 December, continuing daily until Christmas Eve. In 2009 Vatican officials scheduled the Midnight Mass to start at 10 pm so that the 82-year-old Pope Benedict XVI would not have too late a night. Whilst it does not include any kind of Mass, the Church of Scotland has a service beginning just before midnight, the Church of Scotland no longer holds Hogmanay services on New Years Eve, however. The Christmas Eve Services are still very popular, on Christmas Eve, the Christ Candle in the center of the Advent wreath is traditionally lit in many church services. In candlelight services, while singing Silent Night, each member of the congregation receives a candle, lutherans traditionally practice Christmas Eve Eucharistic traditions typical of Germany and Scandinavia. Krippenspiele, special music for organ, vocal and brass choirs. A nativity scene may be erected indoors or outdoors, and is composed of figurines depicting the infant Jesus resting in a manger, Mary, other figures in the scene may include angels, shepherds, and various animals. The figures may be made of any material, and arranged in a stable or grotto, the Magi may also appear, and are sometimes not placed in the scene until the week following Christmas to account for their travel time to Bethlehem. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, Christmas Vespers are popular in the early evening, and midnight services are also widespread in regions which are predominantly Lutheran. The old Lutheran tradition of a Christmas Vigil in the morning hours of Christmas Day can still be found in some regions. Methodists celebrate the evening in different ways, some, in the early evening, come to their church to celebrate Holy Communion with their families. The mood is very solemn, and the visible light is the Advent Wreath
10.
Warhol superstars
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Warhol superstars were a clique of New York City personalities promoted by the pop artist Andy Warhol during the 1960s and early 1970s. These personalities appeared in Warhols artworks and accompanied him in his life, epitomizing his famous dictum. Warhol would simply film them, and declare them superstars, the first recognised superstar was Baby Jane Holzer, whom Warhol featured in many of his early film experiments. The superstars would help Warhol generate publicity while Warhol offered fame, Warhols philosophies of art and celebrity met in a way that imitated the Hollywood studio system at its height in the 1930s and 1940s. Among the most well-known of Warhols superstars was Edie Sedgwick, Sedgwick and Warhol became very close during 1965 but their relationship ended abruptly early in the next year. Warhol would continue to associate himself with people including Viva, Candy Darling, Ultra Violet, Nico, Warhols studio, the Factory, played host to most of his superstars and as his experiments in film continued he became more interested in the bohemian eccentrics attracted to the studio. During this period Warhol developed a fascination with trans women and drag queens. Warhol significantly reduced his public accessibility after being shot by Valerie Solanas in 1968, the age of the Warhol superstar soon faded. Chelsea Girls was the film to achieve success beyond the confines of artistic New York. The later Warhol/Morrissey collaborations Flesh, Trash, Heat and Women in Revolt, into which Warhol had little input, are more frequently seen
11.
Ondine (actor)
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Robert Olivo, better known by his stage name Ondine, was an American actor. He is best known for appearing in a series of films in the mid-1960s by Andy Warhol, Ondine, I was at an orgy, and he was, ah, this great presence in the back of the room. And this orgy was run by a friend of mine, and, so, I said to this person, Would you please mind throwing that thing out of here. And that thing was thrown out of there, and when he came up to me the time, he said to me. And I said, Well, I dont give a flying fuck who you are. Ondine also appeared in made by his lover, Roger Jacoby, Dream Sphinx Opera, LAmico Frieds Glamorous Friends. In later years, Ondine supported himself by showing Warhol films and he died of liver disease in Queens, New York, in 1989 at the age of 52. He is portrayed in the film I Shot Andy Warhol by Michael Imperioli, otherwise, if you had any intellectual integrity at all, you would just feel his love, and you would enjoy it like it was better than a theater performance because it was really live. - Billy Name Detailed Warhol fansite Ondine at the Internet Movie Database Ondine at Factory Made
12.
Candy Darling
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Candy Darling was an American transgender actor, best known as a Warhol Superstar. She starred in Andy Warhols films Flesh and Women in Revolt, Candy Darling was born James Lawrence Slattery in Forest Hills, Queens, the child of Theresa, a bookkeeper at Manhattans Jockey Club, and James Jim Slattery, who was described as a violent alcoholic. Slatterys early years were spent in Massapequa Park, Long Island and her half-brother Warren Law II, from his mothers first marriage to Warren Law I, left home for the U. S. military, leaving Jimmy as the only child. Warren later denied his connection to his half sister, the young Slattery spent much of her childhood watching television and old Hollywood movies, from which she learned to impersonate her favorite actresses, such as Joan Bennett and Kim Novak. In 1961 she signed up for a course at the DeVern School of Cosmetology in Baldwin, in response, Slattery left the room and reappeared in full feminine attire. Her mother later said that, I knew then, Candy was just too beautiful and talented. Now public, Darling would often take a taxi ride to the LIRR train station. There she would take the train to Manhattan, frequently sitting across from Long Island starlet Joey Heatherton, Darling met Jeremiah Newton in the summer of 1966. Newton was on his first trip to the Village from his home in Flushing, the two would become friends and roommates, living together in Manhattan and Brooklyn until the time of Darlings death in 1974. Darlings first assumed name was Hope Slattery, according to Bob Colacello, Darling adopted this name sometime in 1963/1964 after she started going to gay bars in Manhattan and making visits to a doctor on Fifth Avenue for hormone injections. Holly Woodlawn remembers that Darlings name evolved from Hope Dahl to Candy Dahl, Jeremiah Newton believed she adopted her forename out of a love for sweets. In her autobiography, Woodlawn recalled that Darling had adopted the name because a friend of hers affectionately called her darling so often that it finally stuck, before they met, in 1967, Darling saw Andy Warhol at the after-hours club called The Tenth of Always. It was performed at Bastianos Cellar Studio on Waverly Place, taylor Mead brought Warhol to see it and afterwards went to the club Salvation in Sheridan Square, where he was joined by Darling and Curtis at his table. Warhol cast Darling in a comedic scene in Flesh with Jackie Curtis. After Flesh, Darling was cast in a role in Women in Revolt. She played a Long Island socialite, drawn into a liberation group called PIGS. Interrupted by cast disputes encouraged by Warhol, Women in Revolt took longer to film than its predecessor, for a short time, Darling worked as a barmaid at Slugger Anns, the bar owned by Jackie Curtiss grandmother. Women in Revolt was first shown at the first Los Angeles Filmex as Sex, later it was shown as Andy Warhols Women, an homage to George Cukor
13.
