1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
5.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
6.
Los Angeles City Council
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The Los Angeles City Council is the governing body of the City of Los Angeles. The council is composed of fifteen members elected from districts for four-year terms. The president of the council and the president pro tempore are chosen by the council at the first regular meeting of the term, an assistant president pro tempore is appointed by the President. As of 2014, council members receive a salary of $178,789 per year. Regular council meetings are held in the City Hall on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 10 am except on holidays or if decided by special resolution. A current annual schedule of all Council meetings, broken down by committee, is available as a. pdf download from the Office of the City Clerk. Under the first charter of the city, granted by the Legislature in 1889, the first election under that system was held on February 21,1889, and the last on December 4,1906. Two-year terms for the City Council began and ended in December, except for the first term, the term of office was lengthened to three years effective with the municipal election of December 4,1906, which was the last year this ward system was in use. Between 1909 and 1925, the council was composed of nine members elected at large in a first-past-the-post voting system
7.
California State Assembly
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The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. It consists of 80 members, with each member representing at least 465,000 people, members of the assembly are generally referred to using the titles assemblyman, assemblywoman, or assemblymember. The State Assembly convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento, in the current session, the Democrats control 55 seats, forming a supermajority of the chamber. The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full assembly, other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon, the majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon, while the minority leader is Republican Chad Mayes. The chambers green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber. According to Article 4, Section 2 of the California Constitution, the Chief Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature. The Sergeant-at-Arms protects the members of the California State Assembly and this position has existed since December 15,1849, when Samuel N. Houston became the Assemblys first Sergeant-at-Arms. The Chief Clerk, the acting Chief Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplains are not members of the Legislature
8.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
9.
California State Senate
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The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. The legislative body consists of 40 members, with each member representing approximately 931,000 people, due to the states large population and relatively small legislature, the State Senate has the largest population per representative ratio of any state legislative house. Each member roughly represents a population equivalent to the state of Delaware, the State Senate convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento. In the current session, Democrats control 27 seats, comprising a two-thirds supermajority of the chamber, prior to 1968, state senate districts were drawn so that each county had at most one state senator. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County being accorded the same number of senators as less populous counties such as Humboldt County. In Reynolds v. Sims, the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population, as such, boundaries were changed to provide more equitable representation. The Lieutenant Governor is the ex officio President of the Senate, the President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Kevin de León, the minority leader is Republican Jean Fuller. The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. The Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature
10.
Gil Cedillo
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Gilbert Anthony Cedillo is an American politician, currently a member of the Los Angeles City Council for District 1, succeeding Ed Reyes after his election on May 21,2013. Cedillo was a Democratic member of both the California State Assembly and the California State Senate, Cedillo was a candidate for Californias 32nd congressional district seat, vacated by Hilda Solis. A Californias 32nd Congressional District Special Election,2009 was held on May 19,2009, Cedillo lost the primary to Board of Equalization Member Judy Chu. Cedillo grew up in the Boyle Heights area of Los Angeles and is a resident of the 22nd District. His father worked as a mechanic at American Can in Vernon and was a member of the United Steelworkers of America and his mother was a garment worker at Sears and Times-Mirror Press. Cedillo attended Lorena Street and Euclid Avenue Elementary, Stevenson Junior High and Roosevelt High where he met and became friends with Antonio Villaraigosa. At Roosevelt, he was varsity quarterback and excelled academically as well, receiving an academic scholarship to the University of California. Cedillo graduated from UCLA with a degree in Sociology in 1977 and received a Juris Doctor degree from the Peoples College of Law. Cedillo worked for the Service Employees International Union, Los Angeles Countys largest union, president Bill Clinton stated that his decision to provide funding was reached after critical consultations with SEIU. Cedillo won an election on January 13,1998, to the California State Assemblys 46th district. In 2002, he was elected to the State Senate, Gil Cedillo is a member of the Council of La Raza. Cedillo was reelected in 2006, defeating South Pasadena City Councilman Mike Ten, Cedillo received 71,199 votes, Ten received 18,581 votes, and Murray Levy, a Libertarian candidate, received 3,469 votes. Several people missed their flights because of the protest, Cedillo officially announced his candidacy for the 32nd Congressional District seat on January 8,2009, which was vacated by Congresswoman Hilda Solis. Congresswoman Solis accepted an appointment from President-elect Barack Obama for United States Labor Secretary, Cedillo lost to Judy Chu, a former Monterey Park assemblywoman and vice-chairman of the State Board of Equalization. Despite Cedillos longtime relationship with organized labor, the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO, Cedillo was defeated in his 2009 bid for the 32d District seat. Chu received 15,338 votes while Cedillo received 11,244 votes,31. 9% to 23. 4% in a primarily Latino district, following his failed bid for U. S. Congress, Cedillo took over the California State Assemblys 45th District seat. Cedillo served as chairman of Californias Latino Congressional Caucus, in 2010, Cedillo authored Californias SRC113, a resolution for a statewide boycott of the State of Arizona, following Arizonas passage of SB1070, an illegal immigration enforcement bill. Cedillo is often referred to by opponents as One Bill Gil, Cedillo has opposed shovel ready street improvements for bicycle and pedestrian safety planned and vetted by the community during the previous councilmembers term
11.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
12.
