1.
Azure (color)
–
Azure is a variation of blue that is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day. On the RGB color wheel, azure is defined as the color at 210 degrees, in the RGB color model, used to create all the colors on a television or computer screen, azure is created by adding a little green light to blue light. The complementary color of azure is neon orange, in the X11 color system which became a standard for early web colors, azure is depicted as a pale cyan. The color azure ultimately takes its name from the blue mineral lapis lazuli. The name of the came to be associated with its color. Azure also describes the color of the mineral azurite, both in its form and as a pigment in various paint formulations. In order to preserve its deep color, azurite was ground coarsely, fine-ground azurite produces a lighter, washed-out color. Traditionally, the pigment was considered unstable in oil paints, and was isolated from other colors. Modern investigation of old paintings, however, shows that the pigment is very stable unless exposed to sulfur fumes, the use of the term spread through the practice of heraldry, where azure represents a blue color in the system of tinctures. In engravings, it is represented as a region of horizontal lines. In practice, azure has been represented by any number of shades of blue, in later heraldic practice a lighter blue, called bleu celeste, is sometimes specified. All of the colors shown below in the variations of azure are referenced as having a hue code of between 195 and 225, signifying that these colors are tones of azure. The only exception, as noted below, is the web color azure which, displayed at right is the web color called azure, in actuality it is a pale pastel tint of cyan, as can be ascertained by noting its hue angle of 180 degrees. In an artistic context, this color would be called azure mist, the web color Alice blue is a pale tint of azure. Displayed at right is the web color sky blue. Baby blue is known as one of the pastel colors and this color is associated with baby boys in Western culture. The first recorded use of blue as a color name in English was in 1892. Displayed at right is the web color sky blue, the first recorded use of sky blue as a color name in English was in 1728 in the Cyclopædia of Ephraim Chambers
Azure (color)
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Azure
Azure (color)
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Azure- pigment
Azure (color)
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A slab of
lapis lazuli, the mineral from which azure took its name
Azure (color)
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Rough and polished
Lapis lazuli.
2.
Wonderful Days (film)
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Wonderful Days is a South Korean animated science fiction film, released in 2003, written and directed by Kim Moon-saeng. However, convincing CGI animation of humans was not attempted, the backgrounds in the film were shot with traditional motion control techniques, then processed to look like CG. The vehicles were all rendered, and the characters were cel animated, Wonderful Days is set in 2142. Environmental pollution has led to a breakdown of human civilization, a technologically advanced city named Ecoban was built and it harvests energy from the DELOS System, which uses pollution in a carbonite catalyzed reaction to generate power. Carbonite extraction is carried out by people who live outside the city in the surrounding wasteland, among them is an enigmatic young man known as Shua. He ends up in a triangle with his childhood friend, Jay. The film deals with destruction, pollution and class struggle. The film has released in numerous Western countries such as the U. S. These versions have been distorted, with the loss of two minutes running time compared to an original Korean cut. Other Western countries such as France and Finland have kept its original title—which is a Hangul transliteration of the English phrase Wonderful Days, the film was scheduled for release in the US on Blu-ray disc on June 28,2008. As that date neared, it was re-scheduled for June 23,2009, in Japan, the film was adapted by Gainax. According to adaptation director Hiroshi Yamaga, Gainax changed the direction of the film to make the dialogue less alien to Japanese viewers, marc Worden - Shua Cathy Cavadini - Jay, Young Shua, Cheyenne David Naughton - Commander Locke, Dr. com
Wonderful Days (film)
–
Movie poster for "Wonderful Days"
3.
SkyBlu
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Skyler Austen Gordy, better known by his stage name Sky Blu, is an American rapper, singer, record producer, DJ and dancer best known as one half of the musical duo LMFAO, along with his uncle Redfoo. They have two albums together, 2009s Party Rock and 2011s Sorry for Party Rocking, Gordy is the grandson of Motown founder Berry Gordy. He is the son of Berry Gordy IV and Valerie Robeson and he is the brother of DJ and singer Mahogany Lox Cheyenne Gordy. In 2006, Sky Blu teamed up with his uncle Redfoo to form LMFAO and they are known for their hit songs Party Rock Anthem and Sexy and I Know It, which were released in 2011. LMFAO is currently on a hiatus that started in September 2012, in 2013, Sky released his two first singles, Pop Bottles in January with Mark Rosas, and Salud in April with his manager Reek Rude, Sensato and the actor Wilmer Valderrama. A few months later, on July 4, he released his 9-track first album Rebel Music as a free download, in January 2014, Sky Blu introduced to the world his alter ego The Party President, with his single Go On Girl. On December 14, Sky Blu was invited to the Miss World ceremony to perform his single We Love Girls with KG Superstar which was released the month on iTunes. In January 2009, Interscope Records arranged a session for Paradiso Girls with LMFAO where Chelsea Korka met Sky Blu. A friendship which then bloomed into a long term relationship shortly after, Chelsea was featured in many of LMFAOs music videos as Sky Blus Love Interest and they were very public about their affection for one another. Though, Chelsea has yet to travel to Europe
SkyBlu
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Sky Blu in 2011
4.
Rayleigh scattering
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Rayleigh scattering does not change the state of material and is, hence, a parametric process. The particles may be atoms or molecules. It can occur when light travels through transparent solids and liquids, Rayleigh scattering results from the electric polarizability of the particles. The oscillating electric field of a light wave acts on the charges within a particle, the particle therefore becomes a small radiating dipole whose radiation we see as scattered light. Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere causes diffuse sky radiation, which is the reason for the color of the sky. The amount of scattering is proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength. This can lead to changes in the state of the molecules. Furthermore, the contribution has the same wavelengths dependency as the elastic part. Scattering by particles similar to, or larger than, the wavelength of light is treated by the Mie theory. Rayleigh scattering applies to particles that are small with respect to wavelengths of light, on the other hand, anomalous diffraction theory applies to optically soft but larger particles. The size of a particle is often parameterized by the ratio where r is its characteristic length. The wavelength dependence is characteristic of dipole scattering and the volume dependence will apply to any scattering mechanism, objects with x ≫1 act as geometric shapes, scattering light according to their projected area. At the intermediate x ≃1 of Mie scattering, interference effects develop through phase variations over the objects surface, Rayleigh scattering applies to the case when the scattering particle is very small and the whole surface re-radiates with the same phase. For example, the constituent of the atmosphere, nitrogen, has a Rayleigh cross section of 5. 1×10−31 m2 at a wavelength of 532 nm. This means that at atmospheric pressure, where there are about 2×1025 molecules per cubic meter, the strong wavelength dependence of the scattering means that shorter wavelengths are scattered more strongly than longer wavelengths. This results in the blue light coming from all regions of the sky. Rayleigh scattering is an approximation of the manner in which light scattering occurs within various media for which scattering particles have a small size. A portion of the beam of light coming from the sun scatters off molecules of gas, here, Rayleigh scattering primarily occurs through sunlights interaction with randomly located air molecules
Rayleigh scattering
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Rayleigh scattering causes the blue hue of the daytime sky and the reddening of the sun at sunset.
