1.
Yellow Oval Room
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The Yellow Oval Room is an oval room located on the south side of the second floor in the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. First used as a room in the John Adams administration it has been used as a library, office. Today the Yellow Oval Room is used for receptions and for greeting heads of states immediately before a State Dinner. The room is entered from the Center Hall on the side of the room. Three large windows on the side of the room face the South Lawn. The southwest window has a door leading to the Truman Balcony. The earliest written description of the dates to the John Adams administration. The room was papered in yellow with gilded stars, and a suite of crimson furniture and this furniture, likely a mix of Louis XVI and English Hepplewhite styles, was moved from the Presidents House in Philadelphia. With the building of the West Wing in 1902, and moving of offices out of the residence, franklin Roosevelt used it as an office in the residence. Following the Truman reconstruction the room was more used for state events. During the Kennedy Administration the room was designated as a drawing room, the American interior designer Sister Parish established the basic design of the room by painting the walls a soft yellow, joined by a pale yellow oval carpet topped by Oriental rugs. The French interior designer Stéphane Boudin built upon Parishs contributions, replacing the Truman era hotel style furniture with late 18th, the furnishings today are mostly in the Louis XVI style, assembled during the Kennedy restoration. Bush and moved to the adjoining Center Hall, under the direction of Pat Nixon, the room was refurbished. The Yellow Oval Room was redesigned in an academic style by the Nixons new curator, Clement Conger, with architect. A settee and two matching chairs, crafted for President James Monroe in 1805, were donated by a resident of Houston, a Hereke carpet from Turkey and four bergère enclosed armchairs from France were also added to the room. The total cost of the renovation was $400,000, during the Carter administration, American Impressionist paintings, including those of Mary Cassatt, were acquired and hung in this room and the Center Hall. Nancy Reagan, with her designer Ted Graber, brought back the two upholstered sofas used by Mrs. Kennedy in the room. She also re-installed the chandelier from the Kennedy era, which Mrs. Nixon had replaced with an overscale, Empire chandelier, formerly in the Kennedy Blue Room
2.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
3.
Interior design
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An interior designer is someone who plans, researches, coordinates, and manages such projects. Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, in the past, interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of building. The profession of design has been a consequence of the development of society. The pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the development of the interior design profession. The profession of design is separate and distinct from the role of Interior Decorator. The term is common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking. In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers and this can be seen from the references of Vishwakarma the architect - one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally, the sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century India, in ancient Egypt, soul houses or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for food offerings. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to complete design for their buildings. Large furniture firms began to branch out into general interior design and management and this business model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by independent, often amateur, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the interior design in the mid-20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, upholsterers began to expand their business remits and they framed their business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public. Firms began to publish and circulate catalogs with prints for different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes, as department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set up rooms at national and international exhibitions in showrooms for the public to see. Some of the firms in this regard were Waring & Gillow, James Shoolbred, Mintons. This type of firm emerged in America after the Civil War, the Herter Brothers, founded by two German emigre brothers, began as an upholstery warehouse and became one of the first firms of furniture makers and interior decorators. A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the class was the architect Owen Jones. His most significant publication was The Grammar of Ornament, in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design, in 1882, the London Directory of the Post Office listed 80 interior decorators
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White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
5.
Morristown, New Jersey
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Morristown is a town in Morris County, New Jersey, United States and the seat of Morris County. Morristown has been called the capital of the American Revolution because of its strategic role in the war for independence from Great Britain. Today this history is visible in a variety of locations throughout the town that make up Morristown National Historical Park. According to British colonial records, the first permanent European settlement at Morristown occurred in 1715, Morris County was created on March 15,1739, from portions of Hunterdon County. The county, and ultimately Morristown itself, was named for the popular Governor of the Province, Lewis Morris, who championed benefits for the colonists. Morristown was incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 6,1865, within Morris Township, the area was inhabited by the Lenni Lenape Native Americans for up to 6,000 years prior to exploration by Europeans. Morristown was settled around 1715 by English Presbyterians from Southold, New York on Long Island and New Haven, the towns central location and road connections led to its selection as the seat of the new Morris County shortly after its separation from Hunterdon County on March 15,1739. The village and county were named for Lewis Morris, the first, by the middle of the 18th century, Morristown had 250 residents, with two churches, a courthouse, two taverns, two schools, several stores, and numerous mills and farms nearby. George Washington first came to Morristown in May 1773, two years before the Revolutionary War broke out, and traveled there to New York City together with John Parke Custis. In 1777, General George Washington and the Continental Army marched from the victories at Trenton and Princeton to encamp near Morristown from January to May, Washington had his headquarters during that first encampment at Jacob Arnolds Tavern located at the Morristown Green in the center of the town. Morristown was selected for its strategic location. It was between Philadelphia and New York and near New England, the churches were used for inoculations for smallpox. That first headquarters, Arnolds Tavern, was eventually moved.5 miles south of the green onto Mount Kemble Avenue to become All Souls Hospital in the late 19th century. It suffered a fire in 1918, and the structure was demolished. From December 1779 to June 1780 the Continental Armys second encampment at Morristown was at Jockey Hollow, then, Washingtons headquarters in Morristown was located at the Ford Mansion, a large mansion near what was then the edge of town. Fords widow and children shared the house with Martha Washington and officers of the Continental Army, the winter of 1780 was the worst winter of the Revolutionary War. The starvation was complicated by inflation of money and lack of pay for the army. The entire Pennsylvania contingent successfully mutinied and later,200 New Jersey soldiers attempted to emulate them, during Washingtons second stay, in March 1780, he declared St. Patricks Day a holiday to honor his many Irish troops
6.