Jimmy Gomez
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Jimmy Gomez is an American politician currently serving in the California State Assembly. He is a Democrat representing the 51st Assembly District, which encompasses northeastern Los Angeles, Gomez is a member of the California Latino Legislative Caucus. Prior to being elected to the Assembly in 2012, he was the director for the United Nurses Association of California. On December 5,2016, Gomez announced his candidacy for the election to succeed Xavier Becerra in the United States House of Representatives for Californias 34th congressional district. Gomez has received endorsements from Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, on April 4,2017, Gomez came in first during the special election. Since he did not receive a majority of the votes, he will face Robert Lee Ahn, the runner-up, during the runoff, which will take place June 6,2017
13.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
14.
Area code 213
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Area code 213 is a California telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan. It contains downtown Los Angeles and its environs, and is an enclave area code, in that it is completely surrounded by area code 323. By area, it is one of the smallest area codes in the nation, Area code 213 was one of the three original area codes assigned to California in 1947. Initially it covered the third of the state from the Central Coast to the Mexican border. The numbering plan area was extended to the north in 1950, merging the southern portion of the Central Valley, including Bakersfield, as a result of southern Californias rapid expansion during the second half of the 20th century, the plan area 213 was split on numerous occasions. The first area split became necessary in 1951, when most of the southern portion, including Orange County, in 1957,213 was restricted to Los Angeles County, with most of the old 213s northern and western portion becoming area code 805. In 1984, the San Fernando Valley and the San Gabriel Valley became area code 818, in 1991, West Los Angeles and the South Bay became area code 310. The 213 area code was reduced to its current size in 1998, despite Southern Californias continued rapid growth and the proliferation of cell phones and pagers,213 was not projected to be exhausted until 2050. This change is planned to effect on August 1,2017. An American hip-hop supergroup from Long Beach, California consisting of Snoop Dogg, Warren G, Area code 213 is referenced in Warren G and Nate Doggs song Regulate, Dr. Dres Still D. R. E. The Electric Six song Im the Bomb, LL Cool Js song Going Back to Cali, Whitney Houstons song Its Not Right but Its Okay and it is also referenced in Area Codes by Ludacris featuring Nate Dogg. The Los Angeles Clippers mascot, Chuck the Condor, has the jersey number 213, List of California area codes List of NANP area codes NANPA Area Code Map of California California Public Utilities Commissions Report on the 213 Area Code
15.
Downtown Los Angeles
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Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 58,000 people. A2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs, Downtown Los Angeles is known for its government buildings, parks, theaters and other public places. The earliest known settlements in the area of what is now Downtown Los Angeles was by the Tongva, on September 4,1781, the city was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896. Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the settlement into what is today the Civic Center. By 1920, the private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage. By this time, an influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles of track, during the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor Freeway, Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company and Harry Winston & Co. both of which found their beginnings in the Alexandria Hotel at 5th and Spring Streets. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal opened in May,1939, unifying passenger service among local, regional. It was built on a scale and would be one of the last of the Great Railway Stations built in the United States. Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. The once-wealthy Bunker Hill neighborhood became a haven for low-income renters, the drastic reduction in the number of residents in the area further reduced the viability of streetfront businesses that would be able to attract pedestrians. For most Angelenos, downtown became a destination as they would come into the area for a particular objective. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the neighborhood as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, on March 15,2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems
16.
Homelessness in the United States
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Homelessness is a social crisis in the United States. According to the McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act, homeless people are those who lack a fixed, regular, Homelessness emerged as a national issue in the 1870s. Many homeless people lived in emerging urban cities, such as New York City, into the 20th Century, the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a devastating epidemic of poverty, hunger, and homelessness. There were two million people migrating across the United States. In the 1970s, the de-institutionalization of patients from psychiatric hospitals was a precipitating factor which seeded the homeless population. The number of people grew in the 1980s, as housing. Over the past decades, the availability and quality of data on homelessness has improved considerably. About 1.56 million people, or about 0. 5% of the U. S. population, Homelessness in the United States increased after the Great Recession in the United States. One out of 50 children or 1.5 million children in United States of America will be each year. In 2013 that number jumped to one out of 30 children, There were an estimated 57,849 homeless veterans estimated in the United States during January 2013, or 12 percent of all homeless adults. Just under 8 percent of homeless U. S. veterans are female, Texas, California and Florida have the highest numbers of unaccompanied homeless youth under the age of 18, comprising 58% of the total homeless under 18 youth population. Homelessness affects men more than women, at least 70% to 85% of all homeless are men. A2000 study estimated the number of people to be between 2.3 million and 3.5 million. According to Amnesty International USA, vacant houses outnumber homeless people by five times, Homelessness in the United States affects many segments of the population, including families, children, domestic violence victims, ex-convicts, veterans, the aged, and others. Efforts to assist the homeless have included federal legislation, non-profit efforts, increased access to healthcare services, affordable housing, among others. Following the Peasants Revolt in England, constables were authorized under 1383 English Poor Laws statute to collar vagabonds and force them to support, if they could not. Vagabonds could be sentenced to the stocks for three days and nights, in 1530, whipping was added, the presumption was that vagabonds were unlicensed beggars. Large numbers of vagabonds were among the convicts transported to the American colonies in the 18th century, Homelessness emerged as a national issue in the 1870s
17.
