1.
Wadsley
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Wadsley is a suburb of the City of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. It stands 3 miles north-west of the city centre at a grid reference of SK321905. At the 2011 Census the suburb fell within the Hillsborough ward of the City, Wadsley was formerly a rural village which was engulfed by the expansion of Sheffield in the early part of the 20th century. A feudal manorial system existed in Wadsley in the Early Middle Ages under the control of Aldene, the Anglo-Saxon estate of Wadesleah is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 in its genitive form of Wadesleia. Wadsley eventually became a manor under the control of the De Wadsley family, the family had manorial rights and built a manor hall, a deer park and chapel within the parish of Ecclesfield. Their surname was first recorded in 1227, there are still Wadsleys today, the ownership of the manor of Wadsley changed many times over the following centuries. In 1790 Joseph Clay bought the manor of Wadsley from Michael Burton, upon his death in 1797 he bequeathed it to his daughter, Ellen, the wife of George Bustard Greaves, of Page Hall. As Lord of the Manor, Greaves commissioned a survey of the manor in 1802, the survey revealed 200 people as landowners within the manor and between them they possessed almost 2,400 acres. The largest landowner at the time was Samuel Turner who owned almost 650 acres, from the 16th century up to the 1920s Wadsley’s main industry was cutlery manufacturing, at the end of the 19th century there were over 100 cutlers shops in the village. The industry declined as the workshops of Wadsley lost business to the large cutlery works of Sheffield. It is generally believed that the last little mester operating as a knife maker in Wadsley was Harry Horsfield who died in 1938. In 1901 Sheffield extended its boundaries and part of Wadsley came within the city, the recent history of Wadsley has been its development as a residential suburb with many houses built, especially in the area between Wadsley Lane and Langsett Avenue, in the 1930s. Due to its rural setting Wadsley has several country houses which are still standing within the now built-up suburb. Wadsley House is a two listed building which stands on a cul-de-sac called The Drive. George Calvert Holland M. D. lived in the house in the century, his writings include “The Philosophy of Animated Nature”. George Miller, a contractor who was involved in building the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway bought the house in 1851. The house is now a club with a bowling green attached. Wadsley Hall, which stands in Far Lane, is also a two listed building and a structure of some antiquity
2.
Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible
3.
South Yorkshire
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South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is the southernmost county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 and it has an area of 1,552 square kilometres and consists of four metropolitan boroughs, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 with Barnsley as its county town. The Sheffield Urban Area is the tenth most populous conurbation in the UK, South Yorkshire lies within the Sheffield City Region with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region, reflecting its geographical position midway between Yorkshires two largest cities. South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its boroughs are now effectively unitary authorities. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant, South Yorkshire was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Although the modern county of South Yorkshire was not created until 1974, prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic house dating to around 8000 BC, found at Deepcar, in the northern part of Sheffield. The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period, the main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north, there were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield. The proximity of the iron and coal made this an ideal place for steel manufacture. Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the towns of West Yorkshire, there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also, South Yorkshire has a high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists National Union. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report, the Royal Commissions 1969 report, known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report, proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. Redcliffe-Mauds recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970, the Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established South Yorkshire on 1 April 1974, although South Yorkshire County Council had been running since elections in 1973, South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements
4.
Bournemouth
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Bournemouth /ˈbɔːrnməθ/ is a large coastal resort town on the south coast of England directly to the east of the Jurassic Coast, a 96-mile World Heritage Site. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 183,491 making it the largest settlement in Dorset. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth forms the South East Dorset conurbation, before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell, the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers. Initially marketed as a resort, the town received a boost when it appeared in Dr Granvilles book. Bournemouths growth really accelerated with the arrival of the railway and it became a town in 1870. Historically part of Hampshire, it joined Dorset with the reorganisation of government in 1974. Since 1997, the town has been administered by a unitary authority, the local council is Bournemouth Borough Council. The town centre has notable Victorian architecture and the 202-foot spire of St Peters Church, Bournemouths location has made it a popular destination for tourists, attracting over five million visitors annually with its beaches and popular nightlife. The town is also a centre of business, home of the Bournemouth International Centre or BIC. The word bourne, meaning a stream, is a derivative of burna. A travel guide published in 1831 calls the place Bourne Cliffe or Tregonwells Bourne after its founder, the Spas of England, published ten years later, calls it simply Bourne as does an 1838 edition of the Hampshire Advertiser. In the late 19th century Bournemouth became predominant, although its two-word form appears to have remained in use up until at least the early 20th century, in the 12th century the region around the mouth of the River Bourne was part of the Hundred of Holdenhurst. Although the Dorset and Hampshire region surrounding it had been the site of settlement for thousands of years, Westover was largely a remote. In 1574 the Earl of Southampton noted that the area was Devoid of all habitation, on this barren and uncultivated heath there was not a human to direct us. Bronze Age burials near Moordown, and the discovery of Iron Age pottery on the East Cliff in 1969, Hengistbury Head, added to the borough in 1932, was the site of a much older Palaeolithic encampment. No-one lived at the mouth of the Bourne river and the regular visitors to the area before the 19th century were a few fishermen, turf cutters. Prior to the Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802, more than 70% of the Westover area was common land, in 1809 the Tapps Arms public house appeared on the heath. A few years later, in 1812, the first official residents, retired army officer Lewis Tregonwell and his wife, the area was well known to Tregonwell who, during the Napoleonic wars, spent much of his time searching the heath and coastline for French invaders and smugglers
5.