Jack Smith (film director)
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Jack Smith was an American filmmaker, actor, and pioneer of underground cinema. Smith was raised in Texas where he made his first film, Buzzards over Baghdad and he moved to New York in 1953. The most famous of Smiths productions is Flaming Creatures, the film is a satire of Hollywood B movies and tribute to actress Maria Montez, who starred in many such productions. However, authorities considered some scenes to be pornographic, copies of the movie were confiscated at the premiere and it was subsequently banned. Despite not being viewable, the movie gained some notoriety when footage was screened during Congressional hearings, the rest of his productions consists mainly of short movies, many never screened in a cinema, but featured in performances and constantly re-edited to fit the stage needs. Apart from appearing in his own work, Smith worked as an actor and he played the lead in Andy Warhols unfinished film Batman Dracula, Ken Jacobss Blonde Cobra, and appeared in several theater productions by Robert Wilson. He also worked as a photographer and founded the Hyperbole Photographic Studio in New York, in 1962, he released The Beautiful Book, a collection of pictures of New York artists, that was re-published in facsimile by Granary Books in 2001. After his last film, No President, Smith created performance, in 1978 Sylvère Lotringer conducted a 13-page interview with Smith in Columbia Universitys philosophy department publication of Semiotext called Schizo-Culture, The Event, The Book. Until recently, Smiths archive was co-managed by Arcade, alongside the film historian J. Hoberman via their corporation, The Plaster Foundation, Inc. In January 2004, the New York Surrogate Court ordered Hoberman and Arcade to return Smiths archive to his heir, estranged. In a six-minute trial, Judge Eve Preminger rejected the Foundations argument, according to curator Jerry Tartaglia, the dispute was finally resolved as of 2008, with the purchase of Smiths estate by the Gladstone Gallery. Smith was heavily involved with John Vaccaro, founder of The Playhouse of the Ridiculous, in turn, Vaccaro was deeply influenced by Smiths aesthetics. It was Vaccaro who introduced Smith to glitter and in 1966 and 1967, Smiths style influenced the film work of Andy Warhol as well as the early work of John Waters. While all three were part of the 1960s gay arts movement, Vaccaro and Smith refuted the idea that their orientation was responsible for their art. Richard Foreman was influenced by Smith, tony Conrad produced two CDs from the Jack Smith tape archives subtitled 56 Ludlow Street that were recorded at 56 Ludlow Street between 1962 and 1964. By Jack Smith 1952, Buzzards Over Baghdad 1961, Scotch Tape 1963, Flaming Creatures 1963, Normal Love 1967, No President With Jack Smith as actor 1960,1963, In Jacobss Blonde Cobra 1963, In Ron Rices Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man. 196016 Immortal Photos 1962 The Beautiful Book Hoberman, J, in the Grip of the Lobster, Jack Smith Remembered, Millennium Film Journal 23/24, Winter 1990-91. Biography at WarholStars. com Jack Smith at the Internet Movie Database Jack Smith at Find a Grave Flaming Creatures, Normal Love, & Scotch Tape at UbuWeb
14.
Susan Rothenberg
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Susan Rothenberg is an American contemporary painter who lives and works in New Mexico, USA. Rothenberg was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1945, in 1966 she graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. In 1967 she went to Washington, DC and studied at George Washington University, in 1969 she moved to New York. Rothenberg’s first solo exhibition in New York in 1975 was at the 112 Greene Street Gallery, consisting of three large-scale paintings of horses, it was heralded for introducing imagery into minimalist abstraction, while bringing a new sensitivity to figuration. Critic Peter Schjeldahl called the show a eureka, stating that the format of the pictures was a gesture of ambition. Since the mid-1970s, Rothenberg has been recognized as one of the most innovative, in 2010, New York Times art critic David Belcher wrote that comparisons between Rothenberg and Georgia OKeeffe had become hard to avoid. In addition to her earliest horse paintings, Rothenberg has taken on numerous forms as subject matter, such as dancing figures, heads and bodies, animals, although best known as a painter, Rothenberg has also made crucial contributions to the medium of drawing. This at any rate is what drawing has been for Rothenberg, Rothenberg has had solo exhibitions throughout the United States and abroad. Recent exhibitions include a retrospective organized by Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo and her 1976 work Butterfly was displayed in the Treaty Room of the White House during the Obama Administration. Rothenberg has been the recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship Grant, the Cornell University Alumni Award, the Skowhegan Medal for Painting, Rothenberg was married to sculptor George Trakas from 1971-1979. The couple have a daughter, Maggie, born in 1972, in the 1980s, Rothenberg struggled with alcoholism and underwent treatment through Alcoholics Anonymous. She married the artist Bruce Nauman in 1989. C. 10 February –9 May 1993, The Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis, MO.27 May –25 July 1993, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago,20 August –24 October 1993, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA. Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art,21 -- Art in the Twenty-First Century - Season 3
15.
