1.
Ska
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Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and it is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off-beat. Ska developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement Coxsone Dodd, some suggest ska dates to earlier times, however. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods, later it became popular with many skinheads. There are multiple theories about the origins of the word ska, ernest Ranglin claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the skat. skat. skat. Ranglin asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes chink-ka and the latter goes ka-chink, a further theory is that it derives from Johnsons word skavoovie, with which he was known to greet his friends. Jackie Mittoo insisted that the called the rhythm Staya Staya. Dominos rhythm, accentuating the offbeat as in the song Be My Guest, was a particular influence, to meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as Prince Buster, Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems. Drums kept 4/4 time and the drum was accented on the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase, the upstroke sound can also be found in other Caribbean forms of music, such as mento and calypso. One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release, the guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles, to create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga. Until Jamaica ratified the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and this created a large number of cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was Millie Smalls version of the R&B/shuffle tune, Smalls rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaicas first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. The Wailers covered The Beatles And I Love Her, and radically reinterpreted Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone and they also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as Mongo Santamaria
2.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
3.
2 Tone (music genre)
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2 Tone was a late-1970s ska revival in the United Kingdom led by Jerry Dammers and The Specials. It fused traditional ska music with punk attitude, energy. Its name came from the label that Dammers founded,2 Tone Records, as well as a desire to transcend. Although 2 Tones mainstream commercial appeal was limited to the UK. The 2 Tone sound was developed by musicians in Coventry, West Midlands. They combined influences from ska, reggae and rocksteady with elements of punk rock, bands considered part of the genre include, The Specials, The Selecter, The Beat, Madness, Bad Manners, The Bodysnatchers and Sharp Ties. The logo was based on an album cover photo of Peter Tosh. Most of the considered to be part of the 2 Tone genre were signed to 2 Tone Records at some point. Other record labels associated with the 2 Tone sound were Stiff Records, the music was especially popular among skinheads, rudies and some mod revivalists. On 1 October 2010, the 2-Tone Central museum, cafe and venue opened in the Coventry University Students Union building and it includes exhibition space, the Coventry Music Wall of Fame, a cafe, a gift shop, a Caribbean restaurant and a music venue. Many of the items on display are on loan from members of The Selecter, The Beat, staple, Neville, Original Rude Boy, ISBN 978-1-84513-480-8 Horace Panter
4.
Reggae fusion
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Reggae fusion is a fusion genre of reggae that mixes reggae or dancehall with other genres, such as pop, rock, R&B, jazz & drum and bass. Although artists have been mixing reggae with other genres from as early as the early 1970s, artists such as UB40 were described using terms that joined the various genres they performed. It was not until the late 1990s when the term was coined, the subgenre predominantly evolved from late 1980s and early 1990s dancehall music which instrumentals or riddims contained elements from the R&B and hip hop genres. Due to this, some consider dancehall artists such as Mad Cobra, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, for some of these artists, such as Buju Banton, reggae fusion became a staple throughout their careers. Therefore, Third World can be seen as arguably the original pioneers of reggae fusion leading the way for such as UB40. This led dancehall artists who were trying to break into the U. S, traditional dancehall acts, such as Shaggy and Beenie Man experienced commercial success in the American markets with the release of their albums in 2000. The early 2000s also saw Sean Paul achieve tremendous success internationally with singles such as Baby Boy, Breathe, Like Glue and Make It Clap, among many others. His albums Dutty Rock & The Trinity altogether spawned five top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits between 2002 and 2006, including number one hits, Get Busy & Temperature. In the early 90s, the evolution of reggae fusion reached another musical style in Europe with the worldwide #1 hits All That She Wants, The Sign, other Eurodance artists such as Dr. Alban, E-Rotic and the Vengaboys regularly fused their style with Reggae as well. The first reggae fusion-influenced riddim was produced in 2005 by Cordell Skatta Burrell, Reggae fusion is now a regular staple on Jamaican radio stations, especially Zip 103 FM, in the form of singles, mixes and remixes. This has led to more reggae fusion hits being produced as well as making waves on the Dancehall charts in Jamaica. One such single, Ramping Shop by Vybz Kartel and Spice, was one of the biggest reggae fusion hits in 2008, not to one of the top singles in Jamaica of that year. Holiday was also nominated and won for the Best Collaboration, in 2011, Shaggy established a reggae fusion record label called Ranch Entertainment. It is intended to be launched in the summer of 2012 and its growth locally, however, has not come without its criticisms as some feel that the subgenre only serves to dilute the raw sound of reggae and their musical culture. While On A Mission was recognized as the official song and was applauded by some. A popular dancehall artist, Mr. Vegas spoke out against the use of the song being quoted as saying It doesnt represent Jamaica 50, it doesnt reflect our culture or where our music is coming from. Stephens believed that due to ska not being at the forefront of Jamaican music for many years, combining it with something fresh could bring it back into the spotlight. Through other Caribbean-born artists such as Sean Paul, Damian Marley, Sean Kingston, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna who emerged during the mid-2000s, later in 2014, Canadian reggae fusion band, Magic
5.
Hardcore punk
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Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock, New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock. Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Washington, New York, New Jersey, and Boston—as well as in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight movement and its associated submovements, hardline. Hardcore was heavily involved with the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and it has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including alternative rock, thrash metal, emo and metalcore. While traditional hardcore has never experienced mainstream success, some of its early pioneers have garnered appreciation over time. In 2011, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke placed Greg Ginn of Black Flag 99th place in his 100 Greatest Guitarists list, although the music genre started in English-speaking western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy, Brazil, Japan, Europe and the Middle East. The origin of the hardcore punk is uncertain. The Vancouver-based band D. O. A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore 81. C. Hardcore historian Steven Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk, Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme, the absolute most Punk. One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock, like the Oi. subgenre of the UK, hardcore punk can be considered an internal music reaction. According to one writer, distressed by the artificiality of much post-punk, lacking the art-school grace of post-punk, hardcore punk favor low key visual aesthetic over extravagance and breaking with original punk rock song patterns. One of the important philosophies in the scene is authenticity. The pejorative term poseur is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Joe Keithley, the vocalist of D. O. A. said in an interview, in the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rather than melody. Critic Steven Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rocknroll. like the craziest version of Chuck Berry, Hardcore was a radical departure from that
6.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Electric guitar
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The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by a guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of a guitar is an electric signal. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar was adopted by jazz guitarists. Early proponents of the guitar on record included Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker. During the 1950s and 1960s, the guitar became the most important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles in genres ranging from pop and rock to country music, blues and jazz. It served as a component in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, heavy metal music. Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, Guitars may have a fixed bridge or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend the pitch of notes or chords up or down or perform vibrato effects. The sound of a guitar can be modified by new playing techniques such as string bending, tapping, hammering on, using audio feedback, in a small group, such as a power trio, one guitarist switches between both roles. In larger rock and metal bands, there is often a rhythm guitarist, many experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument were made dating back to the early part of the 20th century. Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters were adapted and placed inside violins, hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, however, these detected vibration from the bridge on top of the instrument, resulting in a weak signal. With numerous people experimenting with electrical instruments in the 1920s and early 1930s, Electric guitars were originally designed by acoustic guitar makers and instrument manufacturers. Some of the earliest electric guitars adapted hollow-bodied acoustic instruments and used tungsten pickups, the first electrically amplified guitar was designed in 1931 by George Beauchamp, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, with Paul Barth, who was vice president. The maple body prototype for the one-piece cast aluminum frying pan was built by Harry Watson, commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation, in Los Angeles, a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker, and Paul Barth. In 1934, the company was renamed the Rickenbacker Electro Stringed Instrument Company, in that year Beauchamp applied for a United States patent for an Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument and the patent was issued in 1937. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25 scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard and it is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937, fewer than 10 are known to survive today. The need for the guitar became apparent during the big band era as orchestras increased in size, particularly when acoustic guitars had to compete with large
9.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
10.
Keyboard instrument
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A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
11.