Dorset
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Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the county, which is governed by Dorset County Council. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, the county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of government in 1974 the countys border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth. Around half of the lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The county has a history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era. The Romans conquered Dorsets indigenous Celtic tribe, and during the early Middle Ages, the first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, the former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing, Cornish pilot gig rowing, sea kayaking and powerboating. Dorset has a varied landscape featuring broad elevated chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, over half the county is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Three-quarters of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast Natural World Heritage Site due to its geological and it features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. Agriculture was traditionally the major industry of Dorset but is now in decline, there are no motorways in Dorset but a network of A roads cross the county and two railway main lines connect to London. Dorset has ports at Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and an international airport, the county has a variety of museums, theatres and festivals, and is host to one of Europes largest outdoor shows. It is the birthplace of Thomas Hardy, who used the county as the setting of his novels. Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester, the Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning place with fist-sized pebbles. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD845 and in the 10th century the countys archaic name, the first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, from 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorsets woodlands for agricultural use and Dorsets high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD43, Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby
6.
Civil engineer
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The term civil engineer was established in 1750 to contrast engineers working on civil projects with the military engineers, who worked on armaments and defenses. Over time, various sub-disciplines of civil engineering have become recognized, other engineering practices became recognized as independent engineering disciplines, including chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering. In some places, an engineer may perform land surveying, in others, surveying is limited to construction surveying. Civil engineers generally work in a variety of locations and conditions, many spend time outdoors at construction sites so that they can monitor operations or solve problems onsite. The job is typically a blend of in-office and on-location work, in many countries, civil engineers are subject to licensure. In some jurisdictions with mandatory licensing, people who do not obtain a license may not call themselves civil engineers, in Belgium, Civil Engineer is a legally protected title applicable to graduates of the five-year engineering course of one of the six universities and the Royal Military Academy. Their speciality can be all fields of engineering, civil, structural, electrical, mechanical, chemical, physics and this use of the title may cause confusion to the English speaker as the Belgian civil engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering. In fact, Belgians use the adjective civil in the sense of civilian, traditionally, students were required to pass an entrance exam on mathematics to start civil engineering studies. This exam was abolished in 2004 for the Flemish Community, but is organised in the French Community. Today the degree spans over all fields within engineering, like engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, electronics engineering. A civil engineer is the most well-known of the two, still, the area of expertise remains obfuscated for most of the public. A noteworthy difference is the courses in mathematics and physics, regardless of the equivalent masters degree. This is because the educational system is not fully adopted to the international standard graduation system. Today this is starting to change due to the Bologna process, a Scandinavian civilingenjör will in international contexts commonly call herself Master of Science in Engineering and will occasionally wear an engineering class ring. At the Norwegian Institute of Technology, the tradition with an NTH Ring goes back to 1914, in Norway, the title Sivilingeniør will no longer be issued after 2007, and has been replaced with Master i teknologi. In the English translation of the diploma, the title will be Master of Science, since Master of Technology is not a title in the English-speaking world. The extra overlapping year of studies have also been abolished with this change to make Norwegian degrees more equal to their international counterparts, in Spain, a civil engineering degree can be obtained after four years of study in the various branches of mathematics, physics, mechanics, etc. The earned degree is called Grado en Ingeniería Civil, further studies at a graduate school include masters and doctoral degrees
7.
