1.
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)
–
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery is a cemetery located on Bedford Street near the center of Concord, Massachusetts. The cemetery is the site of a number of famous Concordians, including some of the United States greatest authors and thinkers. Sleepy Hollow was designed in 1855 by noted landscape architects Cleveland and Copeland and it was dedicated on September 29,1855, Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a dedication speech and would be buried there decades later. Both designers of the cemetery had decades-long friendships with many leaders of the Transcendentalism movement, sleepy Hollow was an early natural garden designed in keeping with Emersons aesthetic principles, writes Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn in his Nature and Ideology. Shortly, afterward, Copeland and his partner were retained by the Concord Cemetery Committee, of which Emerson was an active member, on September 29,1855, Emerson delivered the opening address of the cemeterys consecration. In it he lauded the designers work, the garden of the living, said Emerson, was as much for the benefit for the living, to communicate their relationship to the natural world, as it was to honor the dead. By situating the monuments to the dead within a natural landscape, a cemetery could not jealously guard a few atoms under immense marbles, selfishly and impossibly sequestering from the vast circulations of nature recompenses for new life particle. Will have made the air tuneable and articulate, to realize their vision, Emerson noted that the cemeterys designers had fitted the walks and drives into the sites natural amphitheater. They also left much of the natural vegetation in place, instead of removing it and replanting with ornamental shrubs. The Melvin Memorial, also known as Mourning Victory, sculpted by Daniel Chester French marks the grave of three killed in the Civil War. People are still being buried there, the back of the newer portion of the cemetery leads to a path system which connects to the Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. The Alcott family, including Amos Bronson Alcott, Abby May, and their daughter Louisa May Alcott Ephraim Wales Bull Arthur R
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Sleepy Hollow, New York
–
Sleepy Hollow is a village in the town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester County, New York. The village is located on the east bank of the Hudson River, about 30 miles north of New York City, to the south of Sleepy Hollow is the village of Tarrytown, and to the north and east are unincorporated parts of Mount Pleasant. The population of the village at the 2010 census was 9,870, originally incorporated as North Tarrytown in the late 19th century, in 1996 the village officially adopted the traditional name for the area. Owing to this story, as well as the roots in American history and folklore. The land that would become Sleepy Hollow was first bought from Adriaen van der Donck, starting in 1672 Frederick Philipse began acquiring large parcels of land mainly in todays southern Westchester County. Comprising some 52,000 acres of land, it was bounded by the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, the Croton River, the Hudson River, Philipse was granted a royal charter in 1693, creating the Manor of Philipsburg and establishing him as first lord. In todays Sleepy Hollow he established a mill and shipping depot. A pious man, he was architect and financier of the towns Old Dutch Church, when Philipse died in 1702, the manor was divided between his son, Adolphus Philipse, and his grandson, Frederick Philipse II. Adolph received the Upper Mills property, which extended from Dobbs Ferry to the Croton River, Frederick II was given the Lower Mills at the confluence of the Saw Mill and Hudson Rivers, the two parcels being reunited on his uncles death. His son, Frederick III, became the lord of the manor in 1751. In 1779, Frederick Philipse III, a Loyalist, was attained for treason, The manor was confiscated and sold at public auction, split between 287 buyers. The largest tract of land was at the Upper Mills, it passed to numerous owners until 1951, thanks to the philanthropy of John D. Rockefeller Jr. about 20 acres were restored as todays historic site. Sleepy Hollow is located at 41°5′31″N 73°51′52″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 5.1 square miles, of which 2.3 square miles is land and 2.8 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,870 people,3,181 households, the population density was 4,054.7 people per square mile. There were 3,253 housing units at a density of 1,431.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 61. 01% Caucasian,6. 21% African American,0. 83% Native American,3. 25% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,23. 47% from other races, and 5. 22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 51. 04% of the population, many of whom are Ecuadorian, Dominican, Chilean,23. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
4.
Find a Grave
–
Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
5.
The Political Graveyard
–
The Political Graveyard is a website and database that catalogues information on more than 277,000 American political figures and political families, along with other information. The database attempts to capture very basic biographical and office-holding data for its political figures, besides where they are buried, it records dates and locations of birth and death, offices held and the applicable dates, organizational affiliations, and cause of death. It also reports their relation with other politicians listed, their political party, the name comes from the websites inclusion of the burial locations of the deceased, when known. The site was created in 1996 by Lawrence Kestenbaum, then an academic specialist at Michigan State University, Kestenbaum was formerly a county commissioner, and in 2004 was elected to be County Clerk/Register of Deeds of Washtenaw County, Michigan. The site and its underlying database were developed from a personal interest triggered by the Biographical Directory of the U. S. Congress, since then his personal research, and the information contributions of hundreds of volunteers have greatly expanded the information available. It is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 1.0 Creative Commons License, over the years the definition of eligible political figure has been expanded. It now includes most high officials, ambassadors, all elected and some appointed statewide officeholders. It lists unsuccessful candidates, presidential electors, and delegates to U. S. presidential nominating conventions of the political parties. Politicians are listed alphabetically, by office held or sought, and by location of birth, residence, some are listed in categories, including occupations, ethnicity, religious and organizational affiliation, honors and awards. Politicians accused of crimes or touched by scandal are listed by the nature of the accusation, as well as by decade, cause of death is broken down into dozens of categories. The site also lists political families, individuals listed on the site are linked together if their relationship meets the Rule of 1/1000 common ancestry. The sites largest cluster, with 2,134 members, is called Two Thousand Related Politicians, most of the families are subsets of this group. The largest subset family is the Huntington-Chapin-Waterman family of Connecticut, with 229 members
6.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
7.
Historic districts in the United States
–
Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
8.
Cemetery
–
A cemetery or graveyard is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word cemetery implies that the land is designated as a burial ground. The term graveyard is used interchangeably with cemetery, but primarily referred to a burial ground within a churchyard. The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave, commonly referred to as burial, or in a tomb, an above-ground grave, in Western cultures, funeral ceremonies are often observed in cemeteries. These ceremonies or rites of passage according to cultural practices. Modern cemeteries often include crematoria, and some previously used for both, continue as crematoria as a principal use long after the interment areas have been filled. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a cemetery as a burial-ground generally, a large public park or ground laid out expressly for the interment of the dead, and not being the ‘yard’ of any church. Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the term grave field. From about the 7th century, European burial was under the control of the Church, practices varied, but in continental Europe, bodies were usually buried in a mass grave until they had decomposed. The bones were exhumed and stored in ossuaries, either along the arcaded bounding walls of the cemetery, or within the church under floor slabs. In Europe this was accompanied with a depiction of their coat of arms. Most others were buried in graveyards again divided by social status, mourners who could afford the work of a stonemason had a headstone engraved with a name, dates of birth and death and sometimes other biographical data, and set up over the place of burial. Usually, the writing and symbols carved on the headstone. Some families hired a blacksmith and had large crosses made from various metals put on the place of burial, in many European states, burial in graveyards was eventually outlawed altogether through government legislation. Instead of graveyards, completely new places of burial were established away from populated areas and outside of old towns. Many new cemeteries became municipally owned or were run by their own corporations, in some cases, skeletons were exhumed from graveyards and moved into ossuaries or catacombs. A large action of this occurred in 18th century Paris when human remains were transferred from graveyards all over the city to the Catacombs of Paris. The bones of an estimated 6 million people are to be found there, an early example of a landscape-style cemetery is Père Lachaise in Paris
9.
