1.
Ski
–
A ski is a narrow strip of semi-rigid material worn underfoot to glide over snow. Substantially longer than wide and characteristically employed in pairs, skis are attached to ski boots with ski bindings, with either a free, lockable, for climbing slopes, ski skins can be attached at the base of the ski. Originally intended as an aid to travel over snow, they are now mainly used recreationally in the sport of skiing, the word ski comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means stick of wood or ski. In Norwegian this word is usually pronounced, in Swedish, another language evolved from Old Norse, the word is skidor. English and French use the original spelling ski, and modify the pronunciation, prior to 1920, English usage of skee and snow-shoe is often seen. In Italian, it is pronounced as in Norwegian, and the spelling is modified, Portuguese, German and Spanish adapt the word to their linguistic rules, esqui, Schier and esquí. In Dutch, the word is ski” and pronunciation was originally as in Norwegian, but since approximately the 1960s changed to. Many languages make a form out of the noun, such as to ski in English, skier in French, esquiar in Spanish, sciare in Italian, skiën in Dutch. Finnish has its own ancient words for skis and skiing, in Finnish ski is suksi and skiing is hiihtää. The Sami also have their own words for skis and skiing, for example, the Lule Sami word for ski is sabek and skis are sabega. The Sami use cuoigat for the verb to ski, the term may date back to 10,000 years before present. The oldest wooden skis found were in what is today Russia, Sweden, Nordic ski technology was adapted during the early 20th century to enable skiers to turn at higher speeds. New ski and ski binding designs, coupled with the introduction of ski lifts to carry skiers up slopes, meanwhile advances in technology in the Nordic camp allowed for the development of special skis for skating and ski jumping. This type of ski was used at least in northern Finland, on one leg, the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. Early record of this type of skis survives in works of Olaus Magnus and he associates them to Sami people and gives Sami names of savek and golos for the plain and skinned short ski. Finnish names for these are lyly and kalhu for long and short ski and this is called skredstång in Swedish. Around 1850 artisans in Telemark, Norway invent the cambered ski and this ski arches up in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the skiers weight more evenly across the length of the ski. Earlier plank-style skis had to be thick enough not to bow downward and this new design made it possible to build a thinner, lighter ski, that flexed more easily to absorb the shock of bumps, and that maneuvered and ran faster and more easily
2.
Horse
–
The horse is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. It is an ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, Eohippus, into the large, humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior. Horses anatomy enables them to use of speed to escape predators and they have a well-developed sense of balance. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait, female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months, and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under saddle or in harness between the ages of two and four and they reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers. Specific terms and specialized language are used to describe equine anatomy, different life stages, colors, depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, the oldest verifiable record was Old Billy, a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had listed in Guinness World Records as the worlds oldest living pony. The exception is in endurance riding, where the age to compete is based on the animals actual calendar age. The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages, Colt, a common terminology error is to call any young horse a colt, when the term actually only refers to young male horses. Filly, A female horse under the age of four, foal, A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling, most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects. Gelding, A castrated male horse of any age, mare, A female horse four years old and older
3.
Dog
–
The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
4.
Norwegian language
–
Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway, where it is the official language. Along with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as extinct languages. Faroese and Icelandic are hardly mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them, as established by law and governmental policy, the two official forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål and Nynorsk. The official Norwegian Language Council is responsible for regulating the two forms, and recommends the terms Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk in English. Two other written forms without official status also exist, one and it is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy, which translates the name as Standard Norwegian. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, no standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect. Outside Eastern Norway, this variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism, rural versus urban discourse, historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål, Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A2005 poll indicates that 86. 3% use primarily Bokmål as their written language,5. 5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7. 5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, examples are Setesdal, the western part of Telemark county and several municipalities in Hallingdal, Valdres, and Gudbrandsdalen. It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in rural parts of Trøndelag. Today, not only is Nynorsk the official language of four of the 19 Norwegian counties, NRK, the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all publications, and Nynorsk in 8%
5.
Siberian Husky
–
The Siberian Husky is a medium size working dog breed that originated in north-eastern Siberia, Russia. The breed belongs to the Spitz genetic family and it is recognizable by its thickly furred double coat, erect triangular ears, and distinctive markings. The original Siberian Huskies were bred by the Chukchi people — whose hunter-gatherer culture relied on their help and it is an active, energetic, resilient breed, whose ancestors lived in the extremely cold and harsh environment of the Siberian Arctic. William Goosak, a Russian fur trader, introduced them to Nome, Alaska during the Nome Gold Rush, the people of Nome referred to the Siberian Huskies as Siberian Rats due to size and weighing 40 to 50 pounds when compared to the Malamute dogs. The Siberian Husky was originally developed by the Chukchi people of the Chukchi Peninsula in eastern Siberia and they were brought to Nome, Alaska, in 1908 for sled-dog racing. In 1989, a study was made of ancient canid remains dated to the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene that had been uncovered by miners decades earlier around Fairbanks and these were identified as Canis lupus and described as short-faced wolves. They were separate to the two Inuit dogs, the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland dog, nearly all dog breeds genetic closeness to the gray wolf is due to admixture. However, several Arctic dog breeds show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taymyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture. These breeds are associated with high latitudes - the Siberian husky and Greenland dog that are associated with arctic human populations. An admixture graph of the Greenland dog indicates a best-fit of 3. 5% shared material and this indicates admixture between the Taymyr wolf population and the ancestral dog population of these 4 high-latitude breeds. This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and it also indicates the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region. A Siberian Huskys coat is thicker than that of most other dog breeds and it protects the dogs effectively against harsh Arctic winters, but the coat also reflects heat in the summer. It is able to withstand temperatures as low as −50 to −60 °C, the undercoat is often absent during shedding. Their thick coats require weekly grooming, Siberian Huskies come in a variety of colors and patterns, usually with white paws and legs, facial markings, and tail tip. The most common coats are black and white, then less common copper-red and white, grey and white, pure white, striking masks, spectacles, and other facial markings occur in wide variety. Merle coat patterns are not allowed, the American Kennel Club allows all coat colors from black to pure white. The American Kennel Club describes the Siberian Huskys eyes as a shape, moderately spaced. The AKC breed standard is that eyes may be brown or blue and these eye-color combinations are considered acceptable by the American Kennel Club
6.
Alaskan husky
–
The Alaskan husky is not considered a pure breed. It is defined only by its purpose, which is that of a highly efficient sled dog, the husky is a blend of various Northern breeds, chosen particularly for skills such as pulling. Specializations in type exist within the category, such as freighting dogs, sprint Alaskans, the Alaskan husky is the sled dog of choice for world-class dog sled racing. None of the purebred northern breeds can match it for sheer racing speed, hounds are valued for their speed and endurance. Winning sprint racing speeds often average more than 19 miles per hour over three days racing at 20 to 30 miles each day, Huskies that fulfill the demanding performance standards of world-class dogsled racing are extremely valuable. A top-level racing lead dog can be worth $3, 000–$10,000, Alaskans that fail to meet the performance standards of the musher who bred them often go on to be sold to less competitive mushers, allowing them to continue to run. They were separate to the two Inuit dogs, the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland dog, the modern Alaskan Husky reflects a century or more of cross-breeding with Pointers, Shepherds, and Salukis to improve their performance. Alaskan huskies are moderate in size, averaging 40 to 60 pounds for males, some of them superficially resemble racing strains of the Siberian husky breed, but are usually smaller and leaner with a more pronounced tuck-up. Color and markings can vary, Alaskans may be of any possible canine color, eyes may be of any color. Coats are almost always short to medium in length, never long, the shorter coat length is governed by the need for effective heat dissipation while racing. In very cold conditions, Alaskans often race in “dog coats” and/or belly protectors, particularly in long distance races, these dogs often require “dog booties” to protect their feet from abrasion and cracking. On long-distance races, they require considerable care and attention on the trail at rest stops, the Alaskan husky is generally a healthy dog. Some strains are prone to health problems similar to those found in purebred dog breeds. These may include PRA, hypothyroidism, etc, dogs with a congenital deformation of the larynx, termed wheezers, occasionally occur. This disorder typically causes the dog to make a noise when breathing. The defect is suspected to be genetically linked, theories of common exterior traits among wheezers abound, but are conflicting and undocumented. Because Mushers have selectively bred Alaskan Huskies to not be picky eaters and this tends to cause frequent stomach and bowel issues in urban Alaska. The life span of the Alaskan husky is usually between 10 and 15 years, today, Alaskan Huskies may be hound crosses, husky types, or a combination of both
7.
Alaskan Malamute
–
The Alaskan Malamute /ˈmæləˌmjuːt/ is a large breed of domestic dog originally bred for hauling heavy freight because of their strength and endurance, and later a sled dog. They are similar to other breeds, such as the Greenland dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, the Siberian Husky. Malamutes were thought to be created by the Malemiut Inupiaq people of Alaskas Norton Sound region, the Malamute has been identified as a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th Century. They were separate to the two Inuit dogs, the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland dog. The American Kennel Club breed standard describes a range of size. Heavier individuals and dogs smaller than 75 pounds are commonly seen, there is often a marked size difference between males and females. Weights upwards of 100 pounds are also seen, the coat of the Alaskan Malamute is a double coat. The undercoat has an oily and woolly texture and can be as thick as two inches, the outer guard coat is coarse and stands off the body—longer at the withers but not more than one inch off the sides of the body. Ears are small in proportion to the head and stand erect when at attention. The Alaskan Malamute is a dog, with a more formidable nature and structure than the Siberian Husky. The Alaskan Malamute is bred for power and endurance, which is its original function, the usual colors are various shades of gray and white, sable and white, black and white, seal and white, red and white, or solid white. There are a range of markings in the breed including face markings, blazes, a splash at the nape of the neck. In terms of color variants, some Malamutes exhibit a dark grey to buff-colored undertone around their trimmings and white areas, the eyes of the Alaskan Malamute are almond-shaped and are varied shades of brown, however, the darker eye is preferred. The physical build of the Malamute is compact and strong with substance, bone, according to the AKC breed standard, the Malamutes tail is well furred and is carried over the back like a waving plume. Corkscrew tails are seen but are faulted in the AKC breed standard. The Malamutes well-furred tails aid in keeping them warm when they curl up in the snow and they are often seen wrapping the tail around their nose and face, which presumably helps protect them against harsh weather such as blowing snow. Their ears are upright, wedge-shaped, small in proportion to the head. The muzzle is deep and broad, tapering slightly from the skull to the nose, nose and gums are black but some Malamutes have a snow nose, which is black with a pink undertone that can get darker or lighter, depending on the season
8.