Trumpet
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A trumpet is a musical instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family, trumpets are used in art music styles, for instance in orchestras, concert bands, and jazz ensembles, as well as in popular music. They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips, producing a sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, there are many distinct types of trumpet, with the most common being pitched in B♭, having a tubing length of about 1.48 m. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, most trumpets have valves of the piston type, while some have the rotary type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings, each valve, when engaged, increases the length of tubing, lowering the pitch of the instrument. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter, the earliest trumpets date back to 1500 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver trumpets from Tutankhamuns grave in Egypt, bronze lurs from Scandinavia, trumpets from the Oxus civilization of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder. The Shofar, made from a ram horn and the Hatzotzeroth and they were played in Solomons Temple around 3000 years ago. They were said to be used to blow down the walls of Jericho and they are still used on certain religious days. The Salpinx was a straight trumpet 62 inches long, made of bone or bronze, Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games. The Moche people of ancient Peru depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD300, the earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense, and the modern bugle continues this signaling tradition. Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages, the natural trumpets of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change crooks of the instrument, the development of the upper, clarino register by specialist trumpeters—notably Cesare Bendinelli—would lend itself well to the Baroque era, also known as the Golden Age of the natural trumpet. During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters, the art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. The melody-dominated homophony of the classical and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. Berlioz wrote in 1844, Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded. The attempt to give the trumpet more chromatic freedom in its range saw the development of the keyed trumpet, the symphonies of Mozart, Beethoven, and as late as Brahms, were still played on natural trumpets
12.
Trombone
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The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the players vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate, nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument, variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet. The word trombone derives from Italian tromba and -one, so the name means large trumpet, the trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like its valved counterpart the baritone and in contrast to its conical valved counterparts, the euphonium and the horn. The most frequently encountered trombones are the trombone and bass trombone. The most common variant, the tenor, is an instrument pitched in B♭, an octave below the B♭ trumpet. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player, the trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube bent into an elongated S shape. Rather than being completely cylindrical from end to end, the tube is a series of tapers with the smallest at the mouthpiece receiver. The design of these affects the intonation of the instrument. As with other instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a standing wave in the instrument. The detachable cup-shaped mouthpiece is similar to that of the baritone horn and it has the venturi, a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance greatly affecting the tone of the instrument, and is inserted into the mouthpiece receiver in the slide section. The slide section consists of a leadpipe, the inner and outer tubes. Modern stays are soldered, while sackbuts were made with loose, the slide, the most distinctive feature of the trombone, allows the player to extend the length of the air column, lowering the pitch. To prevent friction from slowing the action of the slide, additional sleeves were developed during the Renaissance, and this part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. Additional tubing connects the slide to the bell of the instrument through a neckpipe, for example, second position A is not in exactly the same place on the slide as second position E. Many types of trombone also include one or more rotary valves used to increase the length of the instrument by directing the air flow through additional tubing. This allows the instrument to reach notes that are not possible without the valve as well as play other notes in alternate positions. Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has sections of tubing, principally in the slide section
13.
Saxophone
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The saxophone is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet, the saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840. He patented the saxophone on June 28,1846, in two groups of seven instruments each, each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, designed for bands, have proved extremely popular. The saxophone is used in music, military bands, marching bands. The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument maker, flautist, born in Dinant and originally based in Brussels, he moved to Paris in 1842 to establish his musical instrument business. Prior to his work on the saxophone, he had several improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its keywork and acoustics. Sax was also a maker of the ophicleide, a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with two instruments allowed him to develop the skills and technologies needed to make the first saxophones. As an outgrowth of his work improving the bass clarinet, Sax began developing an instrument with the projection of a brass instrument and he wanted it to overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. An instrument that overblows at the octave has identical fingering for both registers, Sax created an instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an ophicleide, and some acoustic properties of both the horn and the clarinet. Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the early 1840s, Sax applied for, and received, the patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass. Although the instruments transposed at either F or C have been considered orchestral, the C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. Saxs patent expired in 1866, thereafter, numerous saxophonists and instrument manufacturers implemented their own improvements to the design, the first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer who extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range downwards by one semitone to B♭. It is suspected that Sax himself may have attempted this modification and this extension is now commonplace in almost all modern designs, along with other minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerings. Using alternate fingerings allows a player to play faster and more easily, a player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch. Some of the alternate fingerings are good for trilling, scales, a substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key, which is now universal on modern saxophones. This enables a chromatic scale to be played two octaves simply by playing the diatonic scale combined with alternately raising and lowering this one digit
14.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
15.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
16.
Wind instrument
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The pitch of the vibration is determined by the length of the tube and by manual modifications of the effective length of the vibrating column of air. In the case of wind instruments, sound is produced by blowing through a reed. Using different air columns for different tones, such as in the pan flute and this method is used on nearly all brass instruments. Changing the length of the air column by lengthening and/or shortening the tube using a sliding mechanism. This method is used on the trombone and the slide whistle, changing the frequency of vibration through opening or closing holes in the side of the tube. This can be done by covering the holes with fingers or pressing a key which then closes the hole and this method is used in nearly all woodwind instruments. Making the column of air vibrate at different harmonics without changing the length of the column of air, almost all wind instruments use the last method, often in combination with one of the others, to extend their register. A more accurate way to determine whether an instrument is brass or woodwind is to examine how the player produces sound, in brass instruments, the players lips vibrate, causing the air within the instrument to vibrate. For example, the saxophone is typically made of brass, but is classified as an instrument because it produces sound with a vibrating reed. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, wind instruments are classed as aerophones, sound production in all wind instruments depends on the entry of air into a flow-control valve attached to a resonant chamber. The resonator is typically a long cylindrical or conical tube, open at the far end, a pulse of high pressure from the valve will travel down the tube at the speed of sound. It will be reflected from the end as a return pulse of low pressure. Under suitable conditions, the valve will reflect the pulse back, with increased energy, Reed instruments such as the clarinet or oboe have a flexible reed or reeds at the mouthpiece, forming a pressure-controlled valve. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter-wavelength, with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, the reed vibrates at a rate determined by the resonator. For Lip Reed instruments, the controls the tension in their lips so that they vibrate under the influence of the air flow through them. They adjust the vibration so that the lips are most closed, and the air flow is lowest, standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter-wavelength, with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end. For Air Reed instruments, the thin grazing air sheet flowing across an opening in the pipe interacts with an edge to generate sound. The jet is generated by the player, when blowing through a thin slit, for recorders and flue organ pipes this slit is manufactured by the instrument maker and has a fixed geometry
17.
Horn (instrument)
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In horns, unlike some other brass instruments such as the trumpet, the bore gradually increases in width through most of its length—that is to say, it is conical rather than cylindrical. Variations include, As the name indicates, people used to blow on the actual horns of animals before starting to emulate them in metal or other materials. This original usage survives in the shofar, a rams horn, the genus of animal-horn instruments to which the shofar belongs is called קרן in Hebrew, qarnu in Akkadian, and κέρας in Greek. The olifant or oliphant was the name applied in the Middle Ages to ivory hunting or signalling horns made from elephants tusks. Apparently of Asian origin, they reached Europe from Byzantium in the tenth or eleventh century, in Europe they came to be symbols of royalty. From late antiquity there are mentions of alpine horns, but the earliest secure description of the instrument now called an alphorn dates from the sixteenth century. Nevertheless, one authority says that at the time it was a straight instrument eleven feet long. The more familiar form, with a bell, was developed in Switzerland in the eighteenth century. The practice of making these instruments in different sizes, to be played together in part music, similar wooden instruments, used by shepherds for signalling, are known in Romania by the name bucium. They are made in straight, hooked, and S-shaped forms, a variant of the straight version is called tulnic. Metal instruments modelled on animal horns survive from as early as the 10th century BC, nearly fifty of these curved bronze horns have been excavated from burial sites, mostly in Scandinavia, since the first was discovered in 1797. Many are in pairs, curved in opposite directions. Because their makers left no written histories, their use and manner of playing is unknown, depictions of these instruments are found from the 5th century BC onward on Etruscan funerary monuments. The Etruscan name for them is unknown, but the Romans called them buccina, the latter name is the Latin word for horn, and the source of the name of the musical instrument in many Romance languages, French cor, Italian corno, Provençal corn. Early metal horns were less complex than modern horns, marin Mersenne calls these trompe, made in a crescent shape, and the cor à plusieurs tours, a tightly coiled instrument in spiral form. The tightly coiled form of horn was never popular in France. The earliest surviving horn of the tightly spiralled type, dating from about 1570, is by Valentin Springer, around the middle of the seventeenth century instruments began to appear in the form of brass tubes wound into a single open hoop, with a flared exit opening. Although these came to be associated especially with France, the first known example was made in 1667 by the German maker Starck, in French, they were most often called trompe de chasse, though cor de chasse is also frequently found
18.