Rayleigh scattering
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Scattered blue light is
polarized. The picture on the right is shot through a
polarizing filter: the
polarizer transmits light that is
linearly polarized in a specific direction.
Rayleigh scattering
–
Rayleigh scattering in
opalescent glass: it appears blue from the side, but orange light shines through.
5.
Passport (band)
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Passport is a German jazz ensemble led by saxophonist Klaus Doldinger. Passport was formed in 1971 as a fusion group, similar to Weather Report. The ensembles first recording was issued in 1971, through the 1970s it had a revolving membership, though it continued to release albums. The group records for Atlantic Records and Warner Bros, official site Passport discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs
Passport (band)
–
Passport
6.
Daylight
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Daylight, or the light of day, is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime. This includes direct sunlight, diffuse sky radiation, and both of these reflected from the Earth and terrestrial objects, sunlight scattered or reflected from objects in outer space is not generally considered daylight. Thus, moonlight is never considered daylight, despite being indirect sunlight, daytime is the period of time each day when daylight occurs. Daylight happens because the Earth rotates and either side the sun shines on is considered daylight, daylight is present at a particular location, to some degree, whenever the sun is above the horizon at that location. It may be darker under unusual circumstances such as an eclipse or very high levels of atmospheric smoke, dust. For comparison, nighttime levels are, For a table of approximate daylight intensity in the Solar System. Daylighting is lighting an indoor space with such as windows. This type of lighting is chosen to save energy, to avoid hypothesized adverse health effects of over-illumination by artificial light, the amount of daylight received into an indoor space or room is defined as a daylight factor, being the ratio between the measured internal and external light levels. In recent years, work has taken place to recreate the effects of daylight artificially and this is however expensive in terms of both equipment and energy consumption and is applied almost exclusively in specialist areas such as filmmaking, where light of such intensity is required anyway. In some filmmaking locations, such as Sweden, there is too much light due to summer days. As a result, in films like Marianne, night scenes have to be shot during the daylight hours. Http, //www. gandraxa. com/length_of_day. xml Deriving the formulas to calculate the length of day
Daylight
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World map showing the areas of the Earth receiving daylight around 13:00 UTC, April 2nd.
7.
Air (classical element)
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Air is often seen as a universal power or pure substance. Its fundamental importance to life can be seen in such as aspire, inspire, perspire and spirit. Air is one of the four elements in ancient Greek philosophy. According to Plato, it is associated with the octahedron, air is considered to be hot and wet. The ancient Greeks used two words for air, aer meant the dim lower atmosphere, and aether meant the bright upper atmosphere above the clouds. Plato, for instance writes that So it is air, there is the brightest variety which we call aether, the muddiest which we call mist and darkness. Among the early Greek Pre-Socratic philosophers, Anaximenes named air as the arche, aristophanes parodied such teachings in his play The Clouds by putting a prayer to air in the mouth of Socrates. Air was one of many proposed by the Pre-socratics, most of whom tried to reduce all things to a single substance. However, Empedocles of Acragas selected four archai for his four roots, Air, fire, water, Ancient and modern opinions differ as to whether he identified air by the divine name Hera, Aidoneus or even Zeus. Empedocles’ roots became the four elements of Greek philosophy. Plato took over the four elements of Empedocles, in the Timaeus, his major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid associated with air is the octahedron which is formed from eight equilateral triangles. This places air between fire and water which Plato regarded as appropriate because it is intermediate in its mobility, sharpness and he also said of air that its minuscule components are so smooth that one can barely feel them. Platos student Aristotle developed a different explanation for the elements based on pairs of qualities, the four elements were arranged concentrically around the center of the universe to form the sublunary sphere. According to Aristotle, air is hot and wet and occupies a place between fire and water among the elemental spheres. Aristotle definitively separated air from aether, for him, aether was an unchanging, almost divine substance that was found only in the heavens, where it formed celestial spheres. In ancient Greek medicine, each of the four humours became associated with an element, blood was the humor identified with air, since both were hot and wet. The alchemical symbol for air is a triangle, bisected by a horizontal line. In Hinduism, Vayu, also known as Vāta वात, Pavana पवन, or Prāna, is a deity, who is the father of Bhima
Air (classical element)
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Alchemical symbol for air
8.