Edith Wharton
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Edith Wharton was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, short story writer, and designer. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927,1928 and 1930, Wharton combined her insiders view of Americas privileged classes with a brilliant, natural wit to write humorous, incisive novels and short stories of social and psychological insight. She was well acquainted with many of her eras other literary and public figures, Edith Wharton was born Edith Newbold Jones to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander at their brownstone at 14 West Twenty-third Street in New York City. She had two older brothers, Frederic Rhinelander, who was sixteen, and Henry Edward, who was eleven. She was baptized April 20,1862, Easter Sunday, at Grace Church, to her friends and family she was known as Pussy Jones. The saying keeping up with the Joneses is said to refer to her fathers family and she was also related to the Rensselaer family, the most prestigious of the old patroon families. She had a lifelong friendship with her Rhinelander niece, landscape architect Beatrix Farrand of Reef Point in Bar Harbor. Edith was born during the Civil War, she was three years old when the South surrendered, after the war, the family traveled extensively in Europe. From 1866 to 1872, the Jones family visited France, Italy, Germany, during her travels, the young Edith became fluent in French, German, and Italian. At the age of ten, she suffered from typhoid fever while the family was at a spa in the Black Forest, after the family returned to the United States in 1872, they spent their winters in New York and their summers in Newport, Rhode Island. While in Europe, she was educated by tutors and governesses and she rejected the standards of fashion and etiquette that were expected of young girls at the time, intended to enable women to marry well and to be displayed at balls and parties. She thought these requirements were superficial and oppressive, Edith wanted more education than she received, so she read from her fathers library and from the libraries of her fathers friends. Her mother forbade her to read novels until she was married, Edith began writing poetry and fiction as a young girl. She attempted to write a novel at age eleven and her first publication was a translation of the German poem, Was die Steine Erzählen by Heinrich Karl Brugsch, which earned her $50. Her family did not wish her name to appear in print because the names of upper class women of the time appeared in print to announce birth, marriage. Consequently, the poem was published under the name of a friends father and he was a cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson and supported womens education. He played a role in Ediths efforts to educate herself. In 1877, at the age of 15, she wrote a 30,000 word novella Fast
7.
Chapin School
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The Chapin School is an all-girls independent day school located in Manhattan in New York City. Maria Bowen Chapin opened Miss Chapins School for Girls and Kindergarten for Boys, the school originally enrolled 78 students, who were taught by seven teachers. Chapin ran the educational side of “Primary Classes for Girls, ” while Wetmore ran the business end, the two ended their partnership in 1901, and “Miss Chapin’s School” was born. Chapins first high school diplomas were granted in 1908, and the last boys attended in 1917, at her request, the name of the school changed to the Chapin School after she died, in 1934. Chapin is located at 100 East End Avenue, at East 84th Street, Chapins school was originally located at 12 West 47th Street. In 1905, the moved to East 58th Street. In 1910, it moved to East 57th Street, the school has maintained its current location on the Upper East Side since 1928. Sixty girls start in kindergarten, where they are divided into three classes, each K class has two teachers, with regular use of teaching specialists There are about 265 girls in the Upper School, where they are taught by 53 faculty members. Traditionally, Chapin did not make an effort to replace girls who left the school, in recent years, girls are more readily accepted into Chapins middle and upper schools, leading to graduating classes of around 55. While the lower school program combines progressive and traditional characteristics, the school curriculum is considered to be a traditionally rigorous liberal arts program. There are multiple requirements, including at least one modern language, while a small school, Chapin offers 15 Advanced Placement courses and a total of 36 elective courses in grades 10-12. Elective courses may cover topics such as neuroscience, pharmacology, directing lab or Greek, Upper school students may take up to 2 electives per trimester. Many girls do independent studies or study abroad programs, particularly through Chapins exchange programs with the St. Hilda’s Anglican School for Girls, since 2011, Chapin has worked with the Kibera School for Girls in Nairobi, Kenya, developing curriculum ideas and visiting each others campuses. Chapin is also an affiliate member of the Online School for Girls. New York Interschool courses are offered in advanced math, leadership, mentorship derives from multiple sources, including faculty advisors and peer leaders. While some Chapin girls live on the Upper East Side near the school, others hail from other parts of Manhattan, as well as Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, New Jersey, Westchester, the student-to-teacher ratio is 6.8 to 1. Twenty-one percent of the girls receive tuition assistance, amounting to over $5 million per year, the Chapin robotics team is a collaborative effort with neighboring girls school, Brearley. Girls are also welcome to start up new clubs during the school year, There are 18 athletic teams at Chapin, including 15 varsity sports
8.
St. George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)
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St. Georges Episcopal Church is a historic church located at 209 East 16th Street at Rutherford Place, on Stuyvesant Square in Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two sanctuaries of the Calvary-St, the original St. Georges was a chapel built in 1752 by Trinity Church on Chapel Street in Lower Manhattan, for the convenience of its congregants who lived on the east side of the city. That building had a portico, arched windows and a hexagonal steeple. In 1811 the congregation became independent, and in 1846-1856 they built a new church uptown, the architects of the new church were Charles Otto Blesch and Leopold Eidlitz. The exterior design, attributed to Blesch, was influenced by the Rundbogenstil Ludwigskirche in Munich and he also designed the rectory – also known as the Henry Hill Pierce House – which was built in the early 1850s. The spires on each tower of the church were completed almost a decade after the remainder of the building, the church was gutted by fire in 1865, and was rebuilt within the next two years under the supervision of Eidlitz. Under his instructions, the interior of the church reflected his views. In 1889, more than twenty years after the church had been rebuilt, for decades while J. P. Morgan was senior warden and the churchs most influential parishioner, the church was colloquially referred to as Morgans Church. By 1880, the Episcopal church sat in the middle of a filled with immigrants. Through Morgans initiative, the church brought in the Rev. WIlliam Stephen Rainsford as the new rector in 1883. Rainsford, who had experience with urban ministries, felt that the aspect of the modern Protestant churches. Morgan agreed to finance any deficits from these programs, besides J. P. Morgan, another notable congregant of the church was Harry Thacker Burleigh, the spiritual singer and classical composer. He performed in the choir for 50 years. Calvary Church is still operating, on Park Avenue South at 21st Street and it was adapted as the Limelight disco. It now is operated as an upscale marketplace, the churchs facade was restored in 1980. Rev. James Milnor, D. D. was rector at St. Georges Chapel from 1816 until his death on April 8,1845, Rev. William S. Rainsford was the rector from 1882 to 1906. Saint George, Devotions, traditions and prayers Calvary Church Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings, History of Saint Georges Church in the City of New York, 1752–1811–1911. Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike, Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898, New York, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-195-11634-8 Curran, the Romanesque Revival, Religion, Politics, and Transnational Trade
9.