Washington Irving
–
Washington Irving was an American short story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Irving served as the U. S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846. He made his debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle. After moving to England for the business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. He continued to publish regularly—and almost always successfully—throughout his life, and just eight months before his death, Irving was also admired by some European writers, including Walter Scott, Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, Francis Jeffrey, and Charles Dickens. Washington Irvings parents were William Irving, Sr. originally of Quholm, Shapinsay, Orkney and they married in 1761 while William was serving as a petty officer in the British Navy. They had eleven children, eight of whom survived to adulthood and their first two sons, each named William, died in infancy, as did their fourth child, John. Their surviving children were, William, Jr. Ann, Peter, Catherine, Ebenezer, John Treat, Sarah, and Washington. At age six, with the help of a nanny, Irving met his namesake, the president blessed young Irving, an encounter Irving later commemorated in a small watercolor painting, which still hangs in his home today. The Irvings lived at 131 William Street at the time of Washington Irvings birth, the family later moved across the street to 128 William St. An uninterested student, Irving preferred adventure stories and drama and and it was in Tarrytown that Irving became familiar with the nearby town of Sleepy Hollow, with its quaint Dutch customs and local ghost stories. Irving made several trips up the Hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to Johnstown, New York, where he passed through the Catskill mountain region. F all the scenery of the Hudson, Irving wrote later, the 19-year-old Irving began writing letters to the New York Morning Chronicle in 1802, submitting commentaries on the citys social and theater scene under the name of Jonathan Oldstyle. The name, which evoked the writers Federalist leanings, was the first of many pseudonyms Irving would employ throughout his career. The letters brought Irving some early fame and moderate notoriety, concerned for his health, Irvings brothers financed an extended tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. Irving bypassed most of the sites and locations considered essential for the development of an upwardly mobile young man, William wrote that, though he was pleased his brothers health was improving, he did not like the choice to gallop through Italy. Leaving Florence on your left and Venice on your right, instead, Irving honed the social and conversational skills that would later make him one of the worlds most in-demand guests. I endeavor to take things as they come with cheerfulness, Irving wrote, while visiting Rome in 1805, Irving struck up a friendship with the American painter Washington Allston, and nearly allowed himself to be persuaded into following Allston into a career as a painter
10.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
–
Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow was first published in 1820. A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, the story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants. Some residents say this town was bewitched during the days of the Dutch settlement. Other residents say an old Native American chief, the wizard of his tribe, Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina as a means of procuring Van Tassels extravagant wealth. Bones, the hero, vies with Ichabod for Katrinas hand, playing a series of pranks on the jittery schoolmaster. The tension between the three is soon brought to a head, on a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by Brom and the locals, after having failed to secure Katrinas hand, Ichabod rides home heavy-hearted and crestfallen through the woods between Van Tassels farmstead and the Sleepy Hollow settlement. As he passes several purportedly haunted spots, his imagination is engorged by the ghost stories told at Baltus harvest party. After nervously passing under a lightning-stricken tulip tree purportedly haunted by the ghost of British spy Major André, unsettled by his fellow travelers eerie size and silence, the teacher is horrified to discover that his companions head is not on his shoulders, but on his saddle. However, to Cranes horror, the ghoul clambers over the bridge, rears his horse, the next morning, Ichabod has mysteriously disappeared from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was said to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related. Indeed, the relics of the schoolmasters flight are his wandering horse, trampled saddle, discarded hat. Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and parts of the tale may also be traced to European origins. Usually viewed as omens of ill-fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, one particularly influential rendition of this folktale was recorded by the German folklorist Karl Musäus. During the height of the American Revolutionary War, Irving writes that the country surrounding Tarry Town was one of those places which abound with chronicle. The British and American line had run near it during the war, it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of border chivalry. After the Battle of White Plains in October 1776, the south of the Bronx River was abandoned by the Continental Army. The Americans were fortified north of Peekskill, leaving Westchester County a 30-mile stretch of scorched and desolated no-mans land, vulnerable to outlaws, raiders, besides droves of Loyalist rangers and British light infantry, Hessian Jägers—renowned sharpshooters and horsemen—were among the raiders who often skirmished with Patriot militias
11.
Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow
–
It and its five-acre churchyard feature prominently in Washington Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The churchyard is often confused with the contiguous but separate Sleepy Hollow Cemetery and it is the second oldest extant church and the 15th oldest extant building in the state of New York, renovated after an 1837 fire. Some of those renovations were reversed 60 years later, and further work was done in 1960 and it was listed on the Register in 1966, among the earliest properties so recognized. It had already designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. It is still the property of the Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns, the church is located on the east side of Albany Post Road, opposite the Devries Road intersection, just north of downtown Sleepy Hollow. The neighborhoods to the west are residential, a wooded area to the southeast buffers the church from residential areas in that direction. Approximately 300 ft to the south is the pond at Philipsburg Manor House. The churchyard and Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, itself listed on the Register, are to the north, the building itself is a rectangular structure with a three-sided projecting rear apse on the east end. They give way to clapboard above the roofline, within the fields of the Flemish-style gambrel roof, on the west end of the roof is an octagonal wooden open belfry. Within it is the bell, with an engraved verse from Romans 8,31, Si Deus Pro Nobis, Quis Contras Nos. and VF. The latter monogram is also on the wrought iron weathervane atop the belfry, to the west a stone retaining wall raises the church above grade level. A few shrubs flank the steps that lead up to the main entrance. Above it is a transom with curved, intersecting muntins. It is set within a brick surround, the north and south side elevations have double-hung sash windows, as do the two side facets of the apse. At the roofline is a wooden cornice. The interior has its pews, with two side aisles, arranged so all can focus on the pulpit. The pulpit is located on a platform in the rear. A balustrade with turned posts, open at the aisles
12.
Rockefeller family
–
The family is also known for its long association with and control of Chase Manhattan Bank. They are considered to be one of the most powerful families, if not the most powerful family, one of the founding members of the Rockefeller family was businessman William Rockefeller Sr. born in Granger, New York, to a Protestant family. He had six children with his first wife Eliza Davison, the most prominent of which were oil tycoons John Davison Rockefeller and William Rockefeller, Oil baron John D. Rockefeller was a devout Northern Baptist, and he supported many church-based institutions. The family was involved in numerous real estate construction projects in the U. S. during the 20th century. In Manhattan by fourteen major institutions that were based in the area, the result, in 1951, was the six-building apartment complex known as Morningside Gardens. Seniors donations led to the formation of the University of Chicago in 1889, the Central Philippine University in the Philippines and this was one instance of a long family and Rockefeller Foundation tradition of financially supporting Ivy League and other major colleges and universities over the generations—seventy-five in total. John D Jr. established International House at Berkeley, beginning with John Sr. the family has been a major force in land conservation. John Jr. and his son Laurance were particularly prominent in this area, at the event, the societys president, John Flicker, notably stated, Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made. Nelson, John D. III, John D. IV, Peggy Dulany, Rockefeller Foundation, the Trilateral Commission -David, Rockefeller Brothers Fund. The Bilderberg Group - David, John D. IV, the Asia Society - John D. III, John D. IV, Charles, David. The Population Council - John D. III, the Council of the Americas - David. The Group of Thirty - The Rockefeller Foundation, the World Economic Forum - David. The Peterson Institute - David, Monica, the International Executive Service Corps - David. The Institute for Pacific Relations - Junior, the League of Nations - Junior. The United Nations - Junior, John D. III, Nelson, David, Peggy Dulany, the United Nations Association - David. These include, the Commonwealth Fund, Charles E. Culpeper Foundation, Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, in total, it holds over 70 million pages of documents and contains the collections of forty-two scientific, cultural, educational and philanthropic organizations. Only the expurgated records of deceased family members are available to scholars and researchers. He reports that it will be years before all the papers will be open to the public
13.
