1.
Phi Kappa Sigma
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Phi Kappa Sigma is an international all-male college secret and social fraternity. Its members are known as PKS, Phi Kaps, Skulls and sometimes Skullhouse, Phi Kappa Sigma was founded by Dr. Samuel Brown Wylie Mitchell at the University of Pennsylvania. Mitchell recorded the ideas and concepts of Phi Kappa Sigma on August 16,1850. He then began to discuss the idea with students, first Charles Hare Hutchinson, and then Alfred Victor du Pont, John Thorne Stone, Andrew Adams Ripka, James Bayard Hodge. The fraternitys badge was designed by its founder, Dr. Samuel Brown Wylie Mitchell, outside of changes in size, its official design has remained the same. In the shape of a Maltese cross, the badge is old gold with black decoration, the center of the cross is anchored by a skull and crossbones. The four leaves of the display, individually, the Greek letters Phi, Kappa. The fourth and top leaf display a six-pointed star, the back of the badge has an engraved serpent echoing the serpent from the fraternitys coat of arms. In 2016, the fraternity chapter at Texas Christian University was closed down for heavy drug usage, see List of Phi Kappa Sigma chapters Skip Bayless, sports journalist, ESPN anchor Derek Bok, 25th President of Harvard University, 7th Dean of Harvard Law School Roger B. Chaffee, Navy pilot, NASA astronaut, killed during Apollo 1 training exercise
2.
Secret society
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A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, and inner functioning are concealed from non-members. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence, the term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence. Anthropologically and historically, secret societies are deeply interlinked with the concept of the Männerbund, a purported family tree of secret societies has been proposed, although it may not be comprehensive. Alan Axelrod, author of the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, defines a secret society as an organization that, shows a strong inclination to favor its own. David V. Barrett, author of Secret Societies, From the Ancient and Arcane to the Modern and Clandestine, uses slightly different terms to define what does and does not qualify as a secret society. Barrett goes on to say that a characteristic common to most of them is the practice of rituals which non-members are not permitted to observe. Because some secret societies have political aims, they are illegal in several countries, poland, for example, has included a ban on secret political parties and political organizations in its constitution. Many student societies established on university campuses in the United States have been considered secret societies, perhaps one of the most famous secret collegiate societies is Skull and Bones at Yale University. One of the best known British secret societies is the Cambridge Apostles, founded as an essay, in France, Vandermonde is the secret society of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Notable examples in Canada include Episkopon at the University of Torontos Trinity College, Secret societies are disallowed in a few colleges. The goals of the society remain unknown, but it is believed that they are involved in cryptography, the International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders. Secret Societies in America, The North American Review, Vol.164, conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. Geheimgesellschaften, Kulturhistorische Sozialstudien, Secret Societies, Comparative Studies in Culture, Society, the Mythology of the Secret Societies. Pledged, The Secret Life of Sororities, New York, Hamilton Printing & Publishing Company. Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries, Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, a comprehensive, though dated, review of the subject. Useful histories of Secret Societies in Australia and of Rise and Fall of English Freemasonry on non-commercial site <www. fraternalsecrets. org>
3.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
4.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Russell Trust Association
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The Russell Trust Association is the business name for the New Haven, Connecticut based Skull and Bones society, incorporated in 1856. The Russell Trust was incorporated by William Huntington Russell as its president, Gilman later went on to become president of the University of California at Berkeley and Johns Hopkins University before leaving to become the first president of the Carnegie Foundation. Gilman also served as one of the first board members of the Russell Sage Foundation, in 1943, by special act of the Connecticut state legislature, its trustees were granted an exemption from filing corporate reports with the Secretary of State, which is normally a requirement. From 1978 until his death in 1988, business of the Russell Trust Association was handled by its single trustee, madden started with Brown Brothers Harriman in 1946, under senior partner Prescott Bush. According to a 2012 filing with the IRS, the Russell Trust Association has assets of $4,226,091, including the structure at 64 High St. in New Haven, recent topics have included homeland security, corporate governance and US international relations. The business and political network of the Skull and Bones was detailed by Hoover Institution scholar Antony C. Sutton in the exposé, social organizations connected to the Russell Trust network include Deer Island Club, which also operates as a corporation
7.
Linonian Society
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Linonia is a literary and debating society founded in 1753 at Yale University. It is one of the universitys oldest secret societies, Linonia was founded in 1753 as Yale Colleges second literary and debating society. By the late century, all incoming freshmen at Yale College became members either of Linonia or its rival society, Brothers in Unity. Other debating societies arose throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, notably Crotonia in 1738 and Calliope in 1819, following this shift, the Linonian Society was reconstituted in the mold of Yales other collegiate secret societies. However, instead of tapping only rising seniors, it draws from the Yale Law School, Yale Graduate School and Yale School of Management, according to tradition, Linonia participates in Yales tap night during the second week of April. In contrast to other biography oriented societies, meetings often involve debate on intellectual and political topics, at the time of the formation of Yales central library in 1871, Linonia and Brothers donated their respective literary collections to the university. Both societies had kept substantial collections of works not deemed suitable by the Yale faculty, the donation is commemorated in the Linonia and Brothers Reading Room at Yales Sterling Memorial Library. The reading room contains the Linonia and Brothers collection, a collection, a collection devoted to medieval history. The Linonian Society, Brothers in Unity, and Calliope are all commemorated with their own courtyards in Branford College, timothy Dwight IV - Class of 1767 - An American academic and educator, a Congregationalist minister, theologian, and author. He was the president of Yale College Abraham Baldwin - Class of 1772 - An American politician, Patriot. Baldwin was a Georgia representative in the Continental Congress and served in the United States House of Representatives, Baldwin was the founding father of the University of Georgia, first state-charted public institution of higher education in the United States and served as its first president. He represented Connecticut in both the U. S. John C. S, patent Office, where he encouraged innovation by inventors Samuel F. B. Roger Sherman Baldwin- Class of 1811 - An American lawyer involved in the Amistad case, who became the 32nd Governor of Connecticut. Asa Thurston - Class of 1818 - First American Christian Missionary to the Hawaiian Islands, nathaniel Parker Willis - Class of 1827 - An American author, poet and editor who worked with several notable American writers including Edgar Allan Poe and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He was the president of Columbia University in New York City. Ebenezer Kingsbury Hunt - Class of 1833 - a prominent physician in Hartford, the E. K. Hunt Chair of Anatomy at Yale University is named after Ebenezer Kingsbury Hunt. William M. Evarts - Class of 1837 - An American lawyer and statesman who served as U. S. Secretary of State, U. S. Attorney General and U. S. Josiah Whitney - Class of 1839 - An American geologist, professor of geology at Harvard University, and chief of the California Geological Survey
8.
