1.
Telenovela
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A telenovela, Brazilian Portuguese, ) is a type of limited-run serial drama originally produced in Latin America that has become popular in European, Asian, and other global television networks. The word combines tele, short for televisión or televisão, and novela, There are similar genres to the telenovela that use the novela format, but go by varying names including teleserye, téléroman, or simply dramas. Telenovelas differ from soap operas in that they continue for more than a year. This makes them shorter than operas, but still much longer than most other serials. In Spain, they are also called culebrones because of the convoluted plots, episodes of telenovelas usually last between 30 and 45 minutes, and rarely more than an hour, except for final episodes. The telenovela combines drama with the 19th-century feuilleton, and naturally evolved from the Latin American radionovela, by the 1970s and 1980s Mexico became a world pioneer in using telenovelas to shape behavior, particularly successfully in introducing the idea of family planning. Mexico and Brazil later, in the 1990s, played a key role in the export of telenovelas. Over time telenovelas evolved in the structure of their plots and in the themes that they address, couples who kiss each other in the first minutes of the first episode sometimes stay together for many episodes before the scriptwriter splits them up. Moreover, previously taboo themes such as violence, racism. Since the 2000s, Latin America and Asia altogether have emerged as the biggest producers of telenovelas, the end result is that the telenovela requires a faster-paced, more concise style of melodrama compared to the soap opera. Telenovelas, which are sometimes called tassels or comedias, are produced primarily in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries and are usually shown during prime time. The first telenovelas were produced in Brazil, Cuba and Mexico, Sua vida me pertence was shown twice a week, between 1957 and 1958 Mexico produced its first drama serial in the modern telenovela format of Monday to Friday slots, Senda prohibida, written by Fernanda Villeli. The first global telenovela was Los ricos también lloran, which was exported to Russia, China, countries that produce well-known telenovelas are Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela. Telenovelas tend to fall within these six categories, Working-class melodrama and they typically feature a poor woman who falls in love with a rich man whose family spurns her, such as the Las Tres Marias. This genre started with Quinceañera in 1987, mystery/thriller is a category of telenovela that is more cold-hearted than the other subgenres. It may portray a mysterious death or disappearance, which may tear couples, even families apart, such as Cuna de Lobos, La Casa al Final de la Calle, La Mujer de Judas, El Rostro de la Venganza or La Casa de al Lado. Romantic comedy, which portrays love stories with some or lots of such as Las tontas no van al cielo Fools Dont Go to Heaven or Yo soy Betty. Pop band story portrays the lives of aspiring popsters such as in Alcanzar una estrella and its sequel Alcanzar una estrella II, as well as Rebelde, some, though not all, of these type of telenovelas are geared towards a teenage and/or pre-teen audience
2.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
3.
Stereophonic sound
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Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective. Thus the term applies to so-called quadraphonic and surround-sound systems as well as the more common two-channel. It is often contrasted with monophonic, or mono sound, where audio is heard as coming from one position, in the 2000s, stereo sound is common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio and TV, recorded music and the cinema. The word stereophonic derives from the Greek στερεός, firm, solid + φωνή, sound, tone, voice and it was coined in 1927 by Western Electric, the signal is then reproduced over multiple loudspeakers to recreate, as closely as possible, the live sound. Secondly artificial or pan-pot stereo, in which a sound is reproduced over multiple loudspeakers. By varying the amplitude of the signal sent to each speaker an artificial direction can be suggested. The control which is used to vary this relative amplitude of the signal is known as a pan-pot, by combining multiple pan-potted mono signals together, a complete, yet entirely artificial, sound field can be created. In technical usage, true stereo sound recording and sound reproduction that uses stereographic projection to encode the relative positions of objects and events recorded. During two-channel stereo recording, two microphones are placed in strategically chosen locations relative to the source, with both recording simultaneously. The two recorded channels will be similar, but each will have distinct time-of-arrival and sound-pressure-level information, during playback, the listeners brain uses those subtle differences in timing and sound level to triangulate the positions of the recorded objects. Stereo recordings often cannot be played on systems without a significant loss of fidelity. This phenomenon is known as phase cancellation and this two-channel telephonic process was commercialized in France from 1890 to 1932 as the Théâtrophone, and in England from 1895 to 1925 as the Electrophone. Both were services available by coin-operated receivers at hotels and cafés, modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer Alan Blumlein at EMI, who patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound. In early 1931, Blumlein and his wife were at a local cinema, Blumlein declared to his wife that he had found a way to make the sound follow the actor across the screen. The genesis of ideas is uncertain, but he explained them to Isaac Shoenberg in the late summer of 1931. His earliest notes on the subject are dated 25 September 1931, the application was dated 14 December 1931, and was accepted on 14 June 1933 as UK patent number 394,325. The patent covered many ideas in stereo, some of which are used today and these discs used the two walls of the groove at right angles in order to carry the two channels. Much of the development work on this system for cinematic use did not reach completion until 1935, in Blumleins short test films, his original intent of having the sound follow the actor was fully realised
4.
Colombia
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Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found
5.