Catholic Worker Movement
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The Catholic Worker Movement is a collection of autonomous communities of Catholics and their associates founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in the United States 1933. Its aim is to live in accordance with the justice and charity of Jesus Christ, one of its guiding principles is hospitality towards those on the margin of society, based on the principles of communitarianism and personalism. To this end, the movement claims over 213 local Catholic Worker communities providing social services, each house has a different mission, going about the work of social justice in its own way, suited to its local region. The movement campaigns for nonviolence and is active in opposing war and the unequal global distribution of wealth. Dorothy Day also founded The Catholic Worker newspaper, still published by the two Catholic Worker houses in New York City and sold for a penny a copy. The Catholic Worker Movement started with the Catholic Worker newspaper, created by Dorothy Day to advance Catholic social teaching and stake out a neutral, pacifist position in the war-torn 1930s. Day attempted to put her words from the Catholic Worker into action through houses of hospitality, the idea of voluntary poverty was advocated for those who volunteered to work at the houses of hospitality. Many people would come to the Catholic Workers for assistance, only to become Workers themselves, initially, these houses of hospitality had little organization and no requirements for membership. As time passed, however, some rules and policies were established. Day appointed the directors of each of the houses, but tried to maintain autonomy in the running of the houses. Because of this policy, the houses varied in size and character, in the 1930s, the St. Louis Workers served 3400 people a day while the Detroit Workers served around 600 a day. More than 30 independent but affiliated communities had been founded by 1941, well over 200 communities exist today, including several in Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, and Sweden. Co-founder Dorothy Day, who died in 1980, is currently under consideration for sainthood by the Catholic Church and our rule is the works of mercy, said Dorothy Day. It is the way of sacrifice, worship, a sense of reverence, according to co-founder Peter Maurin, the following are the beliefs of the Catholic Worker, gentle personalism of traditional Catholicism. Personal obligation of looking after the needs of our brother, daily practice of the Works of Mercy. Houses of Hospitality for the relief of those who are in need. Establishment of Farming Communes where each one according to his ability. Creating a new society within the shell of the old with the philosophy of the new, the radical philosophy of the group can be described as Christian anarchism
18.
Daryl Gates
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Daryl Gates was the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department from 1978 to 1992. His length of tenure was only to that of William H. Parker. As chief of police, he took a hardline, aggressive, Gates is co-credited with the creation of SWAT teams with LAPDs John Nelson, who others claim was the originator of SWAT in 1965. Gates also co-founded D. A. R. E along with the Los Angeles Unified School District, after the Rodney King beating and the riots afterward, Gates retired from the police department. Gates was born in Glendale, California, to a Mormon mother and he grew up in Glendale and Highland Park, in the northeastern part of Los Angeles. The Great Depression affected his life, his father was an alcoholic. Gates graduated from Franklin High School in Highland Park, and joined the U. S. Navy in time to see action in the Pacific Theater during World War II. After leaving the U. S. Navy, he attended Pasadena City College and married his first wife and he went on to take pre-law classes at the University of Southern California. Gates joined the LAPD on September 16,1949, among his roles as an officer, he was picked to be the chauffeur for Chief William H. Parker. Gates often remarked that he gained many administrative and professional insights from Parker during the hours spent together each day. Gates worked hard to prepare for his exams, scoring first in the sergeants exam. On his promotion to lieutenant, he rejoined Chief Parker as Parkers executive officer and he was promoted to captain, responsible for intelligence. By the time of the Watts riots in 1965 he was an inspector, on March 28,1978, Gates became the 49th Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. Gates, considered the father of SWAT, established the unit in order to deal with hostage rescue and extreme situations involving armed. In 1965, Officer John Nelson came up with the idea to form a specially trained and equipped unit to respond to, as an inspector, Gates approved this idea. He formed a small group of volunteer officers. His first SWAT team, which Gates had originally wanted to name Special Weapons Attack Team, was born LAPD SWAT and this SWAT unit was initially constituted as 15 teams of four men each, for a total staff of 60. These officers were given special status and benefits, but in return they had to attend monthly trainings, SWAT was copied almost immediately by most US police departments, and is now used by law enforcement agencies throughout the world
19.
