1.
Moscow
–
Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
2.
Russia
–
Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
3.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
–
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
4.
Data science
–
Data science is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis and their related methods in order to understand and analyze actual phenomena with data. While many university programs now offer a data science degree, there exists no consensus on a definition or curriculum contents, because of the current popularity of this term, there are many advocacy efforts surrounding it. The term data science has existed for over thirty years and was used initially as a substitute for computer science by Peter Naur in 1960, in 1996, members of the International Federation of Classification Societies met in Kobe for their biennial conference. Here, for the first time, the data science is included in the title of the conference. Jeff Wu gave the inaugural lecture entitled Statistics = Data Science, for his appointment to the H. C. Carver Professorship at the University of Michigan. In this lecture, he characterized statistical work as a trilogy of data collection, data modeling and analysis, in his conclusion, he initiated the modern, non-computer science, usage of the term data science and advocated that statistics be renamed data science and statisticians data scientists. Later, he presented his lecture entitled Statistics = Data Science, as the first of his 1998 P. C. These lectures honor Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, an Indian scientist and statistician, in 2001, William S.1, of the April 2001 edition of the International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique. Shortly thereafter, in January 2003, Columbia University began publishing The Journal of Data Science, the journal was largely devoted to the application of statistical methods and quantitative research. He asserts that a data scientist is a new breed, and that a shortage of scientists is becoming a serious constraint in some sectors. In 2015, the International Journal on Data Science and Analytics was launched by Springer to publish work on data science. 2013 the first European Conference on Data Analysis was organised in Luxembourg establishing the European Association for Data Science in August 2015. In September 2015 the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation added to the name of the Society Data Science Society at the third ECDA conference at the University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Although use of the data science has exploded in business environments, many academics. Data scientist is slightly redundant in some way and people shouldn’t berate the term statistician, universities are offering masters courses in data science. Shorter private bootcamps are also offering data science certificates including student-paid programs like General Assembly to employer-paid programs like The Data Incubator, in the 2010-2011 time frame, data science software reached an inflection point where open source software started supplanting proprietary software. The use of open source software enables modifying and extending the software, mining the Social Web, 2nd Edition
5.
Artificial intelligence
–
Artificial intelligence is intelligence exhibited by machines. Colloquially, the artificial intelligence is applied when a machine mimics cognitive functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as learning. As machines become increasingly capable, mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition, for instance, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an example of artificial intelligence, having become a routine technology. AI research is divided into subfields that focus on specific problems or on specific approaches or on the use of a tool or towards satisfying particular applications. The central problems of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, general intelligence is among the fields long-term goals. Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI, Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, the field was founded on the claim that human intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it progresses unabatedly, while thought-capable artificial beings appeared as storytelling devices in antiquity, the idea of actually trying to build a machine to perform useful reasoning may have begun with Ramon Llull. With his Calculus ratiocinator, Gottfried Leibniz extended the concept of the calculating machine, since the 19th century, artificial beings are common in fiction, as in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein or Karel Čapeks R. U. R. The study of mechanical or formal reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity, in the 19th century, George Boole refined those ideas into propositional logic and Gottlob Frege developed a notational system for mechanical reasoning. Around the 1940s, Alan Turings theory of computation suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as 0 and 1 and this insight, that digital computers can simulate any process of formal reasoning, is known as the Church–Turing thesis. Along with concurrent discoveries in neurology, information theory and cybernetics, the first work that is now generally recognized as AI was McCullouch and Pitts 1943 formal design for Turing-complete artificial neurons. The field of AI research was born at a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956, attendees Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky and Arthur Samuel became the founders and leaders of AI research. At the conference, Newell and Simon, together with programmer J. C, shaw, presented the first true artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist. This spurred tremendous research in the domain, computers were winning at checkers, solving problems in algebra, proving logical theorems. By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U. S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been established around the world. AIs founders were optimistic about the future, Herbert Simon predicted, machines will be capable, within twenty years, Marvin Minsky agreed, writing, within a generation. The problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved and they failed to recognize the difficulty of some of the remaining tasks
6.
Engineering
–
The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
7.
Efficient energy use
–
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve, installing fluorescent lights, LED lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared with using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Improvements in energy efficiency are generally achieved by adopting an efficient technology or production process or by application of commonly accepted methods to reduce energy losses. There are many motivations to improve energy efficiency, reducing energy use reduces energy costs and may result in a financial cost saving to consumers if the energy savings offset any additional costs of implementing an energy efficient technology. Reducing energy use is seen as a solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the pillars of sustainable energy policy and are high priorities in the sustainable energy hierarchy. Energy efficiency has proved to be a strategy for building economies without necessarily increasing energy consumption. For example, the state of California began implementing energy-efficiency measures in the mid-1970s, including building code, during the following years, Californias energy consumption has remained approximately flat on a per capita basis while national US consumption doubled. In general, up to 75% of the electricity used in the US today could be saved with efficiency measures that cost less than the electricity itself. The same holds true for this is home and there is 78% of electricity uses D in your home-owners, in fact, researchers at the US Department of Energy and their consortium, Residential Energy Efficient Distribution Systems have found that duct efficiency may be as low as 50–70%. The US Department of Energy has stated there is potential for energy saving in the magnitude of 90 Billion kWh by increasing home energy efficiency. Other studies have emphasized this.2 percent average growth anticipated through 2020 in a business-as-usual scenario, international standards ISO17743 and ISO17742 provide a documented methodology for calculating and reporting on energy savings and energy efficiency for countries and cities. Modern appliances, such as, freezers, ovens, stoves, dishwashers, installing a clothesline will significantly reduce ones energy consumption as their dryer will be used less. Current energy efficient refrigerators, for example, use 40 percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001, in the US, the corresponding figures would be 17 billion kWh of electricity and 27,000,000,000 lb CO2. According to a 2009 study from McKinsey & Company the replacement of old appliances is one of the most efficient global measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Modern power management systems also reduce energy usage by idle appliances by turning them off or putting them into a low-energy mode after a certain time, many countries identify energy-efficient appliances using energy input labeling. The impact of energy efficiency on peak demand depends on when the appliance is used, for example, an air conditioner uses more energy during the afternoon when it is hot. Therefore, an efficient air conditioner will have a larger impact on peak demand than off-peak demand
8.
Skolkovo, Moscow Oblast
–
Skolkovo is a rural locality in Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 2 kilometers west of MKAD near the Setun River. The village has known since the 16th century. In 1862, the population of the lived in 23 homesteads comprising 226 people. In March 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced plans to create Skolkovo innovation center—a modern technology complex to encourage scientific research, the construction of the center is expected to start in the vicinity of Skolkovo in 2011. Currently, another major project is realized near Skolkovo - the construction of the campus of Skolkovo Moscow School of Management, Сколково — непростая история небольшого села
9.