Brothers in Unity
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Brothers in Unity is a four-year secret society at Yale University. It used to be a debating society, the Society of Brothers in Unity at Yale College was founded by 21 members of the Yale classes of 1768,1769,1770 and 1771. The founders included David Humphreys, who is noted in the societys public 1841 catalogue as the cornerstone of the founding class. Humphreys, a freshman of the class of 1771, persuaded two members of the class, three junior class members, two sophomores, and 14 freshmen to support the societys founding. Immediately after its conception, the societys unorthodox class composition was challenged by other literary groups at Yale College. It is speculated that this initiated the Brothers near 250-year rivalry with Linonia. Within a year, however, Brothers in Unity became fully independent, the Yale College freshman class of 1771 yielded 15 members of Brothers in Unity, while Linonia accepted four, the first noted point in which underclassmen were publicly accepted into a Yale society. The Brothers adopted the motto E parvis oriuntur magna between 1768 and 1769, in conjunction with Linonia and the Calliopean Society, Brothers in Unity was noted by Baldwin to discuss scientific questions and gravitate towards literary pursuits. 26 Yale valedictorians after the positions 1798 founding are attributed to the Society, membership to the Brothers and the Linonian Society divided the students of Yale College beginning in the turn of the 19th century. Both held expansive literary collections, which used to compete against each other. Between 1780 and 1841, the Brothers claimed right to more volumes than Linonia, Brothers in Unity claims membership of John C. Calhoun, who was assigned to Linonia, but had undiminished attachment to the Brothers. At the time of the formation of Yales central library, Linonia, the donation is commemorated in the Linonia and Brothers Reading Room of Yales Sterling Memorial Library. The reading room contains the Linonia and Brothers collection, a collection, a collection devoted to medieval history. Both societies continued their existence in secrecy, recanting their roles as intellectual colloquiums and instead prioritizing power, Linonia morphed into the template of other Yale secret societies, although its current existence is still questioned and its membership is not disclosed to the public as of 2012. While unsubstantiated, Linonia is said to participate in Yales April tap night, unlike Linonia, Brothers in Unity refrained from association with the customs of Yales senior societies. The society is rumored to tap a small cohort of members from each class during the fall semester, internally, the society is referenced as the Brotherhood, a community stressing unilateral action amongst members to acquire power in the realms of business, politics, and philanthropy. However, public knowledge of traditions, discussions, and society regulations of Brothers in Unity ended after its 19th-century turn to secrecy
9.
Calliopean Society
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Its name refers to Calliope, first and wisest of the muses, the muse of epic poetry, and daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Calliopean was distinguished at Yale from its rival societies Linonia and Brothers-In-Unity by possessing a larger portion of its membership originating from the Southern states. Increasing sectional tensions prior to the American Civil War caused Calliopean to suspend its activities and it was subsequently revived and has repeatedly again lapsed into hibernation, its periods of inactivity typically coinciding with major wars. M. Stanton Evans, Class of 1955, later a syndicated columnist, Calliopean was then remodeled into a Senior Honorary Society, on the models of the Aurelian Honor Society and the Torch Honor Society. Membership was limited to members of the Yale College senior class, Calliopean became increasingly active during the 1970s during the presidency of Martin D. For many decades, the Calliopean Society had no physical location, listing itself as located at 1985 Yale Station, New Haven and its 1985 box number had been chosen to refer to the inevitable victory of the West over the collectivist totalitarianism described in George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. During much of the 1970s and 1980s, Calliopean was given by the university use of the space in Bingham Hall equipped with an old observatory dome. The Calliopean Society is commemorated on the Yale University campus by Calliope Court, one of three small courtyards within Branford College
10.
Phi Beta Kappa Society
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
11.
William Huntington Russell
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William Huntington Russell was an American businessman, educator, and politician. He was the founder of the Yale University secret society Skull and he was a descendant of several old New England families, including those of Pierpont, Hooker, Willett, Bingham, and Russell. His ancestor Rev. Noadiah Russell was a founder and original trustee of Yale College, in 1828, Williams father died, piling family responsibility on to him. Under severe financial restraints, he entered Yale College and he supported himself throughout his college years. In 1823 Samuel Russell, his cousin founded Russell & Co. Russell had planned on entering the ministry, in September 1836, he opened a private prep school for boys in a small dwelling house. The school would become known as the New Haven Collegiate and Commercial Institute, to begin with, the school was only attended by a small number of boys, but by the time of Russells death the school had become well known and had graduated around 4,000 boys. In about 1840, Russell introduced a very thorough military drill and he foresaw a Civil War in the future, and wanted to make sure his boys were prepared to fight for the Union. His students were so well schooled in military affairs that on the outbreak of Civil War some were enlisted as drill instructors and he not only gave his students to the Union army, but also his own services. Governor William Alfred Buckingham realized that Russell was one of the most knowledgeable men in military affairs, for this reason, Russell was hired to organize the Connecticut militia. He was later made a major-general by act of the legislature, from 1846 to 1847, Russell served as a Whig in the Connecticut state legislature. Upon the repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854, he became active as one of the leaders of the movement which resulted in the organization of the Republican Party and he was a strong abolitionist and a friend of John Brown. Russell was named as a trustee in the will of John Brown and he was also the Connecticut representative on the National Kansas Committee. In 1856, with several other Bonesmen, he incorporated Skull and Bones as the Russell Trust, the Russell Trust Association is a tax-exempt association, it holds possession of the Skull and Bones Hall at Yale University and the societys holiday island, Deer Island. In May 1885, Russell saw some boys throwing stones at birds in the park in New Haven, Russell sought to protect the birds from the boys. The activity was too much for him and he fell unconscious from a rupture of a blood vessel. William Huntington Russell and the Collegiate and Commercial Institute, Journal of the New Haven Colony Historical Society 18, no
12.
Alphonso Taft
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Alphonso Taft was a jurist, diplomat, Attorney General and Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant. He was also the founder of an American political dynasty, and father of President, as Secretary of War, Taft reformed the War Department by allowing commanders at Indian forts to choose who could start and run post traderships. While serving as Attorney General, he held that African Americans must not be denied the right to vote through intimidation. Attorney General Taft coauthored a bill to Congress, signed into law by President Grant, in 1882 Taft was appointed as minister to Austria-Hungary by Chester A. Arthur in 1882. He served until July 4,1884, and was transferred by President Arthur to Minister of Russia in St. Petersburg. Taft had a reputation for serving political office with integrity and character, Alphonso Taft was born in Townshend, Vermont, the only child of Peter Rawson Taft of the powerful Taft family and Sylvia Howard, on November 5,1810. He was descended from Robert Taft who had migrated to America from England in 1640 and his mother Sylvia was either of Scotch or Irish descent. While the Taft family was of substance and education, they were not considered wealthy, Taft attended local schools until the age of sixteen. He then taught school to earn money to attend Amherst Academy, Taft entered Yale College in 1829 and he graduated four years later in 1833. Taft helped create the society known as Skull and Bones in 1832 with William Huntington Russell. Upon graduation, again to earn money, Taft was an instructor at Ellington and he subsequently studied law at the Yale Law School and was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1838. While studying law Taft held a tutorship at Yale, Taft had no desire to remain in New England, and he stated to his father Peter in a letter written on July 22,1837 that Vermont was a noble state to emigrate from. Taft did not want to practice law in New York because he believed people were under the influence of wealth. In 1839 Taft migrated to Cincinnati where he was a member of the Cincinnati City Council and he was a member of the boards of trustees of the University of Cincinnati and of Yale College. His first wife was the daughter of Judge Charles Phelps, of Townshend, Vermont, Fanny whom he married in 1841 and with whom he had five children, Fanny Phelps Taft died on June 2,1852, a few days before her last childs death. On December 26,1853, he married again to Louisa Maria, his cousin twice removed. They also had five children, one of whom died in infancy, the estate of Alphonso Taft and family, in Mount Auburn, one mile north of downtown Cincinnati, has been restored to its original appearance. It is open to the public and it is now called the William Howard Taft National Historic Site
13.
