1.
Porvoo
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Porvoo is a city and a municipality situated on the southern coast of Finland approximately 50 kilometres east of Helsinki. Porvoo is one of the six towns in Finland, first mentioned as a city in texts from 14th century. Porvoo is the seat of the Swedish-speaking Diocese of Borgå of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the municipalitys official languages are Finnish and Swedish. In 2014,64. 6% of the population spoke Finnish as their mother tongue,5. 4% had a different mother tongue. Neighbouring municipalities, Askola, Loviisa, Myrskylä, Pornainen and Sipoo, Porvoo was first mentioned in documents in the early 14th century, and Porvoo was given city rights around 1380, even though according to some sources the city was founded in 1346. The old city of Porvoo was formally disestablished and the new city of Porvoo founded in 1997 when the city of Porvoo, when Sweden lost the city of Viborg to Russia in 1721, the episcopal seat was moved to Porvoo. At this time, Porvoo was the second largest city in Finland, after the conquest of Finland by Russian armies in 1808 Sweden had to cede Finland to Russia in 1809. The Diet of Porvoo in 1809 was a landmark in the History of Finland, the Tsar Alexander I confirmed the new Finnish constitution, and made Finland an autonomous Grand Duchy. It established the Porvoo Communion, so named after the Porvoo Cathedral where the Eucharist was celebrated on the final Sunday of the leading to the Statement. The town received its name from a Swedish earth fortress near the river Porvoonjoki which flows through the town, the name Porvoo is the Fennicised version of the Swedish name and its parts of borg meaning castle and å river. The Old Town came close to being demolished in the 19th century by a new plan for the city. The plan was cancelled due to a popular resistance headed by Count Louis Sparre, the cathedral was damaged by fire on 29 May 2006, the roof was totally destroyed but the interior is largely intact. A drunken youth had played with fire at the church, unaware of recent tarwork and nearby tarcontainers and he was later sentenced to a short prison term and restitutions of 4.3 million Euro. The red-coloured wooden storage buildings on the riverside are a proposed UNESCO world heritage site, by the early 19th century authorities already understood the value of the old town. With the need for growth, a plan was envisioned for a new town adjacent to the old town, following a grid plan. By the end of the 20th century there was pressure to develop the essentially untouched western side of the river, there was concern that growth would necessitate the construction of a second bridge across the river into the town, thus putting further strain on the wooden town. An architectural competition was held in 1990, the entry of which proposed building the second bridge. Plans for the side of the river have progressed under the direction of architect Tuomas Siitonen
2.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
3.
Helsinki
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Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512, a population of 1,231,595. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres north of Tallinn, Estonia,400 km east of Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities. The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen. It is the worlds northernmost metro area of one million people. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, Helsinki is Finlands major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europes major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region, the nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its Liveable Cities Index 2011, in the Economist Intelligence Units August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the worlds top ten cities. Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, the Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city. The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is known as the Vantaa River. Helsingfors comes from the name of the parish, Helsinge and the rapids, which flowed through the original village. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, one suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg. The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, the decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish, in Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi. Hesa, is not used by natives to the city, helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki
4.