Far Hills, New Jersey
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Far Hills is a borough in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. Far Hills is a dry town where alcohol cannot be sold, Far Hills encompasses nearly 5 square miles in Somerset County, encircled by the equally upscale communities of Bedminster Township, Peapack-Gladstone, Bernards Township, and Bernardsville. It shares a community pool, athletic programs, civic organizations, and it shares a public library, a fire department and a first aid squad with neighboring Bedminster Township. The beginning of service to nearby Bernardsville in 1870, opened the area to city people seeking a respite from the heat. Evander H. Schley, a developer and real estate broker from New York, purchased thousands of acres in Bedminster. One day in 1887, Schleys brother, Grant, and his wife, Elizabeth, Elizabeth is said to have remarked on the beautiful vista of the far hills, thus giving the name to the place before a village was built. According to the United States Census Bureau, Far Hills borough had an area of 4.881 square miles. The borough borders the Somerset County municipalities of Bedminster Township to the west, Bernards Township to the east, Bernardsville to the northeast, the climate in the area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Far Hills has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 919 people,376 households, the population density was 191.6 per square mile. There were 418 housing units at a density of 87.1 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 58% of the population,28. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.02. In the borough, the population was out with 24. 0% under the age of 18,4. 9% from 18 to 24,19. 7% from 25 to 44,35. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45.5 years, for every 100 females there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 96.6 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $125,833 and the median family income was $202,083. Males had an income of $177,083 versus $76,250 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $93,495, about 3. 6% of families and 3. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 3% of those under age 18 and 4. 8% of those age 65 or over
10.
Islesboro, Maine
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Islesboro is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. The population was 566 at the 2010 census and it has a summer colony accessible by ferry from Lincolnville Beach 3 miles to the west, or by air taxi service. Home to Warren Island State Park, Islesboro includes the villages of Dark Harbor, Pripet, Penobscot Indians called it Pitaubegwimenahanuk, meaning the island that lies between two channels. Situated in upper Penobscot Bay, the narrow, 14-mile island is the marker between East and West Penobscot Bay and it was part of the Waldo Patent. First called Long Island Plantation, it was settled in 1769 and it was incorporated as Islesborough on January 28,1789, although over time the spelling was contracted to Islesboro. With many harbors and coves, the island was home to the largest commercial shipping fleet in the bay during the 19th century, following the Civil War, however, Islesboro developed as a Gilded Age resort community, and many large summer homes were built by the wealthy. Their large yachts cruised and raced throughout the Gulf of Maine, the town remains an upper-class enclave and summer colony. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 68.88 square miles. There is one pond, called Meadow Pond, in the Northern portion of the Island. Ice was once harvested from this pond for export to places as far away as India, Hewes Point was named for Paola Hewes, an early pioneer settler. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Islesboro has a continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 566 people,270 households, the population density was 39.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 850 housing units at a density of 59.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 9% White,0. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population. 34. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.57. The median age in the town was 52.1 years. 17. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,3. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,17. 4% were from 25 to 44,37. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 24. 4% were 65 years of age or older
11.
Dorothy Draper
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Dorothy Draper was an American interior decorator. Stylistically very anti-minimalist, she would use bright, exuberant colors and she incorporated black and white tiles, rococo scrollwork, and baroque plasterwork. She was born into the aristocratic Tuckerman family in Tuxedo Park, NY and her parents were Paul Tuckerman and Susan Minturn. In addition to the house in Tuxedo Park, the also had a Manhattan town house. Drapers great-grandfather, Oliver Wolcott, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, draperss cousin, Sister Parish would also become a major interior designer of the 20th century. Educated primarily at home by a governess and tutor, Draper spent two years at the Brearley School in New York City, the family took yearly trips to Europe. Draper married Dr. George Draper in 1912 and continued to live in glamour and her husband was the personal doctor to U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt after he was diagnosed with polio. Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy were cousins and good friends growing up, the Drapers had three children, and as they bought and sold houses, Dorothy Draper developed a reputation as having a flair for decorating. Dorothy and George Draper divorced in 1930, Draper created a new style known as Modern Baroque, adding a modern flair to a classical style. She used dramatic interior color schemes, and trademark cabbage-rose chintz and she promoted shiny black ceilings, acid-green woodwork and cherry-red floors, believing that Lovely, clear colors have a vital effect on our mental happiness. She also chose very dramatic and contrasting color schemes, such as black with white and she combined different colors, fabrics, and patterns together, combining stripes with floral patterns. She often used large, oversized details and numerous mirrors, all of the colors and patterns contributed to her dramatic design now referred to as the Draper touch. The opposite of minimalism, her designs were incorporated in homes, hotels, restaurants, theaters, by 1937, Draper had become a household name whose aesthetic enthusiasm was adopted by suburban housewives. F. Schumacher sold more than a million yards of her cabbage rose chintz in the 1930s and 1940s, the Draper bedroom scheme of wide pink and white wallpaper, chenille bedspreads, and organdy curtains soon became ubiquitous across the country. Encouraged by her friends, Draper started Architectural Clearing House in 1925 and it was arguably the first official interior design business. After several successful apartment lobby renovations, Draper changed the name to Dorothy Draper. Drapers first big break came in the early 1930s when Douglas Elliman hired her to redecorated Carlyle Hotel on Madison Avenue in Manhattan and this ould be the first of many important hotel commissions. Draper was again hired by Douglas Elliman to redecorate a block of tenement homes as people were not purchasing the homes
12.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
13.
Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
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Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, commercial, and entertainment district located in northwest Washington, D. C. situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district, Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871, when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act passed in 1895 specifically repealed Georgetowns remaining local ordinances, Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest unchanged building in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Kosovo, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine, situated on the fall line, Georgetown was the farthest point upstream that oceangoing boats could navigate the Potomac River. In 1632, English fur trader Henry Fleet documented a Native American village of the Nacotchtank people called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown, the area was then part of the Province of Maryland, an English colony. George Gordon constructed a tobacco inspection house along the Potomac in approximately 1745, the site was already a tobacco trading post when the inspection house was built. Warehouses, wharves, and other buildings were constructed around the inspection house. It did not take long before Georgetown grew into a port, facilitating trade. In 1751, the legislature of the Province of Maryland authorized the purchase of 60 acres of land from Gordon, a survey of the town was completed in February 1752. Since Georgetown was founded during the reign of George II of Great Britain, another theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall. The Maryland Legislature formally issued a charter and incorporated the town in 1789, robert Peter, an early area merchant in the tobacco trade, became Georgetowns first mayor in 1790. Col. John Beatty established the first church in Georgetown, a Lutheran church on High Street, Stephen Bloomer Balch established a Presbyterian Church in 1784. In 1795, the Trinity Catholic Church was built, along with a parish school-house, construction of St. Johns Episcopal Church began in 1797, but paused for financial reasons until 1803, and the church was finally consecrated in 1809. Banks in Georgetown included the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, which was established in 1814, other banks included the Bank of Washington, Patriotic Bank, Bank of the Metropolis, and the Union and Central Banks of Georgetown. Newspapers in Georgetown included the Republican Weekly Ledger, which was the first paper, the Sentinel was first published in 1796 by Green, English & Co. Charles C. Fulton began publishing the Potomac Advocate, which was started by Thomas Turner. Other newspapers in Georgetown included the Georgetown Courier and the Federal Republican, magruder, the first postmaster, was appointed on February 16,1790, and in 1795, a custom house was established on Water Street. General James M. Lingan served as the first collector of the port, in the 1790s, City Tavern, the Union Tavern, and the Columbian Inn opened and were popular throughout the 19th century. Of these taverns, only the City Tavern remains today, as a social club located near the corner of Wisconsin Avenue
14.
Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library
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Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library is an American estate and museum in Winterthur, Delaware. As of 2011, it one of the most important collections of Americana in the United States of America. It was the home of Henry Francis du Pont, a renowned antiques collector. Until recently, it was known as the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, in the early 20th century, H. F. du Pont and his father, Henry Algernon du Pont, designed Winterthur in the spirit of 18th- and 19th-century European country houses. The younger du Pont added to the many times thereafter. After he established the building as a public museum in 1951. Winterthur is situated on 979 acres, near Brandywine Creek, with 60 acres of naturalistic gardens and it had 2,500 acres and a premier dairy cattle herd when du Pont operated it as a country estate. Initially a collector of European art and decorative arts in the late 1920s, H. F. du Pont became interested in American art and antiques. Subsequently, he became a prominent collector of American decorative arts, building on the Winterthur estate to house his collection, conservation laboratories. The museum has 175 period-room displays and approximately 85,000 objects, most rooms are open to the public on small, guided tours. The collection spans more than two centuries of American decorative arts, notably from 1640 to 1860, and contains some of the most important pieces of American furniture and fine art. The Winterthur Library includes more than 87,000 volumes and approximately 500,000 manuscripts and images, mostly related to American history, decorative arts, the facility also houses extensive conservation, research, and education facilities. In the 1990s, more informal museum galleries were opened in a new building adjacent to the house, it features special rotating. The museum also is home to the Winterthur Program in American Material Culture, the Galleries 35,000 sq ft.22,000 sq ft. H. Sweeney, The Treasure House of Early American Rooms, W W Norton & Co, New York, ISBN 0-393-01601-3. An American Vision, Henry Francis du Ponts Winterthur Museum, Washington, fleming, E. McClung, Accent on Artist and Artisan, The Winterthur Program in Early American Culture, University of Pennsylvania Press,1970 Bruce, Harold. The Gardens of Winterthur in All Seasons, Photos by Gottlieb, foreword by Henry Francis du Pont, New York, Viking Press Eversmann, Pauline K. Guide to Winterthur Museum & Country Estate, Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum,2005
15.
Steuben Glass Works
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Hawkes was the owner of the largest cut glass firm then operating in Corning. Carder was an Englishman who had many years experience designing glass for Stevens, Hawkes purchased the glass blanks for his cutting shop from many sources and eventually wanted to start a factory to make the blanks himself. Hawkes convinced Carder to come to Corning and manage such a factory, Carder, who had been passed over for promotion at Stevens and Williams, consented to do so. In 1918, Steuben was acquired by Corning Glass Works and became the Steuben Division, on September 15,2011, Schottenstein announced it was shutting down Steubens Corning factory and Manhattan store, ending the companys 108-year history. In early 2014, The Corning Museum of Glass announced that it would work with independent contractors to reproduce Steuben using a new, lead-free formula and their classic leaded crystal. An assortment of iconic designs will be available through The Museum Shops, their authorized retailers, Steuben Glass Works started operation in October 1903. Carder produced blanks for Hawkes and also began producing cut glass himself, Carders great love was colored glass and had been instrumental in the reintroduction of colored glass while at Stevens and Williams. When Steubens success at producing blanks for Hawkes became assured, Carder began to experiment with colored glass and he soon perfected Gold Aurene which was similar to iridescent art glass that was being produced by Tiffany and others. Gold Aurene was followed by a range of colored art glass that eventually was produced in more than 7,000 shapes and 140 colors. Steuben Glass Works continued to produce glass of all sorts until World War I, at that time war time restrictions made it impossible for Steuben to acquire the materials needed to continue manufacture. The company was sold to Corning Glass Works and became the Steuben Division. Carder continued as Division manager without any change in the companys operation except that he now had reporting responsibilities to Corning Glass Works management. Cornings management tried, mostly unsuccessfully, to limit the articles that Steuben made to only the most popular, in 1932 there was a major change in Steuben management. The nationwide depression had limited the sale of Steuben and there was also a lessening of public interest in colored glass, in February 1932, John MacKay was appointed to Carders position and Carder became Art Director for Corning Glass Works. Steuben then produced primarily colorless art glass, Steuben still produced colored art glass mostly to fill special orders. A few new colors were added after Carder lost control of the company, Corning Glass Works appointed Arthur Houghton, Jr. as President in 1933, and under his leadership Steuben changed artistic direction toward more modern forms. Using a newly formulated clear glass developed by Corning which had a high refraction index, Steuben designers developed beautiful. Pieces such as Gazelle Bowl, designed by Sidney Waugh incorporated Art Deco, the themes during this period included balustrade designs for water goblets and candlesticks, footed bowls and serving pieces
16.