Pereira, Colombia
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Pereira is the capital city of the Colombian department of Risaralda. It is located in the foothills of the Andes in a area of Colombia officially known as the Coffee Axis. Pereira, alongside the rest of the Coffee Axis, form part of UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia and it is the most populated city in the Coffee Axis and the second-most populated city in the Paisa region, after Medellín. Pereira is also part of the Central West Metropolitan Area, which has over 1,000,000 residents and is composed of Pereira and it also serves as the headquarters for numerous public companies and institutions of the Colombian state. Being in the center of the Golden Triangle, Pereira has become important in the fields of trade. Pereira owes its name to the lawyer Francisco Pereira Martínez, a man who was close to the fight for independence for a city in the territory that once belong to the old Cartago, the village of Pereira was named in honor of him after his death. The city of Pereira is known as la querendona, trasnochadora y morena, Pereira is located in what is known as the Golden Triangle, because it is located in the middle of Bogota, Medellin and Cali. Pereira is located in the Central Cordillera of Colombia in the valley of the river Otún, to the north is La Virginia, Marsella and Dosquebradas. To the northeast is Santa Rosa de Cabal and to the east is Tolima, to the south is Quindío and Valle del Cauca and to the west is Balboa and Valle del Cauca. Pereira is located on the mountain range, on the Otún river valley. Pereira, like many Colombian cities, has areas with difficult access or flat or steep parts. The greater part of the municipal territory corresponds to the relief of the Central Mountain range. Among the orographic accidents are the snowcapped Quindio, Ruiz and Santa Isabel, located in the limits with the departments of Quindío, Caldas and it also has other accidents like Santa Barbara, also known as the Alto del Nudo. The hydrographic system of the municipality includes the rivers Cauca, Barbas, La Vieja, Otún and Consota, with its many tributaries. Because of the broken of its relief, enjoys of variety of climates, presenting / displaying the following thermal floors, warm,60 km ², Medium,367 km², Cold,70 km ² and páramo, with 107 km ². The climate of Pereira oscillates between the topics, Warm climate 9. 9%, average climate 60. 7%, cold climate 11. 5%, paramo 17. 7%. The temperature in this zone oscillates about the 18 degrees, however, the city presents itself as an area of high seismic vulnerability due to the type of soils that make up it and the geological faults that cross it. Its average temperature is 22 degrees Celsius, the main lake in the city is the Lake Otun, which feeds the River Otun
6.
Telemundo
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Telemundo is an American Spanish-language terrestrial television network owned by Comcast through the NBCUniversal division NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises. It is the second largest provider of Spanish content nationwide behind American competitor Univision, Telemundo is headquartered in the Miami suburb of Hialeah, Florida, and has 1,900 employees worldwide. The majority of Telemundos programs are filmed at a studio facility in Miami. The average hourly primetime drama costs $70K to produce. S, Ramos wanted to maintain a consistent branding for his media properties based around the mundo theme, and chose to brand his new television property as Telemundo. Rivero produced the first comedy/variety series for WKAQ-TV, La Taberna India, and La Farándula Corona on YouTube, during the 1970s and 1980s, WKAQ-TV, then branded as Telemundo Canal 2, had become a major producer of telenovelas. The station was known for its fingers logo – a bold number 2 with the silhouette of two upright fingers inside the number – and referred to itself as El canal de los dedos. On April 14,1983, Ramos sold WKAQ-TV to John Blair & Co, in 1984, the owners of WNJU in Linden, New Jersey and KSTS in San Jose, California formed NetSpan, the second Spanish-language television network in the continental United States. These stations joined KVEA in Los Angeles, run by its manager and part-owner Joe Wallach. In late 1986, Reliance also purchased WNJU, in 1987, Reliance Capital Group executives Saul Steinberg and Henry Silverman merged all these stations into the Telemundo Group. The new corporation quickly went public, and in 1987, Reliance decided to rebrand NetSpan as Telemundo, later that year, it purchased additional stations in San Francisco, Houston and San Antonio. Between 1988 and 1993, Telemundo acquired or affiliated with stations in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Washington. In May 1992, Telemundo underwent another management change, appointing former Univision president Joaquin Blaya – who resigned from that network after discovering in an FCC filing for A. The following year in 1993, Telemundo underwent a rebranding, introducing the signature framed T letter logo. The network also began to produce its own telenovelas, the first of which to premiere were Angélica, mi vida, Marielena, Guadalupe, Señora Tentación. International distributors soon approached the network for the rights to air these programs on television networks in other countries. In 1995, under the direction of executive president of programming Harry Abraham Castillo. Eastern time slot on certain weeknights to help bolster its late newscasts, after the sale received FCC approval on July 31,1998, Sony and Liberty formed a holding company that was operated as a 50/50 joint venture between both companies, Telemundo Communications Group. Among them were Angeles, a remake of Charlies Angels, Un Angel en la Casa, solo en America, a remake of One Day at a Time
7.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
8.