Swedish-speaking population of Finland
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The Swedish-speaking population of Finland is a linguistic minority in Finland. They maintain an identity and are seen either as a separate ethnic group, while still being Finns. Swedish-speakers comprise 5. 4% of the total Finnish population or about 4. 9% without Åland, the proportion has been steadily diminishing since the early 19th century, when Swedish was the mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population and considered a prestige language. It is estimated that 70% of bilingual families—that is, ones with one parent Finnish-speaking, the Swedish term finlandssvensk, which is used by the group itself, does not have an established English translation. The Research Institute for the Languages of Finland proposes Swedish-speaking Finns, Swedish Finns, or Finland-Swedes, the expressions Swedish-speaking Finns, Swedes of Finland, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, and Swedish Finns are all used in academic literature. The age of the Swedish-speaking population in the territory that today constitutes Finland was a subject of debate in early 20th century as a part of the Finlands language strife. Some Finland-Swede scholars like Ralf Saxén, Knut Hugo Pipping and Tor Karsten used place names trying to prove that the Swedish settlement in Finland dates back to prehistoric times and their views where opposed mainly by Heikki Ojansuu in 1920s. In 1966, the historian Hämäläinen addressed the strong correlation between the scholars mother-tongue and the views on the age and continuity of the Scandinavian settlement history of Finland. During the recent decades several Swedish-speaking philologists, archaeologists and historians from Finland have criticized the theories of Germanic/Scandinavian continuity in Finland, simultaneously the growth of population in Sweden, together with lack of land, resulted in Swedish settlements in Southern and Western coastal areas of Finland. The Second Swedish Crusade against the Tavastians in 13th century extended the Swedish settlements to Uusimaa and their departure from Sweden proper to Finland was encouraged and organized by the Swedish authorities. The proportion of Swedish speakers in Finland has declined since the 18th century, when the Grand Duchy of Finland was formed and Karelia was reunited with Finland, the share of Swedish speakers was 15% of the population. During the 19th century a national awakening occurred in Finland and it was supported by the Russian central administration for practical reasons, as a security measure to weaken Swedish influence in Finland. This trend was reinforced by the wave of nationalism in Europe in the mid-19th century. As a result, under the influence of the German idea of one national language, many influential Swedish-speaking families learned Finnish, fennicized their names and changed their everyday language to Finnish, sometimes not a very easy task. As the educated class in Finland was almost entirely Swedish-speaking, the first generation of the Finnish nationalists, the language issue was not primarily an issue of ethnicity, but an ideological and philosophical issue as to what language policy would best preserve Finland as a nation. This also explains why so many academically educated Swedish speakers changed to Finnish, both parties had the same patriotic objectives, but their methods were completely the opposite. The language strife would continue up until World War II, the majority of the population – both Swedish and Finnish speakers – were farmers, fishermen and other workers. The farmers lived mainly in areas, while the other workers lived in bilingual areas such as Helsinki
5.
August Strindberg
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Johan August Strindberg was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter. From his earliest work, Strindberg developed innovative forms of action, language. He is considered the father of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room has frequently described as the first modern Swedish novel. In Sweden, Strindberg is known as an essayist, painter, poet, and especially as a novelist and playwright, but in other countries he is known mostly as a playwright. The Royal Theatre rejected his first major play, Master Olof, in 1872, it was not until 1881, at the age of thirty-two, that its première at the New Theatre gave him his theatrical breakthrough. In Miss Julie, characterisation replaces plot as the predominant dramatic element and the role of heredity. During the 1890s he spent significant time abroad engaged in scientific experiments, a series of psychotic attacks between 1894 and 1896 led to his hospitalization and return to Sweden. Under the influence of the ideas of Emanuel Swedenborg, he resolved after his recovery to become the Zola of the Occult, in 1898 he returned to play-writing with To Damascus, which, like The Great Highway, is a dream-play of spiritual pilgrimage. He also returned to writing historical drama, the genre with which he had begun his play-writing career and he helped to run the Intimate Theatre from 1907, a small-scale theatre, modeled on Max Reinhardts Kammerspielhaus, that staged his chamber plays. Strindberg was born on 22 January 1849 in Stockholm, Sweden, in his autobiographical novel The Son of a Servant, Strindberg describes a childhood affected by emotional insecurity, poverty, religious fanaticism and neglect. When he was seven, Strindberg moved to Norrtullsgatan on the northern, a year later the family moved near to Sabbatsberg, where they stayed for three years before returning to Norrtullsgatan. He attended a school in Klara for four years, an experience that haunted him in his adult life. He was moved to the school in Jakob in 1860, which he found far more pleasant, in the autumn of 1861, he was moved to the Stockholm Lyceum, a progressive private school for middle-class boys, where he remained for six years. As a child he had a keen interest in science, photography. His mother, Strindberg recalled later with bitterness, always resented her sons intelligence and she died when he was thirteen, and although his grief lasted for only three months, in later life he came to feel a sense of loss and longing for an idealized maternal figure. Less than a year after her death, his father married the childrens governess, according to his sisters, Strindberg came to regard them as his worst enemies. He passed his exam in May 1867 and enrolled at the Uppsala University. Strindberg spent the few years in Uppsala and Stockholm, alternately studying for exams
6.
