1.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
2.
Diane Keaton
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Diane Keaton is an American film actress, director and producer. She began her career on stage and made her debut in 1970. Her next two films with Allen, Sleeper and Love and Death, established her as a comic actor and her fourth, Annie Hall, won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. Keaton subsequently expanded her range to avoid becoming typecast as her Annie Hall persona and she became an accomplished dramatic performer, starring in Looking for Mr. Goodbar and received Academy Award nominations for Reds, Marvins Room and Somethings Gotta Give. Some of her later films include Baby Boom, Father of the Bride, The First Wives Club. Keatons films have earned a gross of over US$1.1 billion in North America. In addition to acting, she is also a photographer, real estate developer, author, Diane Keaton was born as Diane Hall on January 5,1946, in Los Angeles, California. Her mother, Dorothy Deanne, was a homemaker and amateur photographer, her father, John Newton Ignatius Jack Hall, was a real estate broker, Keaton was raised a Free Methodist by her mother. Her mother won the Mrs. Los Angeles pageant for homemakers, Keaton has said that the theatricality of the event inspired her first impulse to be an actress, and led to her wanting to work on stage. She has also credited Katharine Hepburn, whom she admires for playing strong and independent women, Keaton is a 1964 graduate of Santa Ana High School in Santa Ana, California. During her time there, she participated in singing and acting clubs at school, after graduation, she attended Santa Ana College, and later Orange Coast College as an acting student, but dropped out after a year to pursue an entertainment career in Manhattan. Upon joining the Actors Equity Association, she changed her surname to Keaton, her mothers maiden name, for a brief time, she also moonlighted at nightclubs with a singing act. She would later revisit her nightclub act in Annie Hall and And So It Goes, Keaton began studying acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. She has described her acting technique as, only as good as the person youre acting with, as opposed to going it on my own and forging my path to create a wonderful performance without the help of anyone. I always need the help of everyone, according to Jack Nicholson, She approaches a script sort of like a play in that she has the entire script memorized before you start doing the movie, which I dont know any other actors doing that. In 1968, Keaton became a member of the Tribe and understudy to Sheila in the original Broadway production of Hair. She gained some notoriety for her refusal to disrobe at the end of Act I when the cast performs nude, after acting in Hair for nine months, she auditioned for a part in Woody Allens production of Play It Again, Sam. After nearly being passed over for being too tall, she won the part, after being nominated for a Tony Award for Play It Again, Sam, Keaton made her film debut in Lovers and Other Strangers
3.
Ralph Rosenblum
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Ralph Rosenblum was an American film editor who worked extensively with the directors Sidney Lumet and Woody Allen. He won the 1977 BAFTA Award for Best Editing for his work on Annie Hall, and published an influential memoir When the Shooting Stops, the Cutting Begins, A Film Editors Story. Towards the end of the World War II in 1945, Rosenblum worked as an apprentice in the U. S. Office of War Information, among his mentors there were Sidney Meyers. Much of Rosenblums work in the 1950s and early 1960s was in television, he worked on such as The Search, Omnibus, The Guy Lombardo Show. With Sid Katz and Gene Milford, he formed a company, MKR Films, that provided services for television shows, spots. In the 1960s, Rosenblum edited four films directed by Sidney Lumet and these films, which were all serious dramas, were very important to Rosenblums career, as John Gallagher has noted, Fail-Safe and The Pawnbroker demonstrated Rosenblums editorial finesse. The montage ending of Fail Safe, depicting the last few moments of life on earth, like Dede Allen, Rosenblum broke editing conventions and rules. More importantly, and like her also, his innovations shifted editing away from its reliance on telling a story to the creation of a new. In 1966, Rosenblum was nominated for an American Cinema Editors Eddie award for A Thousand Clowns, which was directed by Fred Coe. In 1968, Rosenblum was hired as an consultant to help a young Woody Allen hone a large amount of footage into what became Allens first film. Rosenblum went on to edit the next five of Allens films, including Annie Hall, Interiors was Rosenblums last film with Allen. Rosenblum and Allen came to a decision that Rosenblum would not edit Manhattan. Susan E. Morse, who had been Rosenblums assistant editor on several of Allens films, became his successor, for the last film, Interiors, Allen was actively involved in the editing and was fearful concerning the reception of the film. Allens biographer Eric Lax quoted Rosenblum about the film, He managed to rescue Interiors and he was testy, he was slightly short-tempered. He thought he had a real bomb, but he managed to pull it out with his own work. The day the reviews came out, he said to me, Well, we pulled this one out by the short hairs, in 1979, Rosenblum published a book written with Robert Karen, When the Shooting Stops, the Cutting Begins, A Film Editors Story. Gallagher described the importance of book as follows, Ralph Rosenblum did a service to editors everywhere with the 1979 publication of his memoir When the Shooting Stops. The Cutting Begins, a volume which gave the first insiders explanation of what really goes into film editing
4.
United Artists
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United Artists is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century. On December 14 of the year, however, MGM acquired the 48% stake of UAMG it did not own. UA was incorporated as a joint venture on February 5,1919, by Pickford, Chaplin, Fairbanks, each held a 20% stake, with the remaining 20% held by lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, already Hollywood veterans, the four stars talked of forming their own company to better control their own work. They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors who were tightening their control over salaries and creative decisions. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before anything was formalized, when he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, is said to have observed, The inmates are taking over the asylum. The four partners, with advice from McAdoo, formed their distribution company and its headquarters was established at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City. The original terms called for each of the stars to produce five pictures each year, UAs first film was a success. Without selling stock to the public, following the other studios, as a result, production was slow and the company distributed an annual average of five films during its first five years. By 1924 Griffith had dropped out and the company was facing a crisis, veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. He had been producing pictures for a decade, and he brought commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, contracts were signed with independent producers, most notably Samuel Goldwyn, and Howard Hughes. In 1933, Schenck organized a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, called Twentieth Century Pictures, Schenck formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They began international operations, first in Canada and then in Mexico, by the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries. When he was denied a share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox, al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. Other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including, Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, as the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these producing partners drifted away. Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney went to RKO, and Wanger to Universal Pictures, in the late 1930s, UA turned a profit
5.