Televen
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Televen is a private Venezuelan national television network headquartered on the Caracas neighborhood of Horizonte. For this reason it is also called Canal de Horizonte, Televen was inaugurated as the TELEVEN Corporation on July 10,1988 by Omar Camero and[T Radioven, S. A. S. Hispanic telenovelas, and in the 1990s, anime, on February 12,1988, the test signal of Televen began. In channel 10 in Caracas and transmitted musical videos, accompanied by the red sphere since it identifies the channel, on July 3,1988, Televen officially went on the air. In the initial stage there was self-produced and transmissions covered only the area of Caracas. On July 10,1988 the first commercial transmission, with the movie Mandela and this has been the longest commercial space that has been the history of the Venezuelan television, which was shown that customers and advertisers Televen also supported the project. In November, the department of Televen informed the media that their signal would go on the air in Zulia. On December 20, they expanded their signal to Guarenas and Guatire, in 1989, Televen became the first television network in Venezuela to air nudity during prime time. On February 10,1992, in light of the suspension of guarantees as a result of the events of February 4th. In 1994, Televen started a new cycle on Venezuelan television, in 1996, the Camero family retook control of Televen and, thanks to the investments of their stock holders, the network expanded and began transmitting its signal digitally on Intelsat 709 satellite. In 1997, Televen launched their webpage and later won the ANDA award in the New Advertising Technologies category,8 transmitters are acquired to begin operations in cities where the signal was not received Televen, Maturin, Valle de la Pascua, Mérida, Valencia, Puerto Cabello. In other cities the existing transmitters are upgraded, Caracas, Coro, Central Coast, Maracaibo, Maracay, Puerto Ordaz, Puerto La Cruz, in 1998 the channel celebrated its first decade. It began transmitting its signal with the highest technology via satellite Intelsat 806 and it acquired and began to remodel a building to install its new headquarters to a larger space, able to support its growth. That year, they began to see the fruits of a policy direction. In 2004, Televen began producing shows and restructured their prime time schedule. Televen has been known to export some of their programs overseas. One of these was Chamokropolis, which was similar to a show that Televen also aired, called Nubeluz, which came from Peru. Televen once aired the popular Japanese cartoons Saint Seiya, Slam Dunk, Magic Knight Rayearth, Sailor Moon, Slayers, and Captain Tsubasa, Ninja Hattori-kun, and, among other popular titles. D
9.
Ecuador
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Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil, in reflection of the countrys rich cultural heritage, the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Cuenca, the third-largest city, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned. Ecuador has an economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum. The country is classified as a medium-income country, Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology, hosting many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas. They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups, even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture. Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus, each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations, one region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris, which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions. Its political and military came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same language, in contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior, as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers, the Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century
10.
Ecuavisa
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Ecuavisa is one of the major television networks in the Republic of Ecuador. Since the start of their transmissions, on March 1,1967, internationally it is broadcast as Ecuavisa Internacional and through the web www. ecuavisa. com. Ecuavisa was founded by Xavier Alvarado Roca and began to transmit programming on March 1,1967, the network began broadcasting from Guayaquil and was originally known as Canal 2. The channel received support from Miamis WCKT, owned by Sydney Ansin, on June 1,1970, Ecuavisa started broadcasting to Quito and became known as Cadena de Unión Nacional. Ecuavisa also benefited from the advent of television, and was the first channel to broadcast in colour. Many of Ecuadors celebrities participated in Ecuavisas shows throughout the 1980s and 1990s, during these two decades the network showed some of Ecuadors top television shows. During the 2000s, Ecuavisa launched Ecuavisa Internacional, the channel is broadcast in the United States, on the DirecTV system. In Europe Ecuavisa Internacional is also broadcast digitally and encryption free on the satellite Hispasat, Ecuavisa dedicates a great portion of its programming to international shows, mainly telenovelas from Telemundo and Brazils Rede Globo, such as El Clon and Bellisima. Ecuavisas programming is oriented to family entertainment, educational programs, in 2007, Ecuavisa is boosting its own productions, with El hombre de la Casa a classic British comedy. Other remakes made are La Niñera and Kliffor, that achieved success in Ecuadors ratings profile. Ecuavisa has a news broadcast, Televistazo, which locals consider the most reliable news show in Ecuador. For years, it also has programming for children, such as Pokémon and Doraemon from Japan, non-anime series for children included Zooboomafoo, Little Robots, Sesame Street and Fosters Home for Imaginary Friends. In 2015, Ecuavisa came under fire for replacing reruns of Dragon Ball with the version of Chilean competition show Yingo. This resulted in a mass protest from viewers and a change to the programs timeslot, official Site Digital free reception of Ecuavisa Internacional in Europe
11.
Teleamazonas
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Teleamazonas is a television channel in Ecuador. Since the start of their transmissions, on February 22 of 1974 and it broadcasts on channel 4 to Quito and channel 5 to Guayaquil. The international version of the channel is available on EchoStars Dish Network DishLATINO programming package in the United States, Teleamazonas began broadcasting on February 22,1974, as the first network with colour television transmissions in Ecuador. Its headquarters are located in Quito, Teleamazonas got the most powerful microwave radio relay, acquired the first mobile television unit, and built in Guayaquil the biggest self-supported antenna. Founded by Antonio Granda Centeno, the channel was under control of his family until 1999, fidel Egas Grijalva, major shareholder of the bank, took charge of Teleamazonas. Several proceedings have taken place against Teleamazonas, culminating on December 23,2009 and this government move immediately prompted a backlash from advocacy groups who claimed to be acting in the interests of freedom of expression. Teleamazonas sale was the result of the mandate of the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008, Teleamazonas has produced important national series and films like Sucre, En un rincón del alma, Recuerdos en Paita, El Gran Retorno, J. J. El Ruiseñor de América, among others. Teleamazonas has the rights to broadcast the games of Deportivo Quito, Espoli, Imbabura, LDU Quito. Nowadays, it is the channel with largest availability in the country
12.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
13.
Telecinco
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Telecinco is a Spanish commercial television channel operated by Mediaset España Comunicación. Launched in 1990 as Tele 5, it was the fifth of the terrestrial television channels. In 1997, Tele 5 was rebranded as Telecinco, dropping the logo seen in other Mediaset channel logos. In 2014, Telecinco was the most viewed channel in Spain with a share of 14, Telecinco is a general channel catering for all audiences. It shows popular films, series, entertainment shows, the channel is also known for its reality shows, having produced a number of popular series in the last decade, Gran Hermano, Supervivientes, Hotel Glam, Operación Triunfo, amongst others. Reality shows feed many of the other programmes such as the morning show El Programa de Ana Rosa, the afternoon and famous show Sálvame. All of these experienced a substantial ratings boost thanks to the Reality Effect. Telecinco had digitalised their production facilities and it allowed them to broadcast their channels in up to Spanish and original language, stereo sound, interactive services and high-definition television
14.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
15.