Doctor of Philosophy
–
A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
10.
Petroleum engineering
–
For petroleum refinery engineering, see Process engineering. Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the related to the production of hydrocarbons. Exploration and Production are deemed to fall within the sector of the oil. Recruitment to the industry has historically been from the disciplines of physics, subsequent development training has usually been done within oil companies. The profession got its start in 1914 within the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, the first Petroleum Engineering degree was conferred in 1915 by the University of Pittsburgh. Since then, the profession has evolved to solve increasingly difficult situations, as much of the low hanging fruit of the oil fields have been found. Deep-water, arctic and desert conditions are usually contended with, the Society of Petroleum Engineers is the largest professional society for petroleum engineers and publishes much information concerning the industry. Petroleum engineering has historically been one of the highest paid engineering disciplines, in a June 4,2007 article, Forbes. com reported that petroleum engineering was the 24th best paying job in the United States. The 2010 National Association of Colleges and Employers survey showed petroleum engineers as the highest paid 2010 graduates at an average $125,220 annual salary, for individuals with experience, salaries can go from $170,000 to $260,000 annually. They make an average of $112,000 a year and about $53.75 per hour, Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types, Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper placement, production rates, and enhanced oil recovery techniques. Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production and injection wells, Petroleum Engineering - Best Petroleum Engineering Schools & Colleges, Jobs in USA About Petroleum Engineering Career Opportunities in Petroleum Engineering
11.
Photonics
–
Photonics is the physical science of light generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and detection/sensing. Though covering all lights technical applications over the spectrum, most photonic applications are in the range of visible. The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s, Photonics as a field began with the invention of the laser in 1960. Other developments followed, the diode in the 1970s, optical fibers for transmitting information. These inventions formed the basis for the revolution of the late 20th century. Though coined earlier, the term came into common use in the 1980s as fiber-optic data transmission was adopted by telecommunications network operators. At that time, the term was used widely at Bell Laboratories and its use was confirmed when the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society established an archival journal named Photonics Technology Letters at the end of the 1980s. During the period leading up to the dot-com crash circa 2001, further growth of photonics is likely if current silicon photonics developments are successful. Photonics is closely related to optics, classical optics long preceded the discovery that light is quantized, when Albert Einstein famously explained the photoelectric effect in 1905. Optics tools include the lens, the reflecting mirror. Photonics is related to optics, optomechanics, electro-optics, optoelectronics. However, each area has different connotations by scientific and government communities. Quantum optics often connotes fundamental research, whereas photonics is used to connote applied research, the term optoelectronics connotes devices or circuits that comprise both electrical and optical functions, i. e. a thin-film semiconductor device. Photonics also relates to the science of quantum information and quantum optics. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most advanced science, just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first transistor was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge. The science of photonics includes investigation of the emission, transmission, amplification, detection, light sources used in photonics are usually far more sophisticated than light bulbs. Photonics commonly uses semiconductor light sources like light-emitting diodes, superluminescent diodes, other light sources include single photon sources, fluorescent lamps, cathode ray tubes, and plasma screens. Characteristic for research on semiconductor light sources is the frequent use of III-V semiconductors instead of the classical semiconductors like silicon and this is due to the special properties of III-V semiconductors that allow for the implementation of light emitting devices
12.
Theoretical physics
–
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena. The advancement of science depends in general on the interplay between experimental studies and theory, in some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of mathematical rigor while giving little weight to experiments and observations. Conversely, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect, a physical theory is a model of physical events. It is judged by the extent to which its predictions agree with empirical observations, the quality of a physical theory is also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory similarly differs from a theory, in the sense that the word theory has a different meaning in mathematical terms. A physical theory involves one or more relationships between various measurable quantities, archimedes realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water, Pythagoras understood the relation between the length of a vibrating string and the musical tone it produces. Other examples include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles, Theoretical physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard, theoretical particle physics forms a good example, for instance, phenomenologists might employ empirical formulas to agree with experimental results, often without deep physical understanding. Modelers often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features, some attempt to create approximate theories, called effective theories, because fully developed theories may be regarded as unsolvable or too complicated. Other theorists may try to unify, formalise, reinterpret or generalise extant theories, or create completely new ones altogether. Sometimes the vision provided by pure mathematical systems can provide clues to how a system might be modeled, e. g. the notion, due to Riemann and others. Theoretical problems that need computational investigation are often the concern of computational physics, Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied. In the latter case, a correspondence principle will be required to recover the previously known result, sometimes though, advances may proceed along different paths. However, an exception to all the above is the wave–particle duality, Physical theories become accepted if they are able to make correct predictions and no incorrect ones. They are also likely to be accepted if they connect a wide range of phenomena. Testing the consequences of a theory is part of the scientific method, Physical theories can be grouped into three categories, mainstream theories, proposed theories and fringe theories. Theoretical physics began at least 2,300 years ago, under the Pre-socratic philosophy, during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the concept of experimental science, the counterpoint to theory, began with scholars such as Ibn al-Haytham and Francis Bacon
13.
Biotechnology
–
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, the term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies, as per European Federation of Biotechnology, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology also writes on the biological sciences. By contrast, bioengineering is generally thought of as a field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches for interfacing with. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and this can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived agriculture clearly fit the definition of utilizing a biotechnological system to make products. Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise, Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best suited crops, having the highest yields and these processes also were included in early fermentation of beer. These processes were introduced in early Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India, in brewing, malted grains convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process, carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol, later other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food, such as soy sauce. Fermentation was also used in time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteurs work in 1857, before the time of Charles Darwins work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwins theory of natural selection, for thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics, for example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In the early twentieth century scientists gained an understanding of microbiology. Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics, in 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium
14.