Dramatens elevskola
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It was established in 1787 by the theatre and art loving King Gustav III and was for many years under the protection of the Swedish royal family. The school was founded in 1787, in 1788, it was called The Childrens Theatre, teaching children between the ages of 9-14. The school is noted to have performed a play for the king, one of the first students known was Lars Hjortsberg, who also performed at this occasion and became one of the stars of Swedish theatre history. The school was re-organised in 1793 by Anne Marie Milan Desguillons and her spouse, the students was often used in small parts by the royal theatre and in student performances. The instructors were often actors from the royal theatre, the education originally was one year long, but later in the end of the 1910s became two years and later in 1930s extended to three years. In the 1960s, Sweden - as many other countries - was influenced by new theatre traditions, such as method acting, the International Theatre Institute arranged several symposia in Europe, which both students and teachers attended and the debate grew. The opinion in Sweden was strong to make the school a national, non-traditional. The old education and teaching methods were questioned, and it was decided by the Swedish government that the school was to be separated from the Royal Dramatic Theatre. It was the director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre, Ingmar Bergman. For better or worse can always be debated, but its a fact that the students lost contact with the Royal Dramatic Theatres long tradition, drama history, the last class of Dramatens elevskola was the class of 1967. o. Om igen, herr Molander. by Ingrid Luterkort, Stockholmia Förlag, Borås, teater före 1800 Sten Carlsson, Den svenska historien, Gustav III, en upplyst envåldshärskare. Band 10 The Royal Dramatic Theatre - DRAMATEN. se Greta Garbo at Dramaten
7.
Betty Deland
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Hedvig Kristina Elisabeth Betty Deland, as married Almlöf, was a Swedish child actresses, actress and principal at Dramatens elevskola. She is often mentioned as one of the most notable actors of her countrys history in the Victorian age, Betty was born into one of Swedens most well known theatre families. Betty Deland debuted as an actor in the Royal Dramatic Theatre in a boys breeches role at the age of five in 1836. After studies in dance and acting she debuted in a part in Uppsala in 1847. As a member of her fathers troupe, she was to all over both Sweden and Finland during the 1850s. They regularly performed in Åbo Svenska Teater and they were the first actors performing on the stage of Finland. In Stockholm, they performed in Djurgårdsteatern. Of the five hundred well-known parts she did, she made three hundred of them in her fathers troupe, in 1861, Betty Deland was employed with her husband in first Mindre teatern in Stockholm and in 1863 by the Royal Dramatic Theatre, from 1866 as a premier-actor. Both she and her husband were to become regarded as two of their countrys most notable actors. She was recommended for her expressive mimic, her nuances of voice, her interpretations and natural way of acting, though among her most popular parts were often girls parts. Between 1874 and 1877 she was an instructor and a principal at Dramatens elevskola jointly with her husband and she kept her position as actor at the theatre until her death in 1882. Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon Österberg, Carin et al, Svenska kvinnor, föregångare, nyskapare Lund, Signum 1990. Berättelser ur svenska historien / Elfte bandet, per Anders Fogelström - Komikern Roman om en teaterfamilj Bonniers 1989 Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. Feiss - Fruktmögel Georg Nordensvan, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar
8.