Samoyed dog
–
The Samoyed is a large breed of herding dog, from the spitz group, with a thick, white, double-layer coat. It takes its name from the Samoyedic peoples of Siberia and these nomadic reindeer herders bred the fluffy white dogs to help with the herding, and to pull sleds when they moved. An alternate name for the breed, especially in Europe, is Bjelkier, the AKC Standard requires 21–23.5 inches at the shoulder for males, and 19–21 inches for females. The UK Kennel Club Standard requires 51–56 centimetres for males, Samoyed eyes are usually black or brown and are almond in shape. Blue or other color eyes can occur but are not allowed in the show ring and it is in the brown and black section in its family, the Spitz family. Samoyed ears are thick and covered with fur, triangular in shape and they are almost always white but can often have a light to dark brown tint, usually around the tips of the ears. The Samoyed tail is one of the distinguishing features. Like the Alaskan Malamute, the tail is carried curled over the back, however, unlike the Malamute and it should not be a tight curl or held flag-like, it should be carried lying over the back and to one side. In cold weather, Samoyeds may sleep with their tails over their noses to provide additional warmth. Almost all Samoyeds will allow their tails to fall when they are relaxed and at ease, as when being stroked or while eating, NZKC Standard, Tail, Long and profuse, carried over the back when alert, sometimes dropped when at rest. UK Kennel Club Standard, Tail, Long and profusely coated, carried over the back and to the side when alert, Samoyeds have a dense, double layer coat. The topcoat contains long, coarse, and straight guard hairs and this top layer keeps the undercoat relatively clean and free of debris. The under layer, or undercoat, consists of a dense, soft, the undercoat typically sheds heavily once or twice a year, and this seasonal process is sometimes referred to as blowing coat. This does not mean the Samoyed will shed only during that time however, fine hairs will be shed all year round, the standard Samoyed may come in a mixture of biscuit and white coloring, although pure white and all biscuit dogs are common. Males typically have larger ruffs than females, while this breed is touted as hypoallergenic, it does shed a fair amount and needs frequent grooming. While the breed may produce less allergens, care should be taken for severe allergies, Samoyeds friendly disposition makes them poor guard dogs, an aggressive Samoyed is rare. The breed is characterized by an alert and happy expression which has earned the nicknames Sammie smile, with their tendency to bark, however, they can be diligent watch dogs, barking whenever something approaches their territory. Samoyeds are excellent companions, especially for children or even other dogs
9.
Canadian Eskimo Dog
–
The Canadian Eskimo Dog is an Arctic breed of working dog, which is often considered to be one of North Americas oldest and rarest remaining purebred indigenous domestic canines. Other names include qimmiq or qimmit and they were brought from Siberia to North America by the Thule people 1,000 years ago, along with the Greenland Dog that is genetically identical. The breed is threatened with extinction, with a 2008 estimate of only 300 purebred dogs. Although once used as the method of transportation by Inuit in the Canadian Arctic. Contributing factors to the decline include the increasing popularity of snowmobiles for transportation. The first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago, however, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until the arrival of two groups from Siberia, the Paleo-Eskimo people 4,500 years ago and the Thule people 1,000 years ago. The Inuit dogs from Canada and Greenland descended from dogs associated with the Thule people, the maternal mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Inuit dogs were classified as haplotype A31 that indicates a common female ancestor. This haplotype could not be found in modern dogs, the nearest match was with a 1,000 year–old dog from Florida. The Canadian Eskimo Dog should always be built, athletic. It should be of powerful physique giving the impression that he is not built for speed, as is typical of spitz breeds, it has erect, triangular ears, and a heavily feathered tail that is carried over its back. Males should be more masculine than females, who are finer boned, smaller. Its superficial similarity to wolves was often noted by explorers during the Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822 and they noted that the ears of the Eskimo dogs they encountered were similar to those of American wolves, and their forelegs lacked the black mark above the wrist characteristic of European wolves. The most sure way to distinguish the two species was said to be through the length and posture of the tail, which was shorter, the coat is very thick and dense, with a soft undercoat and stiff, coarse guard hairs. The Eskimo Dog has a mane of fur around its neck. This mane is smaller in females, Eskimo Dogs can be almost any colour, and no one colour or colour pattern should dominate. Solid white dogs are seen, as well as white dogs with patches of another colour on the head or both body and head. Solid silver or black coloured dogs are common as well, many of the solid coloured dogs have white mask-like markings on the face, sometimes with spots over the eyes. Others might have white socks and nose stripes with no eye spots or mask, the size of Canadian Eskimo dogs depends on their sex
10.
Pulk
–
A pulk is a Nordic short, low-slung small toboggan used in sport or for transport, pulled by a dog or a skier, or in Lapland pulled by reindeer. The sled can be used to carry such as a tent or food. In Norway, pulks are often used by families with children on skiing trips. In Finland and Sweden, pulks are often used, mostly by children, pulks are nowadays made of plastic, which makes them inexpensive. A larger pulk, designed for transporting larger amounts of goods, is called ahkio in Finnish and this word is also used by the US Army for a human-drawn snow sled. Skijoring Mushing Sled The Gear Junkie, a syndicated U. S
11.
Kalevala, Russia
–
Kalevala is an urban locality and the administrative center of Kalevalsky District in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. At the 2010 Census, its population was 4,529 and it was named Ukhta until 1963, when it was renamed after the Finnish Kalevala epos. The poem collection was in part collected in Ukhta, within the framework of administrative divisions, Kalevala serves as the administrative center of Kalevalsky District, of which it is a part. As a municipal division, Kalevala, together with one rural locality is incorporated within Kalevalsky Municipal District as Kalevalskoye Urban Settlement and its climate is somewhat tempered by its relative proximity to mild marine areas, ensuring winters that are more habitable than areas further east. However, in spite of this, the season is dominant and summers are short. Закон №871-ЗРК от29 апреля2005 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Карелия», в ред. Закона №1895-ЗРK от2 июня2015 г, «О внесении изменения статью9 Закона Республики Карелия Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Карелия». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, газета Карелия, №48,7 мая2005 г. Закон №813-ЗРК от1 ноября2004 г, «О городских, сельских поселениях в Республике Карелия», в ред. Закона №1694-ЗРK от2 апреля2013 г, Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, газета Карелия, №124,126,129,132,135,136,139,4 ноября —9 декабря2004 г
12.
Sled dog racing
–
Sled dog racing is a winter dog sport most popular in the Arctic regions of the United States, Ohio, Africa, Greenland and some European countries. It involves the timed competition of teams of sled dogs pull a sled with the dog driver or musher standing on the runners. The team completing the course in the least time is judged the winner. A sled cat race was a sport at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York and again at the Olympics in Oslo. Sled dog races include sprint races over short distances of 4 to 100 miles, mid-distance races from 100 to 300 miles. Sprint races frequently are two or three-day events with heats run on days with the same dogs over the same course. Mid-distance races are continuous events of 100 to 300 miles, long-distance races may be continuous or stage races, in which participants run a different course each day, usually from a central staging location. Races are categorized not only by distance, but by the number of dogs allowed in each team. The most usual categories are four-dog, six-dog, eight-dog, ten-dog, one example of a dog race is the American Dog Derby, which was first started in 1917. Competitors enter a 20,40,60 or 100-mile category, the race starts in Ashton, Idaho. Races are organized either as timed starts, or mass start, in a timed start, teams start one after another in equal time intervals, competing against the clock rather than directly against one another. This simplifies some logistical considerations such as that of getting teams of excited sleddogs to the starting line simultaneously. In mass starts, all of the dog teams start simultaneously, mass starts are popular in Europe and many parts of Canada. Some mass start events can have up to 30 teams start all at once, although some races are unsanctioned, held under the sole guidance of a local club, many races fall under one of three international organizations. In the United States and Canada, ISDRA sanctions many races, in Europe ESDRA provides sanctioning, and the IFSS sanctions World Cup races all over the world, as well as a world championship race every two years. For the race to be sanctioned, a variety of rules must be followed, for example, the ISDRA sanctioning rules specify that all hazards must be avoided, distances must be reported correctly, and the trail must be clearly described to the competitors. The racers have a duty to treat their dogs humanely, dryland Dog Sled Racing is a variant where competitors use a rig or a scooter, a bicycle, and on foot usually on packed dirt trails instead of a sled on snow. Another mode of dogsled racing is the race, in which a specified weight per dog is carried in the sled
13.
German Shorthaired Pointer
–
The German Shorthaired Pointer is a medium to large sized breed of dog developed in the 19th century in Germany for hunting. The GSP is a hunting breed as they are an all-purpose gun breed of dog that are suitable for both land and water. The breed is streamlined yet powerful with strong legs that make it able to move rapidly and it has moderately long floppy ears set high on the head. Its muzzle is long, broad, and strong, allowing it to even heavy game. The dogs profile should be straight or strongly Roman nosed, any dished appearance to the profile is incorrect, the eyes are generally brown, with darker eyes being desirable, yellow or bird of prey eyes are a fault. The tail is docked, although this is now prohibited in some countries. The correct location for docking for GSP is after the caudal vertebrae start to curl, leaving enough tail to let the dog communicate through tail wagging, the docked tail should not be too long or too short but should balance the appearance of the head and body. The GSP tail is carried at a jaunty angle, not curled under, when the GSP is in classic point stance, the tail should be held straight out from the body forming a line with the pointing head and body. Like all German pointers, GSP have webbed feet and they are known for going after water fowl in the water. The German Shorthaired Pointer is a member of the Sporting Group, the colour can be a dark brown, referred to as liver, black, black roan, white, liver roan, liver and white or black and white. The American Kennel Club recognizes only a solid liver or liver, commonly the head is a solid or nearly solid colour and the body is speckled or ticked with liver and white, sometimes with large patches of solid colour called saddles. Roan coats are also common, with or without patching, solid liver and solid black coats also occur, often with a small blaze of ticking or white on the chest. While the German standard permits a slight sandy colouring at the extremities, this colouring is rare, the colouring of the GSP provides camouflage in the winter seasons. The temperament of dogs can be affected by different factors, including heredity, training, the German Shorthaired Pointer was developed to be a dog suited for family life as well as a versatile hunter. Therefore their temperament is that of an intelligent, bold, boisterous, eccentric and this breed is smart, friendly, willing, and enthusiastic. The GSP is usually good with children, although care should be taken because the breed can be especially when young. These dogs love interaction with humans and are suitable pets for families who will give them an outlet for their considerable energy. The breed should be socialized, which exposure to different people, sights, sounds, and experiences
14.