Tom Bradley (American politician)
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Thomas J. Tom Bradley was the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles, serving from 1973 to 1993. He was the only African-American mayor of city, and his 20 years in office mark the longest tenure by any mayor in the citys history. His 1973 election made him the second African-American mayor of a major U. S. city, Bradley retired in 1993, after his approval ratings began dropping subsequent to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. Bradley unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986 and was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian, the racial dynamics that appeared to underlie his narrow and unexpected loss in 1982 gave rise to the political term the Bradley effect. In 1985, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, Bradley, the grandson of a slave, was born on December 29,1917, to Lee Thomas and Crenner Bradley, poor sharecroppers who lived in a small log cabin outside Calvert, Texas. He had four siblings — Lawrence, Willa Mae, Ellis, the family moved to Arizona to pick cotton and then in 1924 to the Temple-Alvarado area of Los Angeles, where Lee was a Santa Fe Railroad porter and Crenner was a maid. He was captain of the team and all-city tackle for the high school football team. He went to UCLA in 1937 on a scholarship and joined Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Among the jobs he had while at college was as a photographer for comedian Jimmy Durante, Bradley left his studies to join the Los Angeles Police Department in 1940. He became one of the just 400 blacks among the departments 4,000 officers and he recalled the downtown department store that refused him credit, although he was a police officer, and the restaurants that would not serve blacks. He told a Times reporter, When I came on the department and you either worked Newton Street Division, which has a predominantly black community, or you worked traffic downtown. You could not work with an officer, and that continued until 1964. Bradley and Ethel Arnold met at the New Hope Baptist Church and were married May 4,1941 and they had three daughters, Lorraine, Phyllis and a baby who died on the day she was born. He and his wife needed an intermediary to buy their first house in Leimert Park. Bradley was attending Southwestern University Law School while a police officer, upon his leaving the office of mayor in 1993, he joined the law offices of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, specializing in international trade issues. His entry into politics came when he decided to become the president of the United Club, the club was part of the California Democratic Council, a liberal, reformist group organized in the 1950s by young Democrats energized by Adlai E. Stevensons presidential campaigns. It was predominantly white and had many Jewish members, thus marking the beginnings of the coalition, which along with Latinos, Unruh, then an up-and-coming state assemblyman. The early stage of Bradleys political career was marked by clashes with African American leaders like onetime California Lieutenant Governor, representative Mervyn Dymally, an Unruh ally
20.
James Hahn
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James Kenneth Jim Hahn is an American lawyer, politician and member of the Democratic Party. Hahn was elected the 40th mayor of Los Angeles in 2001 and he served until 2005, at which time he was defeated in his bid for re-election. Prior to his term as mayor, Hahn served in other capacities for the city of Los Angeles, including deputy city attorney, city controller. Hahn is the individual in the citys history to have been elected to all three citywide offices. He is currently a judge on the Los Angeles County Superior Court. As mayor, Hahn appointed Bill Bratton, the former NYPD commissioner, as chief of Los Angeles. Brattons appointment is seen as leading to the sharp declines in Los Angeles crime rate. Hahn also led the campaign to defeat secession in the San Fernando Valley, Hollywood. Hahn was born on July 3,1950 in Los Angeles, the son of Ramona and Kenneth Hahn, Hahn attended Manchester Avenue Elementary School, Daniel Freeman Elementary School, Horace Mann Junior High School, and Los Angeles Lutheran Middle & Senior High School. He graduated from the Los Angeles campus of Pepperdine University in California magna cum laude with a degree in english. He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Pepperdine University School of Law, in 1994, he was selected as the School of Laws distinguished alumnus. Upon graduation in 1975 until 1979, Hahn worked as a prosecutor, from 1979–1981, he was in private practice with Robert Horner. In 1981 he was elected the city controller of Los Angeles. He was at the time the youngest person elected to that position. Hahn served from 1985 to 2001 as Los Angeles city attorney, as city attorney, Hahn worked to rid LAs neighborhoods of gang activity through the use of gang injunctions. He was involved in crafting state legislation regarding gang enforcement by writing the Street Terrorism Enforcement, during Hahns tenure as city attorney, he led the litigation to stop the Joe Camel ad campaign and reached a settlement of 312 million dollars for the city. He then created the Tobacco Enforcement Project to prevent the sale of tobacco to minors and he re-established a domestic violence unit and sponsored over 30 pieces of relevant legislation, ensuring that California had tough domestic violence laws. Special units in the office included AIDS/HIV discrimination, environmental protection, housing enforcement, consumer protection, special enforcement and he also managed a dispute resolution program
21.