Daniel Coit Gilman
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Daniel Coit Gilman was an American educator and academic. He was also co-founder of the Russell Trust Association, which administers the affairs of Yales Skull. At Yale he was a classmate of Andrew Dickson White, who would serve as first president of Cornell University. The two were members of the Skull and Bones secret society, and traveled to Europe together after graduation, Gilman was also a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. Gilman would later co-found the Russell Trust Association, the foundation behind Skull, Gilman contemplated going into the ministry, and even took out a license to preach, but later settled on a career in education. From 1856 to 1865 Gilman served as librarian of Yale College, in 1863, Gilman was appointed professor of geography at the Sheffield Scientific School, and became secretary and librarian as well in 1866. His work there was hampered by the legislature, and in 1875 Gilman accepted the offer to establish. Before being formally installed as president in 1876, he spent a year studying university organization and his formal inauguration, on 22 February 1876, has become Hopkins Commemoration Day, the day on which many university presidents have chosen to be installed in office. Gilmans primary interest was in fostering advanced instruction and research, the aim of the modern research university, said Gilman, was to extend, even by minute accretions, the realm of knowledge At his inaugural address at Hopkins, Gilman asked, What are we aiming at. The answer, he said, was the encouragement of research and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advance the sciences they pursue, in 1884, Gilman was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Gilman was also active in founding Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins Medical School and he founded and was for many years president of the Charity Organization of Baltimore, and in 1897 he served on the commission to draft a new charter for Baltimore. From 1896 to 1897, he was a member of the commission to settle the line between Venezuela and British Guiana. Gilman served as a trustee of the John F. Slater and Peabody education funds, in this capacity, he became active in the promotion of education in the southern United States. He retired from Johns Hopkins in 1901, but accepted the presidency of the newly founded Carnegie Institution of Washington and his books include biographies of James Monroe and James Dwight Dana, a collection of addresses entitled University Problems, and The Launching of a University. His first wife was Mary Van Winker Ketcham, daughter of Tredwell Ketcham of New York, Daniel Gilmans brother Dr. Edward Whiting Gilman was married to Julia Silliman, daughter of Yale Professor and chemist Benjamin Silliman. Daniel Coit Gilman died in Norwich, Connecticut, the original academic building on the Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University, Gilman Hall, is named in his honor. In 1897, he helped found a school called The Country School for Boys on the Johns Hopkins campus. Upon relocation in 1910, it was renamed in his honor and today, on the University of California, Berkeley campus, Gilman Hall, also named in his honor, is the oldest building of the College of Chemistry and a National Historic Chemical Landmark
14.
Freshman
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A student or pupil is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution. In Britain those attending university are termed students, in the United States, and more recently also in Britain, the term student is applied to both categories. In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning, including mid-career adults who are taking vocational education or returning to university. When speaking about learning outside an institution, student is used to refer to someone who is learning a topic or who is a student of a certain topic or person. In Nigeria, education is classified into four system known as 6-3-3-4 system of education and it implies six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in the university. However, the number of years to be spent in university is determined by the course of study. Some courses have longer study length than others and those in primary school are often referred to as pupils. Those in university as well as those in school are being referred to as students. Six years of school education in Singapore is compulsory. International Schools are subject to overseas curriculums, such as the British, Primary education is compulsory in Bangladesh. Its a near crime to not to children to primary school when they are of age. But it is not a punishable crime, because of the socio-economic state of Bangladesh, child labour is sometimes legal. But the guardian must ensure the primary education, everyone who is learning in any institute or even online may be called student in Bangladesh. Sometimes students taking undergraduate education is called undergraduates and students taking post-graduate education may be called post-graduates, Education System Of Bangladesh, Education is free in Brunei. Darussalam not limited to government educational institutions but also private educational institutions, there are mainly two types of educational institutions, government or public, and private institutions. Several stages have to be undergone by the prospective students leading to higher qualifications, Primary School Secondary School High School Colleges University Level It takes six and five years to complete the primary and secondary levels respectively. Upon completing these two stages, students/pupils have freedom to progress to sixth-form centers, colleges or probably straight to employment. Students are permitted to progress towards university level programs in both government and private university colleges, Education in Cambodia is free for all the students who study in Primary School, Secondary School or High School
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Student
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A student or pupil is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution. In Britain those attending university are termed students, in the United States, and more recently also in Britain, the term student is applied to both categories. In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning, including mid-career adults who are taking vocational education or returning to university. When speaking about learning outside an institution, student is used to refer to someone who is learning a topic or who is a student of a certain topic or person. In Nigeria, education is classified into four system known as 6-3-3-4 system of education and it implies six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in the university. However, the number of years to be spent in university is determined by the course of study. Some courses have longer study length than others and those in primary school are often referred to as pupils. Those in university as well as those in school are being referred to as students. Six years of school education in Singapore is compulsory. International Schools are subject to overseas curriculums, such as the British, Primary education is compulsory in Bangladesh. Its a near crime to not to children to primary school when they are of age. But it is not a punishable crime, because of the socio-economic state of Bangladesh, child labour is sometimes legal. But the guardian must ensure the primary education, everyone who is learning in any institute or even online may be called student in Bangladesh. Sometimes students taking undergraduate education is called undergraduates and students taking post-graduate education may be called post-graduates, Education System Of Bangladesh, Education is free in Brunei. Darussalam not limited to government educational institutions but also private educational institutions, there are mainly two types of educational institutions, government or public, and private institutions. Several stages have to be undergone by the prospective students leading to higher qualifications, Primary School Secondary School High School Colleges University Level It takes six and five years to complete the primary and secondary levels respectively. Upon completing these two stages, students/pupils have freedom to progress to sixth-form centers, colleges or probably straight to employment. Students are permitted to progress towards university level programs in both government and private university colleges, Education in Cambodia is free for all the students who study in Primary School, Secondary School or High School
16.
Wing (building)
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A wing is part of a building - or any feature of a building - that is subordinate to the main, central structure. The individual wings may directly adjoin the building or may be built separately. New buildings may incorporate wings from the outset or these may be added at a date as part of an expansion or remodelling. In medieval and early times, kings, princes and nobles upgraded their palaces, stately homes. The larger the building complex, the wealthier and more powerful the owner would seem to the beholder, the Palace of Versailles, the Lateran Palace in Rome or Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam are well known examples of a large number of particularly grand palaces or stately homes. In modern architecture, wings are found on public buildings as well as business premises. For example, hospitals frequently have different wings each with separate functions, wings may be named after their function, their orientation or a notable person. Wings create more surface for more natural lighting and for safety-critical buildings such as laboratories, shorten escape routes. Corps de logis Pevsner, Honour, Fleming, Lexikon der Weltarchitektur, 2nd edn
17.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
18.