SRGB color space
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SRGB is the standard RGB color space created cooperatively by HP and Microsoft in 1996 for use on monitors, printers and the Internet, and subsequently standardized by the IEC as IEC 61966-2-1,1999. It is often used as the color space for images that do not contain any color space information. This specification allowed sRGB to be displayed on typical CRT monitors of the time. SRGB defines the chromaticities of the red, green, and blue primaries, the gamut of chromaticities that can be represented in sRGB is the color triangle defined by these primaries. SRGB also defines a transformation between the intensity of these primaries and the actual number stored. The curve is similar to the response of a CRT display. It is more important to replicate this curve than the primaries to get correct display of an sRGB image and this nonlinear conversion means that sRGB is a reasonably efficient use of the values in an integer-based image file to display human-discernible light levels. Unlike most other RGB color spaces, the sRGB gamma cannot be expressed as a numerical value. The overall gamma is approximately 2.2, consisting of a section near black, and a non-linear section elsewhere involving a 2.4 exponent. The purpose of the section is so the curve does not have an infinite slope at zero. The CIE XYZ values must be scaled so that the Y of D65 is 1.0 and this is usually true but some color spaces use 100 or other values. The first step in the calculation of sRGB from CIE XYZ is a linear transformation, = It is important to note that these linear RGB values are not the final result as they have not been adjusted for the gamma correction. SRGB was designed to reflect a typical real-world monitor with a gamma of 2.2, and the following formula transforms the linear RGB values into sRGB. If values in the range 0 to 255 are required, e. g. for video display or 8-bit graphics, the values are usually clipped to the 0 to 1 range. This clipping can be done before or after this gamma calculation, again the sRGB component values R s r g b, G s r g b, B s r g b are in the range 0 to 1. Followed by a multiplication of the linear values to get XYZ, = It is often casually stated that the decoding gamma for sRGB data is 2.2. The transformation was designed to approximate a gamma of about 2.2, but with a portion near zero to avoid having an infinite slope at K =0. The continuity condition for the curve C l i n e a r which is defined above as a function of C s r g b, is γ = K0 ϕ
SRGB color space
9.
Red
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Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometers, light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared. Red is one of the secondary colors, resulting from the combination of yellow. Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary colour, along with yellow and blue, in the RYB color space and traditional color wheel formerly used by painters. Reds can vary in shade from light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy. Red is the color of cyan. In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars, the color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the population has red hair, the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin. Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness, since the 19th century, red has also been associated with socialism and communism. The word red is derived from the Old English rēad, the word can be further traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo European root rewdʰ-. In Sanskrit, the word means red or blood. In the Akkadian language of Ancient Mesopotamia and in the modern Inuit language of Inuit, the words for colored in Latin and Spanish both also mean red. In Portuguese the word for red is vermelho, which comes from Latin vermiculus, in the Russian language, the word for red, Кра́сный, comes from the same old Slavic root as the words for beautiful—красивый and excellent—прекрасный. Thus Red Square in Moscow, named long before the Russian Revolution, in heraldry, the word gules is used for red. Red can vary in hue from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a variety of shades and tints. Red hematite powder was found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing
Red
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Pure, or solid red, the color of most ripe
strawberries.
Red
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Red
Red
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Scarlet is one quarter of the way between the colors red and orange. It is the color worn by a
cardinal of the
Roman Catholic Church..
Red
–
The
cardinal takes its name from the color worn by Roman Catholic
cardinals.
10.
Green
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Green is the color between blue and yellow on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm, the modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words grass and grow. It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth, by far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content. In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U. S. green is associated with death, sickness, or the devil. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family, Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission, a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam and it was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement, political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly. The word green comes from the Middle English and Old English word grene, which, like the German word grün, has the same root as the words grass and grow. It is from a Common Germanic *gronja-, which is reflected in Old Norse grænn, Old High German gruoni, ultimately from a PIE root *ghre- to grow. The first recorded use of the word as a term in Old English dates to ca. Latin with viridis also has a genuine and widely used term for green, related to virere to grow and ver spring, it gave rise to words in several Romance languages, French vert, Italian verde. Likewise the Slavic languages with zelenъ, Ancient Greek also had a term for yellowish, pale green – χλωρός, chloros, cognate with χλοερός verdant and χλόη the green of new growth
Green
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The word green has the same Germanic root as the words for grass and grow.
Green
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Green
Green
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Emerald green. The
Gachala Emerald from the
National Museum of Natural History, Washington.
Green
–
Jade. A jade dragon from the
Han Dynasty, China. Jade can be many different shades of green.
11.
Blue
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Blue is the colour between violet and green on the optical spectrum of visible light. Human eyes perceive blue when observing light with a wavelength between 450 and 495 nanometres, which is between 4500 and 4950 ångströms. Blues with a frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency. Pure blue, in the middle, has a wavelength of 470 nanometers, in painting and traditional colour theory, blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments, along with red and yellow, which can be mixed to form a wide gamut of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green, Blue is also a primary colour in the RGB colour model, used to create all the colours on the screen of a television or computer monitor. The clear sky and the sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules. An optical effect called Tyndall scattering, similar to Rayleigh scattering, explains blue eyes, distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called atmospheric perspective. Blue has been used for art and decoration since ancient times and it is the most important color in Judaism. In the Middle Ages, cobalt blue was used to colour the stained glass windows of cathedrals, beginning in the 9th century, Chinese artists used cobalt to make fine blue and white porcelain. Blue dyes for clothing were made from woad in Europe and indigo in Asia, in 1828 a synthetic ultramarine pigment was developed, and synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced mineral pigments and vegetable dyes. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Vincent van Gogh and other late 19th century painters used ultramarine and cobalt blue not just to depict nature, in the late 18th century and 19th century, blue became a popular colour for military uniforms and police uniforms. In the 20th century, because blue was associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the United Nations. Surveys in the US and Europe show that blue is the colour most commonly associated with harmony, faithfulness, confidence, distance, infinity, the imagination, cold, and sometimes with sadness. In US and European public opinion polls it is the most popular colour, Blue is the colour of light between violet and green on the visible spectrum. Blues also vary in shade or tint, darker shades of blue contain black or grey, darker shades of blue include ultramarine, cobalt blue, navy blue, and Prussian blue, while lighter tints include sky blue, azure, and Egyptian blue. Today most blue pigments and dyes are made by a chemical process, the modern English word blue comes from Middle English bleu or blewe, from the Old French bleu, a word of Germanic origin, related to the Old High German word blao. In heraldry, the azure is used for blue
Blue
–
Sky blue or pale
azure, mid-way on the RBG colour wheel between blue and cyan.
Blue
–
Blue
Blue
–
Extract of natural
indigo, the most popular blue dye before the invention of synthetic dyes. It was the colour of the first
blue jeans.
Blue
–
A block of
lapis lazuli, originally used to make ultramarine.
12.