Oyster Bay (town), New York
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The Town of Oyster Bay is easternmost of the three towns in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. Part of the New York metropolitan area, it is the town in Nassau County that extends from the North Shore to the South Shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 census, the population was 293,214. There are 18 villages and 18 hamlets within the town of Oyster Bay, the U. S. Postal Service has organized these 36 places into 30 different 5-digit ZIP codes served by 20 different post offices. Each post office has the name as a hamlet or village. Oyster Bay is also the name of a hamlet on the north shore, near this hamlet, in the village of Cove Neck, is Sagamore Hill, the former residence and summer White House of Theodore Roosevelt and now a museum. Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples had lived in the area for thousands of years, at the time of European contact, the Lenape nation inhabited western Long Island. By 1600 the band inhabiting the area was called the Matinecock after their location. Following European colonization, the became part of the colony of New Netherland. In 1639, the Dutch West India Company made its first purchase of land on Long Island from the local Native Americans, the English also had colonies on Long Island at this time. The Dutch did not dispute English claims to what is now Suffolk County, in 1643, Englishmen purchased land in the present-day town of Hempstead from the Indians that included land purchased by the Dutch in 1639. Nevertheless, in 1644, the Dutch director granted a patent for Hempstead to the English, the Dutch also granted other English settlements in Flushing, Newtown, and Jamaica. Meanwhile, the government of England came under the control of Oliver Cromwell as a republic, in 1653, English settlers made their first purchase of land in Oyster Bay from the local Matinecock tribe, though there were already some rogue English settlements there. The monarchy was restored in England in 1660, and in 1664 King Charles gave Long Island to his brother James, in 1667 the settlement at Oyster Bay received its charter from the new English colony of New York, becoming the Township of Oyster Bay. By 1687, the last piece of land was sold by the Indians, during most of the American Revolution the town was under the control of British forces. The town was part of Queens County, until the western portion of that county was amalgamated into New York City in 1898. In 1918 Glen Cove, to the west, incorporated as a city, following World War II, housing replaced farmland as the population grew from about 40,000 in 1950 to more than 290,000 in 1990. Oyster Bay is home to the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club, one of the oldest yacht clubs in the Western Hemisphere, there are 40 buildings and sites presently named Town of Oyster Bay Landmarks
16.
United States Copyright Office
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It is used by copyright title searchers who are attempting to clear a chain of title for copyrighted works. The head of the Copyright Office is called the Register of Copyrights, the Acting Register is Karyn Temple Claggett, who replaced Maria Pallante upon her departure in October 2016. The Copyright Office is housed on the floor of the James Madison Memorial Building of the Library of Congress, at 101 Independence Avenue, SE, in Washington. Originally, claims were recorded by Clerks of U. S. district courts, in 1870, copyright functions were centralized in the Library of Congress under the direction of the then Librarian of Congress Ainsworth Rand Spofford. The Copyright Office became a department of the Library of Congress in 1897. The mission of the Copyright Office is to promote creativity by administering and sustaining an effective national copyright system, the Office also records documents related to copyright ownership. The Copyright Office records the bibliographic descriptions and the facts of all works registered. The archives maintained by the Copyright Office are an important record of America’s cultural and historical heritage, records after 1977 are maintained through an online database of more than 16 million entries. As a service unit of the Library of Congress, the Copyright Office is part of the branch of government. The Office provides copyright policy advice to Congress, Copyright Office Practices manual documents the Copyright Offices practices in its administration of copyright law. A new fee schedule for certain Office services is effective as of May 1,2014, the Copyright office’s fees were last updated in 2009. Fees increased for certain registration and recordation and associated services, as well as certain search, the Copyright Office provides public information and reference services concerning copyrights and recorded documents. The public can keep up on developments in the Copyright Office by subscribing to U. S, subscribe on the Copyright Office website. In 1870, Congress passed a law that centralized the system in the Library of Congress. This law required all authors to deposit in the Library two copies of book, pamphlet, map, print, and piece of music registered in the United States. Supplying the information needs of the Congress, the Library of Congress has become the world’s largest library, the Copyright Office consults with interested copyright owners, industry and library representatives, bar associations, and other interested parties on issues related to the copyright law. The Copyright Office promotes improved copyright protection for U. S. creative works abroad through its International Copyright Institute
17.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
18.
Telephone switchboard
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The switchboard was an essential component of a manual telephone exchange, and was operated by switchboard operators who used electrical cords or switches to establish the connections. The electromechanical automatic telephone exchange, invented by Almon Strowger in 1888, in 1919, the Bell System in the United States also adopted automatic switching as its future technology, after years of reliance on manual systems. Nevertheless, many manual branch exchanges remained operational into the half of the 20th century in many enterprises. Later electronic devices and computer technology gave the access to an abundance of features. A private branch exchange in a business usually has an attendant console for the operator, or an auto-attendant, following the invention of the telephone in 1876, the first telephones were rented in pairs which were limited to conversation between the parties operating those two instruments. The use of an exchange was soon found to be even more advantageous than in telegraphy. In January 1878 the Boston Telephone Dispatch company had started hiring boys as telephone operators, thus, on September 1,1878, Boston Telephone Dispatch hired Emma Nutt as the first woman operator. Small towns typically had the switchboard installed in the home so that he or she could answer calls on a 24-hour basis. In 1894, New England Telephone and Telegraph Company installed the first battery-operated switchboard on January 9 in Lexington, Early switchboards in large cities usually were mounted floor to ceiling in order to allow the operators to reach all the lines in the exchange. The operators were boys who would use a ladder to connect to the higher jacks, late in the 1890s this measure failed to keep up with the increasing number of lines, and Milo G. Kellogg devised the Divided Multiple Switchboard for operators to work together, with a team on the A board and these operators were almost always women until the early 1970s, when men were once again hired. Cord switchboards were often referred to as cordboards by telephone company personnel, conversion to Panel switch and other automated switching systems first eliminated the B operator and then, usually years later, the A. Rural and suburban switchboards for the most part remained small and simple, in many cases, customers came to know their operator by name. As telephone exchanges converted to service, switchboards continued to serve specialized purposes. Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the operator in order to place a toll call. In large cities, there was often a number, such as 112. Elsewhere, the subscriber would ask the operator to ring the long-distance operator. The long distance operator would record the name and city of the person to be called, each toll center had only a limited number of trunks to distant cities, and if those circuits were busy, the operator would try alternate routings through intermediate cities
19.