Kykuit
–
Kykuit derived from the Dutch word Kijkuit meaning lookout, is situated on the highest point in the hamlet of Pocantico Hills, overlooking the Hudson River at Tappan Zee. Located near Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow, it has a view of the New York City skyline twenty-five miles to the south, one of Americas most famous private residences, Kykuit was designed originally as a steep-roofed three-story stone mansion by the architects Chester Holmes Aldrich and William Adams Delano. Aldrich was a distant relative of the younger Rockefellers wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, the elder Rockefeller had purchased land in the area as early as 1893 after his brother William had built a 204-room mansion, Rockwood Hall, in the area. The initial eclectic structure took six years to complete, before being occupied it was substantially rebuilt in its present four-story Classical Revival Georgian form. Completed in 1913, it has two basement levels filled with interconnecting passageways and service tunnels, the homes interiors were designed by Ogden Codman, Jr. and feature collections of Chinese and European ceramics, fine furnishings and 20th-century art. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, in 1979, its occupant, Nelson Rockefeller, bequeathed upon his death his one-third interest in the estate to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. As a result, Kykuit is now open to the public for tours conducted by Historic Hudson Valley, the imposing structure, of local stone topped with the Rockefeller emblem, is located centrally in a 250 acres inner compound within the larger Rockefeller family estate. This gated compound is guarded at all times, Save family residences, the rest of the estate is open to the public for recreational purposes, as it always has been. Initially, landscaping of the grounds was given to the company of Frederick Law Olmsted, Rockefeller Senior was unhappy with this work however and assumed control of the design himself, transplanting whole mature trees, designing lookouts and the several scenic winding roads. These gardens in the Beaux-Arts style are considered Bosworths best work in the United States and his original gardens still exist, with plantings carefully replaced over time, although his entrance forecourt was extended in 1913. Kykuit was renovated and modernized in 1995 by New Haven architect Herbert S. Newman, shuttle vans run from a visitor center located at the Philipsburg Manor House on Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The vast estate, known as Pocantico or Pocantico Hills, occupies an area of 1,380 hectares. During much of the 20th century, the 1,420 hectares estate featured a resident workforce of security guards, gardeners and laborers, and had its own farming, cattle and food supplies. It has a nine-hole, reversible golf course, and at one time had houses and seventy private roads, most designed by Rockefeller Senior. A longstanding witticism about the estate quips, Its what God would have built, in 1901, John D. Rockefeller hired golf course architect Willie Dunn, the designer of Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, to build a golf course on the grounds. Family patriarch Junior vetoed the proposals as too isolated from Manhattan and he tasked second son, Nelson, to buy a 6. 9-hectare site along the East River, subsequently donated for the construction of the UN Headquarters. Among guests hosted by Nelson and brother David have been Presidents Lyndon B, Johnson, Richard M. Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan, and their wives. Presently, ten or so Rockefeller families live within the estate, much land has been donated over the decades to New York State, including the Rockefeller State Park Preserve, and is open to the public for horseback riding, biking, and jogging
14.
House of Dark Shadows
–
House of Dark Shadows is a 1970 feature-length horror film directed by Dan Curtis, based on his Dark Shadows television series. Filming took place at Lyndhurst Estate in Tarrytown, New York, in this film expansion, vampire Barnabas Collins searches for a cure for vampirism so he can marry a woman who resembles his long-lost fiancée Josette. Curtis followed this one year later with Night of Dark Shadows, another expansion of the Shadows franchise. Willie Loomis, the Collins family handyman, is searching for old treasure in the family mausoleum when he accidentally frees Barnabas Collins, upon his release, he attacks Daphne Budd, secretary to Collinwood’s matriarch, Elizabeth Collins Stoddard. She is discovered by Jeff Clark, who takes her back to the house where Dr. Julia Hoffman administers medical attention to her, Barnabas introduces himself to the family under the guise of a cousin from England. Elizabeth and the others are intrigued by Barnabas and take an instant liking to him, Maggie is thinking about leaving Collinwood, but Barnabas persuades her to stay. Back at the Old House, he tells Willie about Josette, Carolyn overhears and threatens to expose him out of jealousy. Enraged, Barnabas delivers a bite to Carolyn, much to Willies horror. A shaken Willie takes Carolyn back home, she walks to the doorway. Funeral services are held for Carolyn, and she is buried in the Collins family mausoleum, Dr. Hoffman analyzes samples of Carolyns blood and recognizes trace elements of the same unknown virus that was present in Daphne Budds blood sample. Professor T. Eliot Stokes, a friend of the family, confers with Julia, Carolyn rises as a vampire and almost attacks David. Stokes and Julia try to explain, but Elizabeth and Roger refuse to listen, Carolyns former fiancé Todd encounters her and she bites him. After he is back to Collinwood, the family realize that Stokes. Todd again sneaks out in search of Carolyn, but she is cornered and staked, Julia eventually discovers that Barnabas is the vampire responsible. She visits him at the Old House and convinces him that she can use her methods to him human. Julia gives him injections which allow him to walk in the daylight, overtime, Barnabas and Maggie begin to spend time together while Jeff is away in Boston. Stokes confronts Julia about helping Barnabas—and realizes she is love with him—and reminds her that he is in love with Maggie, overcome with jealousy, Julia gives Barnabas an injection which causes him to age rapidly. Out of rage, he strangles her to death, Maggie rushes away, but he bites her before she can escape and vows to come back for her
15.
Ramones
–
The Ramones were an American punk rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills, Queens, in 1974. They are often cited as the first band to define the punk-rock sound, despite achieving only limited commercial success, the band was a major influence on the 1970s punk movement in both the United States and United Kingdom. All of the members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname Ramone. They performed 2,263 concerts, touring virtually nonstop for 22 years, in 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played a farewell concert and disbanded. By 2014, all four of the original members, lead singer Joey Ramone, bass guitarist Dee Dee Ramone, lead guitarist Johnny Ramone. In 2002, the Ramones were ranked the second-greatest band of all time by Spin magazine, on March 18,2002, the original four members and Tommys replacement on drums, Marky Ramone, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2011, the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, the original members of the band met in and around the middle-class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens. John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a garage band from 1965 to 1967 known as the Tangerine Puppets. They became friends with Douglas Colvin, who had moved to the area from Germany, and Jeffrey Hyman. The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band, the initial line-up featured Colvin on lead vocals, rhythm and bass guitars, Cummings on lead guitar, and Hyman on drums. Hyman soon switched from drums to vocals, Colvin was the first to adopt the name Ramone, calling himself Dee Dee Ramone. He was inspired by Paul McCartneys use of the pseudonym Paul Ramon during his Silver Beetles days, Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones. Hyman and Cummings became Joey and Johnny Ramone, respectively, a friend of the band, Monte A. Melnick, helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattans Performance Studios, where he worked. Johnnys former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager, soon after the band was formed, Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play his bass guitar simultaneously, with Erdelyis encouragement, Joey became the bands new lead singer. Dee Dee would continue, however, to count off each songs tempo with his signature shout of 1-2-3-4. Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously, while auditioning prospective replacements, Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs. It became apparent that he was able to perform the music better than anyone else. The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30,1974, the songs they played were very fast and very short, most clocked in at under two minutes
16.