Brownstone
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Brownstone is a brown Triassic-Jurassic sandstone which was once a popular building material. The term is used in the United States to refer to a townhouse clad in this material. In the 19th century, Basswood Island, Wisconsin, was the site of a run by the Bass Island Brownstone Company which operated from 1868 into the 1890s. The stone comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, the Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone, connecticut River Brownstone, is also very popular. C. and Baltimore. Quarries from the Passaic Formation in northern New Jersey once supplied most of the used in New York City. The Manhattan neighborhood of the Upper West Side, too, retains many brownstones, Brownstones also predominate in some Hudson County neighborhoods directly across the Hudson River from Manhattan, especially in Hoboken and around Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park in Jersey City. New York City brownstones usually cost several million dollars to purchase, a typical architectural detail of brownstones in and around New York City is the stoop, a steep staircase rising from the street to the entrance on what amounts to almost the second-floor level. This design was seen as hygienic at the many were built. Lately, it has become fashionable to use the term brownstone to refer to almost any townhouse from a certain period, many townhouses in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, for example, are basically built of brick, some having concrete masonry cladding to make them resemble actual stone. The Rittenhouse Square and Fairmount, Philadelphia neighborhoods of Philadelphia also include examples of brownstone architecture, many of these homes have been converted into apartment buildings. Back Bay, Boston, is known for its Victorian brownstone homes – considered some of the examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States. Although some brownstones exist in Chicago, a similar residential form known as greystones are by far more prevalent, a greystone is a type of residential structure that utilizes Indiana limestone for its facade, regardless of its overall architectural style. As in Brooklyn, there exists a Greystone Belt in Chicago, with numbers of such structures located in the south. It is estimated that around 30,000 of Chicagos greystones built between 1890 and 1930 are still standing, Brownstone, also known as freestone due to its durability and advantages as a building material, was used by early Quakers in Pennsylvania to construct stone mills and mill houses. In central Pennsylvania, some 1700s-era structures survive, including one used as a residence. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13, cS1 maint, BOT, original-url status unknown in Wisconsin. Website devoted to the Weser brownstone quarries from Germany being imported into the US, after Fight, a Brooklyn Brownstones Costly Rescue, The New York Times Website devoted to the colonial-era Quaker Mill House in Pennsylvania
19.
Egyptian Revival architecture
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Egyptian revival is an architectural style that uses the motifs and imagery of ancient Egypt. It is attributed generally to the awareness of ancient Egyptian monuments generated by Napoleons conquest of Egypt. Napoleon took an expedition with him to Egypt. Publication of the work, the Description de lÉgypte, began in 1809 and was published as a series through 1826. However, works of art and architecture in the Egyptian style had made or built occasionally on the European continent. The most important example is probably Gian Lorenzo Berninis obelisk in the Piazza Navona in Rome, others may be found at Belan, County Kildare, and Dangan, County Meath. The Casteltown Folly in County Kildare is probably the best known, Egyptian buildings had also been built as garden follies. The most elaborate was probably the one built by Frederick I and it included an Egyptian bridge across which guests walked to reach an island with an elaborate Egyptian-influenced bath house. Designed by the court architect, Jean Baptiste Kleber, the building had a billiards room. New after the Napoleonic invasion was a increase of the number of works of art. In France and Britain this was at least partially inspired by successful war campaigns undertaken by each country while in Egypt, according to David Brownlee, the 1798 Karlsruhe Synagogue, an early building by the influential Friedrich Weinbrenner was the first large Egyptian building to be erected since antiquity. According to Diana Muir Appelbaum, it was the first public building in the Egyptian revival style, a street or passage named the Place du Caire or Foire du Caire was built in Paris in 1798 on the former site of the convent of the Filles de la Charité. In 1828 a building with Egyptianizing detail including large Hathor heads, among the earliest monuments of the Egyptian revival in Paris is the Fontaine du Fellah in Paris, built in 1806. It was designed by François-Jean Bralle, a well-documented example, destroyed after Napoleon was deposed, was the monument to General Louis Desaix in the Place des Victoires was built in 1810. It featured a statue of the general and an obelisk. Another example of a still standing site of Egyptian Revival is the Egyptian Gate of Tsarskoe Selo, one of the first British buildings to show an Egyptian revival interior was the newspaper office of the Courier on the Strand in London. It was built in 1804 and featured a cavetto cornice and Egyptian-influenced columns with palmiform capitals, Egyptian revival architecture enjoyed considerable popularity in other countries as well. The most notable Egyptian structure in the United States was the Washington Monument, begun in 1848, the South African College in the then-British Cape Colony features an Egyptian building constructed in 1841, the Egyptian revival building of the Cape Town Hebrew Congregation is also still standing
20.
William M. Evarts
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William Maxwell Evarts was an American lawyer and statesman from New York who served as U. S. Secretary of State, U. S. Attorney General and U. S. A eulogist summarized his career thus, Mr. Evarts most conspicuous, perhaps sole, title to fame is and his study of legal principles was profound, his acquaintance with literature was wide, his ideas of professional ethics were exalted. He held great National offices, but his title to them was rather as lawyer than statesman, William M. Evarts was born on February 6,1818, in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the son of Jeremiah Evarts and Mehitabel Barnes Sherman. Williams mother was the daughter of Roger Sherman, Connecticut founding father, a signatory to the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, Evarts attended Boston Latin School, then Yale College. In his college class were Morrison Waite, later Chief Justice of the United States, Samuel J. and Edwards Pierrepont, Evarts was one of the founders of Yale Literary Magazine in 1836. He graduated third in his class in 1837, after college he moved to Windsor, Vermont, where he taught school in order to save nenough to pay for his legal studies. He then attended Harvard Law School, where won the respect of Professors Joseph Story and he married Helen Minerva Bingham Wardner in 1843. She was the daughter of Allen Wardner, a prominent businessman and they had 12 children between 1845 and 1862, all born in New York City. After law school Evarts came to New York and entered the law office of Daniel Lord, one of his first cases involved the trial of the infamous forger Monroe Edwards. Evarts served as a counsel for the defense, which was headed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. Edwards was convicted, but Evarts handling of his duties earned him notice as a promising lawyer, in 1851, Evarts began his partnership with Charles F. Southmayd, a partnership that would last for the rest of his professional career in one form or the other. In 1859 Evarts invited Joseph Hodges Choate to join the firm, but it was Southmayd that Evarts depended on to prepare the case, because Southmayd, it was said, was a lawyer of remarkable knowledge and capacity and dexterity in working up a case. In court, especially before a jury, however, it was Evarts who shined, in 1855, the State of Virginia hired attorneys to contest the decision of the New York Superior Court releasing eight black slaves in the famous Lemmon Slave Case. When Ogden Hoffman, the New York Attorney General died, the New York legislature appointed Evarts to replace him, the Appellate Division affirmed the ruling, and Virginia again appealed. Evarts again represented the state in the New York Court of Appeals, the case generated widespread interest, and Evartss arguments were reported in the daily press, as was nearly every step in the case. Thurlow Weed said that in view of his arguments Evarts placed beyond doubt his right to be ranked among the foremost lawyers of the country, in 1856 Evarts represented the widow of Henry Parish, who was the proponent of his will and codicils in probate. His brothers contested the will on the ground of incapacity and undue influence, the proceedings took on a Bleak House-like life of its own with eminent counsel on all sides. The estate was worth over $1.5 million at the beginning of the trial, there were 111 days of testimony before the Surrogate and two weeks of oral argument before the case closed on November 23,1857
21.