Systems engineering
–
Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles. At its core systems engineering utilizes systems thinking principles to organize this body of knowledge, Systems engineering deals with work-processes, optimization methods, and risk management tools in such projects. Systems engineering ensures that all aspects of a project or system are considered. The systems engineering process is a process that is quite unlike a manufacturing process. A manufacturing process is focused on activities that achieve high quality outputs with minimum cost. The term systems engineering can be traced back to Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1940s. S, the continuing evolution of systems engineering comprises the development and identification of new methods and modeling techniques. These methods aid in the comprehension and the design and development control of engineering systems as they grow more complex. Popular tools that are used in the systems engineering context were developed during these times, including USL, UML, QFD. In 1990, a society for systems engineering, the National Council on Systems Engineering, was founded by representatives from a number of U. S. corporations and organizations. NCOSE was created to address the need for improvements in engineering practices. As a result of growing involvement from systems engineers outside of the U. S. the name of the organization was changed to the International Council on Systems Engineering in 1995. Schools in several countries offer programs in systems engineering. Systems engineering signifies only an approach and, more recently, a discipline in engineering, as an approach, systems engineering is holistic and interdisciplinary in flavour. The traditional scope of engineering embraces the conception, design, development, Systems engineering, as originally conceived, falls within this scope. The Apollo program is an example of a systems engineering project. The use of the systems engineer has evolved over time to embrace a wider, more holistic concept of systems. This evolution of the definition has been a subject of ongoing controversy, traditional systems engineering was seen as a branch of engineering in the classical sense, that is, as applied only to physical system, such as space craft and aircraft. More recently, systems engineering has evolved to a take on a broader meaning especially when humans were seen as a component of a system
15.
Materials science
–
The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering, involves the discovery and design of new materials, with an emphasis on solids. Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering, as such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Materials science is a syncretic discipline hybridizing metallurgy, ceramics, solid-state physics and it is the first example of a new academic discipline emerging by fusion rather than fission. Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face are due to the limits of the materials that are available, thus, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly. Materials scientists emphasize understanding how the history of a material influences its structure, the understanding of processing-structure-properties relationships is called the § materials paradigm. This paradigm is used to advance understanding in a variety of areas, including nanotechnology, biomaterials. Such investigations are key to understanding, for example, the causes of various accidents and incidents. The material of choice of a given era is often a defining point, phrases such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Steel Age are great examples. Originally deriving from the manufacture of ceramics and its putative derivative metallurgy, materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering, modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from mining and ceramics and the use of fire. Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of technologies such as rubbers, plastics, semiconductors. Before the 1960s, many materials science departments were named metallurgy departments, reflecting the 19th, a material is defined as a substance that is intended to be used for certain applications. There are a myriad of materials around us—they can be found in anything from buildings to spacecraft, Materials can generally be divided into two classes, crystalline and non-crystalline. The traditional examples of materials are metals, semiconductors, ceramics, New and advanced materials that are being developed include nanomaterials and biomaterials, etc. The basis of science involves studying the structure of materials. Once a materials scientist knows about this structure-property correlation, they can go on to study the relative performance of a material in a given application. The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and these characteristics, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics, govern a materials microstructure, and thus its properties. As mentioned above, structure is one of the most important components of the field of materials science, Materials science examines the structure of materials from the atomic scale, all the way up to the macro scale. Characterization is the way materials scientists examine the structure of a material, structure is studied at various levels, as detailed below
16.
Mathematics
–
Mathematics is the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope, Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof, when mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry, rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclids Elements. Galileo Galilei said, The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and it is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth, carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the Queen of the Sciences. Benjamin Peirce called mathematics the science that draws necessary conclusions, David Hilbert said of mathematics, We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules, rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise. Albert Einstein stated that as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics, Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, the history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns, in Babylonian mathematics elementary arithmetic first appears in the archaeological record. Numeracy pre-dated writing and numeral systems have many and diverse. Between 600 and 300 BC the Ancient Greeks began a study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics. Mathematics has since been extended, and there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to the benefit of both. Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today, the overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs. The word máthēma is derived from μανθάνω, while the modern Greek equivalent is μαθαίνω, in Greece, the word for mathematics came to have the narrower and more technical meaning mathematical study even in Classical times
17.
Mechanics
–
Mechanics is an area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment. The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle, during the early modern period, scientists such as Khayaam, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics. It is a branch of physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light. It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of, historically, classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newtons laws of motion in Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences, essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics in theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them. Quantum mechanics is of a scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the principle, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. The correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by quantum theories reproduces classical physics in the limit of quantum numbers. Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at the level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at the molecular, atomic. However, for macroscopic processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful. Modern descriptions of such behavior begin with a definition of such quantities as displacement, time, velocity, acceleration, mass. Until about 400 years ago, however, motion was explained from a different point of view. He showed that the speed of falling objects increases steadily during the time of their fall and this acceleration is the same for heavy objects as for light ones, provided air friction is discounted. The English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton improved this analysis by defining force and mass, for objects traveling at speeds close to the speed of light, Newton’s laws were superseded by Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. For atomic and subatomic particles, Newton’s laws were superseded by quantum theory, for everyday phenomena, however, Newton’s three laws of motion remain the cornerstone of dynamics, which is the study of what causes motion. In analogy to the distinction between quantum and classical mechanics, Einsteins general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of Newton, the differences between relativistic and Newtonian mechanics become significant and even dominant as the velocity of a massive body approaches the speed of light. Relativistic corrections are also needed for quantum mechanics, although general relativity has not been integrated, the two theories remain incompatible, a hurdle which must be overcome in developing a theory of everything
18.
Physics
–
Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
19.
University of Johannesburg
–
The University of Johannesburg is a public university located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Prior to the merger, the Daveyton and Soweto campuses of the former Vista University had been incorporated into RAU, as a result of the merger of Rand Afrikaans University, it is common for alumni to refer to the university as RAU. The university is one of the largest residential universities in the Republic of South Africa, during the Johannesburg gold rush a number of training institutions were founded to supply skilled labour to the gold mines demands. One of those institutions was Witwatersrand Technical Institute, founded in 1903 and it eventually became Technikon Witwatersrand in 1979. This institute was based on the British system and the medium of instruction was English, not only did its policies restrict access to white students only, but it also restricted admission to those who are well versed in the English language. In 2006, the property belonging to the Technikon Witwatersrand was sold by the University of Johannesburg and this led to the foundation of Rand Afrikaans University in 1966. After the fall of Apartheid in 1994, African students started to more involved in previously white institutions of higher education. In 1982, Vista University admitted the first black students in designated urban black settlements across South Africa and it was established in Port Elizabeth. It had seven campuses throughout South African townships, making tertiary education accessible to most African people. It was intentioned that a university would spring from unification. The University of Johannesburg, established on 1 January 2005, is the result of the incorporation of the East Rand, the merger of the modified RAU and the Technikon Witwatersrand took place on 1 January 2005 thus creating the University of Johannesburg. Indeed, no university in South Africa truly represents the rainbow nation like UJ. The incorporation and merger was part of a series of programmes which restructured higher education in South Africa. Consequently, this meant there was a reduction from 36 universities, South Africa now has 11 traditional universities,5 universities of technology and 6 comprehensive institutions. University of Johannesburg distinguishes itself from its previous institutions as a new, adaptable, early on it was decided that UJ did not want a coat of arms and motto, as are custom with other tertiary educational institutions in South Africa. The administration decided rather to opt for a logo and brand identity, an internal competition was held where current students could put forward their proposals. In the interim, the motto of the Rand Afrikaans University Diens Deur Kennis was maintained. The design by Joey Hifi was chosen as the logo of the university
20.