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is an American author, attorney, and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the surviving child of President John F. Kennedy. The following year, Caroline, her mother, and brother settled on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Kennedy graduated from Radcliffe College and worked at Manhattans Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She went on to receive a J. D. degree from Columbia Law School, most of Kennedys professional life has spanned law and politics, as well as education reform and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her familys legacy, congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand ultimately replaced Clinton as the junior New York Senator. In 2013, President Obama appointed her as ambassador to Japan, Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born on November 27,1957, at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan to John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. A year before Carolines birth, her parents had a daughter named Arabella. Caroline had two brothers, John Jr. who was born just before her third birthday, and Patrick. Caroline lived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D. C. during the first three years of her life, when Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the White House when her father was sworn in as President of the United States. Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother, one such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter Neil Diamond to write his Top Ten hit song, Sweet Caroline—which he revealed when he performed it for her 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline received numerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, historians described Carolines childhood personality as a trifle remote and a bit shy at times yet remarkably unspoiled. Shes too young to realize all these luxuries, her grandmother, Rose Kennedy. She probably thinks its natural for children to go off in their own airplanes, but she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence and that evening, the children were brought back to the White House, and while Caroline was in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found out that Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the children, on December 6, two weeks after the assassination, Jacqueline and the children moved out of the White House, back to Georgetown. Their new home became a popular tourist attraction and they moved from Washington to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan the following year. In 1967, Caroline christened the U. S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Over that summer, Jacqueline took the children on a sentimental journey to Ireland
17.
Red Room (White House)
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The Red Room is one of three state parlors on the State Floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States in Washington, D. C. in the United States. The room has served as a parlor and music room, and it has been traditionally decorated in shades of red. The room is approximately 28 by 22.5 feet and it has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Blue Room, South Portico, and State Dining Room. During the administration of John Adams, it served as a breakfast room, jefferson kept a caged magpie in the room. During the James Madison administration, the became the Yellow Drawing Room. Dolley ordered a piano she particularly wanted, along with red velvet curtains for the room, the White House was gutted in 1814 when the British set fire to the structure during the Burning of Washington. It was largely reconstructed during the administration of President James Monroe, Monroe purchased furnishings for the Red Room in the Empire style, as he had for the Blue Room, to furnish the rebuilt White House. Gilbert Stuarts portrait of George Washington originally hung in the Red Room, Stuarts 1804 portrait of Dolley Madison also was hung here. The fireplace mantel was one of two purchased by President James Monroe in 1817. Carved of white marble in France in the Empire style, it, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt selected Charles Follen McKim of the New York architectural firm McKim, Mead & White to renovate the White House. McKim fashioned all new mantels for the State Dining Room, the walls were hung with burgundy silk velvet. A late nineteenth century suite of stuffed Turkish-style furniture was upholstered in the same shade, addition of a new attic story during the Coolidge administration placed great strain on the buildings structure. By 1951 the house had become unsound and President Truman directed a major reconstruction, the buildings interior was largely dismantled, with some of the architectural elements being numbered and stored. After a steel infrastructure was installed, those elements were restored in their original configuration, the Red Room was dismantled and reconstructed during this period. Installation of air conditioning in 1953 and 1954 required the height be reduced by approximately 18. Having nearly no furniture original to the house, Truman hired the New York department store B, altmans design department to oversee the refurnishing of the house. In the Red Room, a red silk damask in the pattern as before the reconstruction was installed on the walls. The Louis XVI style mantel clock is French, c, 1780–85, and was a gift to the American nation in 1954 from President Vincent Auriol of France following completion of the Truman reconstruction of the house
18.
Treaty Room
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The Treaty Room is located on the second floor of the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. The room is a part of the first familys private apartments and is used as a study by the president, before construction of the West Wing of the White House, working offices were located on the east side of the second floor. The Treaty Room has been used as a room, a cabinet room. President Andrew Johnson used the room for his cabinet meetings, ulysses S. Grant continued this use and acquired a large Renaissance Revival style table to be used by his cabinet. The table remained in the room for years, and President William McKinley oversaw the signing of the peace treaty with Spain which concluded the Spanish–American War on it on August 12,1898. Old engravings, photographs and stereographs show a succession of ornate printed wall and ceiling papers, highly figured axminster carpets, during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt this room was greatly simplified as a part of an overall refurbishment of the house directed by Charles Follen McKim. Victorian decoration was removed, and the wood floor was exposed. Low bookcases were constructed, and the room began use as the presidents in-residence study, during the administration of Herbert Hoover, the room was used as a parlor or sitting room and was termed the Monroe Room. James Monroes French Empire center table was moved to the room, additional efforts were made during the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt to furnish the room somewhat as it might have been when the house was built. Following the Truman reconstruction of the White House, the room was furnished by the design department of the New York department store B. Altman. Nearly all the furniture was contemporary, generally in a traditional style, during the administration of John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy worked with Stéphane Boudin of the House of Jansen to create a room that would represent a part of the houses Victorian era history. A palette of deep greens, burgundy and gold was adopted, President Grants table was returned to the room along with an electrified gas chandelier once located in the East Room. A large gilded Rococo Revival overmantel mirror, with an American shield, theobald Chartrans painting Signing of the Peace Protocol Between Spain and the United States, August 12,1898 was hung in the room along with copies of several treaties signed at the White House. Drapery was based on a design of Lincolns era, President Kennedy signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the room in 1963. Boudins design survived into the administration of George H. W. Bush who had the room painted a light green, during the administration of Bill Clinton interior designer Kaki Hockersmith furnished the room in a mix of late American Empire and Victorian. During the administration of George W, the Treaty Room has also been home to The Peacemakers, a large oil painting depicting U. S. President Lincoln in the final months of the American Civil War. President Bush addressed the nation from the Treaty Room on October 7,2001, in his memoirs Decision Points, Bush referred to the Treaty Room as one of my favorite places in the White House. President Barack Obama used the Treaty Room as one of his primary working offices, abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice
19.
Lincoln Sitting Room
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The Lincoln Sitting Room is a small sitting room located next to the Lincoln Bedroom on the second floor of the White House. It was used as the White House telegraph room from 1865 to 1902 and it is furnished in Victorian-style to match the bedroom. The overstuffed sofa and matching chair were formerly furnishings in the Green Room, the Kennedy restoration in 1963 restored it to Victorian-style, and it has been maintained in the same style since. The room became a favorite of President Richard Nixon who had it replicated in his presidential library, the Washington Post, Lincoln Never Slept Here White House Museum, The Lincoln Sitting Room
20.