Zev Yaroslavsky
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Zev Yaroslavsky is a politician from Los Angeles County, California. He was first elected to the board in 1994, Yaroslavsky served on the Los Angeles City Council from 1975 to 1994. He was active in the areas of transportation, the environment, health care, Zev Yaroslavsky, the son of David and Minna Yaroslavsky, was born on December 21,1948, in Los Angeles. He and his sister, Shimona, were the children of Jewish immigrants from Russia. His father was a founder of the Hebrew Teachers Union in Los Angeles, Yaroslavsky recalled that his parents spoke to their children only in Hebrew to prepare them for emigrating to Israel. They took their children to that country when Shimona was thirteen, Yaroslavsky is married to the former Barbara Edelston, whom he met as a student at UCLA. In 1985, when Yaroslavsky was a City Council member, a reporter described their home in the Fairfax District as a drab yellow structure with peeling paint. The reporter noted that Yaroslavsky was known for frugality in his public and private life, spending much of his time following world events in newspapers. Barbara Yaroslavsky was first appointed to the Medical Board of California in 2003 and has served multiple terms as its President. Yaroslavsky attended Melrose Avenue Elementary School, Bancroft Junior High School and he earned a Bachelor of Arts in history and economics from UCLA in 1971 and a master of arts in history, specializing in the British Empire, from the same school in 1972. Afterward, he taught Hebrew at temples in Pasadena and Bel Air. Yaroslavsky first gained notice as a UCLA student who had begun orchestrating high-profile protests in Los Angeles against oppressive treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union. ”In December,1969, they organized a candlelight protest march that would attract more than 5,000 people, including then-Mayor Sam Yorty. He was arrested during one Bolshoi protest but no charges were filed and he also was deeply involved in a campaign to burn Standard Oil credit cards after the company sent a letter to 300,000 stockholders that appeared to support a pro-Arab Middle East policy. He resigned from that job to campaign for the City Council. See also List of Los Angeles municipal election returns,1975, Savitch had secured endorsements from, among others, California’s two U. S. In the primary, Yaroslavsky ran second to Savitch, eliminating from the race Rosalind Wiener Wyman, Wyman endorsed Yaroslavsky in his grass-roots general election campaign. When Yaroslavsky was sworn in as the council’s then-youngest member at age 26, Mayor Bradley quipped, now youre part of the establishment. Yes, ” Yaroslavsky recalled retorting, “but the establishment is not part of me
22.
Antonio Villaraigosa
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Antonio Ramón Villaraigosa is an American politician who is a current candidate for Governor of California in 2018. After being termed out of the State Assembly, he was elected to the Los Angeles City Council and he ran for Mayor in 2001 against Los Angeles City Attorney James Hahn, but lost in the second round of voting. He ran again in 2005 in a rematch against Hahn and won, during his tenure as Mayor, he gained national attention for his work and was featured in Times story on the countrys 25 most influential Latinos. He was the first Mexican American in over 130 years to have served as Mayor of Los Angeles and he was term limited and could not run for re-election in 2013. He continues to be engaged in education, civic engagement, water, immigration, transportation. He speaks nationally and throughout California on these issues, born Antonio Ramón Villar, Jr. in the City Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles Countys Eastside, he attended both Catholic and public schools. His father immigrated to the USA and became a successful businessman and his young wife left him at this time. His father abandoned their family when he was 5 years old, and at age of 16 and his grades plummeted at Cathedral High School, and the next year, he was expelled from the Roman Catholic institution after getting into a fight after a football game. He later graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in Boyle Heights after taking adult education there at night. At UCLA, he was a leader of MEChA, an organization that seeks to promote Chicano unity, at this time, he went by the short form Tony of his given name Antonio. After UCLA, Villar attended the Peoples College of Law, a school that prioritizes a commitment to social change. After law school, he became a field representative/organizer with the United Teachers Los Angeles where he organized teachers and was regarded as a gifted advocate. There, he saw first-hand the issues that teachers experience in the classroom and he later served as president of the Los Angeles chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Federation of Government Employees. He changed his surname to Villaraigosa upon his marriage with Corina Raigosa in 1987, in 1990, Villaraigosa was appointed to the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Board and served there until 1994. In 1994, he was elected to the California State Assembly, within his first term, he was selected to serve as Democratic Assembly Whip and Assembly Majority Leader. In 1998, Villaraigosa was chosen by his colleagues to be the Speaker of the Assembly and he left the Assembly in 2000 because of term limits. Villaraigosa ran for election as Mayor of Los Angeles in the 2001 citywide contest but was defeated by Democrat James Hahn in a run-off election, in 2003, Villaraigosa defeated incumbent Councilman Nick Pacheco to win a seat on the Los Angeles City Council representing the 14th District. Villaraigosa placed first in the primary for the Los Angeles mayoral election of March 8,2005, on July 1,2005, Villaraigosa was sworn in as the 41st Mayor of Los Angeles
23.
William Bratton
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William Joseph Bill Bratton CBE is an American law enforcement officer, businessman, and former New York City Police Commissioner, 2014–2016 and 1994–1996. He has previously served as the Commissioner of the Boston Police Department, New York City Police Department Commissioner and he moved to the Los Angeles Police Department in 2002 reforming the police after the 1992 Los Angeles Riots and crime was reduced. Bratton instead was offered a role to the British government. In January 2014 Bratton returned to the post of Police Commissioner in New York City, Bratton is from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. He attended Boston Technical High School, graduating in 1965, from there, he served in the Military Police Corps of the United States Army during the Vietnam War. Bratton returned to Boston in 1970 to start a career in the Boston Police Department. He was promoted to sergeant in July 1975 and to lieutenant in March 1978 and he was dismissed as executive superintendent after he told a journalist that his goal was to be the Police Commissioner. He was reassigned to the position of Inspector of Bureaus, a sinecure which was responsible for liaison with minority and he was later brought back into police headquarters to handle labor relations and 9-1-1 related issues. Between 1983 and 1986 Bratton was Chief of Police for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, Bratton was Superintendent in Chief of the Boston Police Department from 1992 until 1993, then he became that citys 34th Police Commissioner. He holds the Departments highest award for valor, Bratton became the chief of the New York City Transit Police in 1990. In 1994, Bratton was appointed the 38th Commissioner of the New York City Police Department by Mayor Rudy Giuliani and he cooperated with Giuliani in putting the controversial broken windows theory into practice. He introduced the CompStat system of tracking crimes in New York City and these offenses were generally considered minor. The experiences of Bratton and New York Deputy Police Commissioner Jack Maple were used as the inspiration of the television series The District, Bratton was one of three candidates recommended to Hahn by the Los Angeles Police Commission under Commission President Rick J. Caruso. Under Brattons tenure, crime within the city dropped for six consecutive years, on June 19,2007, the L. A. Police Commission reappointed Bratton to a second term, the first reappointment of an LAPD chief in almost twenty years. Bratton has been criticized for his travel, in 2005. In March 2009, Councilman Herb Wesson proposed an amendment to the City Charter, on 12 August 2011, Bratton said he was in talks with the British government to become an adviser on controlling the violence that had affected London the prior week. He said he received a call from U. K
24.