Alexander Jackson Davis
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Alexander Jackson Davis, or A. J. Davis, was one of the most successful and influential American architects of his generation, known particularly for his association with the Gothic Revival style. Davis was born in New York City to Cornelius Davis, a bookseller and editor of theological works and he spent his early years in New Jersey and attended elementary school in upstate New York. In 1818, Davis went to Alexandria, Virginia, to learn the trade from a half-brother. Living mostly in New York City from 1823 onward, he studied at the American Academy of Fine Arts, the New-York Drawing Association, and from the Antique casts of the National Academy of Design. Davis made a first independent career as an illustrator in the 1820s. Picturesque siting, massing and contrasts remained essential to his work, in 1826, Davis went to work in the office of Ithiel Town and Martin E. From 1829, in partnership with Town, Davis formed the first recognizably modern architectural office and designed many late Classical buildings, in Washington, Davis designed the Executive Department offices and with Robert Mills the first Patent Office building. He also designed the Custom House of New York City, bridgeport City Hall, constructed in 1853 and 1854, is a later government building Davis designed in the Classical style. Rague, who was at work on the Iowa State Capitol at the same time and he continued in partnership with Town until shortly before Towns death in 1844. In 1831, he was elected a member of the National Academy. Unfortunately the Panic of 1837 cut short his plans for a series of like volumes, additions to Vesper Cliff were built in 1834. The 1840s and 1850s were Daviss two most fruitful decades as a designer of country houses and his villa Lyndhurst at Tarrytown, New York, is his single most famous house. The village of Skaneateles, New York, has at least two buildings designed by Davis, innovative interior features, including his designs for mantels and sideboards, were also widely imitated in the trade. Other influential interior details include pocket shutters at windows, bay windows, the Greek Revival style William Walsh House was built at Albany, New York, and Gothic Revival style Belmead was built near Powhatan, Virginia, in 1845. This building, fondly called Station 10, still exists and can be found in Newport, Davis built a similar pavilion for his colleague and fellow NYYC founder, John Clarkson Jay, on Jays Hudson River waterfront property in Rye, New York, in 1849. Although this building was taken down in the 1950s, the setting and garden where it was once located is part of a National Historic Landmark site. In 1851, Davis completed Winyah Park, one of eighteen or more Italianate houses he designed in the 1850s. Winyah was built for Richard Lathers, who had studied architecture with Davis in New York in the 1830s and it was situated on Latherss estate in the town of New Rochelle in Westchester County, New York
22.
Henry Austin (architect)
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Henry Austin was a prominent and prolific American architect based in New Haven, Connecticut. He practiced for more than fifty years and designed many public buildings and his most significant years of production seem to be the 1840s and 1850s. The paucity of precise information concerned with Austin and a lack of personal papers makes a complete bibliography of his life difficult to write. Austin was born in Hamden, Connecticut in 1804 and was the son of Daniel, in 1837, he opened his own office in Hartford, evidenced by newspaper advertisements. In Hartford, he designed the tower of Christ Church Cathedral, the Wadsworth Athenaeum with Town and Davis, the demolished gothic-revival Kellogg house, in 1841, he moved his practice to New Haven where his first significant commission was the now-demolished, Greek Revival George Gabriel House. In New Haven, Austins style diversified, in one ad and he worked in a range of styles popular in the nineteenth century including Gothic, Italianate, Egyptian and Moorish Revival. In some buildings, he employed a mix of styles, creating varied. His New Haven work left an impression on the domestic architecture of the then-developing real estate projects in the areas of Wooster Square. In New Haven, Austin made the so-called candelabra column his signature, as well as elaborate Indian/Moorish lambrequins over windows, Austin also worked in other regions and states. In Connecticut, he designed churches in Gothic revival and Italianate styles in Northford, Waterbury, Kent, Plainville, perhaps his most significant out-of-state commission was the Morse-Libby House in Portland, ME, 1857–1860, for Sylvester Ruggles Morse. One of his last major commissions was for the gothic, brownstone library, now Patricelli 92 Theater, at Wesleyan University in Middletown, after the 1860s, Austins style changed with the times, incorporating structures in the Second Empire and Stick styles. In 1868, he constructed two Second Empire houses on Prospect Street in New Haven for Oliver Winchester and David Russel Brown, the Winchester House has been demolished, but the Brown house remains, having been restored by Yale and renamed the Betts House. Austins son, Fred, joined his fathers practice in later years, throughout his later years, Austin maintained control of his firm and was famous as he aged for wearing a dark brown wig. Austin was married twice, first to Harriet M. Hooker, then to Jane Hempstead, and had four children who survived adulthood, Willard, Henry, David. He died in 1891 in New Haven and is interred in Grove Street Cemetery, * indicates demolished or significantly altered buildings Yale Manuscripts and Archives, Henry Austin
23.
Grove Street Cemetery
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Grove Street Cemetery or Grove Street Burial Ground in New Haven, Connecticut, is located adjacent to the Yale University campus. It was organized in 1796 as the New Haven Burying Ground and this was a real turning point. A whole redefinition of how people viewed death and dying, according to historian Peter Dobkin Hall, with ideas like permanent memorials. In part for this reason, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000, for the first 160 years of permanent settlement, New Haven residents buried their dead on the New Haven Green, the towns central open space and churchyard. In 1794–95, a yellow fever swept the town. In 1796, thirty-two families purchased a tract just north of Grove Street, the tract was enclosed by a wooden fence, at first consisting of 6 acres, the cemetery was quickly subscribed and thereafter expanded to nearly 18 acres. Gravestones from the New Haven Green were moved to the new cemetery for preservation in 1821 and are displayed against the walls of the cemetery. Completed in 1845, the entrance on Grove Street is a brownstone Egyptian Revival gateway, designed by New Haven architects Henry Austin and Hezekiah Augur, the style, popular in New England in that era, was chosen to reinforce the antiquity of the site. The lintel of the gateway is inscribed The Dead Shall Be Raised, the quotation is taken from 1 Corinthians 15.52, For the trumpet will sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we will be changed. Supposedly, Yale President Arthur Twining Hadley said of the inscription, They certainly will be, in 1848–49, the perimeter of the cemetery was surrounded on three sides by an 8-foot stone wall. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 and it was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Secretary of the Interior in 2000, citing its history and the architectural significance of its gateway. In 2008, Yale announced plans to construct two new colleges to the immediate north of the cemetery. The proposal, withdrawn following a meeting, included architectural. Grove Street Cemetery is managed by Camco Cemetery Management, James Rowland Angell —President of Yale University Kanichi Asakawa —historian. Jehudi Ashmun —religious leader, and social reformer, agent of the African Colonization Society Hezekiah Augur —wood carver, Henry Austin —architect, designed the gate of the cemetery, Yales College Library, and several mansions on Hillhouse Avenue. James Bishop —was Secretary, Lieutenant Governor and Deputy Governor of New Haven Jurisdiction, eli Whitney Blake —manufacturer and inventor of the stone crusher. His brother, Philos, invented the corkscrew, Edward Gaylord Bourne —historian and educator. Leader in the American Historical Association, captain, commander of the artillery defending New Haven, July 5,1779 William H. Brewer —scientist
24.