The Clash
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The Clash were an English punk rock band that formed in 1976 as part of the original wave of British punk. Along with punk, their music incorporated elements of reggae, dub, funk, ska, for most of their recording career the Clash consisted of Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon and Nicky Topper Headon. Headon left the group in 1982, and internal friction led to Joness departure the following year, the group continued with new members, but finally disbanded in early 1986. The Clash achieved commercial success in the United Kingdom with the release of their debut album, The Clash. Their third album, London Calling, released in the UK in December 1979 and it was declared the best album of the 1980s a decade later by Rolling Stone. In 1982 they reached new heights of success with the release of Combat Rock and their final album, Cut the Crap, was released in 1985. The Clashs politicised lyrics, musical experimentation, and rebellious attitude had a influence on rock. They became widely referred to as The Only Band That Matters, originally a promotional slogan introduced by the record label. In January 2003, shortly after the death of Joe Strummer, in 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked the Clash number 28 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. Before the Clashs founding, the future members were active in different parts of the London music scene. John Graham Mellor sang and played guitar in the pub rock act the 101ers. Mick Jones played guitar in protopunk band London SS, which rehearsed for much of 1975 without ever playing a live show and recording only a single demo. London SS was managed by Bernard Rhodes, an associate of impresario Malcolm McLaren and a friend of the members of the McLaren managed band. Jones and his bandmates became friendly with Sex Pistols Glen Matlock and Steve Jones, among those who auditioned for London SS without making the cut were Paul Simonon, who tried out as a vocalist, and drummer Terry Chimes. Nicky Headon drummed with the band for a week, then quit, after London SS broke up in early 1976, Rhodes continued as Joness manager. In February, Jones saw the Sex Pistols perform for the first time, You knew straight away that was it, and it was a new scene, new values—so different from what had happened before. At the instigation of Rhodes, Jones contacted Simonon in March, soon Jones, Simonon on bass, Keith Levene on guitar and whoever we could find really to play the drums were rehearsing. Chimes was asked to audition for the new band and got the job, the band was still searching for a lead singer
19.
The Specials
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The Specials, also known as The Special AKA, are an English 2 Tone and ska revival band formed in 1977 in Coventry. Their music combines a danceable ska and rocksteady beat with punks energy, lyrically they present a more focused and informed political and social stance than most other ska groups. The band wore mod-style 1960s period rude boy outfits, in 1980, the song Too Much Too Young, the lead track on their The Special AKA Live. EP, reached No.1 in the UK, in 1981, the unemployment-themed single Ghost Town also hit No.1 in the UK Singles Chart. After seven consecutive UK Top 10 singles between 1979 and 1981, three members of the abruptly left to form Fun Boy Three. Continuing on as The Special AKA, a substantially revised Specials line-up issued new material through 1984, afterwards, founder and songwriter Jerry Dammers dissolved the band and pursued political activism. The group reformed in 1993, and have continued to perform, the group was formed in 1977 by songwriter/keyboardist Dammers, vocalist Tim Strickland, guitarist/vocalist Lynval Golding, drummer Silverton Hutchinson and bassist Horace Panter. Strickland was replaced by Terry Hall shortly after the bands formation, the band was first called the Automatics, then the Coventry Automatics. Vocalist Neville Staple and guitarist Roddy Byers joined the band the year. Joe Strummer of the Clash had attended one of their concerts and this performance gave the Special AKA a new level of national exposure, and they briefly shared the Clashs management. The Specials began at the time as Rock Against Racism. According to Dammers, anti-racism was intrinsic to the formation of the Specials, in that the band was formed with the goal of integrating black and white people. Many years later Dammers stated, Music gets political when there are new ideas in music. punk was innovative, so was ska, and that was why bands such as the Specials, the record became a Top 10 hit that summer. The band had begun wearing mod/rude boy/skinhead-style two-tone tonic suits, along with elements of late 1960s teen fashions. Changing their name to the Specials, they recorded their eponymous album in 1979. Horn players Dick Cuthell and Rico Rodriguez were featured on the album, the Specials led off with Dandy Livingstones Rudy, A Message to You and also had covers of Prince Buster and Toots & the Maytals songs from the late 1960s. In 1980, the EP Too Much Too Young was a No.1 hit in the UK Singles Chart, despite controversy over the songs lyrics, which reference teen pregnancy and promote contraception. Female backing vocalists on the Specials first two albums included, Chrissie Hynde, Rhoda Dakar, and Belinda Carlisle, Jane Wiedlin
20.
The Beat (British band)
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The Beat are a band founded in Birmingham, England, in 1978. Their music fuses ska, pop, soul, reggae and punk rock, the Beat, consisting of Dave Wakeling, Ranking Roger, Andy Cox, David Steele, Everett Morton, and Saxa a. k. a. The Beat were formed in Birmingham, England, in 1978, during a period of high unemployment, Ranking Roger, one of the bands vocalists, added a Jamaican vocal flavour to the bands sound with his toasting style. Jamaican saxophonist Saxa added a Jamaican ska instrumental sound, Saxa had played saxophone with Prince Buster, Laurel Aitken, and Desmond Dekker in the first wave of ska. He joined The Beat to record their first single, Tears of a Clown, a version of the Motown hit by Smokey Robinson. Notable singles from the first album included Cant Get Used to Losing You, Mirror In the Bathroom, Hands Off Shes Mine, the second Beat album, Whappen. was supported by extensive touring, including a US tour with The Pretenders and Talking Heads. The album yielded more UK hits, with All Out to Get You and Too Nice To Talk To, the Beat received support from modern rock radio stations such as KROQ-FM in Los Angeles, the now defunct KQAK The Quake 99FM in San Francisco and KYYX in Seattle. Although The Beats main fan base was in the United Kingdom, the band was popular in Australia, partly due to exposure on the radio station Triple J. The Beat had a following in North America, where the band was known as The English Beat for legal reasons. The Beat toured the world with artists such as David Bowie, The Clash, The Police, The Pretenders. Members of the band collaborated on stage with The Specials. Drummer Everett Morton and Saxa formed The International Beat along with the Birmingham-based singer, Tony Beet, the album was produced by Ranking Roger and he often guested with the band at some of their shows. The International Beat toured the United Kingdom and United States before calling it a day in 1992, Ranking Roger also briefly joined Mick Jones post-Clash band Big Audio Dynamite and performed at several live shows with the band. However, the broke up shortly after he joined when its last album was shelved by the record company. Save It for Later was featured on the album to 1996s Kingpin. Roger released his debut, a reggae-oriented album entitled Radical Departure. In the early 1990s, Roger joined members of The Specials to form Special Beat and they supported the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In 2001, Roger released another album, Inside My Head
21.
Madness (band)
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Madness are an English ska band from Camden Town, London, who formed in 1976. One of the most prominent bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s 2 Tone ska revival, Madness achieved most of their success in the early to mid-1980s. Both Madness and UB40 spent 214 weeks on the UK singles charts over the course of the decade, however, Madness achieved this in a shorter time period. Madness have had 15 singles reach the UK top ten, one UK number one single, the core of the band formed as The North London Invaders in 1976, and included Mike Barson on keyboards and vocals, Chris Foreman on guitar and Lee Thompson on saxophone and vocals. They later recruited John Hasler on drums and Cathal Smyth on bass guitar, later in the year, they were joined by lead vocalist Dikron Tulane. This six-piece line-up lasted until part way through 1977, when Graham McPherson took over the vocals after seeing the band perform in a friends garden. Dikron went on to be an actor under the name Dikran Tulaine, Smyth, who left after an argument with Barson, was replaced by Gavin Rodgers, Barsons girlfriends brother. McPherson was kicked out of the band for too often choosing to watch Chelsea instead of rehearsing, Thompson left the band after Barson criticised his saxophone playing. By 1978, the band had allowed McPherson to return, after filling in temporarily for Hasler, Thompson returned after patching things up with Barson. Drummer Daniel Woodgate and bass player Mark Bedford also joined the band, replacing Garry Dovey and Rodgers, respectively. After briefly changing their name to Morris and the Minors, the band renamed itself as Madness in 1979, the band remained a sextet until late 1979, when Chas Smash rejoined and officially became the seventh member of Madness as a backing vocalist and dancer. During 1979, the band began to attract a following in London. The bands first commercial recording was the Lee Thompson composition The Prince, the song, like the bands name, paid homage to their idol, Prince Buster. The song was released through 2 Tone Records, the label of The Specials founder Jerry Dammers, the song was a surprise hit, peaking in the UK music charts at number 16. A performance of The Prince on popular UK music show Top of the Pops helped Madness gain public recognition, Madness then toured with fellow 2 Tone bands The Specials and The Selecter, before recording their debut album. That debut album, One Step Beyond, the album included a re-recording of The Prince and its B-side Madness, and the bands second and third singles, One Step Beyond and My Girl. The title song was a cover of the B-side of the 1960s Prince Buster hit Al Capone, stayed in the British charts for 78 weeks, peaking at number 2. After the release of My Girl, the felt that they had exhausted the material from One Step Beyond
22.