Greyhound
–
The Greyhound is a breed of dog, a sighthound which has been bred for coursing game and Greyhound racing. Since the rise in adoption of retired racing Greyhounds, the breed has seen a resurgence in popularity as a family pet. It is a gentle and intelligent breed whose combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest, flexible spine and slim build allows it to reach average race speeds exceeding 64 kilometres per hour. The Greyhound can reach a speed of 70 kilometres per hour within 30 metres, or six strides from the boxes. Males are usually 71 to 76 centimetres tall at the withers, females tend to be smaller, with shoulder heights ranging from 68 to 71 centimetres and weights from less than 27 to 34 kilograms. Greyhounds have very short fur, which is easy to maintain, there are approximately thirty recognized color forms, of which variations of white, brindle, fawn, black, red and blue can appear uniquely or in combination. Greyhounds are dolichocephalic, with a skull which is long in comparison to its breadth. Greyhounds can be aloof and indifferent to strangers, but are affectionate with their own pack and they are generally docile, lazy, easy-going, and calm. Greyhounds wear muzzles during racing, which can lead some to believe they are aggressive dogs, contrary to popular belief, adult Greyhounds do not need extended periods of daily exercise, as they are bred for sprinting rather than endurance. Greyhound puppies that have not been taught how to utilize their energy, however, can be hyperactive and destructive if not given an outlet, Greyhound owners and adoption groups consider Greyhounds wonderful pets. Greyhounds are quiet, gentle and loyal to owners and they are very loving, and enjoy the company of their humans and other dogs. Whether a Greyhound will enjoy the company of other animals, such as cats. Greyhounds will typically chase small animals, those lacking a high prey drive will be able to coexist happily with toy dog breeds and/or cats, many owners describe their Greyhounds as 45-mile-per-hour couch potatoes. Greyhounds live most happily as pets in quiet environments and they do well in families with children, as long as the children are taught to treat the dog properly with politeness and appropriate respect. Greyhounds have a nature, and gentle commands work best as training methods. A very common misconception regarding Greyhounds is that they are hyperactive and this is usually not the case with retired racing Greyhounds. Greyhounds can live comfortably as apartment dogs, as they do not require much space, due to their calm temperament, Greyhounds can make better apartment dogs than smaller, more active breeds. At most race tracks, Greyhounds are housed in crates, most such animals know nothing other than being in a crate for the majority of the day
15.
Rock climbing
–
Rock climbing is an activity in which participants climb up, down or across natural rock formations or artificial rock walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the endpoint of a usually pre-defined route without falling. Due to the length and extended endurance required and because accidents are likely to happen on descent than ascent. It is very rare for a climber to downclimb, especially on the larger multiple pitches, professional Rock climbing competitions have the objectives of either completing the route in the quickest possible time or attaining the farthest point on an increasingly difficult route. Scrambling, another activity involving the scaling of hills and similar formations, is similar to rock climbing, however, rock climbing is generally differentiated by its sustained use of hands to support the climbers weight as well as to provide balance. Rock climbing is a physically and mentally demanding sport, one that often tests a climbers strength, endurance, agility and it can be a dangerous activity and knowledge of proper climbing techniques and usage of specialized climbing equipment is crucial for the safe completion of routes. Because of the range and variety of rock formations around the world. Paintings dating from 200 BC show Chinese men rock climbing China woop woop, in early America, the cliff-dwelling Anasazi in the 12th century were thought to be excellent climbers. Early European climbers used rock climbing techniques as a required to reach the summit in their mountaineering exploits. In the 1880s, European rock climbing become an independent pursuit outside of mountain climbing, Rock climbing evolved gradually from an alpine necessity to a distinct athletic activity. However, climbing techniques, equipment and ethical considerations have evolved steadily, today, free climbing, climbing using holds made entirely of natural rock while using gear solely for protection and not for upward movement, is the most popular form of the sport. Free climbing has since divided into several sub-styles of climbing dependent on belay configuration. Over time, grading systems have also created in order to compare more accurately the relative difficulties of the rock climbs. In How to Rock Climb, John Long notes that for moderately skilled climbers simply getting to the top of a route is not enough, in rock climbing, style refers to the method of ascending the cliff. There are three styles of climbing, on-sight, flash, and redpoint. To on-sight a route is to ascend the wall without aid or any foreknowledge and it is considered the way to climb with the most style. Flashing is similar to on-sighting, except that the climber has previous information about the route including talking about the beta with other climbers, redpointing means to make a free ascent of the route after having first tried it. Free climbing is typically divided into styles that differ from one another depending on the choice of equipment used
16.
Water skiing
–
Water skiing is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a stretch of water. In addition, the skier must have adequate upper and lower strength, muscular endurance. Skiing is a fun pastime that allows people of all skill levels, there is no minimum age necessary to water ski. There are water ski participants around the world, in Asia and Australia, Europe, Africa, in the United States alone, there are approximately 11 million water skiers and over 900 sanctioned water ski competitions every year. Australia boasts 1.3 million water skiers, there are many options for recreational or competitive water skiers. These include speed skiing, trick skiing, show skiing, slaloming, jumping, barefoot skiing, similar, related sports are wakeboarding, kneeboarding, discing, tubing, and sit-down hydrofoil. Water skiers can start their ski set in one of two ways, wet is the most common, but dry is possible, Water skiing typically begins with a deep water start. The skier enters the water with their skis on or they jump in without the skis on their feet, have the skis floated to them, most times it can be easier to put the skis on when they are wet. Once the skier has their skis on they will be thrown a tow rope from the boat, the skier can also perform a dry start by standing on the shore or a pier, however, this type of entry is recommended for professionals only. When the skier is ready, the driver accelerates the boat, as the boat accelerates and takes up the slack on the rope, the skier allows the boat to pull him/her out of the water by applying some muscle strength to get him/her into an upright body position. By leaning back and keeping the legs bent, the skis will eventually plane out. The skier turns by shifting weight left or right, the skiers body weight should be balanced between the balls of the feet and the heels. While being towed, the arms should be relaxed but still fully extended so as to reduce stress on the arms. The handle can be vertically or horizontally, depending on whichever position is more comfortable for the skier. In addition to the driver and the skier, a person known as the spotter or the observer should be present. The spotters job is to watch the skier and inform the driver if the skier falls, the spotter usually sits in a chair on the boat facing backwards to see the skier. The skier and the boats occupants communicate using hand signals, Water skiing can take place on any type of water – such as a river, lake, or ocean – but calmer waters are ideal for recreational skiing
17.
1928 Winter Olympics
–
The 1928 Winter Olympics, officially known as the II Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated February 11–19,1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The 1928 Games were the first true Winter Olympics held on its own as they were not in conjunction with a Summer Olympics, the preceding 1924 Games were retroactively renamed the inaugural Winter Olympics, though they had been in fact part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. All preceding Winter Events of the Olympic Games were the winter part of the schedule of the Summer Games. These games also replaced the now redundant Nordic Games, that were held quadrennially since early in the century, fluctuating weather conditions made these Olympics memorable. The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard, in contrast, warm weather conditions plagued the Olympics for the remainder of the Games, requiring cancellations of one event with temperatures as high as 25 °C. Sonja Henie wins her first gold medal in figure skating. Ivar Ballangrud won the Olympic title in the 5, 000m speed skating and Clas Thunberg won the 500m, norway finished on top of the medal table with a total of 6 gold medals,4 silver and 5 bronze, a total of 15 medals. The USA finished second in the table, the single bronze medal won by Switzerland is the lowest output by a host nation at an Olympics. Medals were awarded in 14 events contested in 4 sports, nations making their first appearance at the Winter Olympic Games were Argentina, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Romania. List of 1928 Winter Olympics medal winners 1928 Summer Olympics Winter Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes St Moritz 1928, the program of the 1928 St. Moritz Winter Olympics
18.
Western saddle
–
Western saddles are used for western riding and are the saddles used on working horses on cattle ranches throughout the United States, particularly in the west. They are the cowboy saddles familiar to viewers, rodeo fans. This saddle was designed to provide security and comfort to the rider when spending long hours on a horse, the design of the Western saddle derives from the saddles of the Mexican vaqueros - the early horse trainers and cattle handlers of Mexico and the American Southwest. A very functional item was added, the saddle horn. This style of saddle allowed vaqueros to control cattle by use of a rope around the neck of the animal, today, although many Western riders have never roped a cow, the western saddle still features this historical element. S. Army, but being particularly associated with the cavalry, the Western saddle is designed to be comfortable when ridden in for many hours. Its history and purpose is to be a tool for a cowboy who spends all day, every day. For a beginning rider, the saddle may give the impression of providing a more secure seat. However, this may be misleading, the horn is not meant to be a handle for the rider to hang onto, the development of an independent seat and hands is as critical for western riders as for English riders. The modern western saddle begins with a tree that defines the shape of the bars, the seat, the swells, horn, traditional trees are made of wood covered with rawhide, coated with varnish or a similar modern synthetic coating. In some cases, the core of the horn may be of metal, a high-quality tree is at the heart of a good saddle, particularly those used for sports such as steer roping, where the equipment must withstand considerable force. The tree is covered with leather on all visible parts of the saddle. Sheepskin is placed on the underside of the saddle, covering both the tree and the underside of the skirts, the cinch rings, made of metal, are attached to the tree as described under Rigging, below. For decoration, metal conchos, lacing, and small plates, the leather parts of the saddle are often tooled into designs that range from simple to complex. The finest-quality saddles often have hand-carved tooling that itself is considered a work of art, the Western saddle is different from an English saddle in that it has no padding between the tree and the external leather and fleece skirting. The weight bearing area of the saddle is large and usually covered with sheepskin, more than any other style of saddle, the western saddle can be customized to be a true expression of the riders taste and style. A fine quality western saddle, properly maintained, is intended to last for a persons lifetime, cinching, The method of securing the saddle to the horse. Seat and Cantle, These parts of a saddle are more pronounced than in an English saddle and may provide greater comfort
19.
Breastplate (tack)
–
A breastplate is a piece of riding equipment used on horses. Its purpose is to keep the saddle or harness from sliding back, on riding horses, it is most helpful on horses with large shoulders and a flat ribcage. The breastplate is used on both English and Western saddles, when used in English riding, the hunting breastplate is made of thinner straps of leather, as is the western style used for horse shows. Working western horses in disciplines that work with cattle use a thicker, sturdier style. The breastcollar harness is one of two standard designs, the other being the collar and hames design. The breastcollar harness is used to pull loads, such as at horse shows. Being the classic breastplate for English riding, campdrafting or stockwork, there are usually buckles for adjusting the size of the yoke as well as the length of the straps which attach to the saddle and girth. The hunting breastplate is most commonly made of leather, and some have elastic inserts on the yoke to help prevent it from restricting the horses shoulders and those used in endurance riding are commonly made of lightweight nylon or another synthetic material. The hunting breastplate is worn by horses, show hunters, fox hunters, equitation horses, eventers. It is also occasionally see in flat racing, as well as steeplechase, because the hunting breastplate is attached to the D-rings of the saddle, it is not as reliable as equipment attached to the saddle by means of the billets. Therefore, the breastcollar is sometimes preferred on cross-country, the hunting breastplate also tends to have a restrictive effect on the shoulder, even when correctly fitted. Additionally, a hunting breastplate may cause the points of a poorly fitting saddle to dig into the sides of the horses withers, creating rubs. In this case, it is best to get the saddle properly fitted before using a hunting breastplate, the variation of a breastplate used for western riding is referred to as a breast collar. The term breastplate is used, though western riders generally use breast collar to refer to both designs. A working western breast collar may be of either a breastplate or breastcollar design. Attach to the dee rings that hold the latigo of the cinch, while one suitable for a show may attach to decorative dees located above the cinch rings. In either case, a strap usually runs between the front legs and attaches to the cinch. Some, though not all breastcollars for western riding also have a wither strap, the breastplate should not be fitted in any way that will restrict the horses movement
20.