Health food store
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A health food store is a type of grocery store that primarily sells health foods, organic foods, local produce, and often nutritional supplements. The term health food has been used since the 1920s to refer to specific foods claimed to be beneficial to health. Some terms that are associated with health food are macrobiotics, natural foods, organic foods, macrobiotics is a diet focusing primarily on whole cereals. Whole cereals, along with other foods, are foods that are minimally processed. Whole cereals have their fiber, germ and hull intact and are considered more nutritious, Natural foods are simply foods that contain no artificial ingredients. Organic foods are foods that are grown without the use of conventional and artificial pesticides, most health food stores also sell nutritional supplements, like vitamins, herbal supplements and homeopathic remedies. Herbal supplements have never been regulated until the European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products came into force on 30 April 2004, the Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive, 2004/24/EC, was established to provide a regulatory approval process for herbal medicines in the European Union. Many foods which are now commonplace in groceries first entered the market in the late 19th, efforts by early health pioneers such as Paul Bragg, Sylvester Graham, John Harvey Kellogg, George Ohsawa, Ellen White and others spurred an interest in health food. As early as the 1920s and 1930s health food stores started opening in the United States, one early health food store was founded by Thomas Martindale in 1869 as Thomas Martindale Company in Oil City, Pennsylvania. In 1875 Thomas Martindale moved the store to Philadelphia and it is known as the oldest health food store in the United States and is still independently owned. The Martindale family eventually moved the store to 10th and Filbert St. in 1920 and was influenced by the new interest in health. The store manufactured their own coffee substitute made from dried figs called Figco, healthy foods were sold in the lunchroom, with all baked goods being sweetened with honey or maple syrup. Eventually the store evolved into what is known as Martindales Natural Market which is still in existence today, in 1896 a new building was built in Birmingham, England to house James Henry Cooks vegetarian restaurant, one of the first in England. In 1898, The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel, named after the famous vegetarian Sir Isaac Pitman, opened on the site. Frank A. in 1936, the United States oldest family-owned natural foods store still in existence today and it began with powdered minerals and vitamins and also sold natural and organic foods. Frank A. Sawall, a bio-chemist, was described as Americas Outstanding Health Teacher and he lectured extensively across the Midwest and the East Coast. Frank A. Sawall, expanded his stores in Michigan, including Detroit, Kalamazoo, Bay City, Grand Rapids, creating the first health foods store chain in the United States. Sawall Health Foods is now in its generation of Sawalls running the business
6.
Cryopreservation
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At low enough temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical activity which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation methods seek to reach low temperatures without causing additional damage caused by the formation of ice during freezing, traditional cryopreservation has relied on coating the material to be frozen with a class of molecules termed cryoprotectants. New methods are constantly being investigated due to the inherent toxicity of many cryoprotectants, by default it should be considered that cryopreservation alters or compromises the structure and function of cells unless it is proven otherwise for a particular cell population. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is the process in which genetic material is collected and stored with the intention of conservation of the breed. Mixtures of solutes can achieve similar effects, some solutes, including salts, have the disadvantage that they may be toxic at intense concentrations. In addition to the water-bear, wood frogs can tolerate the freezing of their blood, urea is accumulated in tissues in preparation for overwintering, and liver glycogen is converted in large quantities to glucose in response to internal ice formation. Both urea and glucose act as cryoprotectants to limit the amount of ice that forms, frogs can survive many freeze/thaw events during winter if not more than about 65% of the total body water freezes. Research exploring the phenomenon of Freezing frogs has been performed primarily by the Canadian researcher, snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina and wall lizards Podarcis muralis also survive nominal freezing but it has not been established to be adaptive for overwintering. In the case of Rana sylvatica one cryopreservant is ordinary glucose, one of the most important early theoreticians of cryopreservation was James Lovelock known for Gaia theory. He suggested that damage to red blood cells during freezing was due to osmotic stress, during the early 1950s, Lovelock had also suggested that increasing salt concentrations in a cell as it dehydrates to lose water to the external ice might cause damage to the cell. Cryopreservation of tissue during recent times began with the freezing of fowl sperm, the process was applied to humans during the 1950s with pregnancies obtained after insemination of frozen sperm. Increased understanding of the mechanism of freezing injury to cells emphasised the importance of controlled or slow cooling to obtain maximum survival on thawing of the living cells, the ability of cryoprotectants, in the early cases glycerol, to protect cells from freezing injury was discovered accidentally. Freezing injury has two aspects, direct damage from the ice crystals and secondary damage caused by the increase in concentration of solutes as progressively more ice is formed. Storage at very cold temperatures is presumed to provide an indefinite longevity to cells, researchers experimenting with dried seeds found that there was noticeable variability of deterioration when samples were kept at different temperatures – even ultra-cold temperatures. Many of these effects can be reduced by cryoprotectants, once the preserved material has become frozen, it is relatively safe from further damage. However, estimates based on the accumulation of radiation-induced DNA damage during cryonic storage have suggested a maximum period of 1000 years. Solution effects As ice crystals grow in freezing water, solutes are excluded, high concentrations of some solutes can be very damaging. Extracellular ice formation When tissues are cooled slowly, water migrates out of cells, too much extracellular ice can cause mechanical damage to the cell membrane due to crushing
7.