CMYK color model
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The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four used in some color printing, cyan, magenta, yellow. Though it varies by print house, press operator, press manufacturer, the K in CMYK stands for key because in four-color printing, cyan, magenta and yellow printing plates are carefully keyed, or aligned, with the key of the black key plate. Some sources suggest that the K in CMYK comes from the last letter in black and was chosen because B already means blue. Some sources claim this explanation, although useful as a mnemonic, is incorrect, the CMYK model works by partially or entirely masking colors on a lighter, usually white, background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected, such a model is called subtractive because inks subtract brightness from white. In additive color models such as RGB, white is the combination of all primary colored lights. In the CMYK model, it is the opposite, white is the color of the paper or other background. To save cost on ink, and to produce deeper black tones, unsaturated and dark colors are produced by using black ink instead of the combination of cyan, magenta, with halftoning, a full continuous range of colors can be produced. To improve print quality and reduce moiré patterns, the screen for each color is set at a different angle. Common reasons for using black ink include, In traditional preparation of color separations, in some cases a black keyline was used when it served as both a color indicator and an outline to be printed in black. Because usually the black plate contained the keyline, the K in CMYK represents the keyline or black plate, also sometimes called the key plate. A combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks soaks the paper with ink, making it slower to dry, causing bleeding, adding black ink absorbs more light and yields much better blacks. Using black ink is less expensive than using the corresponding amounts of colored inks. When a very dark area is desirable, a colored or gray CMY bedding is applied first, then a black layer is applied on top, making a rich, deep black. A black made with just CMY inks is sometimes called a composite black, the amount of black to use to replace amounts of the other ink is variable, and the choice depends on the technology, paper and ink in use. Processes called under color removal, under addition, and gray component replacement are used to decide on the final mix. CMYK or process color printing is contrasted with spot color printing, some printing presses are capable of printing with both four-color process inks and additional spot color inks at the same time
CMYK color model
–
A color photograph of the
Teton Range.
CMYK color model
–
Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black).
CMYK color model
–
The image above, separated for printing with process cyan, magenta, and yellow inks.
CMYK color model
–
The same image, this time separated with maximum black, to minimize ink use.
13.
Cyan
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It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of between 490–520 nm, between the wavelengths of blue and green. In the subtractive color system, or CMYK, which can be overlaid to produce all colors in paint and color printing, cyan is one of the colors, along with magenta, yellow. In the additive color system, or RGB color model, used to all the colors on a computer or television display, cyan is made by mixing equal amounts of green. Cyan is the complement of red, it can be made by the removal of red from white light, mixing red light and cyan light at the right intensity will make white light. The web color cyan is synonymous with aqua, other colors in the cyan color range are teal, turquoise, electric blue, aquamarine, and others described as blue-green. Its name is derived from the Ancient Greek κύανος, transliterated kyanos, meaning blue, dark blue enamel. It was formerly known as blue or cyan-blue, and its first recorded use as a color name in English was in 1879. Further origins of the name can be traced back to a dye produced from the cornflower. In most languages, cyan is not a color term. Reasons for why cyan is not linguistically acknowledged as a color term can be found in the frequent lack of distinction between blue and green in many languages. The web color cyan shown at right is a color in the RGB color model. In X11 colors, this color is called both cyan and aqua, in the HTML color list, this same color is called aqua. The web colors are more vivid than the used in the CMYK color system. To reproduce the web color cyan in inks, it is necessary to add some white ink to the printers cyan below, so when it is reproduced in printing, it is not a primary subtractive color. It is called aqua because it is a commonly associated with water. Cyan is also one of the inks used in four-color printing, along with magenta, yellow, and black. While both the secondary and the subtractive primary are called cyan, they can be substantially different from one another. Cyan printing ink can be saturated or less saturated than the RGB secondary cyan, depending on what RGB color space
Cyan
–
In the
RGB color model, used to make colors on computer and TV displays, cyan is created by the combination of green and blue light.
Cyan
–
Cyan
Cyan
–
Color printers today use magenta, cyan, and yellow ink to produce the full range of colors.
Cyan
–
Cyan is the color of shallow water over a sandy beach. The water absorbs the color red from the sunlight, leaving a greenish-blue color.
14.
Magenta
–
Magenta is a color that is variously defined as purplish-red, reddish-purple, or mauvish-crimson. On computer screens, it is made by mixing equal amounts of blue, on color wheels of the RGB and CMY color models, it is located midway between red and blue. It is the color of green. It is one of the four colors of ink used in printing and by an inkjet printer, along with cyan, yellow. The tone of magenta used in printing is called printers magenta, Magenta was first introduced as the color of a new aniline dye called fuchsine, patented in 1859 by the French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin. Its name was changed the year to magenta, to celebrate a victory of the French and Sardinian army at the Battle of Magenta on June 4,1859. The web color magenta is called fuchsia. Magenta is a color, meaning that it is not found in the visible spectrum of light. Rather, it is physiologically and psychologically perceived as the mixture of red and violet/blue light, with the absence of green. In the RGB color system, used to all the colors on a television or computer display, magenta is a secondary color, made by combining equal amounts of red. In this system, magenta is the color of green. In the CMYK color model, used in printing, it is one of the three primary colors, along with cyan and yellow, used to print all the rest of the colors. If magenta, cyan, and yellow are printed on top of each other on a page, in this model, magenta is the complementary color of green, and these two colors have the highest contrast and the greatest harmony. If combined, green and magenta ink will look dark gray or black, the magenta used in color printing, sometimes called process magenta, is a darker shade than the color used on computer screens. A purple hue in terms of theory, magenta is evoked by light having less power in green wavelengths than in blue/violet. In the Munsell color system, magenta is called red–purple, if the spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta appears midway between red and violet. Violet and red, the two components of magenta, are at opposite ends of the spectrum and have very different wavelengths. The additive secondary color magenta, as noted above, is made by combining violet and red light at equal intensity, in optics, fuchsia and magenta are essentially the same color
Magenta
–
In the
RGB color model, used to make colors on computer and television displays, magenta is created by the combination of equal amounts of blue and red light.
Magenta
–
Magenta
Magenta
–
The flower of
Fuchsia plant was the original inspiration for the dye, which was later renamed magenta dye.
Magenta
–
Magenta took its name in 1860 from this
aniline dye that was originally called "
fuchsine ", after the fuchsia flower.
15.