Yale University Art Gallery
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The Yale University Art Gallery houses a significant and encyclopedic collection of art in several buildings on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Although it embraces all cultures and periods, the gallery emphasizes early Italian painting, African sculpture, the Yale University Art Gallery is the oldest university art museum in the western hemisphere. The gallery was founded in 1832, when patriot-artist, John Trumbull, donated more than 100 paintings of the American Revolution to Yale College and this building, on the universitys Old Campus, was razed in 1901. The gallerys main building was built in 1953, and was among the first designed by Louis Kahn, a complete renovation, which returned many spaces to Kahns original vision, was completed in December 2006, by Polshek Partnership Architects. The older Tuscan romanesque portion was built in 1928, and was designed by Egerton Swartwout, the Gallery reopened on December 12,2012, after a 14-year renovation and expansion project at a cost of $135 million. The expanded space totals 69,975 sq ft, the museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program. On the second floor was a valuable collection of paintings by John Trumbull. Among them were his paintings of the Battle of Bunker Hill, Death of Montgomery before Quebec, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, Declaration of Independence. Trumbull gave the paintings to Yale in consideration of an annuity of $1,000 and subject to the condition that he, the Gallery’s encyclopedic collections number more than 185,000 objects ranging in date from ancient times to the present day. The permanent collection includes, African Art, over 1000 objects in wood, metal, ivory, American Decorative Arts, about 18,000 objects in silver, glass, wood, porcelain, and textile with an emphasis on the colonial and early federal periods. Ancient Art, over 13,000 objects from the Near East, Egypt, Greece, Etruria, Art of the Ancient Americas, Mayan and Olmec figurines, vessels and sculptures. Prints, Drawings, and Photographs In 2005, the announced that it had acquired 1,465 gelatin silver prints by the influential American landscape photographer. In 2009, the museum mounted an exhibition of its collection of Picasso paintings and drawings. For the first time, portions of the Yale University Librarys, as an affiliate of Yale University, the gallery maintains a robust roster of education programs for university students, New Haven schools, and the general public. One such program is the Gallery Guide program, founded in 1998, the Yale Art Gallery charges no admission
25.
Wrought iron
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Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content in contrast to cast iron. It is a mass of iron with fibrous slag inclusions which gives it a grain resembling wood. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion-resistant and easily welded, before the development of effective methods of steelmaking and the availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of malleable iron. A wrought product is one that has been worked by forging, extruding, rolling, hammering, etcetera, to change its form. Wrought iron is a worked iron product that is seldom produced today as other cheaper. Historically, a modest amount of iron was refined into steel. The demand for wrought iron reached its peak in the 1860s with the adaptation of ironclad warships, however, as properties such as brittleness of mild steel improved, it became less costly and more widely available than wrought iron, whose usage then declined. Wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale, many products described as wrought iron, such as guard rails, garden furniture and gates, are actually made of mild steel. They retain that description because they are made to resemble objects which in the past were wrought by hand by a blacksmith, the word wrought is an archaic past participle of the verb to work, and so wrought iron literally means worked iron. Wrought iron is a term for the commodity, but is also used more specifically for finished iron goods. It was used in that sense in British Customs records. Cast iron, unlike wrought iron, is brittle and cannot be worked either hot or cold, Cast iron can break if struck with a hammer. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, wrought iron went by a variety of terms according to its form, origin. While the bloomery process produced wrought iron directly from ore, cast iron or pig iron were the materials used in the finery forge. Pig iron and cast iron have higher content than wrought iron. Cast and especially pig iron have excess slag which must be at least partially removed to produce quality wrought iron, at foundries it was common to blend scrap wrought iron with cast iron to improve the physical properties of castings. Fusion eventually became accepted as relatively more important than composition below a given low carbon concentration. Another difference is that steel can be hardened by heat treating, historically, wrought iron was known as commercially pure iron, however, it no longer qualifies because current standards for commercially pure iron require a carbon content of less than 0.008 wt%
26.
Deer Island (Thousand Islands)
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Deer Island is one of the American Thousand Islands. It lies between mainland Canada and United States, within the Saint Lawrence River, in the Town of Alexandria, close to Alexandria Bay and it is owned entirely by the Russell Trust Association and is used as a Skull and Bones retreat. The island lies near Boldt Castle and can be seen up close from several Canadian, the land on the island is densely overgrown, with a small lodge on the southern corner of the island. Skull and Bones doesnt own an opulent island hideaway like the one depicted in The Skulls and it does own an island on the St. Lawrence River — Deer Island, in Alexandria Bay. The forty-acre retreat is intended to give Bonesmen an opportunity to get together, a century ago the island sported tennis courts and its softball fields were surrounded by rhubarb plants and gooseberry bushes. But although each new Skull and Bones member still visits Deer Island, now it is just a bunch of burned-out stone buildings, a patriarch sighs. Another Bonesman says that to call the island rustic would be to glorify it and its a dump, but its beautiful. The fading of Deer Island exemplifies the dwindling finances of Skull and Bones, unlike members of other societies, Bonesmen pay no dues, though patriarchs receive an annual letter requesting a voluntary contribution to the Russell Trust Association. In truth, Skull and Bones has never been wealthy, there are several abandoned ruins located throughout the 50-acre island, now overgrown and barely visible beneath the growth
27.
Saint Lawrence River
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The Saint Lawrence River is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north-easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U. S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway, the estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île dOrléans, just downstream from Quebec City. The river becomes tidal around Quebec City, the St. Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km from the outflow of Lake Ontario. The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing, the average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second. At Quebec City, it is 12,101 m3/s, the average discharge at the rivers source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is 7,410 m3/s. The St. Lawrence River includes Lake Saint-Louis south of Montreal, Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, pierre Archipelago and the smaller Mingan Archipelago. Other islands include Île dOrléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé and it is the second longest river in Canada. Lake Champlain and the Ottawa, Richelieu, Saguenay, and Saint-François rivers drain into the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River is in an active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean. The faults in the area are related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system. According to the United States Geological Survey, the St. Lawrence Valley is a province of the larger Appalachian division, containing the Champlain. However, in Canada, where most of the valley is, it is considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division. Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier, at that time, the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, at the time of Cartiers second voyage in 1535. Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on St. Lawrences feast day, the St. Lawrence River is partly within the U. S. and as such is that countrys sixth oldest surviving European place-name. The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques, who came to the St Lawrence Gulf, the Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements, leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River. Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencibles disaster, initially, the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat
28.