Institution of Civil Engineers
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The Institution of Civil Engineers is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body which exists to deliver benefits to the public. Based in London, ICE has nearly 89,000 members, ICE supports the civil engineering profession by offering professional qualification, promoting education, maintaining professional ethics, and liaising with industry, academia and government. Under its commercial arm, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and it sets standards for membership of the body, works with industry and academia to progress engineering standards and advises on education and training curricula. The late 18th century and early 19th century saw the founding of many learned societies, groups calling themselves civil engineers had been meeting for some years from the late 18th century, notably the Society of Civil Engineers formed in 1771 by John Smeaton. The institution made little headway until a key step was taken - the appointment of Thomas Telford as the first President of the body and this official recognition helped establish ICE as the pre-eminent organisation for engineers of all disciplines. Its members, notably William Cubitt, were prominent in the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851. For 29 years ICE provided the forum for engineers practising in all the disciplines recognised today, by the end of the 19th century, ICE had introduced examinations for professional engineering qualifications to help ensure and maintain high standards among its members – a role it continues today. The ICEs Great George Street headquarters, designed by James Miller, was built by John Mowlem & Co, the institution is a membership organisation comprising 88,810 members worldwide, around three quarters are located in the United Kingdom. Members who are Chartered Engineers can use the protected title Chartered Civil Engineer, ICE is also licensed by the Society for the Environment to award the Chartered Environmentalist professional qualification. The Institution of Civil Engineers also publishes technical studies covering research, under its commercial arm, Thomas Telford Ltd, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and contract services, such as the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract. All the profits of Thomas Telford Ltd go back to the Institution to further its aim of putting civil engineers at the heart of society. The publishing division has existed since 1836 and is today called ICE Publishing, the ICE Science series is now also published by ICE Publishing. ICE Science currently consists of five journals, Nanomaterials and Energy, Emerging Materials Research, Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials, Green Materials, ICE members, except for students, also receive the weekly New Civil Engineer magazine. The societies provide continuing professional development and assist in the transfer of knowledge concerning specialist areas of engineering, the President is the public face of the institution and day-to-day management is the responsibility of the Director General. The ICE President is elected annually and the holder for 2016-2017 is Professor Tim Broyd, each year a number of young engineers have been chosen as Presidents apprentices. The scheme was started in 2005 during the Presidency of Gordon Masterton, each incoming President sets out the main theme of his or her year of office in a Presidential Address. Many of the professions greatest engineers have served as President of the ICE including, One of Britains greatest engineers, the first woman member of ICE was Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan in 1927. The first female Fellows elected were Molly Fergusson, Marie Lindley, Helen Stone, the first female President was Jean Venables who became the 144th holder of the office in 2008
8.
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
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The Institution of Mechanical Engineers is an independent engineering society, headquartered in central London, that represents mechanical engineers. The Institution was founded at the Queens Hotel, Birmingham, by George Stephenson in 1847 and it received a Royal Charter in 1930. The Institutions headquarters, purpose-built for the Institution in 1899, are situated at One Birdcage Walk, the first woman to be elected to the Institution was Verena Holmes in 1919. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers was founded on 27 January 1847, in the Queens Hotel next to Curzon Street railway station in Birmingham by the railway pioneer George Stephenson and others. Charles Beyer proposed that George Stephenson become the Institutions first President in 1847, followed by his son, Robert Stephenson, Beyer became Vice President and was one of the first to present papers to the Institution, Charles Geach was the IMechEs first treasurer. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries some of Britains most notable engineers held the position of President, including Joseph Whitworth, Carl Wilhelm Siemens and it operated from premises in Birmingham until 1877 when it moved to London, taking up its present headquarters on Birdcage Walk in 1899. Upon its move to London in 1877, the Institution rented premises at No 10 Victoria Chambers, in 1895 the Institution bought a plot of land at Storeys Gate, on the eastern end of Birdcage Walk, for £9,500. Architect Basil Slade looked to the newly completed Admiralty buildings facing the site for inspiration, the building was designed in the Queen Anne, streaky bacon, style in red brick and Portland stone. In 1933 architect James Miller, who designed the neighbouring Institution of Civil Engineers, remodelled the building, expanding the library. The building would go on to host the first public presentation of Frank Whittles jet engine in 1945, in 1943 it became the venue for the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers planning of Operation Overlord and the invasion of Normandy. AMIMechE, Associate Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, this is the grade for graduates MIMechE, for those who meet the educational and professional requirements for registration as a Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer or Engineering Technician in Mechanical Engineering. FIMechE, Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and this is the highest class of elected membership, and is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated exceptional commitment to and innovation in mechanical engineering. The Engineering Heritage Awards were created in 1984 to help recognise and promote the value of artefacts, locations, collections, along with The Manufacturer, the Institution also runs The Manufacturer MX Awards, and Formula Student, the worlds largest student motorsport event. As of 2016, there have been 131 presidents of the Institution, the first president was George Stephenson, followed by his son Robert. Joseph Whitworth, John Penn and William Armstrong are the persons to have served two terms. Pamela Liversidge in 1997-98 was the first female president and Professor Isobel Pollock became the second in May 2012, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers has a number of committees that work to promote and develop thought leadership in different industry sectors. This committee offers, seminars, lectures and conferences every year, the Journal of Engineering in Medicine, the Railway Division was formed in 1969 when IMechE amalgamated with the Institution of Locomotive Engineers
9.