Karl Bitter
–
Karl Theodore Francis Bitter was an Austrian-born American sculptor best known for his architectural sculpture, memorials and residential work. The son of Carl and Henrietta Bitter, he was born in the municipal district Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus of Vienna and his early training took place at the Vienna Kunstgewerbeschule, and after that at the Kunstakademie. At the Academy, he studied with August Kühne and Edmund Heller, upon his graduation, he was apprenticed to an architectural sculptor, Joseph Kaffsack. This was the period that the Ringstraße was being built in Vienna, and he was drafted into the Austrian Army, and deserted while on leave. He was unable to return to Austria for many years because of his desertion and he later was pardoned by Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, who hoped to lure the famous sculptor back to Vienna. Bitter immigrated to the United States in 1889, arriving in New York City and he applied for citizenship, and set to work as an assistant with a firm of house decorators. While employed with this firm, he competed for the Astor memorial bronze gates of Trinity Church and won, the work gave him sufficient capital to build and establish a small studio on 13th Street. Bitter modeled seated statues of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton to flank the entrance to the Cuyahoga County Courthouse in Cleveland and he portrayed the men in early middle age, as in the 1780s when they clashed over what kind of nation the United States should become. Missouri commissioned a copy of Jefferson, and Bitter made minor alterations to portray Jefferson as he looked as President when he signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in 1803, for the commission from the University of Virginia, Bitter aged Jefferson further, portraying him as he looked in retirement. About this time, Bitter was discovered by Richard Morris Hunt, from that time on Bitter was never without work. Louis Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, where Lee Lawrie trained with his guidance, in 1906/1907, he presided over the National Sculpture Society. Although Bitter arose out of the Classical/Naturalist styles he was turning towards a more modern approach to sculpture. Much of the work in Buffalo and St. Louis was allegorical in nature and his wife survived the accident as he had pushed her out of the way of the oncoming car. Like many of the sculptors and painters of the day, Bitter frequently employed the services of the muse and historys first super model, on 30 June 1901, he married Marie A. Sherrill, of Cincinnati, Ohio. They had three children, Francis T. R. Bitter, Marietta C. E. Bitter and their son Francis Bitter, born in 1902, became a prominent American physicist. For a time, Bitters studio was located in a building, known as The Castle in Weehawken, the Castle was created as a part of the Eldorado Amusement Park. Now located in 30th Street Station, elements of Fire and Water Tamed and Harnessed in Service to Man, pediment over 15th Street tunnel, length,50 ft, destroyed. 10 relief panels commemorating cities served by the PRR, exterior of train shed, destroyed, Sculpture group surrounding clock, exterior, destroyed
17.
Viola Allen
–
Viola Emily Allen was an American stage actress who played leading roles in Shakespeare and other plays, including many original plays. She starred in two dozen Broadway productions from 1885 to 1916. Beginning in 1915, she appeared in three silent films, Allen was born in Huntsville, Alabama in 1867, the daughter of actors C. She moved to Boston at three years of age and later moved with her family to Toronto and she was educated at the Bishop Strachan School, her brothers being educated at Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ontario. She then attended a school in New York City. Allen had her first stage appearance at the age of 15 at Madison Square Theatre in New York in 1882, annie Russell, who was playing the title role in Esmeralda, took ill at one point during the long run. Allens father was a member of the cast, and the stage manager asked if Mr. Allen would allow his daughter to play the part. Allens debut attracted the attention of actor John McCullough, who made her his leading lady in 1884, between the years of 1884 and 1886, she performed in a variety of modern and Shakespearean plays. She performed with the best-known 19th century actors and she is best remembered for her roles in Shenandoah and Little Lord Fauntleroy. From 1885 to 1916, Allen starred in two dozen Broadway productions, creating characters in many original plays. She played classical Shakesperean and comedy roles with Salvini, Lawrence Jarrett, Joseph Jefferson, in 1898, she created the character of Gloria Quayle in The Christian. She acted in The Masqueraders, Under the Red Robe, The Christian, In the Palace of the King, Twelfth Night, A Winters Tale, As You Like It, The Lady of Coventry, and others. She played such roles as Virginia, Cordelia, Desdemona, Lydia Languish, Dolores, Julia, Allen starred in the 1915 silent film The White Sister along with Richard Travers. The film was produced by the Essanay Studios and was based on the 1909 play The White Sister that was a hit for Allen and she was married to Peter Duryea from 1905 until his death in 1944. Her last professional appearance was in 1918, at a benefit supporting war relief and she remained an active supporter of charitable and theatrical organizations. She died in New York City, and is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, the Scales of Justice The White Sister Open Your Eyes Clapp, John Bouvé, Edgett, Edwin Francis
18.
John Dustin Archbold
–
John Dustin Archbold was an American capitalist and one of the United States earliest oil refiners. His small oil company was out by John D Rockefellers Standard Oil Company. Archbold rose rapidly at Standard Oil, handling many of the secret negotiations over the years. By 1882 he was Rockefellers closest associate, and typically acted as the primary spokesman. Rockefeller after 1896 left business matters to Archbold while he pursued his philanthropy, inspired by Rockefellers policies, Archbolds main goals were stabilization, efficiency, and minimizing waste in refining and distributing petroleum products. The company was broken up by the Supreme Court in 1911 into three smaller operations, Archbold became president of the largest one, Standard Oil of New Jersey. Archbold was born to Methodist minister Reverend Israel Archbold and Frances Foster Dana in Leesburg, after being educated in public schools, he moved to Pennsylvania by 1864. On February 20,1870 Archbold married Annie Eliza Mills, daughter of Samuel Myers Mills of Titusville, the estate, called Cedar Cliff, was located at 279 S. Broadway just across from the Carmelite Transfiguration Church. In 1864 Archbold went to the north-west Pennsylvania oil fields and spent 11 years in the oil industry there. In 1885 after becoming skeptical of reports of oil discoveries in Oklahoma, he sold-out at a loss, saying “I’ll drink every gallon produced west of the Mississippi. ”Archbold was subsequently recruited by Rockefeller to Standard Oil, where he became a director and served as its vice-president and president until its dissolution in 1911. In 1911-1916 Archbold was president of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, in 1886 Archbold became a member of the board of trustees of Syracuse University, and was the board’s president from 1893 until his death in 1916. From 1893 to 1914, he contributed nearly $6,000,000 for eight buildings, including the full cost of Archbold Stadium, Sims Hall, Archbold Gymnasium, Archbold was involved in a scandalous affair involving monetary gifts to the Republican Party. In 1912 he was called to testify before a committee which was investigating political contributions made by the Standard Oil Company to the funds of political parties. In 1915 an attempt was made by anarchists and Industrial Workers of the World radicals to assassinate Archbold at Cedar Cliff by planting a dynamite bomb at the entrance to the estate. The bomb, which failed to go off, was discovered by Archbolds gardener, police suspected that the attempted bombing was precipitated by the execution by firing squad of Joe Hill, alias Joseph Hillstrom in Salt Lake City, Utah the day before. Joe Hill was an IWW member, songwriter and labor organizer who had convicted of murder. Archbold died of complications from appendicitis in Tarrytown, New York on December 6,1916 and he is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. In 1914, the John Dustin Archbold College of Liberal Arts at Syracuse University was renamed in his honor, the entrance to the universitys Hall of Languages remains inscribed with this name
19.