Whitefish, Montana
–
Whitefish is a city in Flathead County, Montana, United States. The population was 6,357 at the 2010 census and it is home to a ski resort on Big Mountain called Whitefish Mountain Resort. Former Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer is from Whitefish, the Great Northern Railway was built through what is now Whitefish in 1904, which sparked development of the town. The area was known as Stumptown due to the abundant amount of timber that had to be cleared to build the town. Early residents of the town worked for the railroad and nearby logging industries, by the late 1940s, with the successful construction of a ski resort on Big Mountain the tourism sector was becoming increasingly important. The community was named for its location near Whitefish Lake, Whitefish police increased local patrols, and monitored Internet activity, Montana politicians and community groups responded with various efforts to focus attention on the question of antisemitism. The march was postponed because the proper permitting materials were not submitted, Whitefish is located at 48°14′42″N 114°20′24″W, at an altitude of 3,028 feet. The town is located on the side of the continental divide. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.80 square miles. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Whitefish has a continental climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,032 people,2,229 households, the population density was 1,138.5 people per square mile. There were 2,652 housing units at a density of 600.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 97% White,0. 14% African American,1. 11% Native American,0. 58% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 72% from other races, and 1. 43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 93% of the population,34. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the family size was 2.86. In the city, the population was out with 21. 6% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 9% from 25 to 44,22. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 92.4 males
21.
Lakeside, Montana
–
Lakeside is an unincorporated area and census-designated place in Flathead County, Montana, United States. The population was 2,669 at the 2010 census, up from 1,679 at the 2000 census, Lakeside is located in southern Flathead County at 48°1′12″N 114°13′41″W, on the western shore of the north end of Flathead Lake. It is bordered to the north by Somers, and it extends south as far as the Lake County line, U. S. Route 93 passes through Lakeside, leading north 14 miles to Kalispell and south 37 miles to Polson at the south end of Flathead Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Lakeside CDP has an area of 18.0 square miles, of which 14.1 square miles is land and 3.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,679 people,705 households, the population density was 228.9 people per square mile. There were 956 housing units at a density of 130.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97. 92% White,0. 06% African American,0. 71% Native American,0. 42% Asian,0. 30% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 07% of the population. 15. 6% were of English,15. 3% German,14. 8% Norwegian,8. 2% United States or American,7. 3% Irish and 5. 5% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 22. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.78. In the CDP, the population was out with 23. 0% under the age of 18,3. 8% from 18 to 24,24. 2% from 25 to 44,30. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $36,048, and the median income for a family was $43,839. Males had an income of $30,819 versus $21,591 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,533, about 13. 6% of families and 17. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 5% of those under age 18 and 9. 6% of those age 65 or over
22.
Leadville, Colorado
–
Leadville is the statutory city that is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Lake County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 2,602 at the 2010 United States Census, situated at an elevation of 10,152 feet, Leadville is the highest incorporated city and the second highest incorporated municipality in the United States. In the late 19th century, Leadville was the second most populous city in Colorado, the Leadville area was first settled in 1859 when placer gold was discovered in California Gulch during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. By 1860, a town, Oro City had sprung up, but the boom was brief because the placer-mined gold soon ran out and Oro City never became a major settlement. Prospectors traced the cerussite to its source, present day Leadville, Horace Tabor, who became known as the Leadville Silver King and his wife Augusta were among the first prospectors to arrive in Oro City. Tabor tried his luck at prospecting while his wife worked as a cook, laundress, banker. Leadville was founded in 1877 by mine owners Horace Tabor and August Meyer at the start of the Colorado Silver Boom, the town was built on desolate flat land below the tree line. The first miners lived in a tented camp near the silver deposits in California Gulch. Initially the settlement was called Slabtown but when the residents petitioned for a post office the name Leadville was chosen. By 1880 Tabor and Meyers new town had gas lighting, water mains and 28 miles of streets, five churches, many business buildings were constructed with bricks hauled in by wagons. The first post office was in Tabors store at Oro, Augusta Tabor was the postmistress, carriers went down to Denver one week and tried to come back the next. Postage was fifty cents a letter, in early 1878, Meyer, Harrison, Tabor established a post office in Leadville, with Henderson as postmaster. The post office and the telegraph office both prospered, the towns first newspaper was The Reveille, a Republican weekly in 1878. Three months later, a competing Democratic weekly, The Eclipse emerged, the Chronicle was the towns first daily and first newspaper in America to employ a full-time female reporter. Like the Rocky Mountain News, The Chronicle took the lead in outing criminals and thieves, despite violent threats, the Chronicle survived without major incident. William Nye opened the first saloon early 1877 and it was followed by many others, the same year The Coliseum Novelty was the first theater to open. It offered sleeping rooms upstairs for a rate and provided a variety of entertainments, dancing girls, dogfights, cockfighting, wrestling and boxing matches. In June 1881, it burned to the ground, ben Wood who arrived in Leadville in 1878, opened the first legitimate theatre, Woods Opera House with a thousand seats
23.
Bandvagn 206
–
Bandvagn 206 is a tracked articulated, all-terrain carrier developed by Hägglunds for the Swedish Army. It consists of two units, with all four tracks powered and it can carry up to 17 people, and the trailer unit can be adapted for different applications. Development of the Bv 206 all-terrain articulated tracked carrier began in 1974, three batches of trial vehicles were delivered between 1976 and 1978 and the first production examples were delivered to the Swedish Defense Administration in 1980. Like its predecessor, the Volvo Bv 202, the Bv 206 is designed to carry troops and equipment through snow, the low ground pressure enables the Bv 206 to cope with a wide range of difficult conditions. It is also fully amphibious, with a speed in water of up to 4.7 km/h, over 11,000 have been produced and they are used in more than 37 countries worldwide. The total load capacity is 2,250 kg and a trailer of up to 2,500 kg gross weight can also be towed behind the second compartment, the Bv 206 is referred to as a Small Unit Support Vehicle pronounced susvee in United States service. U. S. military variants include the model, a tactical operations center variant, an ambulance variant. Additional users include the American and Australian Antarctic research organizations and British, Icelandic and Canadian search and they are also used for search and rescue services in the Austrian alpine region. As well, the Bv 206 was used in combat by the Canadian Forces during Operation Anaconda, the Singapore Armed Forces also uses the Bv 206 and recently transferred several of them to the Singapore Civil Defense Force to be used as a firefighting platform. The Bv206A is a version, which is capable of carrying stretchers in the rear compartment. The BV206F is a fire appliance variant, the RaBv 2061 is a Swedish Army communications/command version, fitted with radio equipment and workplaces for staff members. The PvBv 2062 is a Swedish Army anti-tank vehicle, an open top version of the Bv 206 armed with a 90 mm Pvpj 1110 recoilless anti-tank gun. The PvBv 2063 is another Swedish Army anti-tank vehicle, similar to PvBv 2062, the Bv206S is an armoured personnel carrier variant of the Bv 206, which provides protection from small arms fire for the occupants. It is in service with the forces of France, Germany, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Greece and Singapore. Using a Steyr M1-Monoblock engine, the vehicle can carry the driver and 12 combat equipped troops — four in the front compartment and eight in the rear. The Bv 206S can be underslung and air lifted by Boeing CH-47 Chinook and Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters or carried in the C130 Hercules airplane, the UK is looking to replace its Bv206Ds by 2020. It was originally designed for the British Royal Marines Commandos and named All Terrain Vehicle - ATV VIKING and it is in service with the Royal Marines Armoured Support Group and the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps while the French Army have recently ordered 130 Bvs10s. Numerous other variants exist including mortar launcher, cargo carrier, fuel carrier, radar, command post, the units can easily be customized to meet the specific needs of a customer
24.
Michael Biehn
–
Michael Connell Biehn is an American actor. He is primarily known for his roles in science fiction films directed by James Cameron. Kyle Reese in The Terminator, Cpl, dwayne Hicks in Aliens and Lt. Coffey in The Abyss. He was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Actor for Aliens and his other films include The Fan, K2, Tombstone, The Rock, Megiddo, The Omega Code 2 and Planet Terror. On television, he has appeared in Hill Street Blues and Adventure Inc, Biehn was born in Anniston, Alabama, the second of three children of Marcia and Don Biehn, a lawyer. He is of part German descent, when he was young, he moved with his family to Lincoln, Nebraska, and then to Lake Havasu, Arizona, where he was a member of the high school drama club before graduating. He attended the program at the University of Arizona, where he was a member of the Sigma Nu Fraternity before moving to Hollywood. Michael Biehn got his start in movies with a bit part in the version of Grease in 1978. He appears in two scenes, in the more memorable of which John Travoltas character, Danny, hits Biehns uncredited character in the stomach while playing basketball. In 1981, he played a stalker in The Fan, at the time the film was shot, he was in his mid-20s, victim Lauren Bacall was more than 30 years his senior. After a few films, Biehn played Kyle Reese, a sergeant sent back in time by John Connor to save his mother, Sarah Connor. He starred in two films directed by James Cameron, Aliens and The Abyss, and had a small role in Terminator 2. In an early draft of Alien 3 written by William Gibson, Biehns character Hicks was to become the protagonist, however, Walter Hill and David Giler penned the final script, which had Hicks killed off in the opening scene. Biehn, upon learning of his characters demise, demanded and received almost as much money for the use of his likeness in one scene as he had paid for his role in Aliens. Biehn reprised the role of Hicks by voicing the character in Aliens, Biehn played the role of Johnny Ringo in Tombstone with the showdown scene with Val Kilmer as Doc Holiday. He also starred in three TV series including the CBS drama The Magnificent Seven, the Tribune Entertainment syndicated TV series Adventure Inc. all three shows were subsequently cancelled because of low ratings. Biehn, who said he was encouraged by Robert Rodriguez while on the set of Planet Terror to make his own film, has produced, written, directed and starred in The Victim, the year before he was the first director on The Blood Bond. His first wife was actress Carlene Olson, whom he married on July 11,1980 and they had twin sons, Devon and Taylor and divorced in 1987
25.