Yellow
–
Yellow is the color between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of roughly 570–590 nm, in traditional color theory, used in painting, and in the subtractive color system, used in color printing, yellow is a primary color. In the RGB color model, used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is made by combining red, the word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, geolwe, meaning yellow, yellowish, derived from the Proto-Germanic word gelwaz yellow. It has the same Indo-European base, gʰel-, as the gold and yell. In Iran it has connotations of pallor/sickness, but also wisdom and it plays an important role in Asian culture, particularly in China, where it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, wisdom, harmony, and culture. The word yellow comes from the Old English geolu, geolwe, meaning yellow, yellowish and it has the same Indo-European base, gʰel-, as the words gold and yell, gʰel- means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out. The English term is related to other Germanic words for yellow, namely Scots yella, East Frisian jeel, West Frisian giel, Dutch geel, German gelb, and Swedish and Norwegian gul. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the oldest known use of word in English is from The Epinal Glossary in 700. Yellow, in the form of yellow pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of Lascaux has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old, in Ancient Egypt, yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold, the Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings, they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant orpiment, though it was made of arsenic and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun, men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces. The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent gold and it is found frequently in the murals of Pompeii. During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of Judas Iscariot, from this connection, yellow also took on associations with envy, jealousy and duplicity. The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, in 16th century Spain, those accused of heresy and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the Spanish Inquisition dressed in a yellow cape. The color yellow has been associated with moneylenders and finance. The National Pawnbrokers Associations logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the saint of pawnbroking, St. Nicholas, holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the House of Medici, a fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders
Yellow
–
Yellow is the color of
gold,
butter, and ripe
lemons.
Yellow
–
Yellow
Yellow
–
Image of a horse colored with
yellow ochre. from
Lascaux cave.
Yellow
–
Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in
ancient Egypt (15th century BC).
16.
Black
–
Black is the darkest color resulting from the absence or complete absorption of light. Like white and grey, it is a color, literally a color without hue. It is one of the four colors in the CMYK color model, along with cyan, yellow. Black is often used to represent darkness, it is the symbolic opposite of white, Black was one of the first colors used by artists in neolithic cave paintings. In the 14th century, it began to be worn by royalty and it became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, according to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, evil, and elegance. More distant cognates include Latin flagrare, and Ancient Greek phlegein, the Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. Kuanos could mean both dark blue and black, the Ancient Romans had two words for black, ater was a flat, dull black, while niger was a brilliant, saturated black. Ater has vanished from the vocabulary, but niger was the source of the country name Nigeria the English word Negro, old High German also had two words for black, swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. These are parallelled in Middle English by the terms swart for dull black, swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became the modern English black. In heraldry, the used for the black color is sable, named for the black fur of the sable. Black was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and then made more vivid black pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide, for the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations, being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead. For the ancient Greeks, black was also the color of the underworld, separated from the world of the living by the river Acheron and those who had committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus, the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of Hades, the king of the underworld, Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making pottery and later red figure pottery. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a clay slip on a red clay pot
Black
–
Outer space seen from Mars (Image taken by
NASA 's
MER Spirit rover)
Black
–
Neolithic paintings of bulls in the
Lascaux Cave, more than 17,000 years old
Black
–
Statue of Anubis, guardian of the underworld, from the tomb of
Tutankhamun.
Black
–
Greek
Black-figure pottery.
Ajax and
Achilles playing a game, about 540-530 BC. (Vatican Museums).
17.
HSV color space
–
HSL and HSV are the two most common cylindrical-coordinate representations of points in an RGB color model. The two representations rearrange the geometry of RGB in an attempt to be intuitive and perceptually relevant than the cartesian representation. Developed in the 1970s for computer applications, HSL and HSV are used today in color pickers, in image editing software. HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness, and is often called HLS. HSV stands for hue, saturation, and value, and is often called HSB. A third model, common in computer applications, is HSI. However, while typically consistent, these definitions are not standardized, note that while hue in HSL and HSV refers to the same attribute, their definitions of saturation differ dramatically. As a result, each unique RGB device has unique HSL and HSV absolute color spaces to accompany it, other more computationally intensive models, such as CIELAB or CIECAM02, are said to better achieve these goals. In each geometry, the vertical axis comprises the neutral, achromatic, or gray colors, ranging from black at lightness 0 or value 0, the bottom, to white at lightness 1 or value 1. These saturated colors have lightness ½ in HSL, while in HSV they have value 1, mixing these pure colors with black—producing so-called shades—leaves saturation unchanged. In HSL, saturation is also unchanged by tinting with white, in HSV, tinting alone reduces saturation. Confusingly, such diagrams usually label this radial dimension saturation, blurring or erasing the distinction between saturation and chroma, as described below, computing chroma is a helpful step in the derivation of each model. Most televisions, computer displays, and projectors produce colors by combining red, green, furthermore, neither additive nor subtractive color models define color relationships the same way the human eye does. For example, imagine we have an RGB display whose color is controlled by three sliders ranging from 0–255, one controlling the intensity of each of the red, green, consequently, these models and similar ones have become ubiquitous throughout image editing and graphics software since then. Some of their uses are described below, nonetheless, it is worth reviewing those definitions before leaping into the derivation of our models. Hue The attribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to be similar to one of the colors, red, yellow, green. Radiance The radiant power of passing through a particular surface per unit solid angle per unit projected area. Luminance The radiance weighted by the effect of each wavelength on a human observer
HSV color space
–
Fig. 13a. Color photograph
HSV color space
HSV color space
–
b. CIELAB L *
HSV color space
–
c. Rec. 601 luma Y ′
18.