Groucho Marx
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Julius Henry Marx, known professionally as Groucho Marx, was an American comedian, stage, film and television star. He was known as a master of quick wit and is considered one of the best comedians of the modern era. His rapid-fire, often impromptu delivery of innuendo-laden patter earned him many admirers and imitators and he made 13 feature films with his siblings the Marx Brothers, of whom he was the third-born. He also had a solo career, most notably as the host of the radio. His distinctive appearance, carried over from his days in vaudeville, included such as an exaggerated stooped posture, glasses, cigar. Julius Marx was born on October 2,1890, in Manhattan, New York City. Marx stated that he was born in a room above a shop on East 78th Street in Manhattan, New York City, Between Lexington & 3rd. The Marx children grew up on East 93rd Street off Lexington Avenue in a neighborhood now known as Carnegie Hill on the Upper East Side of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The turn-of-the-century building that his brother Harpo called the first real home they ever knew was populated with European immigrants, just across the street were the oldest brownstones in the area, owned by people such as the well-connected Loew Brothers and William Orth. The Marx family lived at this location for about 14 years, Grouchos mother was Miene Minnie Schoenberg, whose family came from Dornum in northern Germany when she was 16 years old. His father was Simon Sam Marx, who changed his name from Marrix, minnies brother was Al Schoenberg, who shortened his name to Al Shean when he went into show business as half of Gallagher and Shean, a noted vaudeville act of the early 20th century. According to Groucho, when Shean visited he would throw the local waifs a few coins so that when he knocked at the door he would be surrounded by adoring fans, Marx and his brothers respected his opinions and asked him on several occasions to write some material for them. Minnie Marx did not have an entertainment industry career but had ambition for her sons to go on the stage like their uncle. While pushing her eldest son Leonard in piano lessons she found that Julius had a pleasant soprano voice, juliuss early career goal was to become a doctor, but the familys need for income forced him out of school at the age of twelve. By that time young Julius had become a reader, particularly fond of Horatio Alger. Marx would continue to overcome his lack of education by becoming very well-read. Marx reputedly claimed that he was hopelessly average as a vaudevillian, by 1909 Minnie Marx had assembled her sons into a forgettable-quality vaudeville singing group billed as The Four Nightingales. The brothers Julius, Milton and Arthur and another boy singer, Lou Levy, after exhausting their prospects in the East the family moved to La Grange, Illinois, to play the Midwest
8.
Bob Hope
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Bob Hope KBE, KC*SG, KSS was an American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer, athlete, centenarian and author. With a career spanning nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in over 70 feature films and short films, in addition to hosting the Academy Awards 19 times, he appeared in many stage productions and television roles and was the author of 14 books. The song Thanks for the Memory is widely regarded as Hopes signature tune, born in Eltham, Kent, Hope arrived in America with his family at the age of four and grew up in Cleveland, Ohio. He began his career in business in the early 1920s, initially on stage. He was praised for his timing, specializing in one-liners and rapid-fire delivery of jokes. He also appeared in numerous specials for NBC television, starting in 1950, Hope participated in the sports of golf and boxing and owned a small stake in his hometown baseball team, the Cleveland Indians. He died at age 100 at his home in Toluca Lake, Hope was born in Eltham, Kent the fifth of seven sons. They married in April 1891 and lived at 12 Greenwood Street in Barry, before moving to Whitehall, Bristol, and then St George, Bristol. In 1908, the family emigrated to the United States aboard the SS Philadelphia and passed through Ellis Island on March 30,1908, before moving to Cleveland, from age 12, Hope earned pocket money by busking, singing, dancing, and performing comedy. He entered many dancing and amateur talent contests and won a prize in 1915 for his impersonation of Charlie Chaplin, for a time, he attended the Boys Industrial School in Lancaster, Ohio. As an adult, he donated sizable sums of money to the institution, Hope had a brief career as a boxer in 1919, fighting under the name Packy East. He had three wins and one loss and participated in a few staged charity bouts later in life, Hope worked as a butchers assistant and a lineman in his teens and early twenties. Hope also had a stint at Chandler Motor Car Company. Deciding on a business career, he and his girlfriend signed up for dancing lessons. Encouraged after they performed in an engagement at a club, Hope formed a partnership with Lloyd Durbin. Silent film comedian Fatty Arbuckle saw them perform in 1925 and found work with a touring troupe called Hurleys Jolly Follies. Within a year, Hope had formed an act called the Dancemedians with George Byrne, Hope and Byrne had an act as a pair of Siamese twins as well and danced and sang while wearing blackface before friends advised Hope that he was funnier as himself. In 1929, Hope informally changed his first name to Bob, in one version of the story, he named himself after racecar driver Bob Burman
9.
Police state
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Police state is a term denoting a government that exercises power arbitrarily through the power of the police force. Political control may be exerted by means of a police force that operates outside the boundaries normally imposed by a constitutional state. Robert von Mohl, who first introduced the rule of law to German jurisprudence, the Oxford English Dictionary traces the phrase police state back to 1851, when it was used in reference to the use of a national police force to maintain order, in Austria. The German term Polizeistaat came into English usage in the 1930s with reference to governments that had begun to emerge in Europe. Because there are different political perspectives as to what an appropriate balance is between individual freedom and national security, there are no standards defining a police state. This concept can be viewed as a balance or scale, along this spectrum, any law that has the effect of removing liberty is seen as moving towards a police state, while any law that limits government oversight is seen as moving towards a free state. An electronic police state is one in which the government aggressively uses electronic technologies to record, organize, search, the Oprichnina established by Ivan IV within the Tsardom of Russia in 1565 functioned as a police state, featuring persecutions and autocratic rule. Nazi Germany emerged from a democratic process, yet gradually exerted more and more repressive controls over its people in the lead-up to World War II. In addition to the SS and the Gestapo, the Nazi police state used the judiciary to assert control over the population from the 1930s until the end of the war in 1945, the Republic of Cuba under president Fulgencio Batista was an authoritarian police state during his rule. Police influence continued following his overthrow during the Cuban Revolution in 1959 with the rise to power of Fidel Castro, in response to government proposals to enact new security measures to curb protests, government of AK Party has been accused of turning Turkey into a police state. Fictional police states have featured in a number of media ranging from novels to films to video games, george Orwells 1984 has been described as the definitive fictional treatment of a police state, which has also influenced contemporary usage of the term. Amnesty International,2005 — annual report on human rights violations Council for Secular Humanism article describing attributes of police states David Mery Suspicious behaviour on the tube. Whitehead to Speak to Senior Statesmen of Virginia on the Emerging American Police State and What 2014 Holds in Store for Our Freedoms
10.