Crucifix
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A crucifix is an image of Jesus on the cross, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the corpus, the crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of Christians, and one of the most common forms of the Crucifixion in the arts. The symbol is less common in churches of other Protestant denominations, the crucifix emphasizes Jesus sacrifice — his death by crucifixion, which Christians believe brought about the redemption of mankind. Most crucifixes portray Jesus on a Latin cross, rather than any other shape, Western crucifixes usually have a three-dimensional corpus, but in Eastern Orthodoxy Jesus body is normally painted on the cross, or in low relief. Strictly speaking, to be a crucifix, the cross must be three-dimensional, an entire painting of the Crucifixion of Jesus including a landscape background and other figures is not a crucifix either. Large crucifixes high across the axis of a church are known by the Old English term rood. By the late Middle Ages these were a feature of Western churches. The standard, four-pointed Latin crucifix consists of an upright post or stipes, there may also be a short projecting nameplate, showing the letters INRI. The corpus of Eastern crucifixes is normally a two-dimensional or low relief icon that shows Jesus as already dead, his face peaceful, more sculptural small crucifixes in metal relief are also used in Orthodoxy, including as pectoral crosses and blessing crosses. Western crucifixes may show Christ dead or alive, the presence of the wound in his ribs traditionally indicating that he is dead. In either case his face very often shows his suffering, in Orthodoxy he has normally been shown as dead since around the end of the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm. Eastern crucifixes have Jesus two feet nailed side by side, rather than crossed one above the other, as Western crucifixes have shown them since around the 13th century. The crown of thorns is also absent in Eastern crucifixes, since the emphasis is not on Christs suffering. The S-shaped position of Jesus body on the cross is a Byzantine innovation of the late 10th century, probably more from Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to Italy, by the Romanesque period, though it was more usual in painting than sculpted crucifixes. Its in Italy that the emphasis was put on Jesus suffering and realistic details, during the 13th century the suffering Italian model triumphed over the traditional Byzantine one anywhere in Europe also due to the works of artists such as Giunta Pisano and Cimabue. Since the Renaissance the S-shape is generally less pronounced. He may be robed as a prophet, crowned as a king, on some crucifixes a skull and crossbones are shown below the corpus, referring to Golgotha, the site at which Jesus was crucified, which the Gospels say means in Hebrew the place of the skull. Very large crucifixes have been built, the largest being the Cross in the Woods in Michigan, prayer in front of a crucifix, which is seen as a sacramental, is often part of devotion for Christians, especially those worshipping in a church, and also privately
20.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
21.
Incest
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Incest is sexual activity between family members or close relatives. The incest taboo is and has one of the most widespread of all cultural taboos. Most modern societies have laws regarding incest or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages, in societies where it is illegal, consensual adult incest is seen by some as a victimless crime. Some cultures extend the incest taboo to relatives with no consanguinity such as milk-siblings, stepsiblings, third-degree relatives on average share 12. 5% genes, and sexual relations between them is viewed differently in various cultures, from being discouraged to being socially acceptable. The children of incestuous relationships were regarded as illegitimate, and are still so regarded in some societies today, in most cases, the parents did not have the option to marry to remove that status, as incestuous marriages were, and are, normally also prohibited. A common justification for prohibiting incest is avoiding inbreeding, a collection of genetic disorders suffered by the children of parents with a genetic relationship. But inbreeding is not the basis for the incest taboo for two reasons. First, most prohibitions on incest cover affinity relationships—that is, relationships created by marriage —as well as created by adoption. And second, the incest taboo also applies to non-procreative sex—for example, some societies, such as the Balinese and some Inuit tribes, have different views about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest. However, sexual relations with a first-degree relative are almost universally forbidden, the English word incest is derived from the Latin incestus, which has a general meaning of impure, unchaste. It was introduced into Middle English, both in the generic Latin sense and in the modern sense. The derived adjective incestuous appears in the 16th century, before the Latin term came in, incest was known in Old English as sib-leger or mǣġhǣmed but in time, both words fell out of use. In ancient China, first cousins with the surnames were not permitted to marry. Several of the Egyptian Pharaohs married their siblings and had children with them. For example, Tutankhamun married his half-sister Ankhesenamun, and was himself the child of an union between Akhenaten and an unidentified sister-wife. It is now accepted that sibling marriages were widespread among all classes in Egypt during the Graeco-Roman period. Numerous papyri and the Roman census declarations attest to many husbands and wives being brother and sister, in the sequel to Oedipus, Antigone, his four children are also punished for their parents incestuousness. Incest appears in the accepted version of the birth of Adonis
22.