Saturation (color theory)
–
Colorfulness or saturation in colorimetry and color theory refers to the perceived intensity of a specific color. Colorfulness is the visual sensation according to which the color of an area appears to be more or less chromatic. Chroma is the relative to the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears to be white or highly transmitting. Therefore, chroma should not be confused with colorfulness, saturation is the colorfulness of a color relative to its own brightness. A highly colorful stimulus is vivid and intense, while a less colorful stimulus appears more muted, with no colorfulness at all, a color is a “neutral” gray. Any color can be described using three color appearance parameters — colorfulness, lightness, and hue, saturation is one of three coordinates in the HSL and HSV color spaces. The saturation of a color is determined by a combination of light intensity, the purest color is achieved by using just one wavelength at a high intensity, such as in laser light. If the intensity drops, then as a result the saturation drops, to desaturate a color of given intensity in a subtractive system, one can add white, black, gray, or the hues complement. CIELUV The chroma normalized by the lightness, s u v = C u v ∗ L ∗ =132 +2 where is the chromaticity of the white point, and chroma is defined below. Nevertheless, this provides a reasonable predictor of saturation. S a b = C a b ∗ C a b ∗2 + L ∗2100 % where Sab is the saturation, L* the lightness and C*ab is the chroma of the color. CIECAM02 The square root of the colorfulness divided by the brightness, M is proportional to the chroma C, thus the CIECAM02 definition bears some similarity to the CIELUV definition. An important difference is that the CIECAM02 model accounts for the conditions through the parameter FL. Different color spaces, such as CIELAB or CIELUV may be used, the naïve definition of saturation does not specify its response function. However, both color spaces are nonlinear in terms of perceived color differences. It is also possible—and sometimes desirable—to define a quantity that is linearized in term of the psychovisual perception. The transformation of to is given by, C a b ∗ = a ∗2 + b ∗2 h a b = arctan b ∗ a ∗ and analogously for CIE L*C*h. The chroma in the CIE L*C*h and CIE L*C*h coordinates has the advantage of being more psychovisually linear, and therefore, chroma in CIE1976 L*a*b* and L*u*v* color spaces is very much different from the traditional sense of saturation
Saturation (color theory)
–
Original image, with relatively muted colors
Saturation (color theory)
–
L*C*h (
CIELAB) chroma increased 50%
Saturation (color theory)
–
HSL saturation increased 50%; notice that changing HSL saturation also affects the perceived lightness of a color
Saturation (color theory)
–
CIELAB lightness preserved, with a * and b * stripped, to make a
grayscale image
19.
Brightness
–
Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to be radiating or reflecting light. In other words, brightness is the perception elicited by the luminance of a visual target and it is not necessarily proportional to luminance. This is a subjective attribute/property of an object being observed and one of the color appearance parameters of color appearance models, brightness refers to an absolute term and should not be confused with Lightness. The adjective bright derives from an Old English beorht with the same meaning via metathesis giving Middle English briht, the word is from a Common Germanic *berhtaz, ultimately from a PIE root with a closely related meaning, *bhereg- white, bright. Brightness was formerly used as a synonym for the term luminance. As defined by the US Federal Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, brightness should now be used only for non-quantitative references to physiological sensations and perceptions of light, a given target luminance can elicit different perceptions of brightness in different contexts, see, for example, Whites illusion. With regard to stars, brightness is quantified as apparent magnitude, brightness is, at least in some respects, the antonym of darkness. The United States Federal Trade Commission has assigned a meaning to brightness when applied to lamps. When appearing on light bulb packages, brightness means Luminous flux, Luminous flux is the total amount of light coming from a source, such as a lighting device. Luminance, the meaning of brightness, is the amount of light per solid angle coming from an area. The table below shows the ways of indicating the amount of light. The term brightness is used in discussions of sound timbres. Luma Luminance Luminosity Media related to brightness at Wikimedia Commons Poyntons Color FAQ
Brightness
–
Decreasing brightness with depth (underwater photo as example)
20.
Oxford English Dictionary
–
The Oxford English Dictionary is a descriptive dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press. The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, in 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the edition was published. Since 2000, an edition of the dictionary has been underway. The first electronic version of the dictionary was available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably appear in electronic form, Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press. As a historical dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary explains words by showing their development rather than merely their present-day usages, therefore, it shows definitions in the order that the sense of the word began being used, including word meanings which are no longer used. The format of the OEDs entries has influenced numerous other historical lexicography projects and this influenced later volumes of this and other lexicographical works. As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries, the dictionarys latest, complete print edition was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, as entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007, then run in 2011. Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the worlds largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language, the Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is the worlds largest dictionary, has similar aims to the OED and took twice as long to complete. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838, the official dictionary of Spanish is the Diccionario de la lengua española, and its first edition was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published in 1716, trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a new dictionary. Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips, later the same year, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. He withdrew and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor, on 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published and research was started
Oxford English Dictionary
–
Seven of the twenty volumes of the printed version of the second edition of the OED
Oxford English Dictionary
–
Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910
Oxford English Dictionary
–
James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury Road
Oxford English Dictionary
–
The 78 Banbury Road,
Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of
James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
21.
Ephraim Chambers
–
Ephraim Chambers was an English writer and encyclopaedist, who is primarily known for producing the Cyclopaedia, or a Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Chambers was born in Kendal, Westmorland, England, little is known of his early life, other than that he was apprenticed to a globe maker, John Senex, in London from 1714 to 1721. It was here that he developed the plan of the Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts, after beginning the Cyclopaedia, he left Senexs service and devoted himself entirely to the encyclopedia project. He also took lodging in Grays Inn, where he remained for the rest of his life, Chambers died in Islington and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey. The first edition of the Cyclopaedia appeared by subscription in 1728, in addition, Chambers wrote for, and possibly edited, the Literary Magazine, which mainly published book reviews. Chambers worked on translating works in French on perspective and chemistry from 1726 to 1727. He also worked with John Martyn to translate the History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, chamberss Encyclopaedia A work by different authors. In, Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopédie, the Gentlemans Magazine v.10, p.262. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Chambers. Chambers Cyclopaedia, digitized and placed online by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center
Ephraim Chambers
–
Title page of Chambers' 1728
Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
22.