Dictator
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A dictator is a political leader who wields absolute power. A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship, the word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency. Like the term tyrant, and to a lesser degree autocrat, dictator came to be used almost exclusively as a term for oppressive, even abusive rule. The term dictator is comparable to – but not synonymous with – the ancient concept of a tyrant, initially tyrant, like dictator and they may hold left or right-wing views, or may be apolitical. Originally an emergency appointment in the Roman Republic, the term Dictator did not have the negative meaning it has now. A Dictator was a magistrate given sole power for a limited duration, at the end of the term, the Dictators power returned to normal Consular rule whereupon a dictator provided accountability, though not all dictators accepted a return to power sharing. Following Julius assassination, his heir Augustus was offered the title of dictator, later successions also denied the title of dictator, with the usage of the title soon diminishing among Roman rulers. As late as the half of the 19th Century, the term Dictator had occasional positive implications. For example, when creating an executive in Sicily during the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860. Shortly afterwards, during the 1863 January Uprising in Poland, Dictator was also the title of four leaders. Past that time, however, Dictator assumed a negative connotation. In popular usage, dictatorship is often associated with brutality and oppression, as a result, it is often also used as a term of abuse for political opponents. The term has come to be associated with megalomania. Many dictators create a cult of personality and have come to favor increasingly grandiloquent titles, in the movie The Great Dictator, Charlie Chaplin satirized not only Adolf Hitler but the institution of dictatorship itself. The association between the dictator and the military is a one, many dictators take great pains to emphasize their connections with the military. In other cases, the association is mere pretense, because of the negative associations, modern leaders very rarely use the term in their formal titles. The Dictatorial Government of Sicily was an executive government appointed by Giuseppe Garibaldi to rule Sicily. The government ended when Sicilys annexation into the Kingdom of Italy was ratified by plebiscite, Poland Józef Chłopicki was styled Dictator from 5 December 1830 – December 1830 and again in December 1830 –25 January 1831 Jan Tyssowski was Dictator from 24 February 1846 –2 March 1846
11.
Biometrics
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Biometrics refers to metrics related to human characteristics. Biometrics authentication is used in science as a form of identification. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance, Biometric identifiers are then distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics, physiological characteristics are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina and odour/scent. Behavioral characteristics are related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to typing rhythm, gait, some researchers have coined the term behaviometrics to describe the latter class of biometrics. Many different aspects of physiology, chemistry or behavior can be used for biometric authentication. The selection of a particular biometric for use in an application involves a weighting of several factors. Jain et al. identified seven such factors to be used when assessing the suitability of any trait for use in biometric authentication, universality means that every person using a system should possess the trait. Uniqueness means the trait should be different for individuals in the relevant population such that they can be distinguished from one another. Permanence relates to the manner in which a trait varies over time, more specifically, a trait with good permanence will be reasonably invariant over time with respect to the specific matching algorithm. Measurability relates to the ease of acquisition or measurement of the trait, in addition, acquired data should be in a form that permits subsequent processing and extraction of the relevant feature sets. Performance relates to the accuracy, speed, and robustness of technology used, acceptability relates to how well individuals in the relevant population accept the technology such that they are willing to have their biometric trait captured and assessed. Circumvention relates to the ease with which a trait might be imitated using an artifact or substitute, proper biometric use is very application dependent. Certain biometrics will be better than others based on the levels of convenience. No single biometric will meet all the requirements of every possible application, the block diagram illustrates the two basic modes of a biometric system. Three steps are involved in the verification of a person, in the first step, reference models for all the users are generated and stored in the model database. In the second step, some samples are matched with reference models to generate the genuine and impostor scores, third step is the testing step
12.
Robot
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A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by a control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, many of todays robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a branch of robotics, soft robotics. From the time of ancient civilization there have many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control. The word robot was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R. U. R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek but it was Karels brother Josef Čapek who was the words true inventor. Electronics evolved into the force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol. The first digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate, there are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions, the use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction, the word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots. Closely related to the concept of a robot is the field of Synthetic Biology, the idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China, Ancient Greece, since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the Cretan island of Europa from pirates. In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ, in the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called The Pigeon. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, the 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddhas relics were protected by mechanical robots, from the kingdom of Roma visaya, until they were disarmed by King Ashoka. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork made of leather, wood, in 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours
13.
Butler
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A butler is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the room, wine cellar. Some also have charge of the entire floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house. A butler is usually male, and in charge of male servants, while a housekeeper is usually a woman, traditionally, male servants were rarer and therefore better paid and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the male servant, has the highest servant status. He can also be used as a chauffeur. The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given, in the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler. The butler was also the steward in a lascar ships crew. In Britain, the butler was originally a member of the staff of a grand household. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the butler gradually became the senior, usually male, member of a households staff in the very grandest households. However, there was sometimes a steward who ran the estate and financial affairs, rather than just the household. To Butler, To butler, to dispense wines or liquors, the modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that were generally concerned with the care and serving of alcoholic beverages. The care of these assets was therefore generally reserved for trusted slaves, the biblical book of Genesis contains a reference to a role precursive to modern butlers. The early Hebrew Joseph interpreted a dream of Pharaohs שקה, which is most often translated into English as chief butler or chief cup-bearer. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine, while during the Medieval Era the pincerna], the modern English butler thus relates both to bottles and casks. Eventually the European butler emerged as a member of the servants of a great house. While this is so for household butlers, those with the same title, the Steward of the Elizabethan era was more akin to the butler that later emerged. In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties
14.
Cloning
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In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments, cells, the term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software. The term clone, invented by J. B. S. Haldane, is derived from the Ancient Greek word κλών klōn, twig, referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig. In horticulture, the spelling clon was used until the twentieth century, since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. In botany, the term lusus was traditionally used, Cloning is a natural form of reproduction that has allowed life forms to spread for more than 50 thousand years. It is the method used by plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples of these organisms include blueberry plants, hazel trees, the Pando trees, the Kentucky coffeetree, Myricas, molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes and it is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production. In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence, initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector. The vector is linearised using restriction enzymes, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase, following ligation the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of techniques are available, such as chemical sensitivation of cells, electroporation, optical injection. Finally, the cells are cultured. Modern cloning vectors include selectable antibiotic resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, additionally, the cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers, which provide blue/white screening on X-gal medium. Nevertheless, these selection steps do not absolutely guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the cells obtained, further investigation of the resulting colonies must be required to confirm that cloning was successful. This may be accomplished by means of PCR, restriction fragment analysis and/or DNA sequencing, Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of organisms such as bacteria and yeast. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, a useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings
15.