Televisa
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Grupo Televisa, S. A. B. is a Mexican multimedia mass media company, and the largest in Hispanic America as well as the first of all the Spanish-speaking world. It is an international entertainment business, with much of its programming airing in the United States on Univision. Grupo Televisa was founded in 1955 as Telesistema Mexicano, linking Mexicos first three stations, XHTV-TV, XEW-TV and XHGC-TV. It was owned by the Azcárraga family, OFarril family and Ernesto Barrientos Reyes and its headquarters, known as Televicentro, were originally located on Avenida Chapultepec in downtown Mexico City. The building opened on February 10,1952, the channel was the first national network to be broadcast in color in 1963. In 1968, Telesistemas main competitor, Televisión Independiente de México, at the time, both Telesistema and TIM competed with another new station, XHDF-TV channel 13, which also started transmissions in 1968. Over the next four years, both competed in content and image until they merged, taking on the name Televisa in 1973. On September 7,1970,24 Horas debuted and became one of Mexicos most watched news programs, the host, journalist Jacobo Zabludovsky, anchored the program for almost 3 decades. On August 17,1972, Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta died, and Emilio Azcárraga Milmo succeeded him as company president, on January 8,1973, both Telesistema Mexicano and Televisión Independiente de México merged, taking on the name Televisa, an acronym for Televisión Via Satélite in Spanish. In 1975, brothers Emilio Diez Barroso and Fernando Diez Barroso began working in the offices of Televisa. Televisa started to transmit several programs produced by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in 1977, on March 3,1983, Canal 8 was reformatted to become a cultural channel, offering informative programs, debates and cultural shows. Canal 9 eventually became Galavisión, now known as Gala TV, on September 19,1985, an earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale caused widespread damage in Mexico City and destroyed the south tower of Televisas main building. Nonetheless, Televisas transmissions were not seriously affected, however, several dubbed TV shows were lost. In 1991, Televisa, with help from Japanese public television network Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai, began its first broadcast in HDTV, in April 1997, Milmo died and Emilio Azcárraga Jean succeeded him as the president of the company. This movement from media, enterprises and Mexicans is reflected in the buildings created with the money from this Marathon, Televisa is the largest mass media company in Latin America, and it is owned by the Azcárraga family. Televisa controls 66% of the 465 television concessions, Televisa is capable of creating, destroying or changing what audience believe or think about something or someone due to the high influence that it has over the society. This is the reason of why Televisa has an influence over the decisions in the Union Congress. Televisa determines who becomes a hero, and who the villain, there is complicity between Mexican media and government
16.
Panama
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Panama, officially called the Republic of Panama, is a country usually considered to be entirely in North America or Central America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, the capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the countrys 4.1 million people. Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes prior to settlement by the Spanish in the 16th century. Panama broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, when Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined, eventually becoming the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, in 1977 an agreement was signed for the total transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the 20th century, which culminated on 31 December 1999. Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panamas GDP, although commerce, banking, in 2015 Panama ranked 60th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. Since 2010, Panama remains the second most competitive economy in Latin America, covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panamas jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them to be found nowhere else on the planet. There are several theories about the origin of the name Panama, some believe that the country was named after a commonly found species of tree. Others believe that the first settlers arrived in Panama in August, when butterflies abound, the best-known version is that a fishing village and its nearby beach bore the name Panamá, which meant an abundance of fish. Captain Antonio Tello de Guzmán, while exploring the Pacific side in 1515, in 1517 Don Gaspar De Espinosa, a Spanish lieutenant, decided to settle a post there. In 1519 Pedrarias Dávila decided to establish the Empires Pacific city in this site, the new settlement replaced Santa María La Antigua del Darién, which had lost its function within the Crowns global plan after the beginning of the Spanish exploitation of the riches in the Pacific. Blending all of the above together, Panamanians believe in general that the word Panama means abundance of fish and this is the official definition given in social studies textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education in Panama. However, others believe the word Panama comes from the Kuna word bannaba which means distant or far away, at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the known inhabitants of Panama included the Cuevas and the Coclé tribes. These people have disappeared, as they had no immunity from European infectious diseases. The earliest discovered artifacts of indigenous peoples in Panama include Paleo-Indian projectile points, later central Panama was home to some of the first pottery-making in the Americas, for example the cultures at Monagrillo, which date back to 2500–1700 BC. These evolved into significant populations best known through their spectacular burials at the Monagrillo archaeological site, the monumental monolithic sculptures at the Barriles site are also important traces of these ancient isthmian cultures. Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled by Chibchan, Chocoan, the largest group were the Cueva. The size of the population of the isthmus at the time of European colonization is uncertain
17.