Nicolas de Nicolay
–
Nicolas de Nicolay, Sieur dArfeville & de Belair, of the Nicolay was a French geographer. Born at la Grave in Oisans, in the Dauphiné, he left France in 1542 to participate in the siege of Perpignan which was held by Emperor Charles V of Austria. In 1547 he sailed to Scotland where his intervention ended the siege of St Andrews Castle, in 1548 he returned to Scotland to take away Mary, Queen of Scots from Dumbarton Castle, sailing around the west coast of Ireland. He travelled around Germany, Denmark, England, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Greece and Turkey, on his return to France, Henry II made him Geographer Ordinary and Valet to the Chamber. Around this time, he appears to have made a terrestrial globe that provided the model for the Oterschaden globe of c.1600, in 1551, Henry II ordered him to follow Gabriel dAramon, envoy and ambassador to the Grand Turk Suleiman the Magnificent. In the course of the voyage, his mission was to survey the places visited. In 1583, he died in Soissons, where he was Commissioner of artillery and he wrote several books, Description générale des Pays et Duché de Berry. Quatre premiers livres des navigations Description générale du Bourbonnais en 1569, ou Histoire de cette province (villes, bourgs, châteaux, fiefs, Description générale de la ville de Lyon et des anciennes provinces du Lyonnais et du Beaujolais. Discovrs et histoire veritable des navigations, Anvers, A. Coninx,1586, R. Herve, Loeuvre cartographique de Nicolas de Nicolay et dAntoine de Leval, 1544-1619, Bulletin de la Section de Géographie du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, LXVIII, 223-63. Roger Hervé, LŒuvre cartographique de Nicolas de Nicolay et dAntoine de Laval, Paris, franz Wawrik, “Der Erdglobus des Johannes Oterschaden”, Der Globusfreund, Nos. 25-27,1978, pp. 155–167
Nicolas de Nicolay
–
Illustration from Le navigationi et viaggi nella Turchia, 1577
23.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
24.
Turquoise (color)
–
Turquoise /ˈtɜːrkɔɪz/ or /ˈtɜːrkwɔɪz/ is the name of a bluish-green color, based on the gem of the same name. The word turquoise comes from the French for Turkish, as the gem was originally imported from Turkey, the first recorded use of turquoise as a color name in English was in 1573. It is, generally thought to consist of 70% blue and 30% green, the X11 color named turquoise is displayed on the right. Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a phosphate of copper and aluminium. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gem, in many cultures of the Old and New Worlds, this gemstone has been esteemed for thousands of years as a holy stone, a bringer of good fortune or a talisman. The oldest evidence for this claim was found in ancient Egypt, in the ancient Persian Empire, the sky-blue gemstones were earlier worn round the neck or wrist as protection against unnatural death. If they changed color, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom, meanwhile, it has been discovered that turquoise can change color. The change can be caused by light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, Turquoise is a stone and color that is strongly associated with the domes and interiors of large mosques in Iran, Central Asia and Russia. The color Celeste is a sky bluish turquoise, light Turquoise is a lighter tone of turquoise. Turquoise blue is a close to turquoise on the color wheel. The first recorded use of blue as a color name in English was in 1900. Turquoise association of Iran is developer center of Iranian turquoise all of the world and this association started their work as the only authentic representative and exporter of precious Persian Turquoise since 1998 and now our honor is getting more and more well-thought-of in market. At right is displayed the web color medium turquoise, at right is displayed the web color dark turquoise. At right is displayed the color pearl mystic turquoise
Turquoise (color)
–
The
turquoise gemstone is the namesake for the color.
Turquoise (color)
–
Bibi-Khanym Mosque with turquoise domes in
Bukhara,
Uzbekistan
Turquoise (color)
–
Medium Turquoise green bed sheets
25.
Bicycle
–
A bicycle, often called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist, Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and as of 2003, more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of automobiles that have been produced. They are the means of transportation in many regions. They also provide a form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as childrens toys, general fitness, military and police applications, courier services. The basic shape and configuration of an upright or safety bicycle, has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and these have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling. The bicycles invention has had an effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. The word bicycle first appeared in English print in The Daily News in 1868, to describe Bysicles and trysicles on the Champs Elysées, the word was first used in 1847 in a French publication to describe an unidentified two-wheeled vehicle, possibly a carriage. The design of the bicycle was an advance on the velocipede, Other words for bicycle include bike, pushbike, pedal cycle, or cycle. In Unicode, the point for bicycle is 0x1F6B2. The entity 🚲, in HTML produces
Bicycle
–
The most popular bicycle model—and most popular
vehicle of any kind in the world—is the Chinese
Flying Pigeon, with 500 million produced.
Bicycle
–
Group of bicycles of various types and sizes (in
Buenos Aires).
Bicycle
–
Wooden
draisine (around 1820), the first two-wheeler and as such the archetype of the bicycle
Bicycle
–
Michaux's son on a velocipede 1868
26.
Bianchi Bicycles
–
Edoardo Bianchi S. p. A, commonly known as Bianchi is the worlds oldest bicycle-making company still in existence, having pioneered the use of equal-sized wheels with pneumatic rubber tires. The company was founded in Italy in 1885 and in addition to bicycles it produced motorcycles from 1897 to 1967, in 1955 the joint-venture Autobianchi was created together with Fiat and Pirelli for the manufacturing of cars – Autobianchi was subsequently sold to Fiat in 1969. Throughout its modern era, Bianchi has been associated with the Italian Giro dItalia and Tour de France winners, Fausto Coppi, Marco Pantani, Edoardo Bianchi, a 21-year-old medical instrument maker, started his bicycle-manufacturing business in a small shop at 7 Via Nirone, Milan in 1885. Bianchi pioneered the front-wheel caliper brake, since May 1997, the company has been part of Cycleurope Group, which is owned by the Swedish company of Grimaldi Industri AB. The Bianchi reputation began when the company sponsored Giovanni Tommasello, the winner of the Grand Prix de Paris sprint competition in 1899, fifteen years later it was making 45,000 bicycles,1,500 motorcycles and 1,000 cars a year. In 1935 Bianchi sponsored Costante Girardengo, one of the first Italian stars on the road and he won the race by two and a half minutes on a bicycle equipped with Universal brakes, Bianchi steel handlebars and stem, a Regina chain and a four-speed freewheel with shaped teeth. It also had Nisi rims, Campagnolo hubs and Pirelli tyres and it was made for sale only in 57 and 59 cm, smaller than the bike that Coppi used. A variation known as the Campione Del Mondo followed Coppis win in the 1953 world championship, riders of different eras have been associated with Bianchi including Felice Gimondi, who continues his association with the company. Recent riders include Danilo Di Luca, Mario Cipollini, Gianni Bugno, Laurent Fignon, Marco Pantani, Moreno Argentin, until 2007, Bianchi was a cosponsor of the UCI ProTour team, Liquigas. It did not supply teams from 1959 to 1964 nor from 1967 to 1972, in 2015, the latter became Team LottoNL-Jumbo and Bianchis only UCI Pro Continental sponsored road team. The most demanding rider may have been Pantani, sara Mercante, head of Bianchis research and development, said, Pantani had very specific ideas about what he wanted. He had 30 different frames a year from different angles. He changed his bike after every ride, id go and meet him during the Giro dItalia and the Tour and discuss improvements with him. Hed ask to have the geometry changed by, say, half a degree, hed want different angles for different races. Hes ask us to tweak the length of the top tube by a millimetre or by half a degree, Bianchi is currently headed up by CEO Bob Ippolito, who before joining Bianchi was the Executive Vice President and General Manager of Pacific Cycle, headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin. Bianchi bicycles are traditionally painted Celeste, a turquoise also known as Bianchi Green. Contradictory myths say Celeste is the colour of the Milan sky, the eye colour of a queen of Italy for whom Edoardo Bianchi made a bicycle. The shade has changed over the years, sometimes more blue, Bianchi USA is the United States division of Bianchi based in Hayward, California
Bianchi Bicycles
–
F.I.V. Edoardo Bianchi S.p.A.