Blue Room (White House)
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The Blue Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the residence of the President of the United States. It is distinct for its oval shape, the room is used for receptions and receiving lines, and is occasionally set for small dinners. President Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the room on June 2,1886, the room is traditionally decorated in shades of blue. With the Yellow Oval Room above it and the Diplomatic Reception Room below it, the room is approximately 30 by 40 feet. It has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Green Room, Red Room, the three windows look out upon the South Lawn. The Blue Room is furnished in the French Empire style, a series of redecoratings through the 19th century caused most of the original pieces to be sold or lost. Today much of the furniture is original to the room, eight pieces of gilded European beech furniture purchased during the administration of James Monroe furnish the room, including a bergère and several fauteuils. A marble-top center table has been in the White House since it was purchased by Monroe in 1817, a c.1817 ormolu French Empire mantel clock with a figure of Hannibal, by Denière et Matelin, sits on the mantel. The early 19th-century French chandelier is made of gilded-wood and cut glass, acquired during the Kennedy Administration, it previously hung in the Presidents Dining Room on the second floor. George Peter Alexander Healys 1859 portrait of John Tyler hangs on the west wall above the Monroe sofa, the sapphire-blue silk fabric used for the draperies and furniture upholstery was chosen by Mrs. Clinton. The silk lampas upholstery fabric retains the gold medallion on the chair backs which was adapted from the depiction of one of the Monroe-era chairs in a portrait of James Monroe. The painting however depicts the chair upholstered in crimson, not blue, design of the blue satin draperies is derived from early 19th-century French patterns. The present drapery design is similar to those installed during the administration of Richard Nixon, the walls are hung with a chamois-colored wallpaper imprinted with medallions of burnished gold. It is adapted from an early 19th-century American Empire wallpaper having French influences, the upper border is a faux printed blue fabric drapery swag. The faux fabric border is similar in effect to an actual fabric border installed during the administration of John F. Kennedy, the printed dado border along the chair rail is blue and gold with rosettes. Installation of a new carpet, based on early 19th-century designs. The design was adapted from a design for a neoclassical English carpet from about 1815. During the administration of John Adams, the Blue Room served as the entrance hall
21.
Needlepoint
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Needlepoint is a form of counted thread embroidery in which yarn is stitched through a stiff open weave canvas. Most needlepoint designs completely cover the canvas, although needlepoint may be worked in a variety of stitches, many needlepoint designs use only a simple tent stitch and rely upon color changes in the yarn to construct the pattern. The degree of detail in needlepoint depends on the count of the underlying mesh fabric. Needlepoint worked on canvas is known as petit point. Due to the inherent stiffness of needlepoint, common uses include cases, holiday ornaments, pillows, purses, upholstery. The roots of needlepoint go back thousands of years to the ancient Egyptians, howard Carter, of Tutankhamen fame, found some needlepoint in the cave of a Pharaoh who had lived around 1500 BCE. Modern needlepoint descends from the work in tent stitch, done on an evenly woven open ground fabric that was a popular domestic craft in the 16th century. Further development of needlepoint was influenced in the 17th century by Bargello, upholstered furniture became fashionable in the 17th century, and this prompted the development of a more durable material to serve as a foundation for the embroidered works of art. When referring to handcrafted textile arts which a speaker is unable to identify, the first recorded use of the term needlepoint is in 1869, as a synonym for point-lace. Isabella Beetons Beetons Book of Needlework does not use the term needlework, Berlin Work refers to a subset of needlepoint, popular in the mid-19th Century that was stitched in brightly colored wool on needlepoint canvas from hand-colored charts. Needlepoint refers to a set of stitching techniques worked upon stiff openwork canvas. However, needlepoint is not synonymous with all types of embroidery, because it is stitched on a fabric that is an open grid, needlepoint is not embellishing a fabric, as is the case with most other types of embroidery, but literally the making of a new fabric. It is for this reason that many needlepoint stitches must be of sturdier construction than other embroidery stitches, Needlepoint is often referred to as tapestry in the United Kingdom and sometimes as canvaswork. However, needlepoint—which is stitched on canvas mesh—differs from true tapestry—which is woven on a vertical loom, when worked on fine weave canvas in tent stitch, it is also known as petitpoint. Additionally, needlepoint lace is also a term for needle lace. The thread used for stitching may be wool, silk, cotton or combinations, variety fibers may also be used, such as metallic cord, metallic braid, ribbon, or raffia. Stitches may be plain, covering just one intersection with a single orientation, or fancy. Plain stitches, known as tent stitches, may be worked as basketweave, basketweave uses the most wool, but does not distort the rectangular mesh and makes for the best-wearing piece
22.
Selma, Alabama
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Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, in the Black Belt region of south central Alabama and extending to the west. Located on the banks of the Alabama River, the city has a population of 20,756 as of the 2010 census and it had been a trading center and market town during the years of King Cotton in the South. It was also an important armaments manufacturing and iron shipbuilding center during the Civil War, the undermanned Confederate forces were defeated during the Battle of Selma. Before settlement by European peoples, the area of present-day Selma had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, the Europeans encountered the historic Native American people known as the Muscogee, who had been in the area for hundreds of years. French explorers and colonists were the first Europeans to explore this area, in 1732, they recorded the site of present-day Selma as Écor Bienville. Later Anglo-Americans called it the Moores Bluff settlement, the city was planned and named as Selma by William R. King, a politician and planter from North Carolina who was a future Vice President of the United States. The name, meaning seat or throne, came from the Ossianic poem The Songs of Selma. During the Civil War, Selma was one of the Souths main military manufacturing centers, producing tons of supplies and munitions, the Selma iron works and foundry was considered the second-most important source of weaponry for the South, after the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. This strategic concentration of manufacturing capabilities eventually made Selma a target of Union raids into Alabama late in the Civil War, because of its military importance, Selma had been fortified by three miles of earthworks that ran in a semicircle around the city. They were anchored on the north and south by the Alabama River, the works had been built two years earlier, and while neglected for the most part since, were still formidable. They were 8 feet to 12 feet high,15 feet thick at the base, in front of this was a 5 feet high picket fence of heavy posts planted in the ground and sharpened at the top. At prominent positions, earthen forts were built with artillery in position to cover the ground over which an assault would have to be made, the North had learned of the importance of Selma to the Confederate military, and Federal military planned to take the city. On March 30,1865, Union General James H. Wilson detached Gen. John T. Croxtons brigade to destroy all Confederate property at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Wilsons forces captured a Confederate courier, who was found to be carrying dispatches from Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest describing his scattered forces, Wilson sent a brigade to destroy the bridge across the Cahaba River at Centreville, which cut off most of Forrests reinforcements from reaching the area. He began a fight with Forrests forces that did not end until after the fall of Selma. On the afternoon of April 1, after skirmishing all morning, Wilsons advanced guard ran into Forrests line of battle at Ebenezer Church, Forrest had hoped to bring his entire force to bear on Wilson. The outnumbered and outgunned Confederates fought for more than an hour as reinforcements of Union cavalry and artillery were deployed, Forrest was wounded by a saber-wielding Union captain, whom he shot and killed with his revolver. Finally, a Union cavalry charge broke the Confederate militia, causing Forrest to be flanked on his right, early the next morning, Forrest reached Selma, he advised Gen. Richard Taylor, departmental commander, to leave the city
23.