University of Pretoria
–
The University of Pretoria is a multi-campus public research university in Pretoria, the administrative and de facto capital of South Africa. The university has grown from the original 32 students in a single late Victorian house to approximately 39,000 in 2010, the University was built on 7 suburban campuses on 1,120 hectares. The University is organised into nine faculties and a business school, established in 1920, the University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science is the second oldest veterinary school in Africa and the only veterinary school in South Africa. In 2012 the Financial Times ranked the GIBS Executive MBA 1st in Africa, in 2008 the university awarded 15. 8% of all masters and doctorate degrees in South Africa, the highest percentage in the country. The university is referred to as UP, Tuks, or Tukkies and in post-nominals the university is typically abbreviated as Pret or UP. The proposal for a university for the capital, first mooted in the Volksraad in 1889, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Anglo Boer War in 1899, in 1896 the South African School of Mines was founded in Kimberley. Eight years later, in 1904, the school was moved to Johannesburg and was renamed the Transvaal Technical Institute, the schools name changed yet again in 1906 to Transvaal University College. In 1902 after the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging, the Normal College for teacher training was established in Groenkloof, Pretoria. Instruction commenced with 32 students,4 professors and 3 lecturers in the Kya Rosa,270 Skinner Street a late Victorian residence purchased from Leo Weinthal the then owner of The Press, the first four professors were Prof H. Th. Reinink, J. Purves, D. F. du Toit Malherbe, on 17 May 1910 the Johannesburg and Pretoria campuses separated, each becoming an independent institution. The Johannesburg campus being reincorporated as the South African School of Mines and Technology, the South African School of Mines and Technology would later go on to become the University of the Witwatersrand in 1922. In 1910 the TUC acquired its own campus in the East of Pretoria, the building’s striking Cape Dutch and Neo-Romanesque architectural style was recognised in 1968 when it was declared a provincial heritage site. During this time the name for the university, Tukkies or Tuks, was derived from the Afrikaans acronym for the college i. e. Transvaalse Universiteits-Kollege. The late 1910s and early 1920s saw the establishment of faculties as the academic activities were expanded. Courses in agriculture, theology, economics and political science, veterinary science, on 10 October 1930 the University of Pretoria Private Act, No.13 of 1930 changed the name of the TUC to the University of Pretoria. The TUC originally established as an English medium institution had evolved into the only bilingual university in South Africa. The rapid increase of Afrikaans speaking students brought about an imbalance between the demographics of students and the languages of instruction, by 1931, although 65% of students were Afrikaans speaking, 68% of the classes were conducted in English. In 1932 the University Council addressed the imbalance, deciding that Afrikaans would become the medium of instruction
21.
Curtin University
–
Curtin University is an Australian public research university based in Bentley, Perth, Western Australia. Curtin was conferred university status after legislation was passed by the Parliament of Western Australia in 1986, since then, the university has been expanding its presence and has campuses in Singapore and Sarawak. It has ties with 90 exchange universities in 20 countries, the University comprises five main faculties with over 95 specialists centres. The University formerly had a Sydney campus between 2005 &2016, on 17 September 2015, Curtin University Council made a decision to close its Sydney campus by early 2017. It is the only Western Australian university to produce a PhD recipient of the AINSE gold medal, Curtin has become active in research and partnerships overseas, particularly in mainland China. Western Australia has become an important exporter of minerals, petroleum, the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited the Woodside-funded hydrocarbon research facility during his visit to Australia in 2005. Curtin University was founded in 1966 as the Western Australian Institute of Technology and its nucleus comprised the tertiary programs of the Perth Technical College, which opened in 1900. Curtin Universitys current site in Bentley was selected in 1962, the first students enrolled the following year. In 1969, three institutions were merged with WAIT, the Western Australian School of Mines, the Muresk Agricultural College. Between 1966 and 1976 WAIT experienced an expansion from 2,000 to 10,000 students, in December 1986 the Western Australian Institute of Technology was made a university, under provisions of the WA Institute of Technology Amendment Act 1986. Curtin University took its name from the former Prime Minister of Australia, Curtin accepted its first students as a university 1987. In 2005, Curtin and Murdoch University were engaged in a feasibility study into the possibility of a merger, however, on 7 November 2005, both institutions issued a press release that such a merger would not be undertaken. In 2009, Curtin became the first university in the Australian Technology Network to be listed on the Academic Ranking of World Universities of research universities, in 2010, Curtin dropped the of Technology suffix, from then operating as Curtin University. The legal name remains Curtin University of Technology until the Act under which it operates is amended by the Western Australian government, Curtin has three smaller off-site campuses within the Perth metropolitan area. The universitys Health Research Campus is located in Shenton Park and accommodates the National Drug Research Institute, the ARRC is located in the Technology Park Belmont, adjacent to the main Bentley campus. Some University staff, researchers and students on practicum work in locations such as the Oral Health Centre of WA in Nedlands and at Royal Perth Hospital. Curtin has campuses outside Perth, the largest being the Western Australian School of Mines at Kalgoorlie, nursing is the only course offered in Geraldton. The Muresk Institute at Northam left Curtin in 2012, the campus in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia, is a significant development for the university and is Curtins largest international campus
22.