Fishbone
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Fishbone is an American rock band formed in 1979 in Los Angeles, California, which plays a fusion of ska, punk rock, funk, hard rock and soul. Critics have noted of the band, Fishbone was one of the most distinctive, founding members John Norwood Fisher, Angelo Moore, and Walter Kibby remain with the band as of 2016, most recently, Philip Fish Fisher and John Bigham rejoined the band. Fishbone got started in 1979 as a disparate, all-black oddball crew when the members were in high school. Their first club date was at Madame Wongs, the venue in Los Angeless Chinatown that had been a showcase for a variety of seminal punk bands in the 1980s. They were close friends with Los Angeles bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fishbone were signed to Columbia Records in 1983 after being spotted at a club gig by Brian ONeal of the The BusBoys. Their first release was the 1985 single Party at Ground Zero, followed by a self-titled EP, in 1987, in support of their first full-length album, In Your Face, the band performed Jamaica Ska in the Annette Funicello/Frankie Avalon reunion movie Back to the Beach. Fishbones first major tour was as the opening act for the Beastie Boys. Fishbone was mostly considered to be a ska and funk band in their early years, the 1988 album Truth and Soul brought Fishbone wide critical acclaim. The album was highlighted by a hard rock-inspired version of Curtis Mayfields classic Freddies Dead from the film Super Fly, the music video, directed by Douglas Gayeton, became the bands first hit on MTV. That same year, the group toured with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, also that year, Fishbone and Little Richard recorded the Lead Belly song Rock Island Line for the tribute album Folkways, A Vision Shared. The band added former Miles Davis sideman John Bigham on guitar, the 1991 album The Reality of My Surroundings was a critical and commercial success, reaching #49 on the Billboard albums chart. One month before the release, the group played a performance on Saturday Night Live of Sunless Saturday. The song Everyday Sunshine also became a modest hit on radio and MTV. While the band retained their roots in funk and ska, the 1993 album Give a Monkey a Brain and Hell Swear Hes the Center of the Universe included songs with rock, punk. At the time of the release, the band began to tear apart internally. Just before Fishbone joined the 1993 Lollapalooza tour, guitarist Kendall Jones, reportedly suffering from instability, quit the band. Bassist John Norwood Fisher tracked Jones down in the belief that he needed rescue from the group, only to be charged with attempted kidnapping. A benefit concert to help with Fishers legal expenses featured Porno for Pyros, Primus, Tool, keyboardist Christopher Dowd left Fishbone in 1994 and released an album titled Puzzle in 1997 under the name The Seedy Arkhestra, with various guests including Jeff Buckley and NDea Davenport
23.
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
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The Mighty Mighty Bosstones are an American ska punk band from Boston, Massachusetts, formed in 1983. Since the bands inception, lead vocalist Dicky Barrett, bassist Joe Gittleman, tenor saxophonist Tim Johnny Vegas Burton, the line-up also includes drummer Joe Sirois, saxophonist Kevin Lenear, guitarist Lawrence Katz and trombonist Chris Rhodes. The Bosstones are often credited as one of the progenitors of the genre of ska punk, the band had released seven studio albums, three EPs and a live album by the time they announced a hiatus in December 2003. In 2007, the Bosstones reunited to resume recording and touring, from 1994-2002, and since 2007, they have hosted the annual Hometown Throwdown music festival. The bands roots lay in the scene of the early 1980s along with a strong influence from the British 2 Tone ska scene of the 1970s. Bassist Joe Gittleman played with local hardcore band Gang Green, while vocalist Dicky Barrett was a member of Impact Unit and, later on, the Cheap Skates lineup went through frequent changes and would feature members of Gang Green on occasion. It was through the Cheap Skates that a core lineup coalesced around Barrett, Gittleman, Tim Johnny Vegas Burton, Nate Albert, Josh Dalsimer, Tim Bridewell, the group decided on the name, the Bosstones as a reference to the city near their hometowns. In 1987, the Bosstones made their recorded debut when they were featured on the Mash It Up ska compilation, the Bosstones contribution was The Cave, and Ugly. Another early recording, Drums and Chickens, appeared on the 1989 ska compilation Mashin Up The Nation, by the time Mashin Up The Nation was released, the Bosstones had temporarily disbanded in order for Albert and Gittleman to finish high school. After their graduation, the band reunited, around this time, it was brought to the bands attention that an a cappella group, The Bosstones, had already used the name during the 1950s. A bartender friend arbitrarily suggested that they become the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, in order to any possible legal hassles. Despite not consistently drawing large crowds at their shows, the Taang. Record label gave the band a contract which would result in the Devils Night Out album. The album was released to local and lukewarm national reaction during a time when ska was struggling to move out of the American underground. The band found resistance from ska purists who did not like that the band were not playing traditional ska while hardcore fans were against the ska, despite the initial reaction, Devils Night Out has gone on to become one of the bands most popular albums. It was during this time that the bands trademark plaid clothing came to be, after a show where Barrett wore plaid, fans started to show up wearing it as well. It was noticeable enough that the band was approached by the Converse sneaker company to promote their new line of Chuck Taylor sneakers, the band accepted the proposal and were seen in several television commercials promoting the sneakers. By this time, Tim Bridewell had left the band, to be replaced by Dennis Brockenborough, the bands next release was an EP titled Whered You Go
24.
Citizen Fish
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Citizen Fish is an English punk rock band that has been active since 1990 and shares members with Subhumans. Both bands deal with such as anti-consumerism and vegetarianism. Based around Bath, England, the members were Dick Lucas, Jasper, Trotsky. Following their first album, Free Souls in a Trapped Environment, Larry left the band and was replaced by Phil, Jasper and Dick had previously played together in Culture Shock. In July 2006, Silas replaced Trotsky on drums, in the following month, after a five-year recording hiatus, the band returned to the studio to record songs for a split album with the New York band Leftöver Crack. Their latest and eighth studio album, 2011s Goods was hailed as a return to form and they remain active. Talk It Over Offended Central Nervous System Traffic Lights Smells Like Home Live Fish Citizen Fish/AOS3 split EP Flinch (Additional musicians, Alex and Jim from Bender on Trumpets T. V. Dinner Naked Small Talk Time Control Dividing Lines Media Men Bag Lady First Impressions Wet Cement Circular Vision Social Insecurity Invisible People Flinch Millennia Madness P. C. O. B. C, insane Marker Pen Fearless Discomfort Zone Spotless Wake Up Dancing on Spikes Manmade Heide Sez. Forward Till Death Welcome To The Welfare State Song, Will Swap You Call This Music
25.
Sublime (band)
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Sublime was an American ska punk band from Long Beach, California, formed in 1988. The bands line-up, unchanged until their breakup, consisted of Bradley Nowell, Eric Wilson, Lou Dog, Nowells dalmatian, was the mascot of the band. Nowell died of an overdose in 1996. In 1997, posthumous songs such as What I Got, Santeria, Wrong Way, Doin Time, Sublime released three studio albums, one live album, five compilation albums, three EPs and one box set. 13 on the Billboard 200, and spawned the single What I Got, as of 2009, the band has sold over 17 million albums worldwide, including about 10 million in the U. S. alone. Michael Miguel Happoldt and Marshall Goodman Ras MG contributed to several Sublime songs, in 2009, the surviving members decided to reform the band with Rome Ramirez, a young guitarist and admitted Sublime fan from California. In January 2010 the lawsuit was settled and the new lineup now performed as Sublime with Rome, in 2011 Gaugh announced his departure from the Sublime with Rome band. Eric Wilson and Bud Gaugh were childhood friends, having grown up in the same Long Beach neighborhood, Erics father, Billy Wilson taught Gaugh how to read music and play the drums. Gaugh and Wilson together with future Sublime manager, Michael Happoldt, about this time, Bradley Nowell, who had recently dropped out of University of California, Santa Cruz, joined the band. Nowell helped introduce Gaugh and Wilson to reggae and ska, who at the time listened exclusively to punk rock, Sublime played its first gig on the Fourth of July,1988 in a small club. Music venues were skeptical of the eclectic musical fusion and many refused to book the band. For the next years, the group focused primarily on playing at parties and small clubs throughout Southern California with local ska bands Smokestacks, No Doubt. The trio recorded a few songs and put forth a number of short demos, in February 1990, Nowell adopted an abused dalmatian puppy from a shelter and named him Louie after his grandfather. Louie Nowell, King Louie, or Lou Dog as he was called, Gaugh recalled that Lou Dog just loved Brad because it was the first time he had ever actually been shown love. Lou Dog was often allowed to wander around the stage during the concert performances. One of Sublimes early club venues in 1990 was at a club in Long Beach called Toe Jam. This Club was owned and operated by David Rice, James Walker, Jason Burch, a private party was held in February 1991 at Toe Jam for one of the owners. Special thanks can be found for Toe Jam and the owners on the back of the later produced album, in late 1990, music student Michael Miguel Happoldt approached the band, offering to let the band record in the studio at the school where Happoldt was studying
26.