Bianchi Bicycles
–
A Bianchi EV4 lightweight racing bicycle - painted in traditional Celeste
Bianchi Bicycles
–
A Bianchi ES 250 motorcycle of 1937
Bianchi Bicycles
–
Bianchi Miles ambulance truck
27.
Sky
–
The sky is everything that lies above the surface of the Earth, including the atmosphere and outer space. In the field of astronomy, the sky is called the celestial sphere. This is viewed from Earths surface as a dome where the Sun, stars, planets. The celestial sphere is divided into regions called constellations. Usually, the sky is used informally as the point of view from the Earths surface, however. In some cases, such as in discussing the weather, the sky refers to only the lower, during daylight, the sky appears to be blue because air scatters blue sunlight more than it scatters red. At night, the sky appears to be a dark surface or region scattered with stars. During the day, the Sun can be seen in the sky obscured by clouds. In the night sky the Moon, planets and stars are visible in the sky, some of the natural phenomena seen in the sky are clouds, rainbows, and aurorae. Lightning and precipitation can also be seen in the sky during storms, birds, insects, aircraft, and kites are often considered to fly in the sky. Due to human activities, smog during the day and light pollution during the night are often seen above large cities. Except for light that directly from the sun, most of the light in the day sky is caused by scattering. The scattering due to molecule sized particles is greater in the forward and backward directions than it is in the lateral direction. Scattering is significant for light at all visible wavelengths but is stronger at the end of the visible spectrum, meaning that the scattered light is bluer than its source. The remaining sunlight, having lost some of its wavelength components. Scattering also occurs more strongly in clouds. Individual water droplets exposed to light will create a set of colored rings. If a cloud is thick enough, scattering from water droplets will wash out the set of colored rings
Sky
–
Crepuscular rays of light shining through clouds in the sky
Sky
–
The Crescent Moon remains visible just moments before Sunrise
Sky
–
Aurora borealis over Bear Lake, Alaska
Sky
–
The
Milky Way can be seen as a large band across the night sky, and is distorted into an arch in this 360° panorama.
28.
Bleu celeste
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Bleu celeste is a rarely occurring and non-standard tincture in heraldry. This tincture is sometimes also called ciel or simply celeste and it is depicted in a lighter shade than the range of shades of the more traditional tincture azure, which is the standard blue used in heraldry. In the arms of the University of Natal Athletic Union the azure is defined as sky blue, when in 1965 that borough merged with its neighbours to form the Borough of Richmond upon Thames, the coloured oars were transferred to the supporters in the arms of the new borough. Tincture Azure Columbia blue Sky blue Scott-Giles, C. W. Boutells Heraldry, london & New York, Frederick Warne & Co
Bleu celeste
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The supporters of the arms of the
London Borough of Richmond upon Thames: On either side a
Griffin Gules armed and beaked Azure each supporting an Oar proper the blade of the dexter Dark Blue and that of the sinister Light Blue.
Bleu celeste
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This article is about the heraldic tincture. For use of the color elsewhere, see
Sky blue.
29.
Tincture (heraldry)
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Tinctures constitute the limited palette of colours and patterns used in heraldry. The need to define, depict, and correctly blazon the various tinctures is therefore one of the most important aspects of heraldic art, the colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as metals, colours, and furs. In its original sense, tincture refers only to the group referred to as colours. Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given, the basic scheme and rules of applying the heraldic tinctures dates to the formative period of heraldry, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The practice of depicting certain charges as they appear in nature, in the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on Norman French. The metals are or and argent, representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are depicted as yellow. Or derives its name from the Latin aurum, gold and it may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artists discretion, yellow has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or. Argent is similarly derived from the Latin argentum, silver, notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour. Five colours have been recognized since the earliest days of heraldry and these are, gules, or red, sable, or black, azure, or blue, vert, or green, and purpure, or purple. Two more were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities, sanguine or murrey, a red or mulberry colour, and tenné. Gules is of uncertain derivation, outside of the heraldic context, Sable is named for a type of marten, known for its dark, luxuriant fur. Azure comes through the Arabic lāzaward, from the Persian lāžavard both referring to the mineral lapis lazuli, used to produce blue pigments. Vert is from Latin viridis, green, the alternative name in French, sinople, is derived from the ancient city of Sinope in Asia Minor, which was famous for its pigments. Purpure is from Latin purpura, in turn from Greek porphyra and this expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour, and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules. Sanguine or Murrey, from Latin sanguineus, blood red, and Greek morum, mulberry, although long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer, it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Tenné or tenny, from Latin tannare, to tan, is the second of the so-called stains and it is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was used in continental heraldry
Tincture (heraldry)
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Canons from the
chapter of Bruges, solemn winterdress in fur
Colour coordinates