Civil Rights Movement
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This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance, between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to immediately to these situations. The 1950s and 1960s Civil Rights Movement witnessed the passage of several pieces of federal legislation. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 removed racial and national barriers and opened the way for non-white immigrants. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing, African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and across the country young people were inspired to take action. A wave of inner city riots in black communities from 1964 through 1970 undercut support from the white community. Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King, but, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy. Before the American Civil War, almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South, only men of property could vote. From 1865 to 1877, the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to free labor. Many whites resisted the changes, leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan, whose members attacked black. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant, the U. S. Army, however, if the states failed to implement the acts, the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved. Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the clan in fear of war, for more than 60 years, blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government. Since they could not vote, they could not serve on local juries, during this period, the white-dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South. With whites controlling all the seats representing the population of the South. The Republican Party—the party of Lincoln—which had been the party that most blacks belonged to, until 1965, the solid South was a one-party system under the Democrats. Outside a few areas, the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state, in 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House, making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there. The invitation was roundly criticized by politicians and newspapers
24.
Windsor Castle
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Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its association with the English and later British royal family. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror, since the time of Henry I, it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St Georges Chapel, considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be one of the achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic design. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a siege during the First Barons War at the start of the 13th century. Edwards core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment. Windsor Castle survived the period of the English Civil War, when it was used as a military headquarters for Parliamentary forces. At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect Hugh May, Queen Victoria made a few minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. Windsor Castle was used as a refuge for the family during the Luftwaffe bombing campaigns of the Second World War. It is a popular tourist attraction, a venue for hosting state visits, today, more than 500 people live and work in Windsor Castle, making it the largest inhabited castle in the world. Windsor Castle occupies 13 acres, and combines the features of a fortification, a palace, the present-day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects, culminating in the reconstruction work after a fire in 1992. It is in essence a Georgian and Victorian design based on a medieval structure, since the 14th century, architecture at the castle has attempted to produce a contemporary reinterpretation of older fashions and traditions, repeatedly imitating outmoded or even antiquated styles. Although there has some criticism, the castles architecture and history lends it a place amongst the greatest European palaces. At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward, a formed around the motte or artificial hill in the centre of the ward. The motte is 50 feet high and is made from chalk originally excavated from the surrounding ditch, the Round Tower is in reality far from cylindrical, due to the shape and structure of the motte beneath it. The western entrance to the Middle Ward is now open, the eastern exit from the ward is guarded by the Norman Gatehouse. Wyatville redesigned the exterior of the gatehouse, and the interior was later converted in the 19th century for residential use. The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle comprises a number of major buildings enclosed by the bailey wall
25.
Chintz
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Since the 19th century the term has also been used for the style of floral decoration developed in those calico textiles, but then used more widely, for example on chintzware pottery and wallpaper. Unglazed calico was traditionally called cretonne, the word calico is derived from the name of the Indian city Calicut to which it had a manufacturing association. Chintz was originally a woodblock printed, painted or stained calico produced in India from 1600 to 1800 and popular for bed covers, quilts and draperies. Around 1600, Portuguese and Dutch traders were bringing examples of Indian chintz into Europe on a small scale, by 1680 more than a million pieces of chintz were being imported into England per year, and a similar quantity was going to France and the Dutch Republic. These early imports were mostly used for curtains, furnishing fabrics. It has been suggested that wearing them as clothes began when these were replaced and given to maidservants, who made them into dresses, and also that they were first worn as linings. With imported chintz becoming so popular with Europeans during the late 17th century, French and English mills grew concerned, in 1686 the French declared a ban on all chintz imports. In 1720 Englands Parliament enacted a law forbade the Use and Warings in Apparel of imported chintz. Even though chintz was outlawed, there were loopholes in the legislation, the Court of Versailles was outside the law and fashionable young courtiers continued wearing chintz. In 1734, French naval officer, M and his letters and samples can be seen today in the Muséum national dHistoire naturelle in Paris. In 1742, another Frenchman, Father Coeurdoux also supplied details of the making process. In 1759 the ban against chintz was lifted, by this time French and English mills were able to produce chintz. Europeans at first produced reproductions of Indian designs, and later added original patterns, a well-known make was toile de Jouy, which was manufactured in Jouy, France, between 1700 and 1843. Modern chintz usually consists of bright overall floral patterns printed on a light background, an interview with chintz expert Rosemary Crill, senior curator at the Victoria and Albert Museum
26.
Organdy
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Organdy or organdie is the sheerest and crispest cotton cloth made. Combed yarns contribute to its appearance, organdy is a balanced plain weave. Because of its stiffness and fiber content, it is prone to wrinkling. Organza is the filament yarn counterpart to organdy and its sheerness and crispness are the result of an acid finish on greige lawn goods. It comes in three types of finishes, Stiff is most commonly used, but Semi stiff and Soft finishes are also available. The latter two finishes are popular for summer wear and draped apparel whereas the first is more popular for loose apparel and home textiles such as dresses. Fairchilds Dictionary of Textiles 7th Edition
27.
