Slash-and-burn agriculture called fire-fallow cultivation, is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden. The method begins by cutting down the trees and woody plants in an area; the downed vegetation, or "slash", is left to dry right before the rainiest part of the year. The biomass is burned, resulting in a nutrient-rich layer of ash which makes the soil fertile, as well as temporarily eliminating weed and pest species. After about three to five years, the plot's productivity decreases due to depletion of nutrients along with weed and pest invasion, causing the farmers to abandon the field and move over to a new area; the time it takes for a swidden to recover depends on the location and can be as little as five years to more than twenty years, after which the plot can be slashed and burned again, repeating the cycle. In India, the practice is known as jhoom. Slash-and-burn can be part of shifting cultivation, an agricultural system in which farmers move from one cultivable area to another.
It may be part of transhumance, the moving of livestock between seasons. A rough estimate is. In 2004, it was estimated that in Brazil alone, 500,000 small farmers each cleared an average of one hectare of forest per year; the technique is not sustainable for large human populations. Methods such as Inga alley cropping and slash-and-char have been proposed as alternatives which would cause less environmental degradation. A similar term is assarting, the clearing of forests for the purpose of agriculture. Assarting does not include burning. Slash-and-burn cultivation has been practiced throughout much of the world, in grasslands as well as woodlands. During the Neolithic Revolution, which included agricultural advancements, groups of hunter-gatherers domesticated various plants and animals, permitting them to settle down and practice agriculture, which provides more nutrition per hectare than hunting and gathering; this happened in the river valleys of Mesopotamia. Due to this decrease in food from hunting, as human populations increased, agriculture became more important.
Some groups could plant their crops in open fields along river valleys, but others had forests blocking their farming land. In this context, humans used slash-and-burn agriculture to clear more land to make it suitable for plants and animals. Thus, since Neolithic times, slash-and-burn techniques have been used for converting forests into crop fields and pasture. Fire was used before the Neolithic as well, by hunter-gatherers up to present times. Clearings created by the fire were made for many reasons, such as to draw game animals and to promote certain kinds of edible plants such as berries. Slash-and-burn fields are used and owned by a family until the soil is exhausted. At this point the ownership rights are abandoned, the family clears a new field, trees and shrubs are permitted to grow on the former field. After a few decades, another family or clan may use the land and claim usufructuary rights. In such a system there is no market in farmland, so land is not bought or sold on the open market and land rights are traditional.
In slash-and-burn agriculture, forests are cut months before a dry season. The "slash" is permitted to dry and burned in the following dry season; the resulting ash fertilizes the soil and the burned field is planted at the beginning of the next rainy season with crops such as upland rice, cassava, or other staples. Most of this work is done by hand, using such basic tools such as machetes, axes and makeshift shovels. Old American civilizations, like the Inca and Aztecs used this agricultural technique. Sometimes, the flames caused forest fires which would lead to loss of life. Large families or clans wandering in the lush woodlands long continued to be the most common form of society through human prehistory. Axes to fell trees and sickles for harvesting grain were the only tools people might bring with them. All other tools were made from materials they found at the site, such as fire stakes of birch, long rods, harrows made of spruce tops; the extended family conquered the lush virgin forest and cultivated their selected swidden plots, sowed one or more crops, proceeded on to forests, noted in their wanderings.
In the temperate zone, the forest regenerated in the course of a lifetime. So swidden was repeated several times in the same area over the years, but in the tropics the forest floor depleted. It was not only in the moors, as in Northern Europe, but in the steppe, prairie and barren desert in tropical areas where shifting cultivation is the oldest type of farming. Cultivation is similar to slash-and-burn.. Southern European Mediterranean climates have favored evergreen and deciduous forests. With slash-and-burn agriculture, this type of forest was less able to regenerate than those north of the Alps. Although in northern Europe one crop was harvested before grass was allowed to grow, in southern Europe it was more common to exhaust the soil by farming it for several years. Classical authors mentioned large forests, with Homer writing about "wooded Samothrace", Zakynthos and other woodlands; these authors indicated. Although parts of Europe aside from the north remained wooded, by the Roman Iron and early Viking Ages, forests we
Ordentlig Radio is a Norwegian Internet radio station, launched in 2012. Headquartered at Flytårnet på Fornebu outside Oslo, the initiative for the station came from recording artist Øystein Sunde and radio veteran Tor Andersen of Radio P4; the Internet-only radio format followed two rejections of application for land-based broadcasting licence in 2007 and 2008. The FM application was for the Greater Oslo Region; when the company subsequently folded in 2009, Sunde with his family company owned 21.8% of the shares. Andersen and his partner with their company owned an large share. Artist Jonas Fjeld held a 2.73% share of the company. The content of the 24-hour station is Norwegian music, the music archive contained 12,000 songs. A particular focus of the station is to present artists that its bigger cousins such as NRK Radio will not give airtime to; the station plays popular music during the day and airs special programming at night. Famous Norwegian recording artists Hanne Krogh and Halvdan Sivertsen are said to be involved in the project.
The Nilson Nelson Gymnasium is an indoor sporting arena located in Brasília, near the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha. Both are part of the Ayrton Senna Sports Complex; the capacity of the arena is 11,105 spectators and it was built in 1973. The hall was designed by Cláudio Cianciarullo and opened on April 21, 1973. From 1973 to 2008, the arena had a capacity of 24,286 seats. In 2008, the multi-purpose arena was reduced the spectator capacity to 11,105 seats, it is used for indoor sports, was the secondary venue at 2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup. A-ha – 2010 Black Eyed Peas – 2006 Bob Dylan – 2012 Eric Clapton – 1990 The Cranberries – 2010 Deep Purple – 1997 Green Day – 2010 David Guetta – 2010 Duran Duran – 2012 Guns N' Roses – 2014 Jackson 5 – 1974 Avril Lavigne – 2011 McFly – 2009 Megadeth – 2010 Alanis Morissette – 2009 Motörhead – 2010 Ozzy Osbourne– 2010 Paramore – 2011 Scorpions – 2010 RBD – 2007 RBD – 2008 Rihanna – 2011 Roxette – 2012 Sade – 2011 Seal – 2011 Shakira – 1996, 2011 UFC Fight Night: Silva vs. Arlovski – September 13, 2014 Iron Maiden, The Book of Souls World Tour – 22 March 2016 American superstar Miley Cyrus was scheduled to perform in the Gymnasium on September 24, 2014 as part of her anticipated, Bangerz World Tour but was cancelled due to logistical issues.
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