Walter Abel
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Walter Abel was an American stage and film character actor. Known as a prolific and very dependable character actor, Abel appeared in over 200 films, often portraying characters of responsibility, Abel was a regular in films of the 1940s and 1950s, in particular. A distinctive bearing and direct gaze were two of his trademarks and his eyes were brown and his height was 510. Abel was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, the son of Christine, Abel graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts where he had studied in 1917 and joined a touring company. His brother Alfred died in 1922 from tuberculosis contracted while serving overseas in World War I, Abel was married to concert harpist Marietta Bitter. Abel made his debut in 1918 with a small part in Out of a Clear Sky. He made his Broadway debut in Forbidden in 1919, in 1924 he appeared in two Eugene ONeill plays simultaneously, Bound East for Cardiff at the The Provincetown Playhouse and Desire Under the Elms at the Greenwich Village Theater. He also appeared in Channing Pollocks play The Enemy with Fay Bainter, the play was adapted to film as The Enemy with Lillian Gish and Ralph Forbes. He made his debut in London in the 1929 Coquette. His first major role was as DArtagnan in RKO Picturess 1935 The Three Musketeers. Abel went on to play in more than sixty films, Abel was a vice president of the Screen Actors Guild. Abel also appeared as a narrator or reader with Eugene Ormandy the Philadelphia Orchestra in Aaron Coplands Portrait of Lincoln in 1951. Abel died March 26,1987, of an infarction in Essex. He was survived by two sons, John and Michael, as Dr George Benedict Hold Back the Dawn as Inspector Hammock Skylark as George Gore Glamour Boy as A. J. Colder Beyond the Blue Horizon as Professor Thornton Star Spangled Rhythm as B. G
23.
George Trakas
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George Trakas is a sculptor who was born in Quebec in 1944 and has lived in New York City since 1963. Many of his projects are site-specific installations, and he himself as an environmental sculptor. He often recycles local materials and incorporates them into his work, Trakas taught sculpture at Yale University for 13 years and has also taught at other schools. He graduated from Sir George Williams University in Montreal and then went on to earn a degree in art history at New York University in 1969. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982, a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in 1989, emory University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2011. The following table contains a partial list of works by George Trakas
24.
Dubbing (filmmaking)
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The process usually takes place on a dub stage. After sound editors edit and prepare all necessary tracks, the mixer or mixers proceed to balance all of the elements. In the past, dubbing was practiced primarily in musicals when the actor had a singing voice. Today, dubbing enables the screening of material to a mass audience in countries where viewers do not speak the same language as the performers in the original production. Films, videos, and sometimes video games are dubbed into the local language of a foreign market. In foreign distribution, dubbing is common in theatrically released films, television films, television series, cartoons, the insertion of voice actor performances for animation, such as computer-generated imagery or animated cartoons, is often referred to as ADR although it generally does not replace existing dialogue. In conventional film production, a sound mixer records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a sound editor, or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which place in a specialized sound studio. The actor, usually the original actor from the set, views the scene with the original sound, over the course of multiple takes, the actor performs the lines while watching the scene, the most suitable take becomes the final version. The ADR process does not always take place in a post-production studio, the process may be recorded on location, with mobile equipment. Sometimes, a different actor than the actor on set is used during ADR. One famous example is the Star Wars character Darth Vader portrayed by David Prowse, in post-production and it provides a more precise guide for the actors, directors, and technicians, and can be used to complement the traditional ADR method. The rythmo band is projected in the studio and scrolls in perfect synchronization with the picture, Studio time is used more efficiently, since with the aid of scrolling text, picture, and audio cues, actors can read more lines per hour than with ADR alone. With ADR, actors can average 10–12 lines per hour, while rythmo band can facilitate the reading of 35-50 lines per hour, However, the preparation of a rythmo band is a time-consuming process involving a series of specialists organized in a production line. VideoDubber, a startup company from Israel, developed an automated dubbing SaaS platform that enables automated dubbing of video content to over 40 languages using digitized voices. It was the first to dub a full TV channel using this technology for a Spanish cable provider in July 2015, Media Movers, Inc. a dubbing company, has developed a piece of proprietary software that can automatically sync ADR/dubbed tracks with pre-defined algorithms. TM Systems received Emmy awards in 2002 and 2007 for their dubbing and subtitling software, Dubbing is often used to localize a foreign movie
25.
Cinefantastique
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Cinefantastique was a horror, fantasy, and science fiction film magazine. The magazine originally started as a fanzine in 1967, then relaunched as a glossy. Cinefantastiques articles and reviews emphasized an intelligent, near-scholarly approach, a then-unusual slant for such a genre-specific magazine, advertisements were few, with most of them being only ads for other titles and materials by the publisher. This lack of page padding assured the reader a high proportion of original editorial content, the magazine also devoted several issues to Star Trek films and Star Trek, The Next Generation and Star Trek, Deep Space Nine. Many of the articles have become accepted as the definitive source of production information regarding these. Sammon, Dan Fiebiger, and Alan Jones, on October 17,2000, due to complications from long-time, clinical depression, Clarke committed suicide at the age of 51. The magazine was succeeded by Geek Monthly, with Bond at the helm, Cinefantastique relaunched as a webzine in August 2007, called Cinefantastique Online, under the supervision of the magazines former West Coast Editor, Steve Biodrowski. In 2009, Cinefantastique was purchased by and became a wholly owned trademark of Fourth Castle Micromedia, Fourth Castle is known for their EMCE Toys brand, whose first lines of Retro Cloth 8 action figures were reproductions of classic MEGO toys. Fourth Castle produced a one-shot, Cinefantastique Presents The Ultimate Guide To Zombies in 2012, the magazine was slated for relaunch in 2015, and Biodrowski continued to run Cinefantastique Online while Dan Persons produced podcasts for the publication
26.