Assassination
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Assassination is the murder of a prominent person, often a political leader or ruler, usually for political reasons or payment. The word assassin is believed to derive from the word Hashshashin. It referred to a group of Nizari Shia Persians who worked against various Arab, founded by the Persian Hassan-i Sabbah, the Assassins were active in the fortress of Alamut in Iran from the 8th to the 14th centuries, and also controlled the castle of Masyaf in Syria. The group killed members of the Persian, Abbasid, Seljuq, the word for murder in many Romance languages is derived from this same root word. Assassination is one of the oldest tools of power politics and it dates back at least as far as recorded history. The Old Testament story of Judith illustrates how a woman frees the Israelites by tricking and assassinating Holofernes, a warlord of the rival Assyrians, with whom the Israelites were at war. King Joash of Judah was recorded as being assassinated by his own servants, Joab assassinated Absalom, King Davids son, chanakya wrote about assassinations in detail in his political treatise Arthashastra. His student Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire, later made use of assassinations against some of his enemies, other famous victims are Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, and Roman consul Julius Caesar. Emperors of Rome often met their end in this way, as did many of the Muslim Shia Imams hundreds of years later, the practice was also well known in ancient China, as in Jing Kes failed assassination of Qin king Ying Zheng in 227 BC. Whilst many assassination were performed by an individual or a small group, the earliest were the sicarii in 6 A. D. who predated the Middle Eastern assassins and Japanese ninjas by centuries. In the Middle Ages, regicide was rare in Western Europe, blinding and strangling in the bathtub were the most commonly used procedures. With the Renaissance, tyrannicide—or assassination for personal or political reasons—became more common again in Western Europe and this account is, however, contentious among historians, it being most commonly asserted that he died of natural causes. The myth of the Curse of King Zvonimir is based on the legend of his assassination, in 1192, Conrad of Montferrat, the de facto King of Jerusalem, was killed by an assassin. The reigns of King Przemysł II of Poland, William the Silent of the Netherlands, in Russia alone, two emperors, Paul I and his grandson Alexander II, were assassinated within 80 years. In the United Kingdom, only one Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has ever been assassinated—Spencer Perceval on May 11,1812. In the United States, within 100 years, four presidents—Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, there have been at least 20 known attempts on U. S. presidents lives. Huey Long, a Senator, was assassinated in September of 1935, the Polish Home Army conducted a regular campaign of assassinations against top Nazi German officials in occupied Poland. Adolf Hitler, meanwhile, was almost killed by his own officers, indias Father of the Nation, Mohandas K. Gandhi, was shot to death on January 30,1948, by Nathuram Godse
16.
Road roller
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A road roller is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. Similar rollers are used also at landfills or in agriculture, in some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to the largest examples, the first road rollers were horse-drawn, and were probably just borrowed farm implements. Since the effectiveness of a roller depends to an extent on its weight. The first such vehicles were steam rollers, some road companies in the United States used steamrollers through the 1950s, and in the UK, some remained in commercial service until the early 1970s. As internal combustion engine technology improved during the 20th century, kerosene-, gasoline-, the first internal-combustion powered road rollers were very similar to the steam rollers they replaced. They used similar mechanisms to transmit power from the engine to the wheels, typically large, some users did not like them in their infancy, as the engines of the era were typically difficult to start, particularly the kerosene-powered ones. Virtually all road rollers in commercial use now use diesel power, road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled or use mechanical advantage. Initial compaction of the substrate on a project is done using a padfoot drum roller. On regional roads a smaller single padfoot drum machine may be used, sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller would be used. Once the soil base is flat the pad drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface, once the road base is compacted, the smooth single drum compactor is no longer used on the road surface. The final wear course of concrete is laid using a paver and compacted using a tandem smooth drum roller. Rollers are also used in landfill compaction, such compactors typically have padfoot or sheeps-foot drums, and do not achieve a smooth surface. The pads aid in compression, due to the area contacting the ground. The roller can be a drum with a handle that is operated by one person. A landfill unit may weigh 59 short tons, rammer Walk-behind plate compactor/light Trench roller Walk-behind roller/light Walk-behind roller/heavy Tandem drum Tandem drum Single drum roller Pneumatic-tyred Roller, a. k. a. Tyre rollers are available in widths ranging up to 2.7 metres, with between 7 and 11 wheels,7 and 8 wheel types are used in Europe and Africa,9 and 11 in America. Very heavy tyre rollers are used to compact soil, on some machines, the drums may be filled with water on site to achieve the desired weight
17.
Don Keefer
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Donald Hood Don Keefer was an American actor known for the versatility of his roles. He was born in Highspire in Dauphin County near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, a founding member of The Actors Studio, Keefers film debut was as Bernard in the 1951 film, Death of a Salesman, based on the Arthur Miller play. His longest-lasting roles were in ten episodes each of the CBS series, Gunsmoke, starring James Arness, and Angel, in 1957, Keefer appeared as McNair in the episode Ito of Attu of ABC Navy Log. That same year, he appeared with David Janssen as the character Reagan in Big Score of the CBS series, Richard Diamond, in 1958, he appeared as Ed Locke in the episode Wild Green Yonder of the syndicated crime drama State Trooper, starring Rod Cameron. In 1959, Keefer appeared as John Alastair in the episode Death Is a Red Rose of the Craig Stevens NBC crime drama Peter Gunn. Keefer was cast three times on CBSs anthology, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, as Dr. Elkins in The Indestructible Mr. Weems, as Pete Williams in The Percentage and he had small roles in some feature films, including Sleeper. In 1966 he played the role of Irving Christiansen in the movie The Russians Are Coming, on May 7,1950, Keefer married the former Catherine McLeod, formerly of Texas. At the time of her death, the Keefers were living in Sherman Oaks in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles County, there are three Keefer sons, Donald McLeod, John H. and Thomas James. He died at the age of 98 on September 7,2014, roger Mobley played the part of Gallegher. Marshall Thompson played Johnny Smith, an architect and the husband of Fargés Angel Smith character
18.