Queensland University of Technology
–
The Queensland University of Technology, abbreviated as QUT, is a public research university located in the urban coastal city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. QUT is located on three campuses in the Brisbane area, Gardens Point, Kelvin Grove, and Caboolture, QUT is a member of the Australian Technology Network of universities. The university had a total of 4,700 Full-time equivalent staff members in 2014, Queensland University of Technology has a history that dates back to 1849 when the Brisbane School of Arts was established. Queensland Institute of Technology succeeded the Central Technical College and was formed in 1965, as a result, QIT was granted university status and was operational as Queensland University of Technology from January 1989 onwards. Later, the Brisbane College of Advanced Education had joined with QUT in 1990, the Gardens Point campus was once solely occupied by the 19th Century building, the former Government House of Queensland. In 1909, during the relocation of the Governors residence, Old Government House, the first university on the site was the University of Queensland which was moved to St Lucia in 1945, where it remains today. QUT has three campuses, each is a micro-community, with academic, recreational, and support facilities. Gardens Point campus is located in Brisbane’s city centre, beside the Brisbane River and adjacent to the City Botanic Gardens, at the centre of the campus is the Old Government House which was built in 1862 and re-opened in 2009. The faculties of Business, Law, and Science and Engineering are based at this campus, Gardens Cultural Precinct Gardens Point campus hosts the Gardens Cultural Precinct, comprising the Gardens Theatre and QUT Art Museum, which offer a full theatre and exhibition program. The QUT Art Museum houses the art collection, which focuses on contemporary Australian art, including painting, sculpture, decorative art. The Museum opened in 2000 and attracted about 350,000 people in its first decade of operations, the building is a 1930s neo-classical revivalist building, and the QUT Art Museum was designed by Peddle Thorpe Architects, Brisbane. The Gardens Theatre features professional theatre, childrens theatre, and student showcases, the Gardens Point Precinct also comprises a cafe, bar, and free parking. The Gardens Theatre is a venue, formerly known as the Basil Jones Theatre. It was reopened as the Gardens Theatre in 1999 by the then Premier of Queensland and it provides space for QUT productions and visiting performers, and is the only theatre complex in Brisbanes central business district. Science and Engineering Centre The Science and Engineering Centre was completed in November 2012 and it brings together teaching and research in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. QUT has received gifts, and federal government funding to support the project’s $230 million budget. Kelvin Grove campus hosts the faculties of Creative Industries, Education, and Health as well as the QUT International College, Kelvin Grove campus is connected to the Kelvin Grove Urban Village, a development comprising private residences, education, retail, health, and business in one precinct. QUT Kelvin Grove Health Clinics offer services for free or low-cost to staff, students, the Caboolture campus, located 45 kilometres north of Brisbane, shares its campus with the Brisbane North Institute of TAFE
23.
RMIT University
–
RMIT University is an Australian public research university located in Melbourne, Victoria. It was made a university by act of the Parliament of Victoria in 1992 after merging with the Phillip Institute of Technology. With an annual revenue of A$1.163 billion in 2015, the foundation campus of RMIT forms part of the Melbourne city centre and is located on the northern edge of its Hoddle Grid. It began as the Working Mens College building, on the corner of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street, in addition to its City campus, it has two radial campuses in the Melbourne metropolitan area which are located in the northern suburbs of Brunswick and Bundoora. Outside of Australia, it has a presence in Asia and Europe, in Asia, it has two branch campuses in Vietnam which are located in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, and maintains teaching partnerships in China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. In Europe, it has a centre in Spain located in Barcelona. RMIT is rated a five star university by Quacquarelli Symonds and it is ranked as 16th in the world for art and design in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, which makes it the top art and design school in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere. It is also ranked as 16th in the top 50 universities under 50 years old by QS, the antecedent of RMIT, the Working Mens College of Melbourne, was founded by the Scottish-born grazier and politician The Hon. Francis Ormond in the 1880s. Ormond donated the sum of £5000 toward the foundation of the college and he was supported in the Victorian Parliament by Charles Pearson and in the Melbourne Trades Hall by William Murphy. The workers unions of Melbourne rallied their members to match Ormonds donation, the site for the college, on the corners of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street, opposite the Melbourne Public Library, was donated by the Victorian Government. The Working Mens College of Melbourne opened on June 4,1887, with a ceremony at the Melbourne Town Hall. It took 320 enrollments on its opening night and it opened as a night school for instruction in art, science and technology—in the words of its founder—especially to working men. Ormond was a believer in the transformative power of education and believed the college would be of great importance. In 1904, it was incorporated under the Companies Act as a private college, between the turn of the 20th century and the 1930s, it expanded over the neighbouring Old Melbourne Gaol and constructed buildings for new art, engineering and radio schools. It also made its first contribution to Australias war effort through training of returned military personnel from World War I, following a petition by students, it officially changed its name to the Melbourne Technical College in 1934. It became the higher education institution in Australia with the right of the prefix Royal along with the use of the monarchy of Englands regalia. Its name was changed to the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1960. During the mid-20th century, it was restructured as a provider of higher and vocational education
24.
University of Sydney
–
The University of Sydney is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is Australias first university and is regarded as one of the leading universities. The university comprises 16 faculties and schools, through which it offers bachelor, master, in 2011 it had 32,393 undergraduate and 16,627 graduate students. The university is known as one of Australias sandstone universities. Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty, the university has educated six prime ministers and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. Sydney has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars and several Gates Scholars and it would take two attempts on Wentworths behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry, by 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university and this was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created, anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, the New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities, prior to 1981, the Sydney Institute of Education was the Sydney Teachers College. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University, in February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St Johns College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research. This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research, at the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a modern look. The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal governments proposal to deregulate student fees. In order to enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs. In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the governing body. In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales, action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff
25.
University of the Sunshine Coast
–
The University of the Sunshine Coast is a public university based on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. Having opened in 1996 as the Sunshine Coast University College with 524 students, as at Semester 12015 the student body was 12,000. About 100 kilometres north of Brisbane, the campus is a 100-hectare flora and fauna reserve, undergraduate and postgraduate programs are offered in both faculties, with the majority of the universitys research focussed in two main areas, sustainability and regional engagement. The university also offers degree programs in conjunction with the Sunshine Coast Institute of TAFE. Study areas are divided into seven disciplines, Business and Information Technology, Communication and Design, Education, Health, Humanities and Social Sciences, Law and Science, the Law discipline area is under development, with the first intake to be Semester 12014. The university is listed on the Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students, the first discussions about a university for the Sunshine Coast region began in 1973. In 1989, the Australian federal government approved its establishment, on 1 July 1994 the Queensland parliament passed the Sunshine Coast University College Act 1994. The university was established in 1994 and opened in 1996, as the Sunshine Coast University College, the University of the Sunshine Coast Act 1998 was passed in Queensland parliament on 19 November of that year, legislating the independent status of the university. The university changed to its current name of the University of the Sunshine Coast in 1999 and it was created by the Australian government to serve the growing population of the Sunshine Coast region, north of Brisbane, in Queensland. The University of the Sunshine Coast is the first greenfields university established in Australia since 1971, the inaugural vice-chancellor was Professor Paul Thomas, AM, who took office with effect from 1 January 1996, having spent an earlier period as Planning President. Ian Kennedy, AO, a pastoralist, was an early chancellor, the student body has grown consistently since the university opened in 1996 with an intake of 524 students. At the 2012 semester 1 census, the university had 8,139 students, the university introduced paid parking at its Sippy Downs campus from February 2013, a move that garnered a negative response from some students and staff. Of the universitys 2,400 parking spaces, approximately 450 remain as free parking, since 2010, USC has been the only public institution in Queensland to receive five stars for teaching quality in the independently ranked Hobsons Good Universities Guide. In the 2010 edition of the guide, the university also earned five stars for staff qualifications, the university scored four stars for access by equity groups, gender balance, and for graduates satisfaction with their overall university experience. Its ratings for graduates satisfaction also remained the highest awarded to any university in Queensland. In 2007 the Australian Universities Quality Agency audited USC as part of their assessment of all Australian universities, AUQA is a national agency that operates independently of governments and the higher education sector. Graduates have consistently given the university top marks for educational experience, in March 2008 the university was one of 99 organisations nationally and one of 10 in Queensland to earn an Employer of Choice for Women citation. The citations are awarded annually by the federal governments Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency and it has received the citation for six consecutive years to 2010
26.
Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology
–
Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, founded in 1978, had been a specialist school connected to the petrochemical system. After a development initiative over decades, it became a university with eleven colleges. In 1978, a specialist school of technology and its second branch was established in Beijing. In 1985, the school was incorporated into the Sinopec, the largest oil company in China, in 1987, a new building was cornerstoned in Daxing, the southest area of Beijing. In 1990, the headquarters of the moved to Daxing. In 1992, the Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology was officially founded, in 2008, the BIPT celebrated its 30th anniversary, and a special logo was designed for the grand celebration. Students from chemical industry majors of BIPT come to the every year for field work based in the factory. Students of other majors also have a chance to visit the factory for one time during their college life and this is to deepen their understanding of theoretical knowledge and strengthen their competence. The BIPT has established a stable cooperative relationship with some overseas universities
27.
Beijing Jiaotong University
–
Beijing Jiaotong University, formerly Northern Jiaotong University, is one of the oldest universities in mainland China. The main campus is located near Xizhimen in central Beijing, the universitys name is often abbreviated by locals to JiaoDa. JiaoDa is a participant in the Ministry of Educations Project 211, the university was a component of Jiaotong University. In September 1909, the Postal Department of the Qing government founded the Railway Management Institute in Beijing, the Beijing campus was named National Jiaotong University, Beijing. In 1949, the Beijing campus was renamed Northern Jiaotong University, in September,2003, it was once again renamed Beijing Jiaotong University to make its favorable locality explicit. The Shanghai campus has since separated into two universities which are now Shanghai Jiaotong University and Xian Jiaotong University, with a sister branch in Nanchang. The university library has over a million books,3000 Chinese and foreign journals, as well as documents on microfiche. The Transportation, Engineering, Law and ICT Faculties are particularly well-regarded, the students at Beijing Jiaotong University are active in a societies that enrich their campus life in addition to their normal academic activities. Volunteers Societies which include the Red Cross Society, Journalist Society, the table is made with reference to “The Catalog of Undergraduate Programs of Regular Higher Education Institutions of China, 2012”. Length of Schooling, Urban and Rural Planning-5 years, Architecture-5 years, the programs marked with * are accredited by Washington Accord. Beijing Jiaotong University is one of the earliest universities which authorized by the Chinese government to enroll overseas students. Ever since BJTU has received over 3,000 foreign students and visiting scholars from as many as 71 countries and regions of Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, etc. Jiaotong has agreements with universities in the United States, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Singapore, Japan, Australia, U. S. President Barack Obama saw JiaoDa on a state visit to Beijing. Entering China is a students exchange program which is organized by Beijing Jiaotong University. The projects objective is to international education and cultural exchanges, promote Chinese culture and promote exchanges. The program is organized by Beijing Jiaotong University and the China Women and Children Development Center in order to provide comprehensive education services for international students. In 2007, Beijing Jiaotong University appointed Studypath as a technology partner to co-ordinate and liaise with students. The online service is a technological study-path available worldwide that supports the exchange program, Beijing Jiaoda still cooperates on some level with its sister, Shanghai Jiaotong University, with business and economics students being able to switch campus
28.
Chengdu University of Information Technology
–
Chengdu University of Information Technology is a Chinese university founded in 1951. It is a key developing provincial university joint building by China Meteorological Administration and it is the only university independently specializing in information technology in southwest China, and is the member of CDIO world organization. From 2004, It started to educate reserve army officers for strategic missile forces which named Second Artillery Corps in Peoples Liberation Army of the Peoples Republic of China, Chengdu University of Information Technology was established in 1951, named as Southwest Air force Meteorology Cadres Training Unit. It was restructured into Chengdu Meteorology School in 1956, and then upgraded to Chengdu Meteorology College in 1978 and it was transferred to university run by province from the one run by state in 2000 and changed its name as Chengdu University of Information Technology. In 2001, Sichuan Statistics School was incorporated into the university, key Laboratory of High Speed Signal Processing and implementation Provincial key laboratory of Sichuan province, established in 2001. Key Laboratory of Statistics Information Technology and Data Mining Ministerial key laboratory of National Bureau of Statistics of China, key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding Ministerial key laboratory of China Meteorological Administration, established on November 18,2005. Key Laboratory of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Provincial key laboratory of Sichuan province, key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Provincial key laboratory of Sichuan province, established in October 2010
29.
Shantou University
–
Shantou University, a key comprehensive university under the provincial Project 211 program in Guangdong, was founded in 1981 with the approval of the State Council. It is the public university that receives funding from the Li Ka Shing Foundation. It is also supported by the Ministry of Education, the Guangdong Provincial Government, STU is located in Shantou, a city in Southeast China. Surrounded by hills and water, the university campus is populated with elegant, Shantou University was founded in 1981 and started student enrollment in 1983. It is the institution of higher education in the Chaoshan area. STU, a key university under the provincial Project 211 program, was founded in 1981 with the approval of the State Council. The Li Ka Shing Foundation has committed and donated a total of HK$5.4 billion to support Shantou University and it is also planning to relocate the Medical College into the main campus and to develop a globally advanced curriculum focusing on life science. Since 2001, the University has conducted a profound internationalization-oriented reform, and overseas talents have been recruited to serve as provost, vice president and deans. Through a series of reforms in curriculum design, teaching, resources management and human resources system, it aims to offer a platform for the exploration of higher educational reform in China. ”STU is strongly supported by the Central, Provincial, and Municipal authorities. The Current General secretary visited the university in the early 1990s. ”Other leaders of the Central Government have also visited the university. Among them are President Hu Jintao, Premier Li Peng, NPC, Chairman Qiao Shi, CPPCC Chairman Li Ruihuan, Vice Premier Li Lanqing and Vice Governor of Guangdong Wang Yang. In 2012, the Ministry of Education, the Guangdong Provincial Government, the agreement was reached to support STU’s continuing reform efforts geared to an internationally renowned and nationally elite university. University is where students are developed with critical thinking skills, broad horizons, correct values, creative ideas on science and technology, as well as professional skills. Therefore, Mr. With the support and assistance of the Li Ka Shing Foundation and government officials at all levels, on August 26,1983, the State Council granted permission to establish STU. In 1983, STU began to enroll undergraduate students, and the Ministry of Education approved Shantou Medical Vocational School to be merged into STU, on January 1,1984, the STU foundation stone-laying ceremony was held. On June 20,1986, Deng Xiaoping received Mr. Li Ka-shing in Beijing and suggested that STU should develop along freer lines, on February 10,1987, the STU Council was established. On February 8,1990, the STU inauguration ceremony was held, in 1991, STU was listed among the universities to enroll students with scores above the first-round undergraduate admission cut-off mark. In 1993, STU was authorized to conduct Master’s programs, in December 1996, STU was short-listed as a candidate for the Project 211
30.