TVN (Panama)
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TVN is a television network headquartered in Panama City, Panama, with repeaters throughout the country. The stations broadcast in the NTSC format and DVB-T for Panama City, main programming consists of local news, telenovelas, and Panamanian reality shows called Produccion Nacional. TVN rarely broadcasts sports, however, they launched sister station TV Max channel 9 to specialize in those programs. In 1967, a unit is acquired, thus allowing the expansion of live events and shows seen on TVN, like El Show del Mediodía, La Lotería. In 1969, when the country was starting to use the satellite technology, in 1972 it became the first channel in the country to air in color. In 1978, TVN transmitted their first World Cup, but on delay, the channel broadcasts telenovelas and news. The channels schedule is the following,5, 00-5,15 to 5,49 - Stock programming, old programs 5,50 to 9, alfaro, Panama City, Panama, better known as Tumba Muerto, sharing installations with FETV, and sister channelTVMax TV stations
18.
Latin America
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Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies
19.
Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea. It is an archipelago that includes the island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones such as Mona, Culebra. The capital and most populous city is San Juan and its official languages are Spanish and English, though Spanish predominates. The islands population is approximately 3.4 million, Puerto Ricos rich history, tropical climate, diverse natural scenery, renowned traditional cuisine, and attractive tax incentives make it a popular destination for travelers from around the world. Four centuries of Spanish colonial government transformed the ethnic, cultural and physical landscapes primarily with waves of African captives, and Canarian. In the Spanish imperial imagination, Puerto Rico played a secondary, in 1898, following the Spanish–American War, the United States appropriated Puerto Rico together with most former Spanish colonies under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Puerto Ricans are natural-born citizens of the United States, however, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. As a U. S. territory, American citizens residing on the island are disenfranchised at the level and may not vote for president. However, Congress approved a constitution, allowing U. S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor. A fifth referendum will be held in June 2017, with only Statehood, in early 2017, the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis posed serious problems for the government. The outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion or $12,000 per capita at a time with 12. 4% unemployment, the debt had been increasing during a decade long recession. Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquen – a derivation of Borikén, its indigenous Taíno name, the terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage. The island is also known in Spanish as la isla del encanto. Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist, eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city. The islands name was changed to Porto Rico by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898, the anglicized name was used by the US government and private enterprises. The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931, the ancient history of the archipelago known today as Puerto Rico is not well known. The scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish scholarly accounts from the colonial era constitute the basis of knowledge about them. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786, the first settlers were the Ortoiroid people, an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland
20.
WAPA-TV
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WAPA-TV, virtual channel 4, is an independent television station located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The station is owned by Hemisphere Media Group, which is 83. 8% owned by InterMedia Partners, WAPA-TV maintains studios at Avenida Luis Vigoreaux in Guaynabo, and its transmitter is located near the Bosque Estatal de Carite mountain reserve. The stations signal is relayed throughout Puerto Rico through two full-power satellite stations, WTIN-TV in Ponce and WNJX-TV in Mayagüez, WAPA-TV began broadcasting on May 1,1954, as the second television station to be licensed to Puerto Rico. Its call letters are an abbreviation of the stations original owners. During its earliest years, the station was affiliated with NBC, ABC, DuMont, the station was the first in the U. S. territory to transition to color unceremoniously in 1966, followed by WKAQ-TV in 1968. Similarly, another station promo used the phrase, Hasta el gato, te-ve el cuatro, like other mascots, El Gato was seen in different situations in different on-air promos. Besides playing the bongos, he would play the drums and was seen in one station ID as a matador. Another promo had him interacting with a cat seen in a Telemundo ad, wAPA-TVs competitors include WKAQ-TV, WLII and former PBS station WIPR-TV. WAPA-TV and WKAQ-TV have battled for the title of Puerto Ricos most-watched television station since the 1950s, but it still trailed behind WKAQ-TV as the second most-watched Puerto Rican station. In the early 1990s, WAPA rebranded itself with the slogans WAPAlla. and WAPA and these slogans were accompanied by a catchy musical score and vivid, colorful graphics depicting the channels logo. In 1994, WAPA was the first television station in Puerto Rico to use high-end graphic animations to animate a new logo and this gave the station a very American on-air appearance. The logo, although graphically pleasing, was dropped in favor of the classical number 4 logo. High end graphics were later dropped for cheaper, in-house graphics. In 1997, under the helm of former Univision executive Miguel Banojian, in 1998, WAPA again rebranded itself with a new name and logo, Televicentro. It has also regained its position as a major Puerto Rican television station and its new slogan, Como tú, boricua highlighted the fact that it was the only local commercial station remaining in Puerto Rico that was programmed locally. Despite the new name, local residents referred to the station as either el cuatro or simply WAPA. That same year, former WKAQ-TV general manager Joe Ramos was named president of WAPA-TV, in September 2004, WAPA-TV became the first Puerto Rican station, and the seventh television station in the U. S. to become a satellite-distributed superstation. WAPA America can be seen in the U. S. mainland through DirecTV, LIN TV announced that it had entered into an agreement to sell its Puerto Rico television operations to InterMedia Partners for $130 million in cash
21.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
22.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
23.