Operation Ivy (band)
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Operation Ivy, sometimes called Op Ivy, was an American punk rock band from Berkeley, California formed in May 1987. The bands name was derived from the Operation Ivy series of tests in 1952. Operation Ivy was formed in May 1987 and was named after the name of a 1952 American nuclear weapons testing program. The name had previously been the name of the contemporary Berkeley punk band Isocracy. The band consisted of Jesse Michaels, Tim Lint Armstrong, Matt McCall Freeman, prior to the formation of Operation Ivy, Armstrong and Freeman had played together in the Berkeley ska punk band Basic Radio. Operation Ivys first live performance was on May 27,1987 in Dave Mellos garage, the next day began a tradition of performances at the Berkeley punk collective center 924 Gilman Street. Operation Ivy began playing a number of performances led to its almost immediate cult-following. After witnessing a show in Southern California, Joy Aoki of Flipside magazine described the energetic new band as a swell bunch of guys who mix hard-edged ska with the intensity of young thrash. In October 1987, the band made its debut with a track on the Maximumrocknroll compilation album Turn It Around. In January 1988, the band signed to Lookout Records and released its debut 7-inch record, Hectic, by this time, Operation Ivy, along with Crimpshrine and The Mr. T Experience, was one of the most successful bands from the punk scene at 924 Gilman Street. The band began playing a number of performances and embarked on a tour across the United States, by mid-1988, the group began selling out larger venues and the pressure to sign to major labels began to rise. Operation Ivy released its only studio album Energy through Lookout in March 1989, the group broke up two months later in May, and its last official live performance was on May 28,1989. This was also Green Days first performance with the name Green Day at 924 Gilman Street, Operation Ivy played one more unofficial performance the following day, mostly for friends and family, in Robert Eggplants backyard in Pinole, California. In two years, the band had performed 185 shows and recorded a total of 32 songs, as well as songs which were recorded only as demos, such as Hedgecore, Hangin Out, Sarcastic, All of its known demos and unreleased recordings are available on bootlegs. The lyrics and tone of Operation Ivys music portray a vociferous desire for social justice, Operation Ivy broke up in May 1989. It was released as a complete discography, an array artists have covered Operation Ivy songs, most of which are featured on a 1997 tribute album, Take Warning, The Songs of Operation Ivy. Link 80 was known to cover I Got No, The Crowd, Green Day have continued to play the song live. Additionally, Rancid have played Operation Ivy songs at its live performances, in October 2015, Leftover Crack, a band heavily influenced by Operation Ivy, were joined by Jesse Michaels for performances of Soundsystem and Unity
27.
Mr. Bungle
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Mr. Bungle was an American experimental rock band from Eureka, California. Mr. Bungle released four demo tapes in the mid to late 1980s before being signed to Warner Bros. Records, the band toured in 1999 and 2000 to support their last album before going on hiatus, ultimately revealing that they had dissolved in 2004. Although Mr. Members were based in San Francisco during the bands tenure with Warner Bros, Mr. Bungle was known for its highly eclectic style, often cycling through several musical genres within the course of a single song. Many of its songs had a structure and utilized a wide array of instruments. Live shows often featured members dressing up and an array of cover songs, Mr. Bungle formed in 1985 in Eureka, California, while the members were still in high school. The band initially consisted of Trevor Dunn, Mike Patton, Trey Spruance, Theo Lengyel, Watts was subsequently replaced by Hans Wagner, and then by Danny Heifetz, while Clinton Bär McKinnon joined in 1989. The bands name was taken from Lunchroom Manners, a 1959 childrens educational film which was featured in a Pee-wee Herman Show HBO special in the early 1980s. In it, a school class with a young boy named Phil watch a puppet show about an ill-mannered boy named Mr. Bungle. The short film was a very straight-laced attempt to teach children good deportment, the version shown on The Pee-wee Herman Show had a laugh track added, which gently ridiculed the strict code of conduct promoted in the film. They played their first show during November 1985 at the Bayside Grange Hall, the bands first demo, The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny, was recorded during Easter of 1986. It featured a fast, low-fi death/thrash sound, with touches of ska, instruments utilized on the album included a train whistle, saxophone, bongos and a kazoo. The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny was followed in 1987 by the Bowl of Chiley demo, it featured a much greater ska presence, as well as the sounds of jazz, swing and funk. Bradley Torreano noted at AllMusic that the recording was essentially the sound of some very talented teenagers trying to make their love of jazz, in 1988, Mr. Bungle released their third demo, Goddammit I Love America. Which was musically similar to Bowl of Chiley, Mike Patton described its style as funkadelic, thrashing, circus, ska. In 1988, Mike Patton became the lead vocalist for San Franciscos Faith No More, Patton continued to be a member of both bands simultaneously. Their final demo tape was OU818, released in 1989, this recording was the first to feature sax player Clinton Bär McKinnon. OU818 combined songs from the demos, along with some new tracks. At the time of release, Mike Patton described Mr. Bungle as a weirdo funk band
28.
Rancid (band)
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Rancid is an American punk rock band formed in Berkeley, California in 1991. Over their 26-year career, Rancid remained signed to an independent record label and retained much of its original fan-base, Rancid has had only a few lineup changes since its inception, with Armstrong and Freeman being the only constant members. Their current lineup consists of Armstrong on guitar and vocals, Freeman on bass and vocals, Lars Frederiksen on guitar and vocals, the band was formed by Armstrong, Freeman, and former drummer Brett Reed, who left the band in 2006 and was replaced by Steineckert. Frederiksen joined Rancid in 1993 when the band was searching for a guitar player. The band has sold over four million records worldwide, making it one of the most successful independent punk rock groups of all time. The band rose to fame in 1994 with its studio album, Lets Go. In the following year, Rancid released its highly successful album and its next four albums — Life Wont Wait, Rancid, Indestructible and Let the Dominoes Fall — were also critically acclaimed, though not as successful as. And Out Come the Wolves. Rancid released. Honor Is All We Know, their first studio album in five years and they are currently working on a new album. Childhood friends Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman grew up together in the small, working-class town of Albany, California, the two had been playing together in the influential ska punk band Operation Ivy from 1987 to 1989. The band became popular in the scene at 924 Gilman Street. When Operation Ivy broke up, Armstrong and Freeman decided to form a new band, and formed a ska band called Downfall. They then started a punk band called Generator, which also disbanded shortly after. They also started the ska influenced Dance Hall Crashers, though left the band shortly after it was formed, during this time, Armstrong was struggling with alcoholism, and to keep him focused on other interests, Freeman suggested they form a new band. In 1991, they recruited Armstrongs roommate Brett Reed as their drummer, a few months after the bands inception, Rancid began performing around the Berkeley area, and quickly developed a fan following. Rancids first recorded release was a 1992 EP for Operation Ivys old label Lookout, shortly after releasing the extended play, the band left Lookout. and was signed to Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitzs record label, Epitaph Records. Rancid released its debut album through Epitaph in 1993. While Rancid was writing for an album, Billie Joe Armstrong joined them to co-write the song Radio. Tim had previously asked Lars Frederiksen to be Rancids second guitarist, after Billie Joe turned down the request, Frederiksen changed his mind and joined Rancid
29.