Tsinghua University
–
Tsinghua University is a research university located in Beijing, China, established in 1911. With strong research and training, Tsinghua University is consistently ranked as one of the top institutions in China. In the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion, American Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US $30 million plus Boxer indemnity paid by China to the United States was excessive. The faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States, in 1925, the school established its College Department and started its research institute on Chinese studies. In 1928, Tsinghua changed its name to National Tsing Hua University, after the war, Tsinghua moved back to Beijing and resumed its operations. When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, many university students walked out of the classrooms and it was not until 1978, after the Cultural Revolution had ended, that the university began to take in students again. Even so, Tsinghua University remained in the top tier of schools in China, since the 1980s, the university has incorporated a multidisciplinary system. As a result, several schools were re-incorporated, in 1996, Tsinghua School of Economics and Management established partnership with the Sloan School of Management at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. One year later, Tsinghua and MIT founded the MBA program Tsinghua-MIT Global MBA, most national and international university rankings place Tsinghua amongst the best universities in Mainland China. Admission to Tsinghua is extremely competitive, admission to Tsinghuas graduate schools is also very competitive, with, for example, only about 16% of MBA applicants admitted each year. With its motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development. The motto goes back to a speech with the title Gentleman given by Liang Qichao in 1914, as of 2003, Tsinghua University has 12 colleges and 48 departments,41 research institutes,35 research centers, and 167 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories. The university offers 51 bachelors degree programs,139 masters degree programs and 107 PhD programs, recently, Tsinghua has become the first Chinese university to offer a Master of Laws program in American law, through a cooperative venture with the Temple University Beasley School of Law. The university is a member of LAOTSE, a network of leading universities in Europe. Each year, the University celebrates the Intellectual Property Summer Institute in cooperation with Franklin Pierce Law Center of Concord and it has its own editorial, Tsinghua University Press. These scholars will live on the university campus at Schwarzman College, as of 2014, Tsinghua University has 19 schools and 55 departments covering a broad range of subjects, including science, engineering, arts and literature, social sciences, medicine. Department of Mathematical Sciences was established in 1927, as one of the premier Departments of Mathematical Sciences in China, DMS has produced many famous Chinese mathematicians such as Shiing-Shen Chern and Luogeng Hua. In 1952, Tsinghua DMS was merged with the Peking University Department of Mathematical Sciences, then in 1979 it was renamed Department of Applied Mathematics, and renamed again in 1999 to its current title
31.
Yanshan University
–
Yanshan University is a university in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China under the provincial government. It has student population of 39,000 and a population of 3200. It is a key school and run state key lab in its campus. The origin of Yanshan University can be traced back to the Harbin Institute of Technology founded in 1920, in 1960, the school became independent as the Northeast Heavy Machinery Institute, and in 1978, it was accredited as one of the eighty-eight national key institutions of higher learning. The YSU campus covers an area of 5,000 mu with a construction area of nearly one million square meters. At present, the university has a faculty and staff of 3000, including 2,000 teachers, the university has a student population of 39,000. YSU consists of colleges and schools. In 1999, YSU established its high-tech park in the Qinhuangdao Economic, main schools 1. School of Electrical Engineering At present, SEE has 233 staff and faculty members, of which 61 are professors, and 58 are associate professors. The School has 3859 students. There are 185 staff and faculty in the school, of which 130 are teachers, There are a considerable number of teachers with experience of studying abroad. The school has 87 doctoral degree candidates,736 masters degree candidates, information Science and Technology are strong discipline group of Hebei Province, and Optical Engineering, Circuits and Systems, Computer Application Technology are key disciplines of Hebei Province. The school has 2 Key Provincial Laboratories, the optical fibre and fibre optic sensing laboratory. Furthermore, there are four master programs awarding entitlement in Computer Technology, Software Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, the school receives the total research funding of more than 37 million RMB, has more than 10 patents,16 teaching and research awards of provincial and ministerial level. More than 500 papers published in international journals and more than 20 monographs. SISE is getting more attention with the Scientific and technological innovation activities of students, School of Mechanical Engineering There are more than 300 teachers in the SME, among whom 82 are professors and 77 are associate professors. At present, there are a total of 3918 students in the SME,4. School of Materials Science and Engineering The school employs 103 faculty members and staff, including 50 Professors,13 Associate Professors, and 8 Senior Engineers. 16 professors are the recipients of Government Special Allowance, and one professor is entitled the National Modeling Teacher, in the last five years, more than 980 papers were published in highly recognised journals such as Nature, Phys. Soc. and 37 patents were issued, the school currently enrols 1201 students including 753 undergraduates,310 master students, and 138 Ph. D students. The programs aim at cultivating highly qualified students with virtues and personalities, since 2007, over 50% undergraduates in the school were enrolled into graduate programs
32.