Elizabeth Arden
–
By 1929 she owned 150 upscale salons across the United States and Europe. Her 1000 products were found in the market in 22 countries. She was the owner, and at the peak of her career. Arden was born in 1878 in Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada and her parents had emigrated to Canada from Cornwall, United Kingdom in the 1870s. Her father, William Graham, was Scottish and her mother, Arden dropped out of nursing school in Toronto. She then joined her brother in Manhattan, working briefly as a bookkeeper for the E. R. Squibb Pharmaceuticals Company. While there, Arden spent hours in their lab, learning about skincare and she then worked—again briefly—for Eleanor Adair, an early beauty culturist, as a treatment girl. She targeted middle age and plain women for whom beauty products promised a youthful, beautiful image, in politics, Elizabeth Arden was a strong conservative who supported Republicans. In 1909, Arden formed a partnership with Elizabeth Hubbard, another culturist, the business relationship dissolved after six months. Graham, who desired a name, used Elizabeth to save money on her salon signage. She chose the last name, Arden, from a nearby farm, so the trade name Elizabeth Arden was formed. From there, Arden founded, in 1910, the Red Door salon in New York, in 1912, Arden traveled to France to learn beauty and facial massage techniques used in the Paris beauty salons. She returned with a collection of rouges and tinted powders she had created and she began expanding her international operations in 1915, and started opening salons across the world. In 1934, she opened the Maine Chance residential spa in Rome, Maine, in 1962, the French government awarded Arden the Légion dHonneur, in recognition of her contribution to the cosmetics industry. In 1966, Arden died at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan and she was interred in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York, under the name Elizabeth N. Graham. War Paint by Lindy Woodhead page 94 Haag, Karin Loewen, women in World History, A biographical encyclopedia. Waterford, CT, Yorkin Publications, Gale Group, great Breeders and Their Methods Russell Meerdink Co. Ltd. Hope in a jar, The making of Americas beauty culture
20.
Brooke Astor
–
Brooke Astor was the author of two novels and two volumes of personal memoirs. Brooke was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the child of John Henry Russell, Jr. the 16th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Her paternal grandfather John Henry Russell, Sr. was an admiral in the U. S. Navy. She was named for her grandmother and was known as Bobby to close friends. Due to her fathers career, she spent much of her living in China, the Dominican Republic, Haiti. Also, she briefly attended The Madeira School in 1919 but graduated from the Holton-Arms School in Washington and she married her first husband, John Dryden Kuser, shortly after her 17th birthday, on April 26,1919, in Washington, D. C. I certainly wouldnt advise getting married that young to anyone, she said later in life, at the age of sixteen, youre not jelled yet. The first thing you look at, you fall in love with, John was the son of the financier and conservationist Anthony Rudolph Kuser and Susie Fairfield Drydan. John Kuser later became a New Jersey Republican councilman, assemblyman and they also lived in Bernardsville, New Jersey. Brooke described her tumultuous first marriage as the Worst years of my life, which was punctuated by her husbands alleged physical abuse, alcoholism, and adultery. According to Frances Kiernans 2007 biography of Brooke Astor, when Brooke was six months pregnant with the only child. I learned about terrible manners from the family of my first husband and they didnt know how to treat people. Brooke and John had one son, Anthony Dryden Tony Kuser and she filed for divorce February 15,1930, in Reno, Nevada. It was finalized later that year, John married his second wife, Vieva Marie Fisher Banks September 6,1930, in Virginia City, Nevada. They had one daughter, Suzanne Dryden Kuser, and divorced in October 1935, a week later, Sen. Kuser married Louise Mattei Farry. In 1958, he married, as his wife, Grace Egglesfield Gibbons. An amateur ornithologist and president of the New Jersey Audubon Society and her second husband, whom she married in 1932, was Charles Henry Buddy Marshall. Astor later wrote that the marriage was a love match
21.
Vincent Astor
–
William Vincent Astor was a businessman, philanthropist, and member of the prominent Astor family. Called Vincent, he was born in New York City on November 15,1891 and he was the son of John Jacob Astor IV, millionaire and inventor and his first wife, Ava Lowle Willing, an heiress from Philadelphia. He graduated from St. Georges School, in Middletown, Rhode Island, in 1910 and attended Harvard University from 1911 to 1912, like his father, Vincent belonged to the New York Society of Colonial Wars. He served as commodore of the New York Yacht Club from 1928 to 1930, in the early 1930s, he established an estate in Bermuda which included a private narrow-gauge railway and union station with the Bermuda Railway. The estate is now divided between private owners, none of whom are part of the Astor family. As recently as 1992, the remains of some of his stock were visible. Vincent Astor was, according to Astor family biographer Derek Wilson, an unknown phenomenon in America. He was 20 when his father died and having inherited a massive fortune and he set about to change the family image from that of miserly, aloof slum landlords who enjoyed the good life at the expense of others. Over time, he sold off the familys New York City slum housing and reinvested in reputable enterprises while spending a great deal of time, Vincent Astor appeared as No.12 on the first list of Americas richest people, compiled by Forbes magazine. His net worth at the time was estimated at $75 million, amongst his holdings was Newsweek magazine which had for a time its headquarters in the former Knickerbocker Hotel that had been built by Vincent Astors father, he was the magazines chairman. He also inherited Ferncliff, the Astor familys 2, 800-acre estate near Rhinebeck, New York, in 1963 Homer Staley, a local retired businessman in the area, asked Brooke Astor to preserve the remaining natural acreage of woodlands from development. She donated the land to the Rotary Club of Rhinebeck, to become the Ferncliff Forest Game Refuge, Helen Dinsmore Huntington Astor married Helen Dinsmore Huntington, on April 30,1914. A year later, Helen became the wife of Lytle Hull. Mary Benedict Cushing Shortly after his divorce, Astor married Mary Benedict Cushing, marys sisters were Betsey Maria Cushing and Barbara Babe Cushing. They divorced in September 1953, and the month, Mary wed James Whitney Fosburgh. Roberta Brooke Russell On October 8,1953, several weeks after divorcing his second wife, according to an oft-told story in society circles, Astor agreed to divorce his second wife only after she had found him a replacement spouse. Her first suggestion was Janet Newbold Ryan Stewart Bush, the divorced wife of James Smith Bush II. Astor proceeded to tell her that he was not well and, though only in his early 60s, he could not be expected to live for very long, at that, Janet Bush reportedly replied, What if you do live
22.
Astor family
–
The Astor family achieved prominence in business, society, and politics in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries. With ancestral roots in the Italian Alps, the Astors settled in Germany, first appearing in North America during the century with John Jacob Astor. John Jacob Astor was the youngest of four born to butcher Johann Jacob Astor. John and his eldest brother George, known as George & John Astor, were flute makers, while working in England, he learned to speak English and anglicized his name. In 1783, John Jacob left for Baltimore, Maryland, and was active first as a dealer in woodwind instruments, then in New York as a merchant in furs, pianos, after moving to New York, John met and married Sarah Cox Todd. Sarah was the daughter of Scottish immigrants Adam Todd and Sarah Cox and she worked along side her husband as a consultant, and was accused of witchcraft after her success with the company in 1817. The accusations never led to legal action and he financed the overland Astor Expedition in 1810–1812 to reach the outpost, which was in the then-disputed Oregon Country. Control of Fort Astoria played a key role in English and American territorial claims on the region, John and Georges brother Henry also emigrated to America. He was a racing enthusiast, and purchased a thoroughbred named Messenger. The horse became the sire of all Standardbred horses in the United States today. The third brother Melchior remained in Germany, during the 19th century, the Astors became one of the wealthiest families in the United States. Toward the end of century, some of the family moved to England. During the 20th century, the number of American Astors began to decline, English descendants of the Astors hold two hereditary peerages, Viscount and Baron. While many of Astor members had joined to the Episcopal Church, for many years, the members of the Astor family were known as the landlords of New York. Their New York City namesakes are the famous Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, an Astor Row, Astor Court, Astor Place, and Astor Avenue in the Bronx, the neighborhood of Astoria, Queens, is named after the family as well. Beyond New York City, the Astor family name is imprinted in a deal of United States history. There are towns of Astor in the states of Florida, Georgia, Iowa, there is a neighborhood called Astor Park just south of downtown Green Bay, Wisconsin. At the heart of neighborhood is a park, the Astor family donated this land for the building of a trade school
23.