Intertitle
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In motion pictures, an intertitle is a piece of filmed, printed text edited into the midst of the photographed action at various points. Intertitles used to convey character dialogue are referred to as dialogue intertitles, film scholar Kamilla Elliott identifies one of the earliest uses of intertitles in the 1901 British film Scrooge, or, Marleys Ghost. The first Academy Awards presentation in 1929 included an award for Best Title Writing that went to Joseph W. Farnham for no specific film, the award was never given again, as intertitles went out of common use due to the introduction of talkies. In modern film, intertitles are used to supply an epigraph, such as a poem, however, they are most commonly used as part of a historical dramas epilogue to explain what happened to the depicted characters and events after the conclusion of the story proper. The development of the soundtrack slowly eliminated their utility as a narrative device, for instance, intertitles were used as a gimmick in Frasier. The BBCs drama Threads uses them to location, date. Law & Order used them to not only the location. Guy Maddin is a filmmaker known for recreating the style of older films. Some locally produced shows, such as quiz bowl game shows, intertitles have had a long history in the area of amateur film as well. The efforts of home movie aficionados to intertitle their works post-production have led to the development of a number of approaches to the challenge. Frequently lacking access to high quality film dubbing and splicing equipment, intertitles may be printed neatly on a piece of paper, a card, or a piece of cardboard and filmed, or they may be formed from adhesive strips and affixed to glass. In the early 1980s, digital recording technology improved to the point where intertitles could be created in born-digital format, several specialty accessories from this period such as Sonys HVT-2100 Titler and cameras such as Matsushitas Quasar VK-743 and Zenith VC-1800 could be used to generate intertitles for home movies. Early 1980s video game consoles and applications catering to the scene were also adapted for the generation. Among these were included the ColecoVision, the Magnavox Odyssey², the Bally Astrocade, acknowledgment Billing Character generator Closing credits Credit Digital on-screen graphic Lower third Opening credits Subtitle Supertitle Title sequence WGA screenwriting credit system
27.
Cassandra Peterson
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Cassandra Peterson is an American actress best known for her portrayal of the horror hostess character Elvira, Mistress of the Dark. She gained fame on Los Angeles television station KHJ-TV wearing a revealing, black, gothic, cleavage-enhancing gown as host of Elviras Movie Macabre and her wickedly vampish appearance is offset by her comical character, quirky and quick-witted personality, and Valley girl-type speech. Peterson was born in Manhattan, Kansas and she grew up near Randolph, Kansas, until the area was flooded to create Tuttle Creek Reservoir, her family then moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado. According to a 2011 interview, Peterson states that as a child, during her teens, Peterson worked as a go-go dancer in a local gay bar. She graduated from General William J. Palmer High School in 1969, immediately after graduating, she drove back to Las Vegas, where she became a showgirl in Viva Les Girls at The Dunes, here, she met Elvis Presley, whom she briefly dated. She had a role as a showgirl in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever. She also purportedly posed for the cover of Tom Waits 1976 album Small Change, Peterson has since described it as a giant mystery claiming that while she has no memory of the event, the picture looks enough like her that she feels pretty sure that it is her. In the early 1970s, Peterson moved to Italy and became the singer of the Italian rock band I Latins Ochanats. Introduced to director Federico Fellini by the producer of a documentary on Las Vegas showgirls in which she had appeared she landed a part in Roma. Back in the United States she toured nightclubs and discos around the country with a musical/comedy act, in 1979, she joined the Los Angeles-based improvisational troupe The Groundlings, where she created a Valley girl-type character upon whom the Elvira persona is largely based. During the 1970s, Peterson also modeled for several magazines, such as High Society, Mans Delight. Peterson auditioned for the role of Ginger Grant for the third Gilligans Island television movie in 1981, Peterson also was a personality on Los Angeles radio station KROQ-FM106.7 from 1982 to 1983. The producers decided to use a female host and they asked 1950s horror hostess Maila Nurmi to revive The Vampira Show. Nurmi worked on the project for a time, but quit when the producers would not hire Lola Falana to play Vampira. The station sent out a call, and Peterson auditioned. Producers left it up to her to create the roles image, petersons Elvira character rapidly gained notice with her tight-fitting, low-cut, cleavage-displaying black gown. Adopting the flippant tone of a California Valley girl, she brought a satirical and she reveled in dropping risqué double entendres and making frequent jokes about her cleavage. In an AOL Entertainment News interview, Peterson said, I figured out that Elvira is me when I was a teenager, I just say what I feel and people seem to enjoy it
28.