Royal Dramatic Theatre
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The Royal Dramatic Theatre is Swedens national stage for spoken drama, founded in 1788. Around one thousand shows are put on annually on the theatres eight running stages, the theatre has been at its present location in the Art Nouveau building at Nybroplan, Stockholm, since 1908. The theatre was built by the architect Fredrik Lilljekvist, famous artists like Carl Milles and Carl Larsson were involved in making the decorations, and some of the interior decorations were made by Prince Eugen. The school was split off as an institution in 1967. The first Swedish theatre opened in Bollhuset and Lejonkulan in 1667, while the plays were sometimes open to the public, it remained more or less a court theatre. The first Swedish play, Den Svenska Sprätthöken, was performed in 1737 by the first Swedish theatre company, the Swedish theatre was turned out of their playhouse by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia after the 1753-54 season, and the playhouse was given to a French company. In 1773, king Gustav III fired the French company and encouraged Swedish talents, and thus, a theatre of spoken drama was founded in the same building in 1787, but was not to last long. In 1788 the director fled the country to escape his creditors, so the actors formed a company and asked for the kings protection, Swedens national stage for dramatic art was established by King Gustav III in 1788. It was then that the Royal Theatre in Sweden was officially split in two, and the Royal Theatre became thereafter solely an opera stage, for spoken drama a new theatre was built specifically, called Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern—the Royal Dramatic Theatre, to distinguish it from the Royal Theatre. In 1798, the theatres and operas of Stockholm were united by a monopoly. In 1825, the old Palace building of the theatre caught fire, the theatre was now located in the same building as the Opera, an arrangement that was to continue for almost forty years. The middle of the 19th century was to mean changes both within and without the theatre and this time, however, the strike was broken by the government, which gave some of them raised salaries and fired the others with pensions. There was much criticism about the sharing of localities between the opera and the theatre, as the localities of the Opera were built for singing and considered unsuitable for spoken drama. In 1863, the Royal Dramatic Theatre purchased the playhouse of an old theatre, Mindre teatern. But at the beginning of the 20th century, the playhouse was rundown and in desperate need of renovation, there was lively debate in the press on the subject of refurbishing the national stage at Kungsträdgården. Many different kinds of restoration were proposed, but King Oscar II was not satisfied any of the suggestions. Instead, the decision was made to completely tear down the old theatre building and to build a new, bigger, fresher. From the 1850s onwards, Stockholm as a city and as Swedens definitive capital had changed considerably as had its centre, Fredrik Lilljekvist was appointed head architect, and on February 18,1908 the national stages new theatre building at Nybroplan opened with Strindbergs new play Mäster Olof
9.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
10.
Jane Eyre
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Jane Eyre /ˈɛər/ is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published on 16 October 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. of London, England, the first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. Charlotte Brontë has been called the first historian of the private consciousness, the novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character. The novels setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III, John Rivers, proposes to her, and her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester. During these sections the novel provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters, and most editions are at least 400 pages long. The original publication was in three volumes, comprising chapters 1 to 15,16 to 27, and 28 to 38, Brontë dedicated the novels second edition to William Makepeace Thackeray. The novel begins with the character, Jane Eyre, aged 10, living with her maternal uncles family. It is several years after her parents died of typhus, Mr. Reed, Janes uncle, was the only person in the Reed family who was ever kind to Jane. Janes aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her, treats her as a burden, Mrs. Reed and her three children are abusive to Jane, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. The nursemaid Bessie proves to be Janes only ally in the household, excluded from the family activities, Jane is incredibly unhappy, with only a doll and books for comfort. She is subsequently attended to by the apothecary, Mr. Lloyd. He recommends to Mrs. Reed that Jane should be sent to school, Mrs. Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr. Brocklehurst, director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls. Mrs. Reed cautions Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane has a tendency for deceit, during a school inspection by Mr. Brocklehurst, Jane accidentally breaks her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself. He then stands her on a stool, brands her a liar, Jane is later comforted by her friend, Helen. Miss Temple, the superintendent, facilitates Janes self-defence and writes to Mr. Lloyd. Jane is then cleared of Mr. Brocklehursts accusations. The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes, and Janes friend Helen dies of consumption in her arms. When Mr. Brocklehursts maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building, conditions at the school then improve dramatically
11.
Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer
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Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer was a German actress and writer. She was the daughter of an agent named Pfeiffer. She received her training at the Munich court theatre. She made her debut in Munich at the age of 13, in 1825, she married the historian Christian Andreas Birch of Copenhagen, but continued to act. From 1837 to 1843, she managed the theatre at Zürich, after visiting professionally most of the cities in Germany, in 1844 she accepted an engagement at the royal theatre in Berlin, to which she remained attached until her death. Her daughter, Wilhelmine von Hillern, also became an actress, in 2011 Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffers work was honoured by the Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. Dramatization of popular novels was her specialty, for which her intimate knowledge of the necessities of the stage fitted her. Her plays, adapted and original, fill 23 volumes, many continued to retain the public favor. Her novels and tales were collected in three volumes, thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. Works by or about Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer at Internet Archive
12.
Miss Julie
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Miss Julie is a naturalistic play written in 1888 by August Strindberg. It is set on Midsummers Eve on the estate of a Count in Sweden, the young woman of the title is drawn to a senior servant, a valet named Jean, who is particularly well-traveled, well-mannered and well-read. The action takes place in the kitchen of Miss Julies fathers manor, where Jeans fiancée, on this night the relationship between Miss Julie and Jean escalates rapidly to feelings of love and is subsequently consummated. Over the course of the play Miss Julie and Jean battle until Jean convinces her that the way to escape her predicament is to commit suicide. One theme of the play is Darwinism, a theory that was a significant influence on the author during his naturalistic period, the play is preceded by a remarkable author’s preface, which concerns itself with Strindberg’s ideas of naturalism and how they apply to his play, Miss Julie. With the preface Strindberg talks about ideas of the aristocracy and classism arguably even more so than the play itself, in the preface he describes both Jean and Julie as stereotypical representation of their class and society. Miss Julie is especially condemned by Strindberg as a character which does not mean that the man-hating half-woman has not existed in every age. Zola’s term for naturalism is la nouvelle formule, the three primary principles of naturalism are first, that the play should be realistic, and the result of a careful study of human behavior and psychology. The characters should be flesh and blood, their motivations and actions should be grounded in their heredity, the presentation of the play in terms of the setting and performances should be realistic and not flamboyant or theatrical. The single setting of Miss Julie, for example, is a kitchen, second, the conflicts in the play should be issues of meaningful, life-altering significance — not small or petty. And third, the play should be simple — not cluttered with complicated sub-plots or lengthy expositions, Strindberg was keenly aware that the French playwrights had been unable to achieve naturalism, and he felt that he could do it. The play was written as Strindberg was creating a new theatre of his own, The Scandinavian Naturalistic Theatre, Miss Julie would be the premier offering. Strindberg’s wife, Siri von Essen, would star in the title role, after Strindberg agreed to a small amount of censorship, the play was published a few weeks before the first production. With disastrous timing for the new theatre, the censors announced during the dress rehearsal, however, Strindberg managed to get around the censors by having Miss Julie premiered a few days later at the Copenhagen University Student Union. Miss Julie, Strong-willed daughter of the Count who owns the estate, raised by her late mother to think like and act like a man, she is a confused individual. She is aware of the power she holds but switches between being above the servants and flirting with Jean and she longs to fall from her pillar, an expression symbolically put across as a recurring dream she has. He tells a story of seeing Miss Julie many times as a child and loving her even then, there is good evidence both for and against its veracity. He left the town and traveled widely, working different jobs as he went
13.
Martha Hedman
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Martha Hedman was a Swedish-American stage actress popular on the Broadway stage. She was born to Johan Hedman and Ingrid Kempe in Östersund, in Jämtland County and she studied for the stage under the tutelage of Siri von Essen the wife of playwright and novelist, August Strindberg. She first appeared on the stage in February 1905 in Helsinki, for the next six years appeared in Sweden, Finland and Germany in plays by William Shakespeare, Leo Tolstoy, Gerhart Hauptmann and Ludwig Fulda. In 1912 theatrical producer Charles Frohman brought Hedman to America and she acted with such luminaries as John Drew and she appears in several of Charles Frohmans productions. In 1915, she appeared in The Trap produced by Arthur Hammerstein, one of her more notable performance was in the 1915-1916 comedy The Boomerang, produced by David Belasco. In 1921 she appeared in a big Shakespearean pageant on Broadway with several top actresses of the period. She retired from the theater in 1922 but came back in 1942 for one play The First Crocus and she appeared in one film The Cub directed by Maurice Tourneur in 1915. Most likely she cared not for the experience and did not return to pictures, Hedman in her youth however was famous on the stage. This is more the modern audiences have never heard of her in contrast to fellow Swedish born actresses like Anna Q. Nilsson and Greta Garbo who both had lengthy film careers, during the first year of her career as an actress, she had toured with German-born actor Emile von der Osten. She had a daughter with von der Osten, Ella Alfrida, Hedman was later married to Henry Arthur House with whom she co-wrote a play Whats the Big Idea in 1926. Martha Hedman wrote a book Uncle, Aunt and Jezabel, the dedication reads, To Henry Arthur -the winter of our discontent was turned into glorious summer. She subsequently wrote Mathias and Mathilda written under the name, Martha Hedman House and her sister was London actress Marguerite Leslie
14.