Reel Big Fish
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Reel Big Fish is an American ska punk band from Huntington Beach, California, best known for the 1997 hit Sell Out. The band gained recognition in the mid-to-late 1990s, during the third wave of ska with the release of the gold certified album Turn the Radio Off. Soon after, the band lost mainstream recognition but gained a cult following. As of 2006, the band is no longer signed to a record label. After many line-up changes throughout the years, front man Aaron Barrett remains the founding member in the band. The group started as a band until they released a demo in 1992. With the departure of Ben Guzman soon after, then backup vocalist Aaron Barrett took his place as lead singer, the band then changed its genre to ska. Reel Big Fishs self-released debut album, Everything Sucks, was successful and became an underground hit spread by word-of-mouth, which led to the band signing a deal with Mojo Records. In August 1996, the released the album Turn the Radio Off on the new label, which appealed to fans of ska punk style. After the single Sell Out became well known in mainstream venues, including MTV, however, the ska revival was short-lived, and the groups 1998 album Why Do They Rock So Hard. failed to match the sales of the bands previous record. In 1998, the band appeared in the movie BASEketball, performing in the stands to rouse the crowd, the band also collaborated on the soundtrack with a cover of a-has Take On Me. Why Do They Rock So Hard. was the last album for two members of the band, trumpet player Tavis Werts left the band in 2001. The band fared much better on the charts in 2002 with the album. Former Suburban Rhythm drummer Carlos de la Garza and ex-Spring Heeled Jack U. S. A. trumpeter Tyler Jones, de la Garzas last concert with Reel Big Fish was on June 20,2003 at the House of Blues in Anaheim, California. That concert was released as a DVD in the The Show Must Go Off. Jones appeared in the Music Videos for Where Have You Been. and Monkey Man and he was replaced by trumpeter John Christianson, who had played with Barrett in The Forces of Evil. On April 5,2005, the band released its album on Mojo. Justin Ferreira was on drums for the recording, but left before the release to join the Orange County band Takota
30.
Smash Mouth
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Smash Mouth is an American rock band from San Jose, California. The band was formed in 1994, and was composed of Steve Harwell, Kevin Coleman, Greg Camp. They are known for such as Walkin on the Sun, All Star, and a cover of The Monkees Im a Believer. The band adopted retro styles covering several decades of popular music and they have also performed numerous covers of popular songs, including Wars Why Cant We Be Friends. Simple Minds Dont You, Question Mark & the Mysterianss Cant Get Enough of You Baby, The Beatles Getting Better, Smash Mouth was formed in 1994 by Steve Harwell, who had formerly played in a rap group called F. O. S. and his manager. Harwells manager, Kevin Coleman, knew guitarist Greg Camp and bassist Paul De Lisle and they began rehearsing together, along with Kevin Coleman as drummer. They soon developed into a band, and named themselves Smashmouth, during their early years, the band played largely rock music. The bands first publicity came when a demo of the song Nervous in the Alley was played by a San Jose radio station, KOME. Soon after, Interscope Records signed the band, and the debut album, Fush Yu Mang, was released in 1997, featuring another member. Also, upon signing to Interscope Records, the changed their name from Smashmouth to Smash Mouth. The album eventually went double platinum led by the bands first major single Walkin on the Sun, the singles The Fonz and a cover of Why Cant We Be Friends were also subsequently released. The bands second album, Astro Lounge, was released in 1999 and marked a change in direction, as it had less of the ska influence. It led to publicity for the band, and ended up being one of the most critically acclaimed albums from the group. Supported by the hit singles All Star and Then the Morning Comes, also in 1999, The East Bay Sessions was released as a collection of early songs. Shortly after the release of the album, drummer Kevin Coleman left the band due to back problems, in 2001, Smash Mouth covered the Monkees hit song Im a Believer. It was featured on both the soundtrack for the film Shrek and their self-titled album, the album sold fewer copies than the bands earlier works, eventually being certified gold. Also in 2001, the group appeared as themselves in the scene of the film Rat Race. In 2003, Get the Picture. was released, featuring the singles You Are My Number One, Hang On, Smash Mouth was dropped from Interscope shortly after the release of Get the Picture
31.
Goldfinger (band)
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Goldfinger is an American punk rock band that formed in 1994 in Los Angeles, California. Currently, the band is composed of vocalist/guitarist John Feldmann, and is more or less a solo outlet for the singer and he often recruits other members to play with him from bands with which he previously has worked. The original band is considered to have been a contributor to the movement of third-wave ska. However, the releases of Open Your Eyes and Disconnection Notice, have more commonly placed in the punk rock genre. Apart from the music, Goldfinger is also noted for their political activism. At the time the band was formed, Feldmann and Williams were working at the shoe store where they were discovered by A&R Executive Patrick McDowell. Many of the songs on Richter are demo versions of songs on the bands debut, Goldfinger. The song Here in Your Bedroom from the album was especially popular, in 2006, Alternative Press listed the self-titled Goldfinger album as one of the 10 Albums That Shaped 1996 alongside No Doubt, Weezer and others. The band released its album, Hang-Ups, on September 9,1997. Although the album was successful than the bands debut, the band still maintained a devoted fan base in the hardcore community. Founding bassist Simon Williams left the band following Hang-Ups, during this time, Goldfinger released a popular cover of the song More Today Than Yesterday by Spiral Starecase, which also helped the band stay out of obscurity. Goldfingers third studio LP was Stomping Ground, which was released on March 28,2000, the album sold poorly in the US but was a modest hit in some European countries, thanks to their cover of Nenas 99 Luftballons sung partly in German. In 2000, during their tour of England, Goldfinger recorded one of their sets, issuing the live Foot in Mouth, available only at shows, in 2001, Goldfinger announced that Charlie Paulson was leaving the band and was being replaced by former Ünloco member, Brian Arthur. Their next album, Open Your Eyes, was the first for their new record label, on this album, the band abandoned much of its reggae influences in favor of a more heavy sound. Furthermore, some of the lyrics discussed animal rights, a subject which had not been touched upon in earlier albums, the band recorded a music video for the title track of the album, which was also focused on animal rights. In early 2005, they released its first album for their new label, Maverick Records, the song Wasted from the album was released as a single. The CD was less well received compared to former Goldfinger albums, in 2005, Brian departed from the band after the release of the album. Shortly after Brians departure, Goldfinger announced that their original guitarist Charlie Paulson would return, Charlie returned to the stage playing three songs at the Key Club in LA when the band finished a Western USA tour
32.
No Doubt
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No Doubt is an American rock band from Anaheim, California, that formed in 1986. Since 1994, the group has consisted of vocalist Gwen Stefani, bassist and keyboardist Tony Kanal, guitarist and keyboardist Tom Dumont, since the mid-1990s in live performances and the studio, they have been supported by keyboardist and trombonist Gabrial McNair and keyboardist and trumpeter Stephen Bradley. The ska sound of their song Trapped in a Box that was featured on their first album No Doubt failed to make an impact. The Beacon Street Collection is a raw expression of their sound, inspired by ska punk, the album sold over 100,000 copies in 1995, over three times as many as their first album sold. Fifteen months later, the band reappeared with Rock Steady, which incorporated reggae, the album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer, Sly and Robbie, and Lady Saw. The album produced two Grammy-winning singles, Hey Baby and Underneath It All, as well as Hella Good, after a 2004 tour the band embarked on solo projects, with Stefani releasing two successful solo albums Love. Baby. and The Sweet Escape while Tom Dumont released his own music project. In 2008, the band resumed working slowly on their effort, titled Push and Shove. They have sold over 33 million records worldwide, Eric Stefani and John Spence met at a Dairy Queen and had talked about getting a group together to play music. Eric got a keyboard and gathered some players together to practice, the practice included Eric Stefani, Gwen Stefani, John Spence, Jerry McMahon, Chris Leal, Chris Webb, Gabriel Gonzalez & Alan Meade and Tony Meade. They practiced in Erics parents garage, Tony Kanal went to one of the bands early shows and soon joined the band as its bassist. After initially rejecting her advances, he began dating Gwen, but they kept their secret for a year. Paul Caseley also joined the band in 1987, Eric Carpenter joined the horn section soon after. In December 1987, Spence committed suicide days before the band was to play a gig at The Roxy Theatre for record industry employees. No Doubt disbanded but decided to regroup after several weeks with Alan Meade taking over vocals, when Meade left the band, Gwen replaced him as lead singer, and No Doubt continued to develop a live following in California. He joined No Doubt and replaced Jerry McMahon as the bands guitarist, Adrian Young replaced Chris Webb as the drummer the following year. Caseley left No Doubt in July 1989 for the US Navy Band, No Doubts self-titled debut album was finally released in 1992, but it featured no radio singles, although a video was made for Trapped in a Box. The albums distinctly upbeat pop/cartoon sound sharply contrasted with the then-dominant grunge movement, because the music worlds focus was redirected squarely at Seattle, No Doubts album was not supported by the record label and considered a commercial failure for selling only 30,000 copies
33.