WWOR-TV
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WWOR-TV, channel 9, is the flagship station of the MyNetworkTV programming service, licensed to Secaucus, New Jersey, United States, and serving the New York City television market. It is owned by the Fox Television Stations division of 21st Century Fox as a station to Foxs flagship station. Its transmitter is located atop the Empire State Building, channel 9 signed on the air on October 11,1949 as WOR-TV. It was owned by the Bamberger Broadcasting Service, which also operated WOR radio, exactly ten months earlier, Bamberger launched Washington, D. C. s fourth television station, WOIC, also on channel 9. WOR-TV entered the New York market as the last of the citys VHF stations to sign on, on WOR-TVs opening night, a welcome address was read by WOR radios morning host, John B. However, the portion of the speech was not heard because of a technical glitch. The problem was fixed and Gambling repeated the later that evening. That first broadcast and other early WOR-TV shows emanated from the New Amsterdam Roof Theatre, for a short time, the stations transmitter operated from WOR TV Tower in North Bergen, New Jersey and was later moved to the Empire State Building. In 1949, the station moved uptown to the newly constructed 9 Television Square facility on West 67th Street, at the start of 1950, Bamberger Broadcasting changed its name to General Teleradio. Later that year, WOIC was sold to a joint venture of the Washington Post and CBS, in 1953, WOR-TV began operating a separate studio for news and special events programming located on the 83rd floor of the Empire State Building. The subsidiaries were brought together under the General Teleradio name. The main impetus for the merger was to give General Tire a controlling share in Mutual Radio Network, the merger also raised speculation that Mutual would launch a television network, plans that were discussed since before WOR-TV went on the air but ultimately did not come to fruition. During the early years of RKO General ownership, WOR-TV moved back to Times Square, channel 9s studios were co-located with WOR radio at 1440 Broadway for several years. During the 1950s and early 1960s, all three of New Yorks independents struggled to find competitive and acceptable programming, the field would increase by one in 1956 when former DuMont flagship station WABD became an independent. Until 1990, the station had a tradition of showing King Kong, Son of Kong and Mighty Joe Young on Thanksgiving, in 1962, nostalgia maven Joe Franklin moved his daily talk program to WOR-TV, after a 12-year run on WABC-TV. The Joe Franklin Show ended on August 6,1993, making it one of the programs in television history. In 1968, the continued to maintain offices at 1440 Broadway. By the early 1970s, WNEW-TV evolved into the station for cartoons and sitcoms
29.
White Christmas (film)
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White Christmas is a 1954 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor, it features the songs of Irving Berlin, including a new version of the song, White Christmas. But, word has come down that their commanding officer. He arrives for the end of the show and delivers an emotional farewell, the men give him a rousing send-off. After the war, Bob and Phil make it big in nightclubs, radio and they mount their newest hit musical titled Playing Around. The same day they receive a letter from Freckle-Faced Haynes, the boy, their mess sergeant from the war. When they go to the club to watch the act, Phil notices that Bob is smitten with Betty, Phil has eyes for her sister, Judy. Betty and Judy join Bob and Phil at their table, and Phil dances with Judy, so that Bob, Phil and Judy hit it off. Bob and Betty do not, getting into an argument about how Bob thinks that everyone has an angle in show business. Judy and Betty are headed for the Columbia Inn in Pine Tree, Vermont, due to a disagreement with their landlord, the girls have to leave immediately, so Phil gives the sisters his and Bobs sleeping-room accommodations aboard the train. Bob and Phil board later and Bob is extremely upset that they have to stay up all night in the car on their way to NYC. They are joined by Betty and Judy, who thank them profusely for the tickets, when the train arrives in Pine Tree, theres not a snowflake in sight, and chances of it falling appear dim. Bob and Phil discover that the inn is run by their commanding officer. Waverly has invested all of his savings into the lodge, which is in danger of failing because theres no snow, to bring business to the inn, Bob and Phil bring the entire cast and crew of their musical Playing Around, and add in Betty and Judy. Bob and Bettys relationship blooms and they spend a good deal of time together, meanwhile, Bob discovers the Generals request to rejoin the army has been rejected. He decides to prove to the General that he isnt forgotten, unbeknownst to Bob, nosy housekeeper Emma Allen was eavesdropping, but she only heard the part about free advertising, not Bobs rejection of the idea. Mistakenly believing that her boss will be portrayed as a pitiable figure in a nationwide broadcast. The misunderstanding causes Betty to grow suddenly cold towards a baffled Bob, while this is happening, Judy becomes convinced that Betty will never take on a serious relationship until Judy is engaged or married
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Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
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Film Chest
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Film Chest, is a privately held media company that specializes in the archiving, restoring, licensing and distribution of films. It is headquartered in Bridgeport, Connecticut, film Chest distributes consumer DVDs, and sells digital content via online outlets including Apples iTunes Store, Amazon. com, and Hulu. It also licenses its movies to TV networks, including American Movie Classics and Turner Classic Movies, and for use as stock footage. The company was founded in 2000 by partners Phil Hopkins and Ralph Stevens, in 2010, the company purchased a 45, 000-foot warehouse in Bridgeport, Connecticut, where it plans to store and digitize film collections. org
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Double feature
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Opera houses staged two operas together for the sake of providing long performance for the audience. This was related to one-act or two-act short operas that were otherwise commercially hard to stage alone, a prominent example is the double-bill of Pagliacci with Cavalleria rusticana first staged on 22 December 1893 by the Met. The two operas have since been performed as a double-bill, a pairing referred to in the operatic world colloquially as Cav. Movie theaters suffered a downturn in business in the years of the Great Depression. To attract customers, managers would offer additional features to the main attraction, the tactic worked, audiences considered the cost of a theater ticket good value for several hours of escapist and varied entertainment, and the practice became a standard pattern of programming. Afterward, the main feature ran. The major studios also made film series featuring recurring characters, the U. S. Supreme Court decided that this practice was illegal in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. in 1948, contributing to the end of the studio system. Even after the requirement was dropped, many smaller or independent neighborhood theatres, especially drive-in theatres. By the end of the 1940s double features were regular policy at 29 percent of American cinemas with 36 percent having them part-time, after the Paramount Decree the sources of the second feature had changed. James H. Nicholson and Samuel Z, by the 1960s, double features had been mostly abandoned in non–drive-ins in favor of the modern single-feature screening, in which only one feature film is exhibited. While