Per Olov Enquist
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Per Olov Enquist, better known as P. O. Enquist, is a Swedish author. He has worked as a journalist, playwright, and novelist, in the 1990s, he gained international recognition with his novel The Visit of the Royal Physician. Enquist was born in Hjoggböle, Skellefteå, Västerbotten, after gaining a degree in the history of literature at Uppsala University Enquist worked as a newspaper columnist and TV debate moderator from 1965 to 1976. His work soon made him a figure on the Swedish literary scene. From 1970 to 1971 he lived in Berlin on a grant from the German Academic Exchange Service and in 1973 he was a professor at the University of California. He has worked as an independent writer since 1977, enquists works are characterized by a chronically pessimistic view of the world. They invariably describe the restrictions imposed by a way of living. He gained international recognition with his novel The Visit of the Royal Physician, which tells the story of Johann Friedrich Struensee, a number of his works have been translated into English by Tiina Nunnally. Enquist won the Nordic Councils Literature Prize in 1968 for his account of Swedens deportation of Baltic-country soldiers at the end of the world war. Subsequent awards have included the Selma Lagerlöf Prize in 1977, the Dobloug Prize in 1988, and he also received the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize as well as the Nelly Sachs Prize in 2003 for Livläkarens Besök. In 2010, Enquist was awarded the Austrian State Prize for European Literature for his storytelling, in 2010, he received the Swedish Academys Nordic Prize, known as the little Nobel. At the 27th Guldbagge Awards Enquist was nominated for the award for Best Screenplay for the film Il Capitano, kristallögat Färdvägen The magnetists fifth winter. ISBN 0-7043-2721-X Bröderna Casey Sextiotalskritik Hess Legionärerna, En roman om baltutlämningen Sekonden Katedralen i München och andra berättelser, ISBN 91-1-725731-X Berättelser från de inställda upprorens tid. ISBN 91-1-741212-9 The night of the tribades Chez Nous, ISBN 91-1-761481-3 The march of the musicians. Based on the myth of Phaedra, ISBN 91-1-811312-5 Rain snakes Doktor Mabuses nya testamente. ISBN 91-1-841622-5 Downfall, a love story, ISBN 0-7043-2612-4 Två reportage om idrott. Earlier printed as Katedralen i München och andra berättelser, ISBN 91-1-871292-4 The hour of the lynx. Contains The night of the tribades, Rain snakes, The hour of the lynx, ISBN 91-1-912571-2 / ISBN 0-413-77200-4 Kartritarna
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour and that same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat, the first catalog records were added in 1971. It contains more than 330 million records, representing over 2 billion physical and digital assets in 485 languages and it is the worlds largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscribtion OCLC services, in 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million identities, predominantly authors, WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently, WorldCat shows that an item is owned by a particular library. WorldCat does not indicate whether or not an item is borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair. Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether or not a library owns multiple copies of a particular title, copac Faceted Application of Subject Terminology Library and Archives Canada Research Libraries UK Online Computer Library Center Grossman, Wendy M. Why you cant find a book in your search engine. Official website OCLC - Web scale discovery and delivery of library resources OCLC Bibliographic Formats and Standards WorldCat Identities
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