Jackie Mason
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Jackie Mason is an American stand-up comedian and film and television actor. He is ranked #63 on Comedy Centrals 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all-time and his 1986 one-man show The World According to Me won a Special Tony Award, an Outer Critics Circle Award, an Ace Award, an Emmy Award, and a Grammy nomination. He has written and performed in six shows on Broadway. Known for his delivery and voice, as well as his use of innuendo and pun, Masons often-culturally-grounded humor has been described as irreverent, a critic for Time wrote that he spoke to audiences, with the Yiddish locutions of an immigrant who just completed a course in English. He was born Yacov Moshe Maza in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, the fourth, Mason came from a long line of rabbis, which included his father, his grandfather, his great-grandfather, and his great-great grandfather. His father Eli and his mother had both been born in Minsk, and had emigrated to the US in the 1920s with the rest of Masons family from Minsk, a Jewish refugee organization helped his father find a position in Sheboygan, as it needed a rabbi. There, his parents and their friends all spoke Yiddish, as a teenager, Mason worked as a busboy at resorts in the Borscht Belt in New Yorks Catskill Mountains. He recalled, Twenty minutes, at the Pearl Lake Hotel, but I can’t swim, I told the owner. Don’t tell the guests, he says, in 1953 Mason graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in his double major of English and Sociology from the City College of New York. At age 18 he became a cantor, and at age 25 he received semikhah from Rabbi Moshe Feinstein and was ordained a rabbi, in Latrobe and he then led congregations as their rabbi in Weldon, North Carolina and Beth Israel Congregation in Latrobe. He said that in synagogue, I started telling more and more jokes, and after a while, a lot of gentiles would come to the congregation just to hear the sermons. Three years later, after his father died, he resigned from his job as a rabbi in a synagogue to become a comedian because, he says, Mason almost exclusively has written his own material. A sampling of his humor is his commentary on doctors, Thats a great profession, where else can you ask a woman to get undressed and then send the bill to her husband. And his commentary on what is important in life, Money is not important, as well as his ruminations on pleasing people, You cant please everyone. I think shes the most wonderful person in the world, and on trust, My grandfather always said that I shouldnt watch my money. That I should watch my health, so while I was watching my health, someone stole my money. And on fidelity, Eighty percent of married men cheat in America and he was a comedian at the Fieldston Hotel in Swan Lake, New York, in the summer of 1955. Mason was let go because his act was considered too far ahead of its time, the patrons had never been exposed to a comic who seemed to be ridiculing them
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Bert Parks
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Bert Parks was an American actor, singer, and radio and television announcer, best known for hosting the annual Miss America telecast from 1955 to 1979. He had one brother, Allen Jacobson. Parks had his first experience in theatre when he was four years old. Parks entered radio broadcasting at age 16, for Atlantas WGST, three years later, he moved to New York City and was hired as a singer and straight man on The Eddie Cantor Show, then becoming a CBS Radio staff announcer. Parks was the host of Break the Bank, which premiered on radio in 1945 and was telecast from 1948 to 1957, as well as Stop the Music on radio in 1948, with other celebrities, he hosted NBC radios Monitor during the 1960s. Commercial kinescopes did not come out until fall 1947, and the only known to predate Party Line are a few episodes of Kraft Television Theater from February. His last game show hosting job was in 1968, on the pilot for a revival of Heatter-Quigleys The Celebrity Game, the show did not sell. He also helmed a daytime variety show in 1950, simply called The Bert Parks Show, in addition, he also starred in a syndicated series called Circus. Parks also appeared in a 1976 episode of The Bionic Woman as the nefarious host of the Miss United States beauty pageant, involved in a plot to sell national security technology. Parks is most famous, however, for hosting the Miss America telecast from 1955–79, tonight Show host Johnny Carson led an on-air campaign to get Parks rehired, but was unsuccessful. In 1990, for the 70th anniversary of the Miss America pageant, Parks was brought on by host Gary Collins to sing There She Is to the new Miss America and it was the last time Parks performed the song live. Parks last known TV appearance, a Pepsi commercial, first aired in June 1991, on September 13th,2015 the recording was reused for the 95th Anniversary of the Miss America scholarship pageant. Parks did a take-off of his role in The Freshman, starring Marlon Brando, Matthew Broderick. He played the emcee of a Gourmet Club dinner where guests supposedly eat a Komodo dragon, Parks appeared on WKRP In Cincinnati in the 1980 episode Herbs Dad, playing Herb Tarlek Sr. In 1988, Parks appeared on an episode of 227 as himself, Parks died of lung cancer at La Jolla, California on February 2,1992 at the age of 77. He was survived by his wife of 49 years, Annette Parks, Bert Parks at Find a Grave Singing Let Em In at the 1976 Miss America Pageant on YouTube
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Miss America
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Miss America refers to both The Miss America Organization and The Miss America Foundation. The competition is a pageant that is held annually and is open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 24. Originating in 1921 as a bathing beauty revue, the contest is now judged on competitors talent performances, Miss America travels about 20,000 miles a month, changing her location every 24 to 48 hours, touring the nation and promoting her particular platform of interest. The winner is crowned by the previous years titleholder, the current titleholder, Miss America 2017, is Miss Arkansas 2016, Savvy Shields, who was crowned on September 11,2016, by her predecessor Betty Cantrell. The origins of the Miss America pageant lie in a 1920 event entitled The Fall Frolic, three hundred and fifty men pushed the chairs. However, the attractions were the young maidens who sat in the rolling chairs, headed by a Miss Ernestine Cremona. The event was so successful that The Businessmens League planned to repeat it the year as a beauty pageant or a bathers revue. Thus, newspapers as far west as Pittsburgh and as far south as Washington, the winners would participate in the Atlantic City contest. If the local newspaper would pay for the wardrobe, the Atlantic City Businessmens League would pay for the contestants travel to compete in the Inter-City Beauty Contest. Herb Test, a newspaperman coined the term for the winner as, on September 8,1921,100,000 people gathered at the Boardwalk to watch the contestants from Washington, D. C. Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Ocean City, Camden, Newark, New York, the 16-year-old winner from Washington, D. C. Margaret Gorman, was crowned the Golden Mermaid and won $100. With its revival in 1933, 15-year-old Marian Bergeron won, prompting future contestants to be between the ages of 18 to 26, in 1935, Lenora Slaughter was hired to re-invent the pageant and served for 32 years as its Director. By 1938, a talent section was added to the competition, in 1940, the title officially became The Miss America Pageant and the pageant was held in Atlantic Citys Convention Hall. In 1944, compensation for Miss America switched from furs and movie contracts to college scholarships, an idea generally credited to Jean Bartel, Miss America 1943. During the early years of the pageant, under the directorship of Lenora Slaughter, it became segregated via rule number seven that stated, contestants must be of good health, rule number seven was abolished in 1950. Although there were Native American, Latina, and Asian-American contestants, in 1970, however, Cheryl Browne, Miss Iowa 1970, competed as the first African-American contestant in the Miss America 1971 pageant. She also participated in one of the last USO-Miss America tours in Vietnam, a decade later in 1983, Miss New York 1983, Vanessa Williams, faced discrimination in response to her win and later resigned under pressure due to a scandal involving nude photographs. Two years later at the Miss America 2016 pageant, Miss America CEO Sam Haskell apologized to Vanessa Williams for what was said to her during the events of 1984, the contest that year was won by Mary Katherine Campbell and again in 1923
21.