Tragic Kingdom
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Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10,1995 by Trauma Records and it is the final album to feature original keyboardist Eric Stefani, who left the band in 1994. The album was produced by Matthew Wilder and recorded in 11 studios in the Greater Los Angeles Area between March 1993 and October 1995, the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics. At the 39th Annual Grammy Awards, No Doubt earned nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album, Tragic Kingdom helped to initiate the ska revival of the 1990s, persuading record labels to sign more ska bands and helping them to attract more mainstream attention. The album was ranked number 441 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, No Doubt embarked on a tour to promote the album. It was designed by Project X and lasted two and a half years, an early 1997 performance at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim was filmed and released as Live in the Tragic Kingdom on VHS and later DVD. No Doubt released their debut album in 1992, a year after being signed to Interscope. The albums pop-oriented sound sharply contrasted with grunge music, a genre which was popular at the time in the United States. The band began work on their album in 1993, but Interscope rejected most of the material, which was written by Gary Angle. Keyboardist Eric Stefani did not want to relinquish control to someone outside the band. He encouraged other members of the band to write songs, Eric became increasingly depressed, and in September 1994, he stopped attending rehearsals, though they were usually held at his house. He soon left the band to pursue a career on the animated sitcom The Simpsons. Bassist Tony Kanal then ended his relationship with Gwen Stefani. The band decided to produce their next album independently and recorded their album, The Beacon Street Collection. No Doubts first two singles were released for The Beacon Street Collection, Squeal and Doghouse, under their own record label, despite limited availability, the album sold 100,000 copies in the year of its release. Their independence attracted Interscopes attention and ensured that the label would fund a third album, Tragic Kingdom was recorded in 11 different studios in Los Angeles, starting in March 1993 and finally being released two-and-a-half years later in October 1995. During one of recording sessions, the band was introduced to Paul Palmer. After mixing the first single with David J. Holman, Just a Girl, Palmer and he wanted to release the album on his own label, Trauma Records, which was already associated with Interscope, and succeeded in getting the contract
34.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
35.
924 Gilman Street
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The Alternative Music Foundation, a non-profit located at 924 Gilman Street, often referred to by its fans simply as Gilman, is an all-ages, collectively organized music club. Gilman is mostly associated with being the springboard for the 90s pop-punk revival led by bands like Green Day, Operation Ivy, Rancid, and The Offspring. Gilman showcases mostly punk rock, specifically pop punk and hardcore acts, as well as heavy metal, industrial metal, grindcore, ska punk and, most recently. Negotiations began with the landlord and in April 1986 a lease was signed, the organizing circle was expanded with a view to raising the $40,000 needed for rent and remodeling and for generating the volunteers necessary to make the construction project happen. Berkeley mayor Gus Newport was supportive and project organizers crossed their ts and dotted their is in winning the approval for the project from businesses. The landlord also proved reliable and supportive of the goals of his new tenants. We had to build new bathrooms, etc. and pass the inspections and we got our final approval from the city the afternoon of our first show, which was New Years Eve, December 1986. Rent on the 2,000 square foot building was $2,000 per month at the time of the clubs launch — regarded as a reasonable and manageable rate, on December 31,1986, the first musical performance was held at 924 Gilman. Since then, it has one of the longest-running independent music venues in the United States. The club slowly progressed as a mecca for punk youth to get away from everyday issues at home, work, government, in its initial phase hardcore punk shows were held three days a week — on Friday and Saturday nights as well as Sunday matinees. This quickly proved to be overwhelming for club volunteers, however and this necessary scheduling adjustment had the serendipitous effect of diversifying and broadening the base of support for the 924 Gilman space. As one early participant recalled, in order to not be closed down by local police we had to have rules, such as no drinking in or around the club, no fighting, things like that. Josh Levine, a long time punk rock fan, band member, a good feeling, or a sense of pulling together, and unity among people who just wanted to see bands that was free of sexism, homophobia, racism, and especially violence. Shows were not as safe then — there were shows I went to before Gilman where I got beat up, shows where I went to jail, just for being a punk rock kid out after curfew. And worse, shows where I saw people getting beat up by skinheads, or jocks and those were the kind of things that motivated us to get involved. Despite a few incidents of vandalism, a fertile creative environment rapidly developed. The eclectic sounds of this and other pioneer Gilman bands stood in contrast to the speed metal, although the Gilman warehouse provided a vital all-ages venue and spawned a vibrant local musical scene, its success was neither inevitable nor linear. In a published eulogy by Tim Yohannan, Gilman was remembered as a fun place where the old macho bullshit got attacked, the clubs core volunteers were not despondent, Yohannan noted, and hoped to arrange special shows at other existing venues in the future
36.
Mod revival
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The mod revival was a music genre and subculture that started in England in 1978 and later spread to other countries. The mod revivals mainstream popularity was short, although its influence has lasted for decades. The mod revival post-dated a Teddy Boy revival, and mod revivalists sometimes clashed with Teddy Boy revivalists, skinhead revivalists, casuals, punks and rival gang members. The late 1970s mod revival was led by the band The Jam, the mod revival was a conscious effort to harken back to an earlier generation in terms of style. In the early 1980s in the UK, a mod revival scene influenced by the original 1960s mod subculture developed. The revival was spurred on by the band The Jam. Their debut album In the City, mixed R&B standards with originals modelled on The Whos early singles and they confirmed their status as the leading mod revival band with their third album All Mod Cons, on which Paul Wellers song-writing drew heavily on the British-focused narratives of the Kinks. In 1979, the film Quadrophenia, which romanticised the original 1960s mod subculture, widened the impact, the original mod revival fanzine, Maximum Speed started in 1979 and spawned other home-produced fanzines from then until the mid-to-late 1980s. These acts managed to develop cult followings and some had pop hits, more RnB based bands such as The Little Roosters, The Inmates, Nine Below Zero also became key acts in the growing mod revival scene in London. Other Another British tradition that returned at the time was the penchant for members of youth subcultures to go to seaside resorts on bank holidays. This originated in the early 1960s with the mods and rockers fighting each other at such as Brighton. The phenomenon returned in 1969 through to 1970 with skinheads fighting Teddy boys, in 1977 it returned yet again, with punks fighting Teddy Boys at Margate, and revival skinheads fighting Teddy boys, bikers and rockers at Southend and Margate. In 1979 and 1980, the resorts became major battlegrounds on bank holidays for young skinheads and mods together against Teddy boys, some of the main resorts involved were Margate, Brighton, Southend, Clacton, Hastings and Scarborough. Paul Weller broke up The Jam in 1982 and formed The Style Council, in the mid-1980s, there was a brief mod revival centered on bands such as The Prisoners, Makin Time and the Gents. Another main player in the 1980s UK mod revival was Eddie Piller, the UK mod revival was followed by a mod revival in North America in the early 1980s, particularly in Southern California, led by bands such as The Untouchables. Led the mod revival releasing their first album Mudança de comportamento in 1985 on the WEA label and their 1986 followup Vivendo e não aprendendo further established them as leaders of the mod revival in Brazil. They quickly achieved Gold Album status in sales of Vivendo e não aprendendo, bands associated with Britpop in the mid-1990s often championed aspects of Mod culture. A number of 1970s mod revival bands have reunited in recent years to play concerts, including Secret Affair, the Chords and the Purple Hearts
37.