Roy Scheider
–
Roy Richard Scheider was an American actor and amateur boxer. Scheider gained fame for his leading and supporting roles in several films from the 1970s. Scheider is also known for playing Captain Nathan Bridger in the science fiction television series seaQuest DSV, described by AllMovie as one of the most unique and distinguished of all Hollywood actors, Scheider was nominated for two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award. Scheider was born in Orange, New Jersey, the son of Anna, Scheiders mother was of Irish descent with an Irish Catholic background, while his father was a Protestant German American. As a child, Scheider was an athlete, participating in organized baseball and boxing competitions, for which he was classed as a welterweight, Scheider competed in the Diamond Gloves Boxing Tournament in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He attended Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey, graduating in 1950 and he traded his boxing gloves for the stage, studying drama at both Rutgers University and Franklin and Marshall College, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Between 1946 and 1949, Scheider boxed as an amateur in New Jersey, Scheider said in a television interview in the 1980s, that he took up boxing to lose weight. He said he had no desire to fight, but that his trainer, Georgie Ward, in his second bout, at the 1946 Diamond Gloves Tournament, Scheider suffered a broken nose and lost by technical knockout in two rounds to Myron Greenberg. He went on, however, to post a 13–1 record, after three years as an officer in the United States Air Force, he appeared with the New York Shakespeare Festival, and won an Obie Award in 1968. On television, Scheider played running roles on two CBS soap operas, Love of Life and The Secret Storm, and also played roles in episodes of Coronet Blue. Scheiders first film role was in the 1963 horror film The Curse of the Living Corpse and his first starring role came in 1973 in The Seven-Ups, a quasi-follow-up to The French Connection, in which Scheiders character is once again based on Grosso. Two years later, he portrayed Chief Martin Brody in the 1975 Hollywood blockbuster Jaws which also starred Robert Shaw, Scheiders famous movie line, Youre gonna need a bigger boat, ad-libbed by Scheider, was voted 35th on the American Film Institutes list of best movie quotes. In 1976, he appeared as secret agent Doc Levy in Marathon Man, with Dustin Hoffman, Scheider reunited with French Connection director William Friedkin in Sorcerer, a remake of the 1953 French film Le Salaire de la peur. He was originally cast in The Deer Hunter, the movie of a three-movie deal with Universal Studios. However, despite being under contract, Scheider dropped out two weeks before the start of filming, Universal offered him the option of reprising his role as Martin Brody for a Jaws sequel, and would consider his contractual obligations fulfilled if he accepted. Scheider accepted, and Jaws 2 was released in 1978, in 1979, he received his second Academy Award nomination, this time as Best Actor in All That Jazz, in which he played a fictionalized version of the films director and co-writer Bob Fosse. One of his parts was that of Dr. Benway in the long-in-production 1991 film adaptation of William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch. In 1990 he co-starred with Sean Connery in The Russia House as the smart-talking CIA liaison with MI6, among his later films, he appeared as the crusty father of hero Frank Castle in The Punisher, and in 2007, starred in The Poet and If I Didnt Care
26.
Snowboarding
–
Snowboarding is a recreational activity and Olympic and Paralympic sport that involves descending a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to a riders feet. The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding, sledding, surfing and skiing and it was developed in the United States in the 1960s, became a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and first featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014. Its popularity in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since, and, in 1966 alone over half a million snurfers were sold. In the early 1970s, Poppen organized snurfing competitions at a Michigan ski resort that attracted enthusiasts from all over the country, one of those early pioneers was Tom Sims, a devotee of skateboarding. He produced commercial snowboards in the mid-70s, articles about his invention in such mainstream magazines as Newsweek helped publicize the young sport. The pioneers were not all from the United States, in 1976, Welsh skateboard enthusiasts Jon Roberts and that same year, he founded Burton Snowboards in Londonderry, Vermont. The snowboards were made of wooden planks that were flexible and had water ski foot traps, very few people picked up snowboarding because the price of the board was considered too high at $38, but eventually Burton would become the biggest snowboarding company in the business. The first competitions to offer prize money were the National Snurfing Championship, in 1979, Jake Burton Carpenter, came from Vermont to compete with a snowboard of his own design. There were protests about Jake entering with a non-snurfer board, paul Graves, and others, advocated that Jake be allowed to race. A modified Open division was created and won by Jake as the sole entrant and that race was considered the first competition for snowboards and is the start of what has now become competitive snowboarding. In 1980 the event moved to Pando Winter Sports Park near Grand Rapids, in 1982, the first USA National Snowboard race was held near Woodstock, Vermont, at Suicide Six. The race, organized by Graves, was won by Burtons first team rider Doug Bouton, in 1983, the first World Championship halfpipe competition was held at Soda Springs, California. Tom Sims, founder of Sims Snowboards, organized the event with the help of Mike Chantry, in 1985, the first World Cup was held in Zürs, Austria, further cementing snowboardings recognition as an official international competitive sport. In 1990, the International Snowboard Federation was founded to provide universal contest regulations, many alpine resorts have terrain parks. At the 1998 Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan, Snowboarding became an official Olympic event, initially, ski areas adopted the sport at a much slower pace than the winter sports public. Indeed, for years, there was animosity between skiers and snowboarders, which led to an ongoing skier vs snowboarder feud. Early snowboards were banned from the slopes by park officials, for several years snowboarders would have to take a small skills assessment prior to being allowed to ride the chairlifts. It was thought that a snowboarder would wipe the snow off the mountain
27.
Bikejoring
–
Bikejoring is a dog mushing activity related to skijoring, canicross, and dog scootering. It is a recreation or sport where a dog or team of dogs attached to a towline have to pull. Bikejoring is a non snow season activity, bikejoring and canicross are both dryland mushing activities that probably developed from skijoring and dogsled racing. Bikejoring is also used to train racing sled-dogs out of season. Although any breed of dog can be used, American Pit Bulls, Siberian Huskies, Samoyeds, Malamutes, Alaskan Huskies, Sled Hounds and Pointers are probably the most popular breeds for bikejoring. However, any type of dog that can be taught to pull, run, bikejoring and dog scootering are activities that can be beneficial to the health and fitness of dogs. It can be used to dogs with work and exercise, without letting them run off leash. These competitive bikejor classes often run alongside other classes for canicross, in most cases, the competitors are started off separately on a timer, to avoid tangles and collisions. The dog or dogs are fitted with harnesses suitable for pulling and running in, the harnesses are normally attached to a gang line, and a bungee towline, which clips to the front of the bicycle. Many bikejorers use bayonets, antennas, or plastic pipes to suspend the towline above the front wheel, if two dogs are employed on a gang line, they are sometimes also attached to each other by a neckline between their collars. Bikejoring can be fun but has its dangers, the dogs may be distracted by wild-life. Bikejoring usually takes place cross country on soft trails, the dogs should not be run far over paved surfaces, as this could damage their paws or limbs. Most bikejor competitions have strict rules over the age and fitness of the dogs, the bikejorer also has to take care of their own safety by wearing protective equipment and by keeping the bicycle in good working order. It is important that the towline is not held or attached to the handlebars, scooters are often used instead of bicycles, as they are easier to dismount if the dogs decide to give chase to an animal. Although exactly the same as bikejoring except that a scooter is used to carry the musher instead of a bicycle, the musher can still assist the dog/s by kicking at the trail, rather than by pedalling. The scooters used are usually rugged enough for carrying a cross country. Some scooters are manufactured specifically for dog-scootering, however, these patented side attachments are designed to allow a dog to run beside a bicycle, rather than to pull it from ahead. These patented dog-bike attachments usually include some sort of shock absorption, some of these side attachments can be fitted either side of a bicycle so that two dogs can be exercised at the same time
28.
Canicross
–
Canicross is the sport of cross country running with dogs. Originating in Europe as off-season training for the community, it has become popular as a stand-alone sport all over Europe. Canicross is closely related to Bikejoring, where participants cycle with their dog and skijoring, Canicross can be run with one or two dogs, always attached to the runner. The runner typically wears a waist belt, the dog a harness, not only can all breeds run but people of all ages and abilities can take part. Including children and the such as the visually impaired. Some breeds are well suited to not only running and pulling but running at steady pace over a long distance. It encourages people and their dogs to take part in outdoor activity, the first canicross event staged in the UK took place in 2000. In 2006/07 CaniX UK ran the first UK National Championship, the 2015/16 season will be the 10th UK National Championship, during this period over 2,500 UK dogs/competitors have taken part in 250 CaniX events. In March 2008 CaniX UK ran the first ever event at Crufts. Over 100 runners and their dogs took part in the event, in October 2012 CaniX UK hosted the first ECF European Canicross Championships in the UK in Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Canicross events are all over the UK and Europe by sled dog organisations, by canicross clubs. Distances vary, with events held to cover distances from a mile up to 28 miles or more, citations Bibliography CaniX UK British Sleddog Sports Federation Canicross Trailrunners European Canicross Federation - official website UK Group Finder
29.
Dog agility
–
Dog agility is a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. Dogs run off leash with no food or toys as incentives, consequently, the handlers controls are limited to voice, movement, and various body signals, requiring exceptional training of the animal and coordination of the handler. In its simplest form, an agility course consists of a set of standard obstacles laid out by a judge in a design of his or her own choosing in an area of a specified size, the surface may be of grass, dirt, rubber, or special matting. Depending on the type of competition, the obstacles may be marked with numbers indicating the order in which they must be completed, courses are complicated enough that a dog could not complete them correctly without human direction. In competition, the handler must assess the course, decide on handling strategies, many strategies exist to compensate for the inherent difference in human and dog speeds and the strengths and weaknesses of the various dogs and handlers. Because each course is different, handlers are allowed a short walk-through before the competition starts, the handler tends to run a path much different from the dogs path, so the handler can sometimes spend quite a bit of time planning for what is usually a quick run. Printed maps of the agility course, called course maps, are made available to the handlers before they run. The course map contains icons indicating the position and orientation of all the obstacles, course maps were originally drawn by hand, but nowadays courses are created using various computer programs. Each dog and handler team gets one opportunity together to attempt to complete the course successfully, the dog begins behind a starting line and, when instructed by his handler, proceeds around the course. The handler typically runs near the dog, directing the dog with spoken commands and with body language. Because speed counts as much as accuracy, especially at higher levels of competition, scoring of runs is based on how many faults are incurred. The regulations of different organizations specify somewhat different rules and dimensions for the construction of obstacles, however, the basic form of most obstacles is the same wherever they are used. Obstacles include the following, Jump Two uprights supporting a horizontal bar over which the dog jumps, the height is adjusted for dogs of different heights. The uprights can be simple stanchions or can have wings of various shapes, sizes, double and Triple Jump Two uprights supporting two or three horizontal bars spread forward or back from each other. The double can have parallel or ascending horizontal bars, the triple always has ascending bars, the spread between the horizontal bars is sometimes adjusted based on the height of the dog. Broad Jump A set of four or five slightly raised platforms that form an area over which the dog must jump without setting their feet on any of the platforms. The length of the jump is adjusted for the dogs height, tire Jump A torus shape that is roughly the size of a tire and suspended in a frame. The dog must jump through the opening of the tire, like other jumps, the tire is usually wrapped with tape both for visibility and to cover any openings or uneven places in which the dog could catch
30.