Catboat
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A catboat, is a sailboat, with a single sail on a single mast set well forward in the bow of the boat. Most have a draft, with centreboards, although some have a keel. Most are gaff rigged but some have a Bermuda rig, the beam of the classic Cape Cod Cats beam measurement is almost half the waterline length, making it very stable. Some cat boats in current use include the Beetle Cat, the Redden Catboat, the Nonsuch, the Inland Cat, the Cape Cod Cat Com-Pac Trailerable, Marshal Menger, and the ABPY cat boat. A catboat is not the same as a catamaran, which is a multi-hull with a trampoline for crew seating and trapezing. Nor is it the same as a Cat, or Norwgian ship used to carry up to 600 tons of coal, one of the most well-known catboats is the 12-foot Beetle Cat daysailer. Fleets of these boats are found in harbors all across New England. In the 1960s, Breck Marshall based his 18-foot fiberglass Sanderling upon an existing, the Sanderling has since become a very popular boat, with more than 700 built, and it has helped to rekindle interest in the catboat. To honor Marshall and his contribution to the type, the Catboat Association funded the construction of the Breck Marshall, leavens, John M. Chapelle, Howard I. Middleboro, MA, Catboat Association with Intl Marine Publishing Co. p.160, the Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms,2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters
29.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
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Briton Hadden
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Briton Hadden was the co-founder of Time magazine with his Yale classmate Henry Luce. He was Times first editor and the inventor of its writing style. Though he died at 31, he was considered one of the most influential journalists of the twenties, an innovator and stylist. Moving to the Hotchkiss School, Hadden wrote for the Hotchkiss Record, after an intense competition, Hadden was elected the chairman of the newspaper and Luce the assistant managing editor. Hadden then turned the Record from a weekly into a bi-weekly, at Yale, Hadden was elected to the staff of the Yale Daily News and later served as the papers chairman twice. Luce was the News managing editor the second time, while at Yale, Hadden was a brother of Delta Kappa Epsilon and a member of Skull and Bones. In late 1921, Hadden wrote to Luce, who had recently been let go by the Chicago Daily News, in Baltimore, they spent their nights working on the idea of a news magazine, which, at first, they planned to call Facts. In 1923, Hadden and Luce co-founded Time magazine along with Robert Livingston Johnson, Hadden and Luce served alternating years as the companys president, but Hadden was the editor for four and a half of the magazines first six years, and was considered the presiding genius. Johnson served as the vice president and advertising director. In its earliest years the magazine was edited in a beer brewery, subsequently moving to Cleveland in 1925. For the next year and several months, both Time and The New Yorker were edited at 25 W. 45th Street in Manhattan, thus the two greatest magazine editors of the 1920s — Briton Hadden and Harold Ross — worked in the same building. In December 1928, Hadden became ill and he died two months later, most likely of streptococcus viridans, which had entered his bloodstream, causing septicemia and ultimately the failure of his heart. Before he died, Hadden signed a will, which all of his stock in Time Inc. to his mother. Within a year of Haddens death, Luce formed a syndicate, Luce took Haddens name off the masthead of Time within two weeks of his death. In the next 38 years, he delivered more than 300 speeches around the world, Luce acquired control of Haddens papers, and he kept them at Time Inc. where no one outside the company was allowed to view the papers as long as Luce lived. Throughout his life, Luce repeatedly claimed credit for Haddens ideas in public speeches, the office is today called the Briton Hadden Memorial Building. Time Magazine biography Q & A, Isaiah Wilner Time
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Henry Luce
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Henry Robinson Luce was an American magazine magnate who was called the most influential private citizen in the America of his day. He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism, counting his radio projects and newsreels, Luce created the first multimedia corporation. He envisaged that the United States would achieve world hegemony, and, in 1941, Luce was born in Tengchow, Shandong, China, on April 3,1898, the son of Elizabeth Root Luce and Henry Winters Luce, who was a Presbyterian missionary. He received his education in various Chinese and English boarding schools, at 15, he was sent to the US to attend the Hotchkiss School in Connecticut, where he edited the Hotchkiss Literary Monthly. It was there he first met Briton Hadden, who would become a lifelong partner, at the time, Hadden served as editor-in-chief of the school newspaper, and Luce worked as an assistant managing editor. Both went on to Yale College, where Hadden served as chairman, Luce was also a member of Alpha Delta Phi and Skull and Bones. In December 1921, Luce rejoined Hadden to work at The Baltimore News, recalling his relationship with Hadden, Luce later said, Somehow, despite the greatest differences in temperaments and even in interests, we had to work together. At the center of our lives — our job, our function — at that point everything we had belonged to each other, nightly discussions of the concept of a news magazine led Luce and Hadden, both age 23, to quit their jobs in 1922. Later that same year, they partnered with Robert Livingston Johnson, having raised $86,000 of a $100,000 goal, they published the first issue of Time on March 3,1923. Luce served as manager while Hadden was editor-in-chief. Luce and Hadden annually alternated year-to-year the titles of president and secretary-treasurer while Johnson served as vice president, in 1925, Luce decided to move headquarters to Cleveland, while Hadden was on a trip to Europe. Cleveland was cheaper, and Luce’s first wife, Lila, wanted out of New York, when Hadden returned, he was horrified and moved Time back to New York. Upon Haddens sudden death in 1929, Luce assumed Haddens position and he also produced The March of Time weekly newsreel. By the mid 1960s, Time Inc. was the largest and most prestigious magazine publisher in the world, the main target was Luce, who had long opposed Roosevelt. Historian Alan Brinkley argued the move was badly mistaken and said had Luce been allowed to travel, however, stranded in New York City, Luces frustration and anger expressed itself in blatant partisanship. Luce, supported by Editor-in-Chief T. S. Matthews, appointed Whittaker Chambers as acting Foreign News editor in 1944, Luce, who remained editor-in-chief of all his publications until 1964, maintained a position as an influential member of the Republican Party. It has been reported that Luce, during the 1960s, tried LSD, an ardent anti-Soviet, he once demanded John Kennedy invade Cuba, later to remark to his editors that if he did not, his corporation would act like Hearst during the Spanish–American War. To highlight the extent of their alliance, rumors swirled that the publisher shared the wartime mistress of the spymaster with Clare Booth Luce
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Power elite
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Elite, is a term that originates from Latin eligere. In political and sociological theory for a group of powerful people that controls a disproportionate amount of wealth. Insofar as national events are decided, the elite are those who decide them. Mills states that the elite members recognize other members mutual exalted position in society. As a rule, hey accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work and to think and it is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role. These memberships in turn pave the way to the prominent social clubs located in all major cities, the Military Circle, In Mills time a heightened concern about warfare existed, making top military leaders and such issues as defense funding and personnel recruitment very important. Most prominent corporate leaders and politicians were strong proponents of military spending and these two groups tended to be mutually supportive. Unlike the ruling class, a formation based on heritage and social ties. According to Mills, the power elite rose from the reorganization of the propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate rich. Domhoff further clarified the differences in the two terms, The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling, Power elite is a term used by American sociologist C. Wright Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely connected group of individuals who dominate American policymaking. The basis for membership of a power élite is institutional power, one study of power élites in the United States under President George W. Bush identified 7,314 institutional positions of power encompassing 5,778 individuals. A later study of U. S. Ethnicity White Anglo-Saxons dominate in the power élite, with Protestants representing about 80 percent of the top business leaders, education Nearly all the leaders have a college education, with almost half graduating with advanced degrees. About 54 percent of the leaders and 42% of the government élite graduated from just 12 prestigious universities with large endowments. Social clubs Most holders of top positions in the power élite possess exclusive membership in one or more social clubs. About a third belong to a number of especially prestigious clubs in major cities like London, New York City, Chicago, Boston. In the 1970s an organized set of policies promoted reduced taxes, especially for the wealthy, starting with legislation in the 1980s, the wealthy banking community successfully lobbied for reduced regulation. Doing so would hopefully alleviate various destructive conditions affecting large numbers of affluent citizens. Mills determined that there is a core of the power elite involving individuals that are able to move from one seat of institutional power to another
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Lanny Davis