Leo Baekeland
–
Leo Henricus Arthur Baekeland FRSE was a Belgian-American chemist. He is best known for the inventions of Velox photographic paper in 1893 and he has been called The Father of the Plastics Industry for his invention of Bakelite, an inexpensive, nonflammable and versatile plastic, which marked the beginning of the modern plastics industry. Leo Baekeland was born in Ghent, Belgium on November 14,1863, the son of a cobbler and he told The Literary Digest, The name is a Flemish word meaning Land of Beacons. He spent much of his life in Ghent, Belgium. He graduated with honours from the Ghent Municipal Technical School and was awarded a scholarship by the City of Ghent to study chemistry at the University of Ghent and he acquired a PhD maxima cum laude at the age of 21. After a brief appointment as Professor of Physics and Chemistry at the Government Higher Normal School in Bruges he was appointed professor of chemistry at Ghent in 1889. Baekeland married Céline Swarts, the daughter of his professor Theodore Swarts and Celine Swarts and they had three children, George, Nina, and Jenny. In 1889 Baekeland and his wife took advantage of a scholarship to visit universities in England. They visited New York City, where he met Professor Charles F. Chandler of Columbia University and Richard Anthony, Professor Charles F. Chandler of Columbia University was influential in convincing Baekeland to stay in the United States. Baekeland worked for the Anthony company for two years, and in 1891 set up in business for himself as a consulting chemist. After two years of intensive effort he perfected the process to produce the paper, which he named Velox, in 1899, Jacobi, Baekeland, and Albert Hahn, a further associate, sold Nepera to George Eastman of the Eastman Kodak Co. for $750,000. Baekeland earned circa $215,000 net through the transaction, with a portion of the money he purchased Snug Rock, a house in Yonkers, New York, where he set up his own well-equipped laboratory. There, he said, in comfortable financial circumstances, a free man. I enjoyed for years that great blessing, the luxury of not being interrupted in ones favorite work. One of the requirements of the Nepera sale was, in effect and he would have to find a new area of research. His first step was to return to Germany in 1900, for a refresher in electrochemistry at the Technical Institute at Charlottenburg, upon returning to the United States, Baekeland was involved briefly but successfully in helping Clinton Paul Townsend and Elon Huntington Hooker to develop a production-quality electrolytic cell. Baekeland was hired as an independent consultant, with the responsibility of constructing and operating a pilot plant, Baekeland developed a stronger diaphragm cell for the chloralkali process, using woven asbestos cloth filled with a mixture of iron oxide, asbestos fibre and iron hydroxide. Baekelands improvements were important to the founding of Hooker Chemical Company, having been successful with Velox, Baekeland set out to find another promising area for chemical development
24.
Bakelite
–
Bakelite, or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. It was developed by the Belgian-American chemist Leo Baekeland in Yonkers, New York, the retro appeal of old Bakelite products has made them collectible. Bakelite was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark on November 9,1993, Baekeland was already wealthy, due to his invention of Velox photographic paper, when he began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde in his home laboratory. Chemists had begun to recognize that many natural resins and fibres were polymers, Baekelands initial intent was to find a replacement for shellac, a material that was in limited supply because it was made naturally from the excretion of lac insects. Baekeland produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac called Novolak, but it was not a market success, Baekeland then began experimenting to strengthen wood by impregnating it with a synthetic resin, rather than coating it. By controlling the pressure and temperature applied to phenol and formaldehyde and it was the first synthetic thermosetting plastic ever produced, and Baekeland speculated on the thousand and one. Articles that it could be used to make, Baekeland considered the possibilities of using a wide variety of filling materials, including cotton, powdered bronze, and slate dust, but was most successful with wood and asbestos fibers. Baekeland filed a number of patents in the area. His Method of making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde was filed on July 13,1907, Baekeland also filed for patent protection in other countries, including Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, Russia, and Spain. He announced his invention at a meeting of the American Chemical Society on February 5,1909, Baekeland started semi-commercial production of his new material in his home laboratory, marketing it as a material for electrical insulators. By 1910, he was producing enough material to justify expansion and he formed the General Bakelite Company as a U. S. company to manufacture and market his new industrial material. He also made connections to produce materials in other countries. Bijker gives a detailed discussion of the development of Bakelite and the Bakelite Companys production of applications of materials. As of 1911, the main focus was laminating varnish. By 1912, molding material was gaining ground, but its sales volume for the company did not exceed that of laminating varnish until the 1930s, as the sales figures also show, the Bakelite Company produced Transparent cast resin for a small ongoing market during the 1910s and 1920s. Blocks or rods of cast resin, also known as amber, were machined and carved to create items such as pipe stems, cigarette holders. However, the demand for molded plastics led the Bakelite Company to concentrate on molding, under director of advertising and public relations Allan Brown, who came to Bakelite from Condensite, Bakelite was aggressively marketed as The Material of A Thousand Uses
25.
Robert Livingston Beeckman
–
Robert Livingston Beeckman was an American politician and the 52nd Governor of Rhode Island. Beeckman was born on April 15,1866 in New York City and his family ancestry can be traced back to Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam dating to 1654. His ancestors include Robert Livingston the Elder, Declaration signer Philip Livingston and his family owned the financial firm Lapsley Beeckman & Co. When Beeckman was young, his family moved to Newport, Rhode Island and he left school at the age of sixteen to become a stockbroker. At the age of 16 Beeckman began his career at a brokerage firm in New York. At age 21, Beeckman became one of the youngest ever members of the New York Stock Exchange, by 1616, he retired from the brokerage business. Beeckman played in the finals of the 1886 United States National Tennis Championships in Newport and he lost to defending champion Richard Sears. The score was 4-6, 6-1, 6-3, 6-4, beeckmans first political office was a Rhode Island state Representative in the General Assembly from Newport, from 1902 to 1912. He was a state Senator from 1912 to 1914 and he was elected the governor of Rhode Island in 1914. He held the office from January 5,1915 to January 4,1921. During his administration, Beeckman pushed for reforms in State institutions including hospitals, prisons, and insane asylums, established an inheritance tax and he was the governor during the First World War. He visited Rhode Island troops on the battlefield in France and pushed for state appropriations to provide for dependent families of servicemen, Beeckman also removed the property qualification for Rhode Island voters, introducing universal male suffrage in that state. Beeckman stepped down from the governorship after three terms, then ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 1922, losing to Peter G. Gerry, Beeckman was married first to Eleanor Thomas of Zanesville, Ohio in 1902. After her death he married Edna Marston Burke in 1920 and he was an active member of the Freemasons. He died on January 21,1935 at his home in Santa Barbara, California. He was interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York, biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978. ISBN 0-313-28093-2 Robert Livingston Beeckman at Find a Grave
26.
Rhode Island
–
Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
27.
Holbrook Blinn
–
Holbrook Blinn was an American stage and film actor. Blinn was born in San Francisco and his father was Charles H. Blinn, a Civil War veteran and his mother Nellie Hollbrook was an actress. He appeared on the stage as a child, and played throughout the United States. He appeared in silent films, and was the director of popular plays at New Yorks Princess Theatre. In 1900, he appeared in London in Ib and Little Christina, some of his finest silent screen accomplishments are in McTeague, The Bad Man, Rosita, Yolanda, and Janice Meredith, the latter two films both starring Marion Davies. Blinn died from complications of a fall off his horse near Journeys End, his Croton-on-Hudson, New York home, McTeague Rosita Yolanda Janice Meredith The Telephone Girl This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Gilman, D. C. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed
28.