Albert Popwell
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Albert Popwell was an African American stage, television and film actor with a career spanning six decades. Born in New York City, Popwell started as a dancer before taking up a career in acting. Popwell made his debut on Broadway at age 16 in The Pirate. Popwell was a bank robber at the receiving end of Eastwoods Do you feel lucky. Popwell was a pimp in Magnum Force, appeared as Big Ed Mustapha in the The Enforcer. He did not appear in the last film in the series, The Dead Pool and his final film role was opposite Sharon Stone in Scissors. He died eight years later, at age 72, from complications following heart surgery. - David Crawford Whos That Girl - Parole Chairman The Siege of Firebase Gloria - Jones Wild at Heart - Barkeeper at Zanzibar Scissors - Officer A Last Goodbye - O. C. Lee Albert Popwell at the Internet Movie Database Albert Popwell at AllMovie Albert Popwell at Find a Grave
22.
Timothy Leary
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Timothy Francis Leary was an American psychologist and writer known for advocating the exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs under controlled conditions. Leary conducted experiments under the Harvard Psilocybin Project during American legality of LSD and psilocybin, resulting in the Concord Prison Experiment, Learys colleague, Richard Alpert, was fired from Harvard University on May 27,1963 for giving psilocybin to an undergraduate student. Leary was planning to leave Harvard when his contract expired in June. He was fired, for failure to keep classroom appointments, with his pay docked on April 30, Leary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry. He used LSD himself and developed a philosophy of mind expansion and he popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as turn on, tune in, drop out, set and setting, and think for yourself and question authority. He gave lectures, occasionally billing himself as a performing philosopher, during the 1960s and 1970s, he was arrested often enough to see the inside of 36 different prisons worldwide. President Richard Nixon once described Leary as the most dangerous man in America, Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, the only child in an Irish Catholic household. His father, Timothy Tote Leary, was a dentist who left his wife Abigail Ferris when Leary was 14 and he graduated from Classical High School in the western Massachusetts city. He attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts from September 1938 to June 1940, under pressure from his father, he then accepted an appointment as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. In the first months as a plebe, he was given numerous demerits for rule infractions and he was alleged to have gone on a drinking binge and to have failed to come clean about it. He was asked by the Honor Committee to resign for violating the Academys honor code and he refused and was silenced—that is, shunned and ignored by his fellow cadets as a tactic to pressure him to resign. He was acquitted by a court-martial, but the silencing measures continued in full force, the treatment continued in his sophomore year, and his mother appealed to a family friend, United States Senator David I. Walsh, head of the Senate Naval Affairs Committee, who conducted a personal investigation, behind the scenes, the Honor Committee revised its position and announced that it would abide by the court-martial verdict. Leary then resigned and was discharged by the Army. Almost 50 years later, he said that it was the fair trial Ive had in a court of law. To the chagrin of his family, Leary elected to transfer to the University of Alabama in late 1941 because of the institutions response to his application. Leary was drafted into the United States Army and reported for training at Fort Eustis in January 1943. After a fateful reunion with Ramsdell in Buffalo, New York, he was promoted to corporal
23.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
24.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
25.
National Center for Atmospheric Research
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NCAR has multiple facilities, including the I. M. Pei-designed Mesa Laboratory headquarters in Boulder, Colorado. Studies include meteorology, climate science, atmospheric chemistry, solar-terrestrial interactions, greg Holland initiated the multiscale modeling project Predicting the Earth System Across Scales. CISL manages and operates NCARs supercomputers, mass storage system, networking, the Institute for Mathematics Applied to Geosciences is a research division within CISL. Earth Observing Laboratory —EOL was formerly known as the Atmospheric Technology Division, EOL manages and operates NCARs lower atmosphere observing systems, including ground-based instrumentation and two research aircraft, on behalf of the NSF. High Altitude Observatory —The oldest part of NCAR, HAO is NCARs solar-terrestrial physics laboratory, Research foci are the Sun and the Earths upper atmosphere. HAO operates the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, NCAR is managed by the nonprofit UCAR and is one of the NSFs Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, with approximately 95% of its funding coming from the federal government. However, it is not an agency and its employees are not part of the federal personnel system. Its annual expenditures in fiscal year 2015 were $167.8 million, the founding director of NCAR was Walter Orr Roberts. The current director is James Hurrell, NCAR has many opportunities for scientific visits to the facilities for workshops, colloquia, and collaboration by colleagues in academia, government labs, and the private sector. Many NCAR staff also visit colleagues at universities and labs and serve as adjunct or visiting faculty, the Visitor Center at the Mesa Laboratory is open to the public daily at no charge
26.