Alpha TV
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Alpha TV is a Greek terrestrial channel. With Antenna tv is one of the two biggest tv stations in Greece, after the collapse of Mega channel, due to fiancial problems, the station features a mix of Greek and foreign shows with an emphasis on information. The studios are located near Athens, Alpha TV is owned by Alpha Satellite Television S. A. 100% shareholder of which is the Alpha Media Group Ltd. a member of the DEMCO Group of Companies. In Cyprus, private broadcaster Sigma TV broadcasts a number of Alpha TVs programmes, in the past, public service broadcaster CyBC used to broadcast Alpha TV programmes. 1993, Skai TV was launched to compete with Mega Channel and it began broadcasting with a heavy emphasis on news and sports. At the time, its station was the #1 ranked radio station in Athens. 1994, Skai TV began to exchange family/childrens programmes from Star Channel with Alphas childrens programming,1999, Skai TV sold, renamed Alpha Sky and later A-Sky during a transition period. 2005, Alpha TV begins broadcast of Alpha Australia, the network of Alpha. 2007, Alpha TV launches its channel Alpha Sat into North America on DirecTV,2008, Alpha Australia debuts in New Zealand via UBI World TV. 2008, Alpha TV & Alpha Radio are sold to RTL Group,2012, RTL Group sell their share to Dimitris Kontominas, giving him full control of the channel. 2016, On 4 April, makes premiere Pancyprian RANGE Cyprus Alpha channel, on 6 July, when the channel was called Skai TV, was written using Greek letters. It was Latinized and changed to a font in 1999. In September 1999, it became Alpha-Sky before changing to its present name in October of the same year, the logo was retained despite the changes in the channels name. In 2006, the logo was changed to Alpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet, the font letters in 2003 changed and a circle was added over Alpha, but the two As remain. In 2005, a new version was introduced and is coloured with red, the logo and was updated prior to the launch of the 2007-2008 season. In September 2008, Dimitris Kontominas sold a majority share of Alpha TV, Kontominas will continue to be involved with Alpha as he still owns 33. 4% and has been named president of the new holding company called Alpha Media Group. In March 2009, the company made significant changes to the news programming output, the afternoon news show has been cut to 15 minutes in duration and now airs at 13,00. The main evening news has also moved from the highly competitive slot of 20,00, on 5 January 2012, RTL Group announced that they had reached an agreement to sell their share to minority owner Dimitris Kontominas, making him once again full owner of the channel
24.
Greek language
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Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
25.
Uruguay
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Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the area of its capital and largest city. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, only larger in size than Suriname. Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the region, in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to influence and intervention throughout the 19th century. Modern Uruguay is a constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government. Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy, peace, lack of corruption, e-government, on a per-capita basis, Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country. It ranks second in the region on economic freedom, income equality, per-capita income, Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI, GDP growth, innovation and infrastructure. It is regarded as a country by the UN. Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation, Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool, rice, soybeans, frozen beef, malt and milk. Nearly 95% of Uruguays electricity comes from energy, mostly hydroelectric facilities. The Economist named Uruguay country of the year in 2013, acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production, sale, the name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the regional Guarani word for it. There are several interpretations, including bird-river, the name could also refer to a river snail called uruguá that was plentiful in the water. The only documented inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrúa, the Portuguese discovered the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512. The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1516, the indigenous peoples fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of gold and silver, limited their settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries
26.
Channel 10 (Uruguay)
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Raul Fontaina, broadcaster of great path from the direction of Radio Carve, was the pioneer who one day happened to go a step further. In 1949, at the headquarters of ANDEBU, he created the statute of SAETA. And seven years later, after tests, the station officially began broadcasting. The first picture emerged of a warehouse on blocks, wood and veneers located at the site of the First National Exhibition of Production, The Municipal Cylinder. It was generated through a chamber of 90 kg, a team of 100 power. At 6,30 pm on December 7,1956, the picture was seen and Raul Fontaina was heard saying, Ladies and gentlemen, from that moment, all other content was aired live, even commercials. The first faces that appeared on the screen, were Carlos Giacosa, Mario Fonticiella, Victor Hugo Pedroso, Barrett Puig and Cristina Morán. All of them came from the radio, in a country which at the time had no film industry, time then erected the tower 187 meters, which since then is a prominent landmark of the urban landscape of Montevideo. In January 1995, Channel 10, along with Equital SA, founded a cable operator called TCC, in 1991, based on Maldonado, Channel 7, which functions as a repeater of Channel 10, with a tele-flash informative own every 1 hour. On October 10,1996, with the movie Malcolm X, issued in the Stream Festival, began broadcasting in stereo, and so far, in 2004, the station affiliated with the News Corporation, which operates Fox. Since 2004, Saeta is another conglomerate over the News, the highest percentage of Channel 10 owners are Uruguayans. The station works mainly with two companies to create their own content, Oz Media, and ZUR Infotainment. Subrayado Punto Penal Decalegrón Channel 10s transmitting antenna, measuring 187 meters in height, is called the Saeta tower and it was built and inaugurated some time after the channel moved to its current address. It stems from the idea and subsequent efforts of Milton Fontaina, today it is the highest structure in Montevideo, and can be seen from many parts of the city. Over the past 5 years, Channel 12, of Uruguay, in the year 2006 the channel signed a contract with film companies, Warner Brothers, 20th Century Fox, Paramount and Dreamworks, to transmit the most recent releases of these film companies. These releases are already being cast in Film Festival, a program that airs Monday at 9,00 pm, a person specializing in film on Channel 10 is Jackie Rodriguez Stratta, for many years in Saeta. It was the first channel to create a talent competition, in 1996, in 2007 premiered the first prize in the national series, Flat 8. The 5-Setiembre/2007 premiered another production CONTA called History Clinic, in Channel 10 are broadcast live matches of FIFA tournaments and Qualifiers in simulcast with Tenfield Official Site of Channel 10
27.