Artur Bodanzky
–
Artur Bodanzky was an Austrian-American conductor particularly associated with the operas of Wagner. In 1915 he emigrated to the United States to work for the Metropolitan Opera and he was head of German repertory at the Met, being accepted by Toscanini on the recommendation of Ferruccio Busoni. In 1921 he was engaged by the New York Philharmonic as a guest conductor, in 1928, Bodanzky announced his resignation from the Met and was replaced by Joseph Rosenstock. However, Rosenstock received such criticism in the press that he himself resigned almost immediately on medical advice, and Bodanzky was rehired, and remained at the Met until his death. He was approached by Thomas Beecham to conduct at Covent Garden in 1936, when he was appointed to his position at Mannheim Bodanzky was praised as a mature and diligent conductor with only one deficiency, a certain heavy-handedness, a predilection for ritardando. However, later in his career at the Met Bodanzky became notorious for his rapid tempi, Bodanzky reputedly introduced more cuts in operas he prepared than many other contemporary conductors, and it was sometimes suggested that he was eager to finish the opera in time to play cards. H. L. Mencken criticized his abilities as a symphonic conductor, many recordings survive of Bodanzkys Met broadcasts. These include the very earliest Met broadcasts to survive, from 1933 and 1934, featuring substantial fragments of soprano Frida Leider in Walküre, from the recordings, it becomes apparent that Bodanzkys tempi fluctuate greatly, sometimes very fast, sometimes quite slow. In this practice, he is not far from the recordings of such contemporaries as Albert Coates, Fritz Reiner. As to the matter of cuts, it was the almost invariable practice in houses outside Bayreuth at that time. Bodanzky compares favorably with both Furtwängler and Reiner in this respect, in 1944, Szell gave a broadcast performance of Walküre which has been reissued on CD and which, as regards fast tempi and severity of cuts, is comparable to anything of Bodanzkys. Frida Leider praised Bodanzkys outstanding artistry in her autobiography, written after Bodanzkys death, artur was the brother of the noted journalist and playwright Robert Bodanzky. Classical Music in America, A History of Its Rise and Fall, New York, NY, W. W. Norton and Company
29.
Metropolitan Opera
–
The Metropolitan Opera, commonly referred to as The Met, is a company based in New York City, resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The company is operated by the non-profit Metropolitan Opera Association, with Peter Gelb as general manager, the music director position is in transition as of 2016. The music director designate is Yannick Nézet-Séguin and the director emeritus is James Levine. The Met was founded in 1880 as an alternative to the previously established Academy of Music opera house, the Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America. It presents about 27 different operas each year in a season lasts from late September through May. The operas are presented in a rotating schedule with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week. Moving to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966, performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday, several operas are presented in new productions each season. Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera houses, the rest of the years operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons. The 2015-16 season comprised 227 performances of 25 operas, the operas in the Mets repertoire consist of a wide range of works, from 18th-century Baroque and 19th-century Bel canto to the Minimalism of the late 20th century. These operas are presented in staged productions that range in style from those with elaborate traditional decors to others that feature modern conceptual designs, the Mets performing company consists of a large symphony-sized orchestra, a chorus, childrens choir, and many supporting and leading solo singers. The company also employs numerous free-lance dancers, actors, musicians, the Mets roster of singers includes both international and American artists, some of whose careers have been developed through the Mets young artists programs. The Metropolitan Opera Company was founded in 1880 to create an alternative to New Yorks old established Academy of Music opera house, the subscribers to the Academys limited number of private boxes represented the highest stratum in New York society. By 1880, these old families were loath to admit New Yorks newly wealthy industrialists into their long-established social circle. Frustrated with being excluded, the Metropolitan Operas founding subscribers determined to build a new house that would outshine the old Academy in every way. A group of some 22 men assembled at Delmonicos restaurant on April 28,1880 and they elected officers and established subscriptions for ownership in the new company. The first Met subscribers included members of the Morgan, Roosevelt, the new Metropolitan Opera House opened on October 22,1883, and was an immediate success, both socially and artistically. The Academy of Musics opera season folded just three years after the Met opened, in its early decades the Met did not produce the opera performances itself but hired prominent manager/impresarios to stage a season of opera at the new Metropolitan Opera House. Henry Abbey served as manager for the season, 1883–84
30.
Edward Bowes
–
Bowes’s father died when he was six years old, and young Bowes worked as he could to augment the family income. After leaving grammar school he worked as a boy and then went into the real estate business. He then went to New York City in search of other opportunities and he soon realized that the theatrical world was lucrative, and he worked busily in New York as a musical conductor, composer, and arranger. He also produced Broadway shows, such as Kindling in 1911–12 and he became managing director of New Yorks imposing Capitol Theatre, which he ran with military efficiency and bearing. He insisted on being addressed as Major Bowes and his nickname sprang from his earlier military rank, though historians are divided on whether he was an active-duty officer in World War I or held the rank as a member of the Officer Reserve Corps. Bowes brought his best-known creation to New York radio station WHN in 1934 and he had actually hosted scattered amateur nights on smaller stations while manager of the Capitol. The rapid popularity of The Original Amateur Hour made him better known than most of the talent he featured, the show consistently ranked among radios top ten programs throughout its entire run. Around and around she goes and where she stops nobody knows, spoken in the familiar avuncular tones for which he was so renowned, whenever it was time to spin its wheel of fortune, the device by which some contestants were called to perform. In the early days of the show, whenever a performer was simply too terrible to continue, Bowes heard from thousands of listeners who objected to his terminating these acts prematurely, so he abandoned the gong in 1936. Nachman credits Bowes for featuring more black entertainers than many shows of the time. Major Bowes died on the eve of his 72nd birthday at his home in the New Jersey suburb of Rumson, New Jersey. The following week, his talent coordinator Ted Mack took over the hosting chores, first as the interim, and later as permanent host until Mack ended the series 24 years later, on September 27,1970. Bowes was referred to in Cab Calloways I Love to Singa from the movie The Singing Kid, and in the Dorothy Fields lyrics for Never Gonna Dance from the Astaire–Rogers film, Swing Time. Nineteen months after Bowess death, on January 18,1948, the radio version, also with Mack, ran until 1952. Bowes was a benefactor of the Catholic Church and our Lady of Victory Church in Lower Manhattan, is built on land donated by Bowes. Also, the auditorium at Archbishop Stepinac High School, White Plains is named in his honor and he donated some of the rare books at St. Josephs Seminary, Yonkers. In 1939, Major Bowes donated his multi-acre Ossining estate, known as Laurel Hill, to the Lutheran Church, all men are at heart critics. And, since time immemorial, they have felt they can run the other fellows show better than he can
31.