University of Auckland
–
The University of Auckland is the largest university in New Zealand, located in the countrys largest city, Auckland. It is the university in the country, being ranked 81st worldwide in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. Established in 1883 as a constituent college of the University of New Zealand and it has a head count of more than 40,000 students, and more than 30,000 equivalent full-time students. The University of Auckland began as a constituent of the University of New Zealand, stewardship of the University during its establishment period was the responsibility of John Chapman Andrew. By 1901, student numbers had risen to 156, the majority of students were training towards being law clerks or teachers and were enrolled part-time. From 1905 onwards, a number of students enrolled in commerce studies. The University conducted little research until the 1930s, when there was a spike in interest in research during the Depression. In 1934, four new professors joined the college, Arthur Sewell, H. G. Forder, the combination of new talent, and academic freedom, saw Auckland University College flourish through to the 1950s. In 1950, the Elam School of Fine Arts was brought into the University of Auckland, archie Fisher, who had been appointed principal of the Elam School of Fine Arts was instrumental in having it brought in the University of Auckland. The University of New Zealand was dissolved in 1961 and the University of Auckland was empowered by the University of Auckland Act 1961. In 1966, lecturers Keith Sinclair and Bob Chapman established The University of Auckland Art Collection, the Collection is now managed by the Centre for Art Research, based at the Gus Fisher Gallery. The Stage A of the Science building is opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother on 3 May, Queen Elizabeth II opened the new School of Medicine Building at Grafton on 24 March 1970. The Queen also opened the Liggins Institute in 2002, the North Shore Campus, established in 2001, was located in the suburb of Takapuna. It offered the Bachelor of Business and Information Management degree, at the end of 2006, the campus was closed and the degree relocated to the City campus. On 1 September 2004, the Auckland College of Education merged with the Universitys School of Education to form the Faculty of Education, the faculty is based at the Epsom Campus of the former college, with an additional campus in Whangarei. Professor Stuart McCutcheon became Vice-Chancellor on 1 January 2005 and he was previously the Vice-Chancellor of Victoria University of Wellington. He succeeded Dr John Hood, who was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, the University opened a new business school building in 2007, following the completion of the Information Commons. It has recently gained international accreditations for all its programmes and now completes the Triple Crown, in May 2013 the University purchased a site for new 5 hectare campus adjacent to the major business area in Newmarket
33.
Singapore Polytechnic
–
Singapore Polytechnic is an institution of higher learning in Singapore. It is also the first polytechnic established in Singapore and it was founded on 27 October 1954 to provide studies, training and research in technology, science, commerce and the arts. The former campus was located at Prince Edward Road and was relocated to its present-day location at Dover next to Dover MRT Station in 1978. As an industry-oriented alternative to a broader based high school education, in contrast to polytechnics in the United States and UK, polytechnics in Singapore admit majority of its students after middle school which is after 10 years of formal education. Diplomas in a area of study, for example Biomedical Science, is awarded after completing 3 years of studies. 2010 saw Singapore Polytechnics 50th graduation ceremony and 150, 000th graduate, to date, over 189,000 students have graduated from Singapore Polytechnic. Singapore Polytechnic offers full-time diploma courses and a range of continuing education programmes, other facilities include an external rock climbing wall and 2 rooftop Tennis Courts. Moberly is the oldest block of SP, once a British army barracks, the building has been refurbished into a recreational hub. It contains seven pool tables, jamming studios, karaoke rooms, a cafe, the alumni clubhouse, Singapore Polytechnic Graduates Guild, is next to the campus, and contains a bowling alley, swimming pool, pool room, a gym and a restaurant. Kindergarten within the campus for children of staff, two libraries, the Main Library and Hilltop Library. The Main Library houses the first Makerspace in a Singapore library, aerohub, A four-storey building that houses an aircraft hangar, laboratories and a Research & Development centre. There are 4 aircraft in the hangar, Hawker HS125-700A, King Air B90, A4SU Super Skyhawk, the Polytechnic has been awarded the Singapore Quality Class as well as the ISO9001 and ISO14001 certifications. It has also won the Singapore Public Service Award for Organisational Excellence, SP received the Presidents Award for the Environment in 2010. In 2011, SP won the South West Environment and Community Award, the award recognises exemplar efforts of organisations that have contributed to environmental and community sustainability in the district. All SP Scholars will automatically be placed under this programme, other eligible students will be invited to join SPOT based on their academic results, CCA performance and lecturers recommendation. EAE is an exercise that allows students to apply and receive conditional offers for admission to polytechnic based on their aptitudes. This exercise replaced the Direct Polytechnic Admissions Exercise and Joint Polytechnic Special Admissions Exercise
34.
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City
–
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City is one of the two largest national universities in Vietnam. The headquarters of the university is in Linh Trung ward, Thủ Đức District, Thu Duc University Village, the university is planning a new campus project with the area of 643.7 ha. On 12 February 2001, Vietnamese Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải signed a Decision no, 15/2001/QĐ-TTg on reorganization of this university. Also in this decision, some universities were split from Ho Chi Minh City National University. To be a student of High School for Gifted, an applicant needs to pass a very challenging exam, annually, about 30 top students from approximately 4000+ will be admitted for each subject. The requirements for entrance exams are subjected to change each year, however, the specialized subject score cannot be lower than 6 out of 10. The total score varies from 24 to 30 depending on what subject students choose to take, teachers are usually professors from campuses of the National University of Vietnam. Furthermore, for specialized subjects, students are supposed to learn up to freshmen or sophomore level in college, the school is best known for its record in a lot of national and international competitions. College level of IT, Electronics, Math – Applied IT, diploma may be issued by National University or by its partners. The university offer Ph. D programmes in, Biotechnology and Business Administration, University level education of Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Information System and Network and Communication. Masters Degree, Computer Science Dotoral Degree, Computer Science The university was founded in 2000 as the Faculty of Economics under Viet Nam National University, in 2010, the faculty was promoted to member university status. Masters Degree, Economics, Economics and Public Management, Political Economy, International Economics, Banking and Finance, Business Management, Economic Law, Civil Law and Civil Procedure. Doctoral Degree, Economics, political economy, finance-banking, Economic Law The university was founded officially in March 2008 under the form of a partnership between Vietnam and German, in its administrative and academic structure, VGU follows the German model and standards. VGU currently offers Bachelor’s and Masters programs, covering the fields of engineering, according to that decision, VGU is now a member of VNU-HCM. Dr. Huỳnh Thành Đạt Vice Presidents, Dr. Nguyễn Đức Nghĩa Assoc, prof. Dr. Nguyễn Hội Nghĩa Assoc
35.
Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
–
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences is the largest University of Applied Sciences in Finland situated in Helsinki metropolitan area. The university has four fields of study, culture, business, health care and social services, teaching is also provided in English. The number of students is 16,500 and the staff about 1,050, in the year 2015 nearly 2900 students graduated from Metropolia. EVTEK University of Applied Sciences and Helsinki Polytechnic Stadia merged into Metropolia University of Applied Sciences on 1 August 2008, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences is one of the most international universities of applied sciences in Finland. Twelve international degree programmes, student and teacher mobility, work placement opportunities abroad, over 1450 foreign students representing 90 nationalities study in Metropolia. Some 550 Metropolian students visit partner schools abroad as exchanges of over 3 months, Metropolia has over 400 partner universities around the world. In the year 2015 the number of staff was 1050, the shareholders in the company are the capital region cities Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen and the municipality of Kirkkonummi. The Managing Director, President is Ms Riitta Konkola, by the year 2019 Metropolia will concentrate on four campuses, Espoo Leppävaara, Helsinki Arabianranta and Myllypuro and Vantaa Myyrmäki. The new campus in Myllypuro will be housing over 6000 students and the school administration