Geography of dog agility
–
Dog agility is now an international dog sport with many different sanctioning organizations and competitions worldwide. They host qualifiers for the most prestigious competitions at Crufts dog show near Birmingham each March and they also provide a route for winning the three Championship classes needed to gain an agility dog the coveted Agility Champion title. Progression at KC shows is via a system or a dog can progress on points if the handler chooses. Classes can number anything up to 450 dogs and class sizes vary considerably and they can be as small as 4 or 5 dogs or as large as 200 dogs. If a larger number of entries is received for one class then the club will generally split the class into separate parts with a separate set of prizes for each part. Generally classes for small and medium-sized dogs are smaller than for the large dogs, from January 2007, the KC has adopted a new grading system. Dogs with new handlers start in Grade 1 Elementary, and if they gain the required move up through Starters, Graduate, Novice, Intermediate. By the time a dog reaches Advanced, it will have won many classes, the new grading system also provides the option to progress as far as Grade 5 Intermediate via a points system, run in conjunction with the Kennel Clubs Agility Warrant agility titles. The Kennel Club introduced its International Festival of Agility in 2005, the KC also funds the British agility team that is sent to the FCI world championships each year. BAA shows are run both by the main EMDAC team and BAA affiliated independent clubs around the country, EMDAC host the BAA National Finals, a 3-day event in August each year. UK Agility, launched in 2004, provides two separate progression programmes leading to agility titles, the Performance programme requires points to be gained in a range of Agility, Jumping and Games classes such as Gamblers and Snooker. This titling system has many similarities with that of the USDAA in the United States, the Steeplechase programme is based on Steeplechase classes consisting only of jumps and tunnels. UKA shows are run by both the main UKA team and affiliated independent clubs, UKA runs a weeklong show with its national championships in August each year, and also sends a team to the IFCS world championships. In addition, a number of independent clubs and groups around the United Kingdom hold one-off shows or short series of shows that are not affiliated with any of the above organisations, in Canada dog agility is largely sanctioned by the Agility Association of Canada. In western Canada however, it is not uncommon to also see trials sanctioned by the North American Dog Agility Council, Canadian Kennel Club agility trials are uncommon and are mostly associated with specialty shows for purebreds in conjunction with other events. The first agility competition in the United States took place around 1986 under the rules of the newly formed United States Dog Agility Association. On April 1,2010, the AKC began allowing mixed breed dogs to compete in agility along with purebred dogs and dogs with a PAL/ILP listing. After earning all of the masters-level titles—five qualifying runs in each, most champion titles have CH in the title, NATCH, ADCH, CATCH, MACH, TACH, ATCH and so on
31.
Carting
–
Carting is a dog sport or activity in which a dog pulls a Dogcart filled with supplies, such as farm goods, camping equipment, groceries or firewood, but sometimes pulling people. Carting as a sport is known as dryland mushing and is practiced all around the world. A variety of carting is sulky driving, where a dog or dogs pulls a two-wheeled cart with a riding in the sulky. This sport offers both exercise and discipline opportunities for energetic breeds, many working breeds are happier when given a job or task, and carting / sulky driving can be a rewarding hobby for both dog and owner. The sulky is designed to have little to no weight on the dogs back, a widely used model is the dorsal hitch, which involves only one shaft from the sulky that has negative weight on the dogs harness. The dorsal hitch also allows easier going for the dog, with range of movement as opposed to confining shafts on either side. This often simplifies initial training to the sulky, as the shafts do not interfere with the dogs movement, dogs from 15 kg body weight and upwards are able to pull an adult and a sulky comfortably. The general rule is that the load should not exceed three times the weight of the dog doing the pulling. If, for example, the sulky and driver totaled 150 kg, then the weight of the dog pulling would need to be at least 50 kg. Smaller dogs may be used as long as the cart is of a type which can handle multiple dog draft, and the combined weight of the dogs pulling is at least one third of the load being pulled. Dryland mushing is distinguished from sulky driving in that the cart, the cart has three or four wheels, with the driver either sitting or standing, depending on the cart construction. The International Federation of Sled Dog Sports sponsors one of the largest dryland mushing events in the world, the IFSS Dryland World Championship. Carting at DMOZ UK Group Finder - find you local canicross, bikejor, scootering and dog-carting club Sacco Dog Carts now available in the USA - The ultimate 4 wheel dog cart for urban mushing
32.
Conformation show
–
Such shows are useful to breeders as a means of evaluating dogs for breeding purposes. Many breeders even consider championship a prerequisite for breeding, the first modern conformation dog show was held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, in June 1859, and the only breeds scheduled were pointers and setters. A conformation dog show is not a comparison of one dog to another, Dog show judges attempt to identify dogs who epitomize the published standards for each breed. This can be challenging, because some judgements must necessarily be subjective, judges are generally certified to judge one or several breeds, usually in the same group, but a few all-breed judges have the training and experience to judge large numbers of breeds. Dogs compete at dog shows to earn points or certification towards championship titles, the Kennel Club system, which is also used by the Australian National Kennel Council and in other countries, is considered the most difficult to earn a title under. At certain shows designated as Championship shows, the top bitch and dog in each breed will be awarded a Challenge Certificate, the number of CCs on offer for each breed is decided by the Kennel Club in advance, so opportunities to gain a title are limited. In the US and Canada, each time a dog wins at some level of a show, the number of points varies depending on what level within a show the win occurs, how many dogs are competing, and whether the show is a major or minor. The exact number of points needed to gain a championship varies depending on the club offering the title. At the lowest level, dogs are divided by breed, each breed is divided into classes based on sex and, sometimes, age. Males are judged first, then females, at the next level they are divided by group. At the final level, all dogs compete together under a specially trained all breed judge, Best of Breed is the title given to the dog who has been judged the best representative specimen of its breed at a conformation show. Some kennel clubs divide some breeds into varieties based on specific traits, in single-breed shows, however, the Best of Variety winners may compete for Best of Breed. The term Best of Breed or Variety is often used to both titles. Each breed or variety is divided into classes based on sex, dogs are judged first, in their age classes. Within one breed, there are puppies, mature male dogs, at some events, usually single-breed or novelty shows, there may be a baby puppy class which is usually contested after the adult classes as a ploy to keep spectators interested. The winners of all classes in each sex compete for Challenge Dog and Challenge Bitch and this is for fairness, as one class may contain a stronger field of specimens of the breed. If the judge believes that this is the case, the Challenge Dog and Reserve Challenge Dog, for example, from the two finalists is selected Best of Breed. The runner-up is deemed Best of Opposite Sex, there is then a run-off in which the second best individual in the sex division of the winner is brought back to stand against the Best of Opposite Sex for the title of Runner-up to Best of Breed
33.
Disc dog
–
In disc dog competitions, dogs and their human flying disc throwers compete in events such as distance catching and somewhat choreographed freestyle catching. The sport celebrates the bond between handler and dog, by allowing them to work together, the term disc is preferred because Frisbee is a trademark for a brand of flying disc. The sport got its start in the early 1970s, paralleling the rise in popularity of Frisbee sport, Stein had with him a couple of flying discs, which he threw for the dog. Ashley astonished the crowd with his disc-catching, as he ran up to 35 miles per hour, the stunt was so novel that the game was stopped and Joe Garagiola continued to announce the flying disc action on the field. Finally, after eight minutes, Stein was escorted off the field, the nationally televised exhibition of Ashleys skill did much to fuel interest in the sport. Stein worked with Irv Lander and Eldon McIntire to create the Frisbee Dog World Championship for people, even today, Stein and McIntire continue to contribute to the sport. Teams of one person and one dog compete in the standard distance toss, points are awarded to the team for catches at varying distances. Competitions also often feature the dynamic freestyle event, which consists of short routines choreographed to music with multiple discs in play, the less common long distance events have various formats, but generally the longest catch wins. Divisions in disc dog events are based on the skill. Men and women compete in the same divisions for all disciplines. Short distance events go by names, including toss and fetch, mini-distance, throw and catch. The concept is generally the same, contestants have 60 seconds to make as many throws as possible on a field marked with increasingly longer distances. The distances generally dont exceed 50 meters for the longest catches, dogs are awarded points for catches based on the distance of the throw, with mid-air catches rating extra points. Only one disc is used for these events, Freestyle is a subjectively judged event, similar to Freestyle events like skateboard and snowboard half-pipe, or Freestyle Footbag. The team consists of one person and his or her dog, depending on the event, the length of a routine might be anywhere from one minute and 30 seconds all the way to two minutes. Teams are judged in categories that include Canine Athleticism, Degree of Difficulty, Showmanship, Incredible flips, hyperfast multiple catches, and spectacular vaults make freestyle a popular event with spectators, and it is regarded as the highest level of competitive accomplishment. The QUADRUPED was an NFL draft day competition held in April 1996 for the Jacksonville Jaguars and this competition format is older than all other disc dog competition formats other than the Ashley Whippet and the FDDO formats. Originally a halftime show for games with four frisbee dog teams competing to be the last team standing
34.