Ralph Lauren
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Ralph Lauren is an American fashion designer, philanthropist, and business executive, best known for the Ralph Lauren Corporation, a global multibillion-dollar enterprise. He has also become known for his collection of rare automobiles. Lauren stepped down as Chief Executive Officer of the company in September 2015 but remains its Executive Chairman, as of October 2016, Forbes estimates his wealth at $5.5 billion, which makes Ralph Lauren the 233rd richest person in the world. Ralph Lauren was born in The Bronx, New York City, to Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants, Frieda and Frank Lifshitz and he is the youngest of four siblings – two brothers and one sister. Lauren attended day school followed by MTA, before graduating from DeWitt Clinton High School in 1957. He grew up playing basketball and baseball and he wanted to be Joe DiMaggio, and then he wanted to be a movie star. Lauren constantly draws inspiration from his heroes including Frank Sinatra, Cary Grant and he went to Baruch College, at the City University of New York where he studied business, although he dropped out after two years. From 1962 to 1964 he served in the United States Army, the Ralph Lauren Corporation started in 1967 with men’s ties. At 28 years-old, Lauren worked for the tie manufacturer Beau Brummell, drawing on his interests in sports, Ralph Lauren named his first full line of menswear ‘Polo’ in 1968. He worked out of a drawer from a showroom in the Empire State Building. By 1969, the Manhattan department store Bloomingdales sold Lauren’s men line exclusively and it was the first time that Bloomingdale’s had given a designer their own in-store boutique. In 1971, Ralph Lauren Corporation launched a line of tailored shirts for women, the first full women’s collection was launched the following year. 1971 also marked the opening of Ralph Lauren’s store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills and this is the first freestanding store for an American designer. In 1972 the Ralph Lauren Corporation introduced a signature cotton mesh Polo shirt in various colors, featuring the polo player logo at the chest, the shirt became emblematic of the preppy look—one of Ralph Laurens signature styles. The tag line for the ad campaign was, Every team has its color -- Polo has seventeen, in 1977, Diane Keaton and Woody Allen wore Lauren’s clothes throughout their Oscar-winning film, Annie Hall. The first Ralph Lauren fragrances, produced by Warner-Lauren, Ltd. were launched at Bloomingdales in March 1978, Lauren, a fragrance for women, on March 12 and Polo, cologne for men, on March 26. This was the first time that a designer has introduced two fragrances – one for men and one for women – simultaneously, Ralph Lauren opens his first flagship in the Rhinelander mansion, on Madison Avenue and 72nd Street in New York City in 1986. Lauren re-creates the buildings original opulence with a design consultant named Naomi Leff
28.
Martha Stewart
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Martha Helen Stewart is an American businesswoman, writer, and television personality. As founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, she has gained success through a variety of ventures, encompassing publishing, broadcasting, merchandising. In 2004, Stewart was convicted of related to the ImClone stock trading case. There was speculation that the incident would end her media empire, although Stewart began a comeback campaign in 2005. Stewart rejoined the board of directors of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia in 2011, the company was acquired by Sequential Brands in 2015. Martha Stewart was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, on August 3,1941 and she is the second of six children born to middle-class parents, Edward Eddie Kostyra and Martha Ruszkowski Kostyra, and is of entirely Polish heritage. When Stewart was three years old, the moved to Nutley. She adopted the name Grace for her confirmation name, when Stewart was 10, she worked as the occasional babysitter for the children of Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra, and Gil McDougald, all players for the New York Yankees. Mickey and Merlyn Mantle had four sons, for whom Stewart watched and organized birthday parties, at 15, Stewart was featured in a television commercial for Unilever. She went on to appear in commercials and in magazines. During her college years, she supplemented her scholarship money through modeling jobs at $50/hour — which was a lot of money at that time, Stewarts mother taught her how to cook and sew. Later, she learned the processes of canning and preserving when she visited her grandparents home in Buffalo and her father had a passion for gardening and passed on much of his knowledge and expertise to his daughter. Stewart was also active in extracurricular activities, such as the school newspaper. Stewart graduated from Nutley High School and she attended Barnard College, originally planning to major in chemistry, but switching to art, European History, and later architectural history. To help pay her tuition, she did fashion modeling for Chanel. During this time, she met Andrew Stewart, who finished his law degree at Yale Law School and she returned to Barnard a year after their marriage to graduate with a double major in History and Architectural History. In 1967, Martha Stewart began a career as a stockbroker, her father-in-laws profession. Meanwhile, Andrew Stewart founded a house and served as chief executive of several others
29.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
30.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
31.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
32.
Union List of Artist Names
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The Union List of Artist Names is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages. Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name, the focus of each ULAN record is an artist. Currently there are around 120,000 artists in the ULAN, in the database, each artist record is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each artist record are names, related artists, sources for the data, the temporal coverage of the ULAN ranges from Antiquity to the present and the scope is global. The ULAN includes proper names and associated information about artists, artists may be either individuals or groups of individuals working together. Artists in the ULAN generally represent creators involved in the conception or production of visual arts, repositories and some donors are included as well. Work on the ULAN began in 1984, when the Getty decided to merge, in 1987 the Getty created a department dedicated to compiling and distributing terminology. The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community, although originally intended only for use by Getty projects, the broader art information community outside the Getty expressed a need to use ULAN for cataloging and retrieval. Its scope was broadened to include corporate bodies such as firms and repositories of art. The ULAN was founded under the management of Eleanor Fink, the ULAN has been constructed over the years by numerous members of the user community and an army of dedicated editors, under the supervision of several managers. The ULAN was published in 1994 in hardcopy and machine-readable files, given the growing size and frequency of changes and additions to the ULAN, by 1997 it had become evident that hard-copy publication was impractical. It is now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing, final editorial control of the ULAN is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. The current managers of the ULAN are Patricia Harpring, Managing Editor, entities in the Person facet typically have no children. Entities in the Corporate Body facet may branch into trees, there may be multiple broader contexts, making the ULAN structure polyhierarchical. In addition to the relationships, the ULAN also has equivalent. Contributors to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well