Boulder, Colorado
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Boulder is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County, and the 11th most populous municipality in the U. S. state of Colorado. Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet above sea level, the city is 25 miles northwest of Denver. The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 United States Census, while the population of the Boulder, furthermore, the city of Boulder frequently receives high rankings in art, health, well-being, quality of life, and education. The university officially opened on September 5,1877, Boulder adopted an anti-saloon ordinance in 1907. Statewide prohibition started in Colorado in 1916 and ended with the repeal of prohibition in 1933. As of the census of 2010, there were 97,385 people,41,302 households, the population density is 3,942.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 43,479 housing units at a density of 1,760.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 0% White,0. 9% Black or African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 2% some other race, and 2. 6% from two or more races. 8. 7% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,35. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16, and the family size was 2.84. Boulders population is younger than the average, largely due to the presence of university students. The median age at the 2010 census was 28.7 years compared to the U. S. median of 37.2 years. In Boulder,13. 9% of the residents were younger than the age of 18,29. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 6% from 25 to 44,20. 3% from 45 to 64, for every 100 females there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and older, there were 106.2 males, in 2011 the estimated median household income in Boulder was $57,112, and the median family income was $113,681. Male full-time workers had an income of $71,993 versus $47,574 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,600,24. 8% of the population and 7. 6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the population,17. 4% of those under the age of 18 and 6. 0% of those 65. Boulder housing tends to be priced higher than surrounding areas, for the 2nd quarter of 2006, the median single-family home in Boulder sold for $548,000 and the median attached dwelling sold for $262,000
27.
Denver Botanic Gardens
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The Denver Botanic Gardens is a public botanical garden located in the Cheesman Park neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. The 23-acre park contains a conservatory, a variety of gardens and a sunken amphitheater. There are three locations that are part of the Denver Botanic Gardens as a whole. The main location, and the garden, is the York Street location in east-central Denver. Denver Botanic Gardens at Chatfield features natural meadow and riparian areas, as well as a historic farm, mt. Goliath, on the route to Mount Evans, is an alpine wildflower garden. The Denver Botanic Gardens, along with nearby Cheesman Park and Congress Park, although the majority of bodies were removed in 1893, the interred continued to be removed as late as the 1950s. As recently as 2010, graves were uncovered during renovation of the parks irrigation, the worlds first Xeriscape Demonstration Garden was created at the Gardens in 1986, and 2 years later its name was changed to Dryland Mesa. It was based on the 7 Principles of Xeriscape, and includes drought-tolerant plants from the arid West, the Japanese Garden is called Shofu-en—the Garden of Wind and Pines. It was designed by Koichi Kawana in collaboration with Kai Kwahara, the York Street location of the Botanic Gardens opened Denvers 1st publicly accessible green roof. Boettcher Memorial Tropical Conservatory List of botanical gardens in the United States Official Website
28.
Sculptured House
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The Sculptured House, also known as the Sleeper House, is a distinctive elliptical curved house built on Genesee Mountain in 1963 by architect Charles Deaton. It is featured prominently in the 1973 Woody Allen sci-fi comedy Sleeper, architect Charles Deaton has described his inspiration for the house, On Genesee Mountain I found a high point of land where I could stand and feel the great reaches of the Earth. I wanted the shape of it to sing an unencumbered song, the Deaton-designed house was built in 1963. Delzell Inc. was the builder of the house on an experimental permit. Clifford M. Delzell, the owner/operator of Delzell Inc, Deaton, ran out of money before the house was finished, so it was never inhabited by the designer. He built an addition designed by Deaton with Nick Antonopoulos before Deatons death in 1996. In 2006, fellow Denver entrepreneur Michael Dunahay purchased the house from Huggins, the house was sold again in November 2010. Appears in a 1967 episode of The 21st Century, hosted by Walter Cronkite, the Sculptured House is featured in the 1973 Woody Allen movie Sleeper, where the home’s cylindrical elevator with sliding doors is used as a fictional device called the Orgasmatron. 8/6/2011 MTV Extreme Cribs Ep.9 HGTVs Home Strange Home An episode of American Guns, national Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Colorado Forbes - Sleeper House
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Charles Deaton
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Charles Utter Deaton was an American architect. He designed several athletic stadiums, and is noted for his futuristic Sculptured House that was featured in the 1973 film Sleeper and he is also noted as the designer of Kansas Citys Arrowhead Stadium and Kauffman Stadium. Deaton was born in Clayton, New Mexico and his family lived in a tent on the Oklahoma plains for two years, Deaton studied structural engineering, industrial design and architecture on his own, and earned certification. He designed the futuristic Sculptured House on Genesee Mountain near Denver and he also designed a similar Key Savings and Loan Association building in Englewood, Colorado and the Wyoming National Bank in Casper, Wyoming. In 1967, Kansas City, Missouri was planning to build a new arena for its professional baseball and football teams. Deaton caught the ear of Kansas City Chiefs General Manager Jack Steadman, the entire complex would share parking facilities and highway infrastructure. Deatons design for Arrowhead Stadium and Kauffman Stadium was implemented by Kivett, Deaton was also a notable board game designer who received three US Patents for that work. He applied for his first patent at age 19 for the board game Gusher, Deaton received US Letters Patent 2,299,803 for Gusher in 1942. Gusher is something of a version of Monopoly-style trading games. Deatons other two patents also involve games which utilize interactive boards and he received US Letters Patent 2,295,452 in 1942 for Magnetic Minesweeper, marketed in 1941 by the Walco Bead Co. of New York City. He received US Letters Patent 4,078,805 in 1978 for Country Road, Deaton also received additional patents for his various commercial designs, including furniture and interior lighting. He received his final US Letters Patent 4,688,357 in 1987 for a multi-use baseball/football sports stadium with movable seating, in 1969, the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans honored Deaton by naming him to its membership. Deaton died in Morrison, Colorado at the age of 75, colonial Bank Building in Colorado Charles Deaton on YouTube