Dock jumping
–
Dock jumping also known as dock diving is a dog sport in which dogs compete in jumping for distance or height from a dock into a body of water. There are dock jumping events in the United States and other such as United Kingdom. Dock jumping first appeared in 1997 at the Incredible Dog Challenge, there are now a number of organizations that run dock jumping competitions in different countries. In the United States, DockDogs was established in 2000, its first event was at the ESPN2000 Great Outdoor Games competition, the Super Retriever Series Super Dock was also established in 2000 and created as a qualifier for ESPN Great Outdoor Games along with the Retriever Trials. Www. superretrieverseries. com Splash Dogs was started in 2003, ultimate Air Dogs was founded in 2005, by former Major League Baseball player Milt Wilcox. In 2008, UAD partnered with the United Kennel Club which added dock jumping as a recognized UKC sport, in 2009, UKC also recognized competitions run by Splash Dogs. Dogs can get UKC titles by competing in distance or height jumping like they can in agility, obedience, weight pulling. North American Diving Dogs was formed in 2014 and offers diving dog titles recognized by the American Kennel Club, in the United Kingdom, Dash n Splash, which runs competitions across southern England, was established in 2005, followed by JettyDogs in 2007. The dock is usually 35 to 40 ft long by 8 ft wide and 2 ft above the water surface, any body of water or pool that is at least 4 ft deep can be used. The dock is covered in turf, carpet, or a rubber mat for better traction. The handler may use any amount of the dock and they may start their dog from any point on the dock when competing. The jump distance is measured, by most organizations, from the midpoint of the end of the dock to the point at which the base of the dog’s tail breaks the water’s surface. DockDogs Big Air Discipline measures the distance to the point that the base of the tail breaks the surface of the water. Purinas Incredible Diving Dog event measures the distance to the point that the nose is at when its body enters the water. The jump distance is measured using digital video freeze frame technology or. Each team takes two jumps in round-robin format, the longer of the two jumps is that teams score for that competition. A jump is only official if or when the toy leaves the handlers hand, the dog is not required to retrieve the toy for the jump to count. Two different techniques can be used to encourage the dog to jump into the water, walk the dog to the end of the dock and or, hold the dog back while throwing the toy into the water
35.
Earthdog trial
–
An earthdog trial tests the working ability and instinct of the small, often short-legged terriers or Dachshunds. These dogs were bred to hunt vermin and other quarry which lived in underground dens, Earthdog den trials involve man-made underground tunnels that the dogs must navigate, while scenting a rat, the quarry. The dog must follow the scent to the quarry and then work the quarry, depending on the sanctioning organization, “working” means barking, scratching, staring, pawing, digging, any active behavior. The quarry is protected at all times by wooden bars across the end of the tunnel, the hunting encounter is controlled, and neither the dog nor the quarry are endangered by the activity. In Canada, earthdog trials are sanctioned by the Canadian Kennel Club, in the United States, two major organizations sanction earthdog trials, the American Kennel Club and the American Working Terrier Association. AKC earthdog tests are intended as noncompetitive venues in which the handlers may gauge their dog’s natural hunting aptitude when presented with an underground hunting situation, dogs that are registered with the AKC and are six months of age or older may participate in AKC earthdog tests. They do not need to be intact, and purebred dogs that have been assigned “Indefinite Listing Privilege” numbers, in comparison to the American Working Terrier Association tests, fewer breeds are permitted in AKC tests, with mixed breeds being excluded altogether. Dogs have different levels of prey drive and some need more encouragement than others, the Introduction to Quarry is simply designed to acquaint a dog with going to ground, following a scent trail and “working a rat. At this stage, the dog is asked to negotiate a 10-foot tunnel with a single right-angle turn, at the end of the tunnel is a rat in a cage, which is placed behind dowel bars. The handler may talk to their dog and encourage the dog to “work” the rat, the judge may also move the rat cage about or make noises to “incite the dogs instincts. Junior Earthdog Junior Earthdog is the first level of competition in which a title may be earned, in JE the tunnel is 30 ft long and has three right-angle turns. The dog has only 30 seconds to traverse the tunnel and reach the quarry, the dog must also work the quarry for 60 seconds and then allow the handler to remove it when the time has elapsed. To earn the JE certificate, the dog must successfully pass the JE test twice under two different judges, Master Earthdog Master Earthdog is the ultimate title an earthdog can obtain. To achieve this title, two dogs are drawn at random, as a brace, the dogs hunt for the tunnel entrance from a distance of 100 to 300 yd. They must actively indicate where the entrance is located. Then, one at a time, the move through the tunnel passing obstacles that simulate roots. The master tunnel also has a false entrance/exit and a false den, once at the quarry, dog must work the rats for 90 seconds and not be distracted by the judge scraping or digging alongside the tunnel. The scraping is meant to approximate the hunter digging down to the spot where the dog is holding the quarry at bay, the handler has 15 seconds to remove the dog from the tunnel after their 90 seconds of work is complete
36.
Field trial
–
A field trial is a competitive event at which hunting dogs compete against one another. There are field trials for retrievers, pointing dogs and flushing dogs, Field trials are usually organized by kennel clubs or other gun dog organizations. Field trials are considered more competitive than hunt tests in that success at a field trial requires a higher level of training than success at a hunt test requires. For example, in Retriever Field Trials, dogs retrieve over longer distances with a complex path than a Retriever Hunt Test would generally provide. Field trial dogs must be finished in order to enter and their purpose is also different, as they exist mainly for breeders, while hunting tests are made for users. The term is confusing as it means different things to different breed organizations, spaniel field trials demand that dogs compete against one another, whereas retriever field trials are more similar to hunt tests among other breeds. In most hunt tests, on the hand, dogs are evaluated against a written standard. To further complicate the issue, various organizations have differing definitions of field trial. Field trials come in various grades including Open, Amateur, Sanctioned and non-sanctioned, an Open field trial permits entry from any handler or trainer while an Amateur trial only permits non-professional handlers/trainers. Sanctioned trials are ones that are held under the control of a kennel club or organization. A field trial that is held under the auspices of the Kennel Club, by definition this means that all field trials are held on live, unhandled game that is shot for the purpose of that field trial. Game that has been handled in any way, whether it be live or dead game, the only exception to this rule is where dead game may be used in the conduct of a water test at a field trial. Field trials not licensed by the Kennel Club are liable to be deemed as unrecognised canine events, in the US, retriever field trials are held under the auspices of the American Kennel club. Field trials can consist of one or more stakes, which can be considered as separate competitions within a field trial, such stakes can be run for any of the four sub-groups of gundogs recognised by the Kennel Club. Four placements plus a Reserve JAM and JAMs. S and this stake is for dogs that have not yet placed first or second in a Qualifying stake nor completed an Open or Amateur stake. Confined to dogs whelped not earlier than 1 January in the preceding the date of the field trial. If a Puppy Stake is run in January then a dog that was a puppy in the year is deemed to still be a puppy. In the U. S. this stake is for dogs at 6 months of age, the judges at field trials are appointed by the Field Trial Secretary of the organising club or society, after having been instructed to do so by the committee of the club or society
37.
Flyball
–
Flyball is run in teams of four dogs, as a relay. The hurdle height is determined by the height of the smallest dog in the team. Under current North American Flyball Association rules this should be 5 inches below the height of the smallest dog, to a height of no less than 7 inches. Current EFC rules limits the height to no less than 17.5 cm, each dog must return its ball all the way across the start line before the next dog crosses. Ideal running is nose-to-nose at the start line, the first team to have all four dogs cross the finish line error free wins the heat. Penalties are applied to teams if the ball is dropped or if the next relay dog is released early, Flyball started as a dog sport in the late 1960s and early 1970s, in Southern California. Some dog trainers combined scent hurdle racing with the bringing back a tennis ball to the finish line. Then a tennis ball-launching apparatus was added and the first flyball box was born, herbert Wagner is credited with making the first real flyball box, and he also demonstrated flyball on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. The first Flyball tournament was held in 1983 in the United States, Flyball provides an entertaining and active way to interact with ones dog and other dog enthusiasts in an environment that is fun while allowing the dogs exercise and enjoyment. It is an effective way to burn off the energy of dogs with a high drive to work, such as Border Collies. Though herding dogs currently dominate the courses, many teams have mutts on them. Dogs earn titles and awards based on points earned by their team in racing, as the sport has developed better dog training regimes have been introduced as knowledge has increased within the sport. Specific training has been developed to promote the dogs using ‘swimmers’ type turns on the Flyball box when catching the ball, smaller dogs are often prized as the hurdle height is based on the height of the smallest dog in the team, commonly known as a height dog. Their only limitation is whether they can trigger the release pad, Flyball is one of the non-hunting dog sports in which dogs and people work as a team. On the other hand, modern flyball has become the fastest growing teamsport, first division teams have well trained dogs and handlers and are trained and coached to perform. Some teams use dedicated special bred sportdogs, competitions are usually hosted by a specific local flyball club but under the sanction of a national governing body. The host club may be devoted solely to flyball or to other types of dog sports. Although competitions may vary, teams are seeded into divisions against other teams of similar speed
38.
Greyhound racing
–
Greyhound racing is an organized, competitive sport in which greyhound dogs are raced around a track. There are two forms of racing, track racing and coursing. Track racing uses an artificial lure that travels ahead of the dogs on a rail until the cross the finish line. As with horse racing, greyhound races often allow the public to bet on the outcome, in coursing the dogs chase a lure. In many countries greyhound racing is purely amateur and solely for enjoyment, Animal rights and animal welfare groups are critical of the welfare of dogs in the commercial racing industry where, in some countries, dog trainers illegally use live baiting. A greyhound adoption movement has arisen to assist retired racing dogs in finding homes as pets, modern greyhound racing has its origins in coursing. The first recorded attempt at racing greyhounds on a track was made beside the Welsh Harp reservoir, Hendon, England, in 1876. The industry emerged in its modern form, featuring circular or oval tracks, with the invention of the mechanical or artificial hare, in 1912, by an American. O. P. Smith had altruistic aims for the industry to stop the killing of the jack rabbits, in 1919, Smith opened the first professional dog-racing track with stands in Emeryville, California. The certificates system led the way to parimutuel betting, as quarry and on-course gambling, in the United States during the 1930s. The oval track and mechanical hare were introduced to Britain, in 1926, by another American, Charles Munn, in association with Major Lyne-Dixson, a Canadian, who was a key figure in coursing. Finding other supporters proved to rather difficult however and with the General Strike of 1926 looming, eventually they met Brigadier-General Critchley, who in turn introduced them to Sir William Gentle. The industry was successful in cities and towns throughout the U. K. – by the end of 1927, Betting has always been a key ingredient of greyhound racing, both through on-course bookmakers and the totalisator, first introduced in 1930. Like horse racing, it is popular to bet on the races as a form of parimutuel gambling. Greyhound racing enjoyed its highest UK attendances just after the Second World War— for example, the industry experienced a decline from the early 1960s- after the 1960 UK Betting and Gaming Act permitted off-course cash betting. Sponsorship, limited coverage, and the later abolition of on-course betting tax have partially offset this decline. In addition to the eight countries where commercial greyhound racing exists, in 2016, a bill was passed through the government of the state New South Wales, in Australia to ban greyhound racing. This new law was to come into effect in the middle of 2017 but was reversed in late 2016, Greyhound adoption groups frequently report that the dogs from the tracks have tooth problems, the cause of which is debated
39.