most cinemas have discontinued the practice of showing the double feature, the Astor Theatre in St Kilda Melbourne, Australia, established in 1936, continues the tradition of the double feature. Short films still occasionally precede the feature presentation, but the feature is now effectively extinct in first-run movie theaters in the U. S. Only three were made and the scheme failed, many repertory houses continue to show two films, usually related in some way, back to back. During the 1990s, many VHS cassettes that showed two films on the tape were self-named as double features. Although Grindhouse received critical acclaim, it was a financial flop in the United States. The films were screened individually in international markets and on DVD, another recent double feature was the Duel Project, when Japanese directors Ryuhei Kitamura and Yukihiko Tsutsumi created competing films to be shown and voted on by the premier audience. More recently, two features of re-released popular films hit the big screen. The first was of the re-release of Toy Story and Toy Story 2 that started October 2,2009 before the release of Toy Story 3 in the following year, both films were in Disney Digital 3D in select movie theaters
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All Media Network
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AllGame was a commercial database of information about arcade games, video games and console manufacturers. The AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com, All Media Network includes of the original founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. The AllGame section of the site was shut down on December 12,2014, AllMusic AllMovie SideReel All Media Network MobyGames, another online database of video games and developers
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Slasher film
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Slasher films are a subgenre of horror films, typically involving a violent psychopath stalking and murdering several people, usually with bladed tools. Some critics cite Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho as an early influential slasher film, Wes Cravens satirical film Scream renewed public interest in the genre, and several of the original slasher franchises were revived or rebooted in the years following the release of Scream. Many films in the genre continue to attract cult followings. The plot involves opposing objectives of the killer and a hero/heroine, typically, a film begins with a commemoration or anniversary of the past event that reactivates or re-inspires the killer. Often the victim survives, but is damaged in some way by his or her experience with the killer, dika also believes that the genres appeal is rooted in the audiences feelings of catharsis, recreation, and displacement, which is related to sexual pleasure. A common tropes featured in films is the final girl character. This trope is often discussed in introductory film courses, the character often cited as the genres first prototypical final girl is Laurie Strode in Halloween. Final girls, who escape the killers advances by a films end, are often virgins and have at least one female friend who is portrayed as sexually active. Another trope is the anti-heroic characterization of the films villain, most slasher franchises follow the continued efforts of a specific villain, rather than the killers victims, who do not often reappear in sequels. Notable examples of these include, Michael Myers, Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, Chucky. Some critics cite horror plays produced at the Grand Guignol in the late 19th century as having influenced the contemporary slasher genre, others reference the visceral images of violence in films such as Maurice Tourneurs The Lunatics, a silent film adaptation of a Grand Guignol play. Under the Hays Code, even references to sexuality and brutality were deemed unacceptable. Crime writer Mary Roberts Rinehart was an influence on the emerging horror genre. Her novel The Circular Staircase, later adapted into film as The Bat, both films employed the theme of town dwellers pitted against strange country folk, a recurring theme in later horror films. George Archainbauds Thirteen Women tells the story of a college sorority whose former members are set against one another by a vengeful peer, as they die, the culprit crosses out their yearbook photo, a device used in subsequent slasher films such as Prom Night and Graduation Day. The movies climax takes place on a train, something echoed in Terror Train, other early examples of the maniac seeking revenge trope include The Terror, based on the play by Edgar Wallace. Val Lewton produced Jacques Tourneurs The Leopard Man, a film about a murderer covering up his crimes against women in a town by framing an escaped show leopard. Robert Siodmaks The Spiral Staircase, based on Ethel Whites novel Some Must Watch, the helpless but sympathetic heroine became commonplace in later horror films, along with black-gloved killers, point of view shots, and jump scares
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Leonard Maltin
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Leonard Michael Maltin is an American film critic and historian, as well as an author of several mainstream books on cinema, focusing on nostalgic, celebratory narratives. He is known as a critic for the major studios, for writing the shortest review in the U. S. Maltin was born in New York City, son of singer Jacqueline, and Aaron Isaac Maltin and he is married to researcher and producer Alice Tlusty. He has one daughter, Jessica Bennett Maltin, born in 1986, Maltin grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey, and graduated from Teaneck High School in 1968. He described his relationship with film critic Roger Ebert as friendly. Maltin began his career at age fifteen, writing for Classic Images and editing and publishing his own fanzine, Film Fan Monthly. After earning a degree at New York University, Maltin went on to publish articles in a variety of film journals, newspapers. In the 1970s Maltin also reviewed recordings in the jazz magazine, starting May 29,1982, Maltin for 30 years was the movie reviewer on the syndicated television series Entertainment Tonight. He also appears on the Starz cable network, and hosted his own syndicated program, Leonard Maltin on Video. Maltin currently hosts a show called Secrets Out on ReelzChannel movie network. He also spearheaded the creation of the Walt Disney Treasures collectible DVD line in 2001, Maltin appeared on Pyramid twice as a celebrity player, in 1987 on the CBS $25,000 version, and in 1991 on the John Davidson version. He also appeared on Super Password as a celebrity guest in 1988, in the mid-1990s, Maltin became the president of the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and is on the Advisory Board of the Hollywood Entertainment Museum. For nearly a decade, Maltin was also on the faculty of the New School for Social Research in New York City and he currently teaches in the School of Cinematic Arts at the University of Southern California. The statement had appeared in print in Maltins annual movie guide for nearly 25 years before Maltin publicly apologized for the error, Maltin currently hosts The Maltin Minute for DirecTV customers. He also wrote the introduction for The Complete Peanuts, 1983–1984, in 1990, he took a look at the MGM years of The Three Stooges in a film called The Lost Stooges, available on a made-to-order DVD through the Warner Archive Collection. He was the host of Treasures From the Disney Vault on Turner Classic Movies and his own gigantic form was reminiscent of Ultraman with his initials on his chest. He also appeared as himself in Gremlins 2, The New Batch and this was spoofed in the Mad magazine parody of Gremlins 2. He also made an appearance on the cartoon show Freakazoid, where he voiced himself, only to be abducted by monsters
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