Metropolitan Railway
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Its first line connected the main-line railway termini at Paddington, Euston, and Kings Cross to the City. It opened to the public on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the line was soon extended from both ends, and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended to Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Electric traction was introduced in 1905 and by 1907 electric multiple units operated most of the services, unlike other railway companies in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, and after World War I promoted housing estates near the railway using the Metro-land brand. On 1 July 1933, the Met was amalgamated with the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, former Met tracks and stations are used by the London Undergrounds Metropolitan, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Piccadilly, and Jubilee lines, and by Chiltern Railways. In the first half of the 19th century the population and physical extent of London grew greatly, only Fenchurch Street station was within the City. The congested streets and the distance to the City from the stations to the north, none were successful, and the 1846 Royal Commission investigation into Metropolitan Railway Termini banned construction of new lines or stations in the built-up central area. The concept of a railway linking the City with the mainline termini was first proposed in the 1830s. Charles Pearson, Solicitor to the City, was a promoter of several schemes. The scheme was rejected by the 1846 commission, but Pearson returned to the idea in 1852 when he helped set up the City Terminus Company to build a railway from Farringdon to Kings Cross. Although the plan was supported by the City, the companies were not interested. The Bayswater, Paddington, and Holborn Bridge Railway Company was established to connect the Great Western Railways Paddington station to Pearsons route at Kings Cross, a bill was published in November 1852 and in January 1853 the directors held their first meeting and appointed John Fowler as its engineer. After successful lobbying, the company secured parliamentary approval under the name of the North Metropolitan Railway in the summer of 1853 and this dropped the City terminus and extended the route south from Farringdon to the General Post Office in St. Martins Le Grand. The route at the end was also altered so that it connected more directly to the GWR station. Permission was also sought to connect to the London and North Western Railway at Euston and to the Great Northern Railway at Kings Cross, the companys name was also to be changed again, to Metropolitan Railway. Royal assent was granted to the North Metropolitan Railway Act on 7 August 1854, construction of the railway was estimated to cost £1 million. Initially, with the Crimean War under way, the Met found it hard to raise the capital, while it attempted to raise the funds it presented new bills to Parliament seeking an extension of time to carry out the works. In July 1855, an Act to make a connection to the GNR at Kings Cross received royal assent
10.
Millwall Dock
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Millwall Dock is a dock at Millwall, London, England, located south of Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs. The Millwall Dock was constructed by John Aird & Co. to a design by Sir John Fowler, the dock is L-shaped, with an Outer Dock running east-west, and an Inner Dock running north from the eastern end. It originally contained around 36 acres of water and had a 200-acre estate, the western end of the Outer Dock was originally connected to the Thames at Millwall by an 80 ft wide channel. The spoil from the formed the area of wasteland known as the Mudchute. A graving dock for repairs was constructed at the SE corner of the Outer Dock. The dock was used mainly for timber and grain, a trade which eventually moved down river to the Port of Tilbury with the construction of a grain terminal in the 1960s. A McDougalls flour mill, the Wheatsheaf Mill, stood on the side of the Outer Dock. Nearby Sir John McDougall Gardens is named one of the McDougall brothers, John McDougall. Millwall Dock lies near the centre of the Isle of Dogs, a large site on the north side of Outer Dock is occupied by the West Ferry Printing Works, the largest newspaper print works in Western Europe, built 1984–6. Millwall Dock is a business district that includes office towers housing small to medium-sized technology, publishing. Millwall Dock is also an area where several housing developments and impressive apartment towers have been developed, the Clippers Quay housing estate is located around the old dry dock, while the Mill Quay housing development is located on the site of the old flour mill. There is a marked contrast between the newly established living and working areas and the older neighbouring developments in the area, Docklands Sailing and Watersports Centre is located at the far West end of the dock where the dock previously connected to the Thames. It was set up in 1989 by the London Docklands Development Corporation, the dock was a location for boat stunts in the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough. There are three Docklands Light Railway stations serving the Millwall Dock, Mudchute, Crossharbour and South Quay, Survey Survey of London, volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs, pp. 353-356. Dockland, An illustrated historical survey of life and work in east London, NELP/GLC,1983, ISBN 0-7168-1611-3 Docklands Light Railway Mill Quay Residents Association