Paraguay
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Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica. Paraguay is one of the two landlocked countries that lie outside Afro-Eurasia, Paraguay is the smallest landlocked country in the Americas. The indigenous Guaraní had been living in Paraguay for at least a millennium before the Spanish conquered the territory in the 16th century, Spanish settlers and Jesuit missions introduced Christianity and Spanish culture to the region. Paraguay was a colony of the Spanish Empire, with few urban centers and settlers. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who generally implemented isolationist and protectionist policies and he was toppled in an internal military coup, and free multi-party elections were organized and held for the first time in 1993. A year later, Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur, as of 2009, Paraguays population was estimated to be at around 6.5 million, most of whom are concentrated in the southeast region of the country. The capital and largest city is Asunción, of which the area is home to nearly a third of Paraguays population. In contrast to most Latin American nations, Paraguays indigenous language and culture, Guaraní, in each census, residents predominantly identify as mestizo, reflecting years of intermarriage among the different ethnic groups. Guaraní is recognized as an official language alongside Spanish, and both languages are spoken in the country. There is no consensus for the derivation or meaning of the name Paraguay, the most common interpretations include, Born from water Riverine of many varieties River which originates a sea Fray Antonio Ruiz de Montoya said that it meant river crowned. The Spanish officer and scientist Félix de Azara suggests two derivations, the Payaguas, referring to the tribe who lived along the river. The French-Argentine historian and writer Paul Groussac argued that it meant river that flows through the sea, Paraguayan poet and ex-president Juan Natalicio González said it meant river of the inhabitants of the sea. Indigenous peoples have inhabited this area for thousands of years, pre-Columbian society in the region which is now Paraguay consisted of semi-nomadic tribes that were known for their warrior traditions. These indigenous tribes belonged to five language families, which was the basis of their major divisions. Differing language groups were generally competitive over resources and territories and they were further divided into tribes by speaking languages in branches of these families. Today 17 separate ethnolinguistic groups remain, the first Europeans in the area were Spanish explorers in 1516. The Spanish explorer Juan de Salazar de Espinosa founded the settlement of Asunción on 15 August 1537, the city eventually became the center of a Spanish colonial province of Paraguay
28.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
29.
Channel 9 (Argentina)
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Canal 9 Known commercially as El Nueve, is an Argentine television network based in Buenos Aires. It is an entertainment station which offers news, soap operas, talk shows. After the fall of the government of Juan Perón, the military government of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu opened three new television licenses in Buenos Aires for bidding, channels 9,11 and 13. The winner for channel 9, which would bear the callsign LS83 TV, was Compañía Argentina de Televisión, Canal 9s stock was partially owned by foreign companies, including the United States NBC. Under his leadership, Canal 9 became competitive in the ratings, fighting for first place with Canal 13 and it began color broadcasts in 1980. Romays long term as the owner of Canal 9 made him one of the most powerful figures in Argentine media, following its re-privatization, the station was renamed Canal 9 Libertad and a new logo debuted for this purpose. In 1997, new studios were constructed in the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Colegiales, at its height under Romay, Canal 9 adopted as part of its visual identity a dove near the number 9 logo, which earned the channel the nickname of El canal de la palomita. It was replaced with a new logo in 1995, australian regional broadcaster Prime Television bought all of Canal 9 in 1997 for US$135 million, Prime then onsold half of it for US$74 million. However, Prime Television didnt get nearly the return on its investment that it wanted, the timing was exceptionally bad for Prime, as the acquisition and improvements made to Azul coincided with the start of the 1998–2002 Argentine great depression. In late 1999, Azul-related losses sent Primes net profit plummeting 99% over the previous year, total losses incurred from the Argentinian business were north of A$50 million. Amidst these spectacular losses, national problems, and ratings that werent improving, Prime looked to get out. In 2001, Primes foray into Argentina, which had lasted more than three years, ended, to the relief of its shareholders, when it sold its stake to JP Morgan for US$67.5 million, spains Telefónica began moving to buy out Azul. Using acquisitions and discussions with the owners of the remaining 50%, in 2000, but its preexisting ownership of ratings leader Telefe posed a problem. Argentinas Federal Radio and Broadcasting Committee forced Telefónica to sell off its Azul stake
30.
Telefe
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Telefe is a television station located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The station is owned and operated by Viacom through Televisión Federal S. A. Telefe is also a television network, Telefe has an international signal which is available in Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Israel. The history of Telefe stretches back to 1957, when a group of alumni, Héctor Grandetti, founded the company Difusión Contemporánea S. A. This company, known as DiCon for short, submitted a bid in the licensing of two new TV channels in Buenos Aires, one on channel 11 and one on channel 13, on April 28,1958, DiCon won the license for channel 11. Original plans to construct the new station in Colegio El Salvador facilities fell through, eventually, facilities were secured, and with the window to sign on air coming to a close, Canal 11 took to the air on July 21,1961. Financial problems forced the station to seek a backer, which would turn out to be ABC in the United States, ABC and DiCon formed Telerama S. R. L. A group that allowed DiCon to upgrade and expand its studio facilities, in this era, the first mascot of the station, now known as Teleonce, came about, Leoncio, an anthropomorphic lion. On October 17,1970, businessman Héctor Ricardo García took over the station, under his leadership, Teleonce went for a populist and news-oriented direction, adopting the slogan El canal de las noticias. Under García, Teleonce would climb to the top of the Argentine TV ratings, changes began in 1973, when the second government of Juan Perón took control of the news departments of channels 9,11 and 13. Jorge Conti was named administrator and took over hosting duties for the newscast and this was followed in 1974 with the expropriation of all three networks, Conti became the administrator once again. This continued under the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process, with the Argentine Air Force co-administrating the channel with Conti. It would not be until 1987, with the 11-month run of Teledos, the 1980s started with the introduction of color telecasts on May 6,1981, but the decade would become turbulent in the legal system. Twice under the dictatorship, a request for bids was issued, the first one, on August 19,1982, received no offers, the second, on October 25,1983, would result in Canal Once being handed back to Garcia. At that time, however, Raúl Alfonsín became President of Argentina, among his first acts in office was to nullify the transfer of Canal Once to García, leaving it in the hands of the state for another six years. As the 1980s began to close, financial problems and hyperinflation had brought Canal Once to its breaking point, the closure of the station was being batted around at this time. However, salvation came when Carlos Menem announced that he would seek bids to privatize two of the three remaining Buenos Aires stations, Canal Once and Canal 13. In December 1989, Arte Radiotelevisivo Argentino, a subsidiary of Grupo Clarín, won the bidding for Canal Once, artear chose the latter, and Televisión Federal took control of Canal Once on December 22,1989. LS84 TV, Channel Eleven, Buenos Aires, Republic of Argentina, telefes arrival into the 90s was signaled with the debut of its iconic 3 circles logo with the station name in white in 3 colored circles but still retaining the ident theme and slogan
31.