Lure coursing
–
Lure coursing is a sport for dogs that involves chasing a mechanically operated lure. Competition is typically limited to dogs of purebred breeds, although the AKC has a pass/fail trial for all breeds called the Coursing Ability Test. In lure coursing, dogs chase an artificial lure across a field, a typical lure course in the United States is between 600 and 1,000 yards long. In Europe, as well as the rest of the world, the length can be over 1000 meters. The course must have a number of turns in order to simulate prey changing direction in a chase. The fields can be fenced or not, if a dog is lure focused they will typically follow the lure from start to finish and not run off course. Dogs with some considerable lure experience, termed lure-wise, may try to anticipate or cheat by attempting to cut off the lure instead of trying to capture the lure using follow, speed and agility. Sighthounds generally have no need to be trained or enticed to chase the lure since the desire to chase is instinctual, some breeds do, however, require lure play at a very early age to encourage them to follow an artificial object with enthusiasm. In American Sighthound Field Association competitions, a dog must be Certified in order to compete in the Open category of the breed, to certify, a dog must run clean with another dog of similar running style and be certified by a qualified ASFA judge. Dogs used for certification do not have to be certified themselves, nor do they have to be a sighthound, in American Kennel Club coursing, a new rule was passed in early 2010, making the certification process similar to the ASFA certification process. A dog must run cleanly against another dog of similar running style in order to earn its QC title before it may compete. Dogs can still earn their JC title by running a minimum of 600 yards with four turns twice, the dogs run alone, and once they complete both runs, they earn a Junior Courser title. The JC title, however, no longer allows them to compete against other dogs, dogs are coursed by breed in braces or trios, based on the number of dogs available for the run. Dogs can run if there are no other dogs of the same breed entered. Running order is determined by a draw, and is not based on size or comparable ability. Dogs can compete in open stake, field champion stake, or veteran stake, each dog runs twice during the trial. The first run is the preliminary, after all preliminaries have been run, the course is reversed for the second run, called finals. Once all preliminaries and finals have been run, Best of Breed is determined for each breed by stakes run-off or by forfeit, all placements must be determined by total score, run-off, or forfeit
40.
Musical canine freestyle
–
The sport has developed into competition forms in several countries around the world. The first official musical group, Musical Canine Sports International, was founded in British Columbia, Canada. Soon, other groups followed in the United States and England, each region began developing its own style, with many American groups promoting more trick-based routines and costumes. English groups focused more on work and on the dog. Musical freestyle has become common in animal talent shows and speciality acts. Teaching a dog to be able to work on both sides of the body, not just the left side as in standard obedience heeling, is the first step to doing freestyle. The trainer first breaks the routine into pieces with two or three moves linked together, and as they progress these pieces are linked together. There are two types of musical canine freestyle, freestyle heeling and musical freestyle, Freestyle heeling focuses on a dogs ability to stay in variations of the heel position while the handler moves to music. In heel work to music, the dog and trainer remain close to each other at all times, sending the dog away or doing distance work is not part of the routine, with the dog remaining almost invisibly tethered to the trainer. Pivots, and moving diagonally, backwards, and forwards to a musical theme are important to the routine. Jumping, weaving, rolling, passing through the trainers legs, Musical freestyle demands that the dog perform a variety of tricks and other obedience talents. Dancing in place, and other innovative actions where the dog plays off the dance moves of the trainer are encouraged, a popular finishing trick for some routines is for the dog to jump into the trainers arms, or over his or her back. In the UK, the sport is called Heelwork to Music and is a recognized sport of the Kennel club. Competition rules vary from group to group, and from country to country, all routines are done free of training aids or leashes, except in some beginner categories. Competition can be done as a single team, as a pair of dogs and handlers. Generally, there is one dog per handler for competition. In either type of competition, the choice of music and the way the routine reflects the music is important, routines not following the rhythm, no matter how well executed, do not score well. Exhibition freestyle is a no-holds-barred routine designed to demonstrate the extent of creativity
41.
Mushing
–
Mushing is a term for a sport or transport method powered by dogs. It includes carting, pulka, scootering, sled dog racing, skijoring, freighting, more specifically, it implies the use of one or more dogs to pull a sled on snow or a rig on dry land. France was the first European power established in the Canadian Shield, accordingly, the coureurs des bois, meaning go or run, to command to the team to commence pulling. Marche. became Mush. for English Canadians, Mush. is rarely used in modern parlance, however, Hike. is more common in English. The practice of using dogs to pull sleds dates back to at least 2000 BC and it originated in Siberia or North America, where many American Indian cultures used dogs to pull loads. In 1534, Jacques Cartier discovered the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of Francis I of France, for the better part of a century the Iroquois and French clashed in a series of attacks and reprisals. Thats why Samuel de Champlain arranged to have young French men live with the natives, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These men, known as coureurs des bois, were the first European mushers in North America, extended French influence south and west and in 1609, New France controlled all the Canadian Shield. In 1680, the intendant Duchesneau estimated that there was not one family in New France who did not have a “son, brother, during the winter, sled became the ordinary transportation in the north of New France. In 1759, the British army defeated the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, many coureurs des bois accepted the British rule and continued to use the sled dog. During the Klondike Gold Rush, many prospectors came in the Yukon with sled dogs and this “Last Great Gold Rush” has been immortalized by American author Jack London in The Call of the Wild. Sled-dog became the mode of transportation in Yukon and in the new US territory of Alaska. In 1911, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen used sled dogs in a race to become the first person to reach the South Pole and he succeeded, while his competitor Robert Falcon Scott, who had instead used Siberian ponies, tragically perished. Mushing can be utilitarian, recreational, or competitive, mushing as a sport is practiced worldwide, but primarily in North America, northern Europe and the Alps. It is the sport of Alaska. The most famous sled dog races in the world are, Finnmarksløpet in Norway, Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in Alaska, La Grande Odyssée in France and Switzerland, Yukon Quest in Alaska and Yukon. Mushing for utilitarian purposes includes anything from hauling wood or delivering milk or the mail to rural travel and equipment hauling. Dogs have been replaced by snowmobiles in many places, but some trappers and other isolated users have gone back to sled dogs, finding them safer, Dog team members are given titles according to their position in the team relative to the sled
42.
Obedience trial
–
An obedience trial is a dog sport in which a dog must perfectly execute a predefined set of tasks when directed to do so by his handler. Training a dog to participate in AKC obedience trials increases a dogs understanding and reliability in responding to such as sit, down, stay, come. At a trial, the dog and handler will perform various predefined obedience exercises, the dog must demonstrate basic proficiency in order to receive a passing score. A handler may choose to train for higher degrees of accuracy, the dog and handler teams with the four highest scores in a given class will receive placement ribbons, and sometimes additional prizes. All dogs that receive a passing, or qualifying score earn a leg towards an obedience title, when a dog has accumulated the requisite number of legs for a given title, the AKC will issue a certificate to the dogs owner recognizing that accomplishment. Obedience competition provides an opportunity for a person and a dog to work as a highly tuned team, training for obedience trials can provide much needed mental stimulation and physical activity for a bored housepet, and provide a fun and challenging hobby for the dogs owner. The exact name and requirements of obedience exercises vary depending on who is sanctioning any given competition, however, the list of exercises below provides a general description of what a dog and handler can expect at most obedience trials. Depending on who has sanctioned the given trial dogs are divided into classes based on their proficiency, age, most organizations break down the dog and handler teams into novice, intermediate, and advanced classes. The American Kennel Club calls these three classes, Novice, Open, and Utility, the AKC then further divides these classes into A and B classes, i. e. Novice A or Open B. The Novice A class is reserved for handlers who have never shown a dog. Other A classes have restrictions on the handlers or dogs experience, Heel Following the judges commands, the dog and handler team walks a predetermined pattern with the dog remaining on the handlers left side and reasonably close and attentive to the handler. The dog also must automatically sit when the judge instructs the team to halt, Heeling is one of the most basic obedience exercises and as such it is often incorporated into other exercises such as the moving stand and the figure 8. It is also how most teams will enter and move about the ring between exercises, Figure 8 The figure 8 exercise requires the team to heel in a figure 8 pattern either on or off leash. Generally two of the stewards will assist the judge with this exercise by acting as posts, standing 8 feet apart. Sit for Exam This exercise is a version of the Stand for Exam. It is generally used in novice level classes and requires the handler to order the dog to sit, the judge will then approach the dog and pet the dogs head. Sit There are many variations of this exercise because it is such a common, generally the handler will order the dog to sit and stay and then the judge will order the handler to walk away from the dog. In the later two cases the length of time before the orders the handler to return, and the time the dog must remain sitting
43.
Schutzhund
–
Schutzhund is a dog sport that was developed in Germany in the early 1900s as a breed suitability test for the German Shepherd breed. The test would determine if the dog displayed the appropriate traits, today, it is used as a sport where many breeds other than German Shepherd Dogs can compete, but it is such a demanding test that few dogs can pass. Schutzhund tests dogs of all breeds for the necessary for police-type work. Dogs that pass Schutzhund tests should be suitable for a variety of tasks, police work, specific odor detection, search and rescue. The purpose of Schutzhund is to identify dogs that have or do not have the traits required for these demanding jobs. Some of those traits are, Strong desire to work Courage Intelligence Trainability Strong bond to the handler Perseverance Protective instinct Sense of smell Schutzhund tests for these traits and it also tests for physical traits such as strength, endurance, agility, and scenting ability. The goal of Schutzhund is to illuminate the character and ability of a dog through training, breeders can use this insight to determine how and whether to use the dog in producing the next generation of working dogs. The German Shepherd was developed from working herding dogs around 1900 as a working dog. Within a few years it was clear that the dogs were losing their working ability, Schutzhund was developed at this time as a test of working ability for German Shepherds. Only German Shepherds that had passed a Schutzhund test or a herding test were allowed to breed and this is true in Germany to this day. It is only by testing the ability of every generation that the strong working characteristics of the GSD have been maintained. In response to forces in Germany, in 2004 the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde. The DHV adopted the Fédération Cynologique Internationale rules that govern IPO titles, so that at least on paper the SV, the DHV changed the name of the titles from SchH to VPG. The SV has retained the SchH title names, but otherwise conforms to the DHV/FCI rules, there are three schutzhund titles, Schutzhund 1, Schutzhund 2, and Schutzhund 3. SchH1 is the first title and SchH3 is the most advanced, additionally, before a dog can compete for an SchH1, it must pass a temperament test called a B or BH. The B tests basic obedience and sureness around strange people, strange dogs, traffic, a dog that exhibits excessive fear, distractibility, or aggression cannot pass the B and so cannot go on to schutzhund. The Schutzhund test has changed over the years, modern Schutzhund consists of three phases, tracking, obedience, and protection. A dog must pass all three phases in one trial to be awarded a schutzhund title, each phase is judged on a 100-point scale