Skinhead
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The movement reached a peak during an 1980s revival but has endured in multiple contexts worldwide since. The rise to prominence of skinheads came in two waves, with the first taking place in the late 1960s and the second in the early 1980s. Skinheads were instead drawn towards more working class cultures, incorporating elements of mod fashion and black music and fashion. The second wave were often ex-punks, both first and second generation skins were influenced by the heavy, repetitive rhythms of dub, as well as ska, rocksteady, reggae, and African-American soul music. 1980s skins were closely aligned with anarchists and anarcho-punks, first wave punk, Oi. and street punk, ska,2 Tone ska, ska punk, dub, contemporary skinhead fashions range from clean-cut 1960s mod-influenced styles to less-strict punk- and hardcore-influenced styles. During the early 1980s, political affiliations grew in significance and split the subculture, distancing the far right and far left strands, according to Shane Meadows, Its unfortunate that the racist elements have become such a by-word for skinhead culture. The media has played its part in this, but by the same token its clear the fascist element has always been vocal in skinhead culture. The sad bit is that the enlightened, anti-fascist aspects have not better promoted themselves. From the 1990s, the style has been adopted by disaffected, Neo-Nazi youths in the former East Germany, Italy, Spain, Finland, central European countries, and Russia. However, many skinheads have remained influenced by dissident left-wing and center-left type politics that have been in the movement since the beginning, particularly in the U. K. in the late 1950s the post-war economic boom led to an increase in disposable income among many young people. Some of those youths spent that income on new fashions popularised by American soul groups, British R&B bands, certain film actors and these youths became known as mods, a youth subculture noted for its consumerism and devotion to fashion, music and scooters. When possible, these working class mods spent their money on suits and other outfits to wear at dancehalls. Hardcore mods became commonly known as skinheads by about 1968 and their short hair may have come about for practical reasons, since long hair could be a liability in industrial jobs and streetfights. Skinheads may also have cut their hair short in defiance of the middle class hippie culture. In addition to retaining many mod influences, early skinheads were very interested in Jamaican rude boy styles and culture, especially the music, ska, rocksteady, Skinhead culture became so popular by 1969 that even the rock band Slade temporarily adopted the look as a marketing strategy. The subculture gained wider notice because of a series of violent and sexually explicit novels by Richard Allen, due to largescale British migration to Perth, Western Australia, many British youths in that city joined skinhead/sharpies gangs in the late 1960s and developed their own Australian style. By the early 1970s, the skinhead subculture started to fade from popular culture, and some of the original skins dropped into new categories, such as the suedeheads, smoothies, and bootboys. Some fashion trends returned to the mod roots, with brogues, loafers, suits, in the late 1970s, the skinhead subculture was revived to a notable extent after the introduction of punk rock
38.
London Calling
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London Calling is the third studio album by English punk rock band the Clash. It was released as an album in the United Kingdom on 14 December 1979 by CBS Records. London Calling is a album that incorporates a range of styles, including punk, reggae, rockabilly, ska, New Orleans R&B, pop, lounge jazz. Lovers Rock advocates safe sex and planning, the final track, Train in Vain, was originally excluded from the back covers track listing. It was intended to be given away through a promotion with NME, the album received widespread acclaim and was ranked at number eight on Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003. London Calling was a top ten album in the UK, and it has sold over five million copies worldwide, and was certified platinum in the United States. After recording their studio album Give Em Enough Rope, the band separated from their manager Bernard Rhodes. This separation meant that the group had to leave their studio in Camden Town. Tour manager Johnny Green and drum roadie Baker had found the group a new place to rehearse called Vanilla Studios, prior to this move to the Vanilla Studios rehearsal space, the Clashs songwriters Mick Jones and Joe Strummer had experienced a period of writers block. The Clash arrived at Vanilla in May 1979 without a new song prepared for their third album. Once in Vanilla Studios, the group began performing songs from a variety of genres, such as rockabilly, rock n roll, rhythm and blues. In contrast to previous sessions, the band kept these rehearsals private. This seclusion allowed the band to rebuild their confidence without worrying about the reaction from outsiders, the band developed an extremely disciplined daily routine of afternoon musical rehearsals, broken by a late-afternoon social football game, which fostered a friendly bond between the band members. The daily football match was followed by a couple of drinks at a local pub, the Clash wrote and recorded demos, with Mick Jones composing and arranging much of the music and Joe Strummer generally writing the lyrics. As early as their album, the Clash had started to depart from the punk rock sound. This developed fascination with rock and roll inspired their approach for London Calling, in August 1979, the band entered Wessex Studios to begin recording London Calling. The Clash asked Guy Stevens to produce the album, much to the dismay of CBS Records, Stevens had alcohol and drug problems and his production methods were unconventional. During a recording session he swung a ladder and upturned chairs – apparently to create a rock & roll atmosphere
39.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
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KROQ-FM
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KROQ-FM – branded 106.7 KROQ – is a commercial Alternative Rock radio station licensed to Pasadena, California serving the Greater Los Angeles Area. The call sign is pronounced kay rock and it was the flagship station of Loveline, hosted by Dr. Drew Pinsky and Psycho Mike Catherwood, and The Kevin and Bean Morning Show. KROQ advertises itself as playing current modern rock hits, but its playlist consists mostly of recurrent tracks from the 1990s and 2000s. The station has studios at the intersection of Venice Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue in the Crestview neighborhood in West Los Angeles, the transmitter is based in the Verdugo Mountains. Originally,106.7 FM was KPPC-FM, owned by the Pasadena Presbyterian Church and they broadcast religious programming with a co-owned AM station. Until 1969, the station still broadcast from the basement of the church, in 1967, Tom and Raechel Donahue created a freeform progressive rock format at co-owned KMPX in San Francisco. KMPX became a big success, and in 1968, the Donahues were sent to Pasadena to introduce the format to the ailing KPPC-FM, the former KMPX and KPPC staffers were later hired at Metromedia-owned KSAN in San Francisco and KMET in Los Angeles. KPPC hired new staffers and kept the format, though they floundered for several years following the strike. In 1969, the two stations were sold to the National Science Network, in April 1970, the studios were moved out of the church basement. In September of that year, the FM transmitter was moved to Flint Peak, an adjacent to Pasadena. Country music station KBBQ in Burbank became KROQ in September 1972, changing its format to Top-40, the new KROQ called itself the ROQ of Los Angeles. A. The two stations were wildly successful initially with the new format, but poor management plagued the enterprise. Roberts joined a sprawling ownership group included a doctor, two dairymen, a political lobbyist, a secretary, and several other minor investors. Unfortunately, by 1974 the stations finances were already untenable following a year of commercial-free programming — a stunt implemented in an effort to market share. The stations debt load reached $7 million, paychecks began to bounce and Shadoe Stevens, the closure would last for nearly two years. In late 1975, the FCC ordered KROQ to return to the airwaves or surrender the stations licenses, ken Roberts returned to the reborn station in a more forceful ownership role, buying out his partners one by one until he remained the sole owner of the station. Shadoe Stevens was re-hired as a consultant and air personality with others like Los Angeles radio legends The Obscene Steven Clean. As punk expanded its hold on the scene of the mid to late 1970s, KROQ steadily adding more of it to their freeform format
41.
Worcester, Massachusetts
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Worcester /ˈwʊstər/ WUUSS-tər local pronunciation /ˈwᵻstə/ is a city and the county seat of Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Named after Worcester, England, as of the 2010 Census the citys population was 181,045, Worcester is located approximately 40 miles west of Boston,50 miles east of Springfield and 40 miles north of Providence. Due to its location in Central Massachusetts, Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth, thus, however, the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the mass-produced Valentines Day card was invented in the city. S. Census Combined Statistical Area, or Greater Boston, the city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture. The area was first inhabited by members of the Nipmuc tribe, the native people called the region Quinsigamond and built a settlement on Pakachoag Hill in Auburn. In 1673 English settlers John Eliot and Daniel Gookin led an expedition to Quinsigamond to establish a new Christian Indian praying town and identify a new location for an English settlement. On July 13,1674, Gookin obtained a deed to eight miles of land in Quinsigamond from the Nipmuc people. In 1675, King Philips War broke out throughout New England with the Nipmuc Indians coming to the aid of Indian leader King Philip, the English settlers completely abandoned the Quinsigamond area and the empty buildings were burned by the Indian forces. The town was abandoned during Queen Annes War in 1702. Finally in 1713, Worcester was permanently resettled for a time by Jonas Rice. Named after the city of Worcester, England, the town was incorporated on June 14,1722, on April 2,1731, Worcester was chosen as the county seat of the newly founded Worcester County government. Between 1755 and 1758, future U. S. president John Adams worked as a schoolteacher, in the 1770s, Worcester became a center of American revolutionary activity. British General Thomas Gage was given information of patriot ammunition stockpiled in Worcester in 1775, also in 1775, Massachusetts Spy publisher Isaiah Thomas moved his radical newspaper out of British occupied Boston to Worcester. Thomas would continuously publish his paper throughout the American Revolutionary War, on July 14,1776, Thomas performed the first public reading in Massachusetts of the Declaration of Independence in front of the Worcester town hall. He would later go on to form the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester in 1812, during the turn of the 19th century Worcesters economy moved into manufacturing. Factories producing textiles, shoes and clothing opened along the nearby Blackstone River, however, the manufacturing industry in Worcester would not begin to thrive until the opening of the Blackstone Canal in 1828 and the opening of the Worcester and Boston Railroad in 1835. The city transformed into a hub and the manufacturing industry flourished. Worcester was officially chartered as a city on February 29,1848, immigrants moved into new triple-decker houses which lined hundreds of Worcesters expanding streets and neighborhoods