Peru
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Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
32.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
33.
Sub (TV channel)
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Sub is a Finnish TV channel owned by Bonnier. The previous owner Alma Media sold Sub and its channels to Swedish Bonnier. Sub is an entertainment channel directed at teens and young adults, programs are mostly imported and of U. S. origin. Sub also shows reruns of popular and cult TV shows, recently, the share of domestic programming has grown remarkably. The channels highest viewership of all time was attracted in 2009 and it contained music news, TV schedules and interactive services like chats and mobile phone games and services. Brief introduction to Sub in English
34.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
35.
Univision
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Univision is an American Spanish language broadcast television network that is owned by Univision Communications. Univision is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and has its studios, production facilities. In recent years, the network has reached viewership parity with the five major English language U. S. television networks, Univision is available on cable and satellite television throughout most of the United States, with local stations in over 60 markets with large Hispanic and Latino populations. Chief operating officer Randy Falco has been in charge of the company since the departure of Univision Communications president, the new owners helped to turn around the stations fortunes by heavily investing in programming. Televisas ownership interest in SIN transferred posthumously from Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta to his son, Emilio Azcárraga Milmo, in Chicago, SIN moved its programming from WCIU-TV to new full-time affiliate WSNS-TV in July 1985. After WSNS was sold to Telemundo in 1988, what had become Univision moved its programming back to WCIU-TV, wGBO-TV became an Univision-owned station in January 1995. to operate the network and its stations. The Federal Communications Commission and SINs competitors had long questioned whether the relationship between SIN and the Azcárraga family was impermissibly tight, both the FCC and other Spanish-language broadcasters had long suspected that Televisa was merely using Nicolas to skirt FCC rules prohibiting foreign ownership of broadcast media. The FCC and the U. S. Justice Department eventually encouraged a sale of the network to a properly constituted domestic organization, joaquin Blaya, the networks new chief executive officer, would sign agreements to carry two programs that would change the face of the network. He signed contracts to develop programs hosted by Cristina Saralegui and Chilean-born Mario Kreutzberger – better known as Don Francisco – for the network. It also prohibited the use of English in its programming or advertisements, in 1988, Blaya also substantially ramped up production of American-based programs on Univisions lineup, reducing the share of programming imported from Latin America on its schedule. With this, the network began producing programs with an audience in mind, resulting in Univisions schedule consisting of 50% foreign programming. During Flores tenure as host of TV Mujer, the remained the #1 daytime show on Spanish-language television. Telemundos Dia a Dia, which debuted prior to the premiere of TV Mujer, TV Mujer inspired a series of other programs, including Hola, America and Al Mediodia, which never garnered the ratings of the original concept and were ultimately cancelled. However, the networks began to wane following the Hallmark purchase. The network opted to replace the Mexican-produced serials with novelas produced in South America, however, to make matters worse, with limited revenue from advertising, the sale to Hallmark left Univision with a huge debt load to cover. On April 8,1992, Hallmark sold Univision to a group that included Los Angeles-based investor A. 5% stake in the station group, the deal placed Univision under common ownership with competing cable channel Galavisión, which the Azcárraga-run Grupo Televisa owned at the time. KMEX became the first Spanish-language television station ever to outperform English-language network stations and that year, Univision also acquired KXLN, the first Spanish-language television station in the Houston market. Perenchio also implemented new programming requirements in which programs were no longer allowed to run 20 minutes over their allotted timeslot
36.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
37.
Canale 5
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Canale 5 is an Italian private television network of Mediaset. Canale 5 was the first private television network to have a national coverage in Italy in 1980, Canale 5 is the most watched channel in Italy because Canale 5 is a classic generalist channel, which means that it is aimed at the mass family audience. The distinguishing characteristics of the channel are programmes based on completeness and variety, able to reach, through all kinds of programmes, from entertainment to drama, the logo of Canale 5 was originally formed by the number five beside a long biscione spitting a flower. In the 1980s the reptile was replaced by a bigger number leaving only a head on the top with the flower. On 4 December 2012, Mediaset launched Canale 5 HD, a simulcast of Canale 5 in high-definition, since January 2013, Canale 5 has been directed by Giancarlo Scheri. In 1978, Telemilano, a local Milan-based broadcaster became Canale 5 two years later and began broadcasting nationally, Canale 5 was subsequently joined by Italia 1 and Retequattro
Colombia
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Spain
Mexico
Panama
Puerto Rico
Greece
Uruguay
Paraguay
Argentina
Peru
Finland
United States
Italy