Kaiser Permanente
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Kaiser Permanente is an integrated managed care consortium, based in Oakland, California, United States, founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser and physician Sidney Garfield. As of 2014, Kaiser Permanente operates in eight states and the District of Columbia, and is the largest managed care organization in the United States. As of December 31,2015, Kaiser Permanente had 10.2 million health plan members,186,497 employees,18,652 physicians,51,010 nurses,38 medical centers, and 622 medical offices. As of December 31,2015, the non-profit Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, KFHP is one of the largest not for profit organizations in the United States. Kaiser Permanente provides care throughout eight regions in the United States, two or three distinct but interdependent legal entities form the Kaiser system within each region. This structure was adopted by Kaiser Permanente physicians and leaders in 1955, each entity of Kaiser Permanente has its own management and governance structure, although all of the structures are interdependent and cooperative to a great extent. There are multiple affiliated nonprofits registered with the U. S, chairman and CEO George Halvorson retired in December 2013, after serving since 2002. The health plans are not-for-profit and provide infrastructure for and invest in Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Permanente Medical Groups are physician-owned organizations, which provide and arrange for medical care for Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members in each respective region. The medical groups are for-profit partnerships or professional corporations and receive all of their funding from Kaiser Foundation Health Plans. The first medical group, The Permanente Medical Group, formed in 1948 in Northern California, Kaiser doctors become Permanente stockholders after three years at the company. In addition, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals operates medical centers in California, Oregon and Hawaii, the hospital foundations are not-for-profit and rely on the Kaiser Foundation Health Plans for funding. They also provide infrastructure and facilities that benefit the for-profit medical groups, around the same time, The Permanente Company was also chartered as a vehicle to provide investment opportunities for the for-profit Permanente Medical Groups. One of the ventures of the Permanente Company is Kaiser Permanente Ventures, the history of Kaiser Permanente dates to 1933 and a tiny hospital in the town of Desert Center, California. At that time, Henry J. Kaiser and several large construction contractors had formed an insurance consortium called Industrial Indemnity to meet their workers compensation obligations. Dr. However, Garfield won over two Industrial Indemnity executives, Harold Hatch and Alonzo B, later, Garfield also credited Ordway with coming up with the general idea of prepayment for industrial healthcare. Garfield also later explained that he did not know much at the time about other similar health plans except for the Ross-Loos Medical Group. Hatchs solution enabled Garfield to bring his back into the positive. Garfield returned to Los Angeles for further study at County-USC with the intent of entering private practice, Edgar Kaiser, Henrys son, was in charge of the project
25.
Los Angeles Police Department
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The Los Angeles Police Department, officially the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the law enforcement agency for the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. With 9,843 officers and 2,773 civilian staff, it is the third-largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department, the department serves an area of 498 square miles and a population of 4,030,904 people. The LAPD has been fictionalized in numerous movies, novels, the department has also been associated with a number of controversies, mainly concerned with racism, police brutality, and police corruption. The first specific Los Angeles police force was founded in 1853, as the Los Angeles Rangers, the Rangers were soon succeeded by the Los Angeles City Guards, another volunteer group. Neither force was particularly efficient and Los Angeles became known for its violence, gambling, the first paid force was created in 1869, when six officers were hired to serve under City Marshal William C. Warren. By 1900, under John M. Glass, there were 70 officers, in 1903, with the start of the Civil Service, this force was increased to 200. During World War II, under Clemence B, horrall, the overall number of personnel was depleted by the demands of the military. Despite efforts to maintain numbers, the police could do little to control the 1943 Zoot Suit Riots, Parker advocated police professionalism and autonomy from civilian administration. However, the Bloody Christmas scandal in 1951 led to calls for civilian accountability, under Parker, LAPD created the first SWAT team in United States law enforcement. Officer John Nelson and then-Inspector Daryl Gates created the program in 1965 to deal with threats from radical organizations such as the Black Panther Party operating during the Vietnam War era. The old headquarters for the LAPD was Parker Center, named former chief William H. Parker. The new headquarters is the new Police Administration Building located at 100 W. 1st St. immediately south of Los Angeles City Hall, the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners also known as the Police Commission, is a five-member body of appointed officials which oversees the LAPD. The board is responsible for setting policies for the department and overseeing the LAPDs overall management, the Chief of Police reports to the board, but the rest of the department reports to the chief. The Office of the Inspector General is an independent part of the LAPD that has oversight over the department’s internal disciplinary process and it was created by the recommendation of the Christopher Commission and it is exempt from civil service and reports directly to the Board of Police Commissioners. The current Inspector General is Alexander A. Bustamante who was formerly an Assistant United States Attorney, the OIG receives copies of every complaint filed against members of the LAPD as well as tracking specific cases along with any resultant litigation. The OIG also conducts audits on select investigations and conducts regular reviews of the system in order to ensure fairness. As well as overseeing the LAPDs disciplinary process, the Inspector General may undertake special investigations as directed by the Board of Police Commissioners, the Office of the Chief of Police is the administrative office comprising the Chief of Staff and the Employee Relations Group. The majority of the LAPDs approximately 10,000 officers are assigned within the Office of Operations, an Assistant Chief, currently First Assistant Chief Michel Moore, commands the office, and reports directly to the chief of police
26.