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Lanny Jesse Davis is an American lawyer, consultant, lobbyist, author, and television commentator. He is the co-founder and partner of the law firm of Davis Goldberg & Galper PLLC, and co-founder and partner of the public relations firm Trident DMG. In 2005, President George W. Bush appointed Davis to serve on the five-member Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, created by the U. S. Congress as part of the 2005 Intelligence Reform Act. Davis is currently a Fox News Contributor and has a column called Purple Nation that appears regularly in The Hill, The Huffington Post, FoxNews. com, The Daily Caller, and Newsmax. He is a graduate of Yale Law School, where he won the Thurman Arnold Moot Court prize, as a Yale undergraduate, Davis served as chairman of the Yale Daily News. Davis grew up in Jersey City, New Jersey, in a Jewish family and his father Mort was a dentist in Jersey City and his mother worked as the office manager of his fathers dental office. He attended Newark Academy in Newark, graduating in 1962, as an undergraduate at Yale, he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. According to an item in U. S. News & World Report, as part of his initiation into the fraternity, Davis underwent hazing by, among others and he also served as chairman of the campus newspaper, the Yale Daily News. Davis went on to receive his law degree from Yale Law School in 1970 and it was there that he first met Hillary Clinton. One of his sons, Seth, is a columnist for Sports Illustrated magazine, from 1970 to 1972, Davis was National Director of Youth Coalition for Muskie, the youth organization of Edmund S. Muskies unsuccessful campaign for the 1972 Democratic Party Presidential nomination. In 1976 Davis ran for Congress as a Democrat in Marylands 8th congressional district, Davis served three terms on the Democratic National Committee representing the State of Maryland. In 2005 President Bush appointed Davis to serve as the only Democrat on the Privacy, Davis was the treasurer for Joe Liebermans Reuniting Our Country PAC. Davis started his legal career as an associate at Patton Boggs in 1975 and became a partner in 1978. After leaving the White House, Davis returned to Patton Boggs, there he worked as a lobbyist for the nation of Pakistan prior to the attacks of September 11,2001. In 2003, Davis became a partner in Washington, D. C. office of the law firm Orrick, there, he provides counseling to corporations and government contractors on crisis management. He left the firm in late 2009 to join McDermott Will & Emery and he was a senior advisor and spokesman for the Israel Project. In 2009, he did damage control for hawkish Democratic congresswoman Jane Harman over the American Israel Public Affairs Committee leak story, in January 2012 Davis launched a new public affairs firm, Purple Nation Solutions. Davis also joined the Philadelphia-based law firm of Dilworth Paxson L. L. P. in March 2012 and will practice out of the firms Washington office, in October 2013 Davis began acting as outside legal counsel to the Washington Redskins to help defend the organizations nickname. He also represented Kathleen Kane and Bo Dietl in his solo practice, in July 2009 Davis represented the Honduran Business Council and testified publicly before the House Western Hemisphere Subcommittee on its behalf
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Yale Daily News
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The Yale Daily News is an independent student newspaper published by Yale University students in New Haven, Connecticut since January 28,1878. Called the YDN, the paper is produced in the Briton Hadden Memorial Building at 202 York Street in New Haven and printed off-site at Turley Publications in Palmer, Massachusetts. Each day, reporters, mainly freshmen and sophomores, cover the university, an expanded sports section is published on Monday, a two-page Opinion Forum on Friday, and WEEKEND, an arts and living section, also on Friday. The News prints an Arts & Culture spread on Wednesdays and a Science, Yale TV, the broadcast desk of the Yale Daily News, publishes an online video segment Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Staff members are elected as editors on the managing board during their junior year. A single chairman led the News until 1970, today, the editor-in-chief and publisher act as co-presidents of the Yale Daily News Publishing Company. The News View, an editorial, represents the position of the majority of the editorial board. In 1969, Yale College became coeducational, and by 1972, Mally Cox, andy Perkins was elected as the first female editor in chief in 1981, and Amy Oshinsky was elected as the first female publisher in 1977. The paper version of the News is distributed for free throughout Yales campus, the paper was once a subscription-only publication, delivered to student postal boxes for $40 a year. Subscriptions declined after the 1986 founding of the weekly Yale Herald student newspaper, the News switched to free distribution later that year. In 1978, the Oldest College Daily Foundation was created following a campaign to prevent the university from buying the Briton Hadden Memorial Building. The News survived for a century solely on the income generated by subscription, in 1920, the News began to report on national news and viewpoints. In 1940 and 1955, when professional dailies were not operating due to unrest among its workers, today, the Nation and World sections publish stories and photos from the Associated Press. On September 3,2008, the Oldest College Daily premiere a new designed by Mario Garcia of Garcia Media. In 2009, the Yale Daily News won the Associated Collegiate Press Newspaper Pacemaker Award, on September 10,2009, the News broke the news of the murder of Annie Le, a Yale graduate student reported missing and subsequently found murdered in the basement of her laboratory. In summer 2010, the 78-year-old Briton Hadden Memorial Building was renovated, increasing the amount of space in the basement. The Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University has a copy of every issue published between 1890 and 1959, the News, founded in 1878, calls itself the oldest college daily in the United States, a claim contested by other student newspapers. The Harvard Crimson calls itself the oldest continuously published college daily, the Daily Targum at Rutgers University was founded in 1869 but was published initially as a monthly newspaper and did not gain independence from the University until 1980
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The Whiffenpoofs
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The Yale Whiffenpoofs are a collegiate a cappella singing group. Established at Yale University in 1909, it is the oldest such group in the United States, the line-up changes each year, and former members include Cole Porter. The Whiffenpoofs perform near the Yale campus and tour the United States, established in 1909 and best known for The Whiffenpoof Song, the group is composed of senior men who compete in the spring of their junior year for 14 spots. The Whiffs best-known alumnus may be Cole Porter, who sang in the 1913 line-up, the Whiffenpoofs have performed for generations at a number of venues, including the Lincoln Center, the White House, the Salt Lake Tabernacle, Oakland Coliseum, Carnegie Hall and the Rose Bowl. The group has appeared on television shows as Jeopardy. The Today Show, Saturday Night Live,60 Minutes, Gilmore Girls, The West Wing, in December 2010, the group appeared on NBCs a cappella competition The Sing-Off, they were eliminated fourth, on the second show. During the school year, the Whiffenpoofs perform on Monday nights at Morys, known formally as Morys Temple Bar. Beginning in 2010, the group sings on Wednesdays at New Havens Union League Café, the Whiffenpoofs travel extensively during the school year and take a three-month world tour during the summer. The groups business manager and musical director, known in Whiff tradition respectively as the Popocatepetl, an alumni organization maintains close ties with the group. The word whiffenpoof originated in the 1908 operetta Little Nemo by Victor Herbert, as recently as November 20,2016 the group voted against admitting women. Votes have been taken since the 1970s, each vote has denied female singers the opportunity to join the group. Women are allowed show auditions but are never tapped for the group, a record number of women turned out for the most recent auditions. Women have matriculated at Yale since 1969, the Whiffenpoof Song, the groups traditional closing number, was published in sheet music form in 1909. The song has been covered many times and it became a hit for Rudy Vallee in 1937 and later in 1947 for Bing Crosby, credited to Bing Crosby with Fred Waring and The Glee Club. It has also recorded by Elvis Presley, Count Basie, Perry Como, the Ames Brothers, the Statler Brothers. The chorus was used in the 1949 movie 12 OClock High with Gregory Peck and it was used in the 1952 movie Monkey Business. When the tune comes on the radio, Cary Grant starts singing it to Marilyn Monroe, later Ginger Rogers sings it to Grant and describes it as our song. And later still, Grant sings it to Rogers when he is locked out of the hotel room and they sing the first part of the songs chorus with the special effect sheep choir adding the ending Baa
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Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
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Berzelius (secret society)
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Berzelius is a secret society at Yale University named for the Swedish scientist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, considered one of the founding fathers of modern chemistry. Berzelius became a society in the tradition of Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key. Book and Snake and St. Elmo societies from Sheff, followed suit, Skull and Bones, founded in 1832, Scroll and Key, founded in 1841, and Wolfs Head, founded in 1883, catered to students in the Academic Department, or liberal arts college. The alumni trust organization, the Colony Foundation, owns the societys building, outsiders refer to the building as a tomb, the customary appellation for a secret society structure at Yale, however, many BZ members refer to their building as The Hall. Henry Bacon and James Brite. that Berzelius sold to the Scroll, architectural historian Scott Meacham cites both Berzelius buildings in his study of Yale and Dartmouth society and fraternity architecture. In addition to the room, dining area, and numerous study rooms, there are below-ground activity rooms with a pool table. BZ recently underwent a major restoration, collegiate secret societies in North America Yales Fraternities, Sororities and Societies