American Civil Liberties Union
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It works through litigation and lobbying. The ACLU has 1,000,000 members and a budget of over $100 million. Local affiliates of the ACLU are active in almost all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the ACLU provides legal assistance in cases when it considers civil liberties to be at risk. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions that have established by its board of directors. The two organizations share office space and employees, during the 1930s, the ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and supporting Native American rights. Many of the ACLUs cases involved the defense of Communist party members, in 1940, the ACLU leadership voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions, a decision rescinded in 1968. During World War II, the ACLU defended Japanese-American citizens, unsuccessfully trying to prevent their forcible relocation to internment camps, during the Cold War, the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti-Communists, but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party. By 1964, membership had risen to 80,000, in the 1960s, the ACLU continued its decades-long effort to enforce separation of church and state. It defended several anti-war activists during the Vietnam War, in the 1970s and 1980s, the ACLU ventured into new legal areas, involving the rights of homosexuals, students, prisoners, and the poor. Fundraising and membership spiked after the 2016 election, the ACLUs current membership is more than 1.2 million, the ACLU is led by a president and an executive director, Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2015. The president acts as chairman of the ACLUs board of directors, leads fundraising, the executive director manages the day-to-day operations of the organization. The board of directors consists of 80 persons, including representatives from each state affiliate, the organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street, a 40-story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The leadership of the ACLU does not always agree on policy decisions, in 1937, an internal debate erupted over whether to defend Henry Fords right to distribute anti-union literature. In 1939, a debate took place over whether to prohibit communists from serving in ACLU leadership roles. During the early 1950s and Cold War McCarthyism, the board was divided on whether to defend communists, in 1968, a schism formed over whether to represent Dr. Spocks anti-war activism. In 1973, there was conflict over whether to call for the impeachment of Richard Nixon. In 2005, there was conflict about whether or not a gag rule should be imposed on ACLU employees to prevent publication of internal disputes. Membership dues are treated as donations, members choose the amount they pay annually, in the year ending March 31,2014, the combined expenses of the ACLU and ACLU Foundation were $133.4 million, spent on programs, management, and fundraising
27.
Equal Protection Clause
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The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate and this clause was the basis for Brown v. The Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments, however, the Supreme Court held in Bolling v. Sharpe that equal protection requirements apply to the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Before and during the Civil War, the Southern states violated the rights of speech of pro-Union citizens, anti-slavery advocates. During the Civil War, the Southern states stripped many white citizens of their citizenship and banished them from the states. Shortly after the Union victory in the American Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment was proposed by Congress and ratified by the states in 1865, many ex-Confederate states then adopted Black Codes following the war. These laws severely restricted the rights of blacks to hold property, including property and many forms of personal property. These codes also created harsher criminal penalties for blacks than for whites, because of the inequality these Black Codes imposed, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This Act provided that all born in the United States were citizens. Full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, president Andrew Johnson Vetoed the Civil Rights bill of 1866 amid concerns that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to pass such a law. Such doubts were one factor that led Congress to begin to draft, moreover, Congress wanted to protect white Unionists who were under personal and legal attack in the former Confederacy. The effort was led by the Radical Republicans of both houses of Congress, including John Bingham, Charles Sumner, and Thaddeus Stevens, the most important among these, however, was Bingham, a Congressman from Ohio, who drafted the language of the Equal Protection Clause. The Southern states were opposed to the Civil Rights Act, but in 1865 Congress, exercising its power under Article I, section 5, clause 1 of the Constitution, to be the Judge of the. Qualifications of its own Members, had excluded Southerners from Congress, declaring that their states, having rebelled against the Union, could therefore not elect members to Congress. It was this fact that the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted by a rump Congress—that allowed the Equal Protection Clause to be passed by Congress. Its ratification by the former Confederate states was made a condition of their reacceptance into the Union, during the debate in Congress, more than one version of the clause was considered. Here is the first version, The Congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary
28.
Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
29.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
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Poverty threshold
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The poverty threshold, poverty limit or poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. In 2008, the World Bank came out with a figure of $1.25 at 2005 purchasing-power parity, the new IPL replaces the $1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data. Most scholars agree that it better reflects todays reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries, the common international poverty line has in the past been roughly $1 a day. At present the percentage of the population living under extreme poverty is likely to fall below 10% according to the World Bank projections released in 2015. Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the resources that an average human adult consumes in one year. Individual factors are used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually, charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line, a concept originally conceived by the London School Board. Booth set the line at 10 to 20 shillings per week, to secure the necessaries of a healthy life, which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading nutritionists of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary and he considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27. 84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line. Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty, those lacking in income and secondary poverty, those who had enough income, Absolute poverty is the level of poverty as defined in terms of the minimal requirements necessary to afford minimal standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter. For the measure to be absolute, the line must be the same in different countries, cultures, such an absolute measure should look only at the individuals power to consume and it should be independent of any changes in income distribution. Notice that if real income in an economy increases. Measuring poverty by a threshold has the advantage of applying the same standard across different locations and time periods. For example, a living in far northern Scandinavia requires a source of heat during colder months. The term absolute poverty is sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty is the absence of resources to secure basic life necessities. It depends not only on income but also on access to services, safe drinking water, Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds, and must be available nearby
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Los Angeles Fire Department
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The Los Angeles Fire Department provides fire prevention, firefighting, emergency medical services, technical rescue, hazardous materials to the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. The LAFD is responsible for approximately 4 million people who live in the agencys 471 square miles jurisdiction. The Los Angeles Fire Department founded in 1886 is one of the largest municipal fire departments in the United States, after the New York City Fire Department and the Chicago Fire Department. Another possible reason is that the city and the unincorporated County are often bordering each other, the department is currently under the command of chief Ralph Terrazas. The Los Angeles Fire Department has it origins in the year 1871, in September of that year, George M. Fall, the County Clerk for Los Angeles County organized Engine Company No.1. It was a volunteer firefighting force with an Amoskeag fire engine, the equipment was hand-drawn to fires. In the spring of 1874, the company asked the Los Angeles City Council to purchase horses to pull the engine. The Council refused and the company disbanded. Many of the members of Engine Company No.1 reorganized under the name of Thirty-Eights No.1 in May 1875. No.2 was organized under the name Confidence Engine Company, Los Angeles acquired its first hook and ladder truck for the Thirty-Eights. It proved to be too cumbersome and was ill-adapted to the needs of the city and it was sold to the city of Wilmington. In 1876, another hook and ladder truck was purchased, serving in the city until 1881, in 1878, a third fire company was formed by the residents in the neighborhood of Sixth Street and Park. It was given the name of Park Hose Co, East Los Angeles formed a hose company named East Los Angeles Hose Co. The final volunteer company was formed in the fall of 1883 in the Morris Vineyard area and this company was called Morris Vineyard Hose Co. All of these remained in service until February 1,1886. In 1877, the first horses were bought for the city fire department, the department would continue to use horses for its equipment for almost fifty years, phasing out the last horse drawn equipment on July 19,1921. By 1900, the Department had grown to 18 fire stations with 123 full-time paid firefighters and 80 fire horses, the city had also installed 194 fire-alarm boxes allowing citizens to sound the alarm if a fire was spotted. 660 fire hydrants were placed throughout the city, giving access to a reliable water source
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Advanced life support
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Advanced Life Support is a set of life-saving protocols and skills that extend Basic Life Support to further support the circulation and provide an open airway and adequate ventilation. ALS assumes that basic life support are administered, the main algorithm of ALS, which is invoked when actual cardiac arrest has been established, relies on the monitoring of the electrical activity of the heart on a cardiac monitor. Depending on the type of arrhythmia, defibrillation is applied. Oxygen is administered and endotracheal intubation may be attempted to secure the airway, at regular intervals, the effect of the treatment on the heart rhythm, as well as the presence of cardiac output, is assessed. Medication that may be administered may include adrenaline, amiodarone, atropine, bicarbonate, saline or colloids may be administered to increase the circulating volume. A major new worldwide consensus has been based upon the best available scientific evidence. The ratio of compressions to ventilations is now recommended as 30,2 for adults, to produce higher coronary, defibrillation is now administered as a single shock, each followed immediately by two minutes of CPR before rhythm is re-assessed. Many healthcare providers are trained to some form of ALS. In out-of-hospital settings trained emergency medical technicians, paramedics or medics typically provide this level of care, canadian paramedics may be certified in either ALS or in Basic Life Support. Emergency medical technicians are often skilled in ALS, although they may employ slightly modified version of the Medical algorithm, in the United States, Paramedic level services are referred to as Advanced Life Support. Services staffed by basic EMTs are referred to as Basic Life Support, in the Republic of Ireland, Advanced Life Support is provided by an Advanced paramedic. This terminology extends beyond emergency cardiac care to describe all capabilities of the providers, in hospitals, ALS is usually given by a team of physicians and nurses, with some clinical paramedics practicing in certain systems. Cardiac arrest teams, or Code Teams, generally include junior doctors or senior nurses and technicians from various specialties such as medicine, anesthetics. UK Resuscitation Council ALS page About First Aid ALS Definition
United States
California
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