Major Bowes Amateur Hour
–
The Major Bowes Amateur Hour was an American radio talent show broadcast in the 1930s and 1940s. It was created and hosted by Edward Bowes, selected performers from the program participated in touring vaudeville performances, under the Major Bowes name. The program later transitioned to television under host Ted Mack, Bowes brought his amateur hour to the New York City radio station WHN in April 1934. On March 24,1935, on NBC, Chase and Sanborn chose this show to fill The Chase and this arrangement lasted until September 17,1936, when the show moved to the CBS Radio Network. The show remained on CBS for the remainder of its run on radio, each week, Bowes would chat with the contestants and listen to their performances. Bowes sent the more talented contestants on Major Bowes vaudeville tours, Bowes presided over his radio program until his death on his 72nd birthday, June 14,1946. Frank Sinatra was perhaps the best-known alumnus of the Bowes program, maria Callas also appeared on the program at age 11, performing as Nina Foresti when she sang a selection from Madame Butterfly. In 1945-1946, CBS presented a series of the original program. In addition to new talent, it featured performances by winners on the program who had achieved some additional success. Major Bowes Amateur Hour also toured the US under the name Major Bowes Jamboree in 1938, in the stage show, Major Bowes has booked some of the outstanding acts heard over his weekly radio program, most of which have just won honors within the past weeks. Among these are the Three Chords who startled the studio audience and radio listeners with their uncanny imitations of instruments and favorite bands. Bobby Blakeman, choir boy, who is called the Bobby Breen of the Majors hour, future stars who appeared on the show included Pat Boone and Gladys Knight. Each episode usually featured eight acts, viewers selected the winner, casting votes for their favorites by telephone or by mail. Each segments winner was announced the next week, all contestants who won for three consecutive weeks appeared in an annual championship episode. Macks style was more charitable than that of Bowes. The Major made an impression on a young Alan King. He was discussing Bowes with Johnny Carson once, and suddenly stomped on the floor and yelled, Can you hear me down there, suggesting that the late radio host had been consigned to Hell as punishment for his treatment of young performers. On January 26,1992, the Family Channel launched its version of the program, The New Original Amateur Hour, oTRRpedia, Old Time Radio Researchers Database of People and Programs YouTube - Adolph Robinson in Major Bowes Harmony Broadcast -1935
32.
Alice Brady
–
For the character in The Brady Bunch seen in the middle of the 9 intro subscreens, see Alice Nelson. Alice Brady was an American actress who began her career in the silent film era and she worked until six months before her death from cancer in 1939. Her films include My Man Godfrey, in which she played the flighty mother of Carole Lombards character, mary Rose Brady was born in New York City. Her father, William A. Brady, was an important theatrical producer and her mother, Rose Marie Rene, died in 1896. She was interested at an age in becoming an actress. She first went on the stage when she was 14 and got her first job on Broadway in 1911 at the age of 18, in 1913 she appeared with John Barrymore in A Thief for a Night at McVickers Theatre in Chicago. She continued to perform on Broadway consistently for the next 22 years, in 1931 she appeared in the premiere of Eugene ONeills Mourning Becomes Electra. Her step-mother was actress Grace George, whom her father married when Alice was a child and her half-brother was William A. Brady Jr, the son of her father and Grace George. She appeared in 53 films in the next 10 years, all while continuing to perform on stage, from then on she worked frequently until her death, making another 25 films in seven years. Her final film was Young Mr. Lincoln, Brady was married to actor James Crane from 1919 to 1922, when they divorced. They co-starred in three silent films together, His Bridal Night, Sinners and A Dark Lantern, the couple had one child, Donald. Alice Brady died from cancer on October 28,1939, five days before her 47th birthday, for her portrayal of Mrs. Molly OLeary — a fictionalized version of Catherine OLeary – in 1937s In Old Chicago, Brady won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She had been nominated for the award the year before as well. The Academy then issued a replacement plaque which was presented to Brady. However, according to press at the time the director, Henry King, accepted on her behalf at the ceremony. Winners are given awards at the ceremony and return them to the Academy to have them engraved afterwards. Ms. Brady also followed this practice, which may have led to the story that the Academy was presenting her with a replacement trophy
33.
Andrew Carnegie
–
He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away to charities, foundations and his 1889 article proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents, Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe and he built Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U. S. Steel Corporation, after selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weavers cottage with only one main room, the main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his legal grandfather, in 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street, following the demand for more heavy damask from which his father, William Carnegie, benefited. He was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, which had been a gift to the town by the philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask, Lauders son, also named George Lauder, grew up with Andrew and would become his business partner. When Carnegie was thirteen, his father had fallen on hard times as a handloom weaver. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother who was a cobbler and she eventually became the primary breadwinner by the 1840s. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to move with his family to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Andrews family had to borrow money from the Lauders in order to migrate. Allegheny was an industrial area that produced many products including wool. The Made in Allegheny label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular. His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy and his starting wage was $1.20 per week. Andrews father, William Carnegie, started off working in a cotton mill and his mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, earned money by binding shoes. In 1849, Carnegie became a messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburghs businesses
34.
George Henry Paulin
–
George Henry Paulin, often called Harry Paulin, or GHP was a Scottish sculptor and artist of great note in the early 20th century. Born on 14 August 1888 in Muckhart manse, the eldest son of the Reverend George Paulin and Jane Craig Panton and he attended Dollar Academy from 1900 to 1905 where he displayed great artistic talent, primarily as a sculptor and carver. During his youth he attracted the interest of a neighbouring artist, Sholto Johnstone Douglas who lived at Birkhill, Muckhart and he pressed the family into sending Harry to Edinburgh College of Art. As a result, Harry was withdrawn from school a year early, at the end of his college period, he was awarded a Diploma in Sculpture and a travelling scholarship to Paris and Rome. He attended LEcole des Beaux Arts in Paris for 12 months, Harry then moved to Florence, setting up studio there for 4 years, during which time he frequently visited Rome. At the outbreak of war in September 1914, Harry had no need to leave, however, he returned to Scotland and enlisted in the Lothians and Border Horse as a trooper. At the end of November 1914, he was trampled by a frightened horse and he was invalided out of the army in December 1914. However, after a period of convalescence he re-enlists as an officer, with his keen eye he trained as an Observer and navigator. There is evidence that he served in Italy, and this is given his strong command of Italian. In January 1918, he transferred to the Royal Naval Air Service as a Lieutenant and this later evolved into the Royal Air Force and he rose to the rank of Flight Lieutenant largely taking on the role of intelligence. He therefore served in army, navy and air force, a rare feat. In many ways, it may be said that the war launched Harrys career in that it was in the field of war memorials which he gained most fame, in 1919, he set up a studio in Buccleuch Street in Glasgow. He received many commissions for war memorials at this time, as may be expected of a competent sculptor of the human form, the first to bring him true fame was that in Kirkcudbright. This work lead to his commission to create monuments in Flanders itself. Then followed a memorial to the 8th Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders on a different site near Beaumont-Hamel, perhaps his most noteworthy international commission at this time was the private family headstone on the grave of Andrew Carnegie in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery near New York City. This gives some indication of his international renown at the time, in 1920, he was elected a member of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1927, he was elected a Member of the Royal Society of British Sculptors, in 1927, he was also appointed official representative of the Royal Scottish Academy in London, a post retained until 1957. In 1935, he was commissioned by the Royal Academy of Arts to create a series of 22 busts of eminent fellow artists, in the same year, he was elected Honorary Sculpture Member of the Royal Institution of Painters in Watercolours
35.
Louise Whitfield Carnegie
–
Louise Whitfield Carnegie was the wife of philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Daughter of New York City merchant John D. Whitfield, Louise was born in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan, at the time of the marriage, Louise was 30, Carnegie was 51. As wedding gifts from her husband, Louise received an annual income of $20,000. Louise gave birth to the only child Margaret in 1897. Louise and her daughter were members of the Brick Presbyterian Church and later the Church of the Divine Paternity for whom she, after Carnegies death Louise continued making charitable contributions to organizations including American Red Cross, the Y. W. C. A. The Cathedral of St. John the Divine, numerous World War II relief funds and she spent her summers at Skibo Castle. In 1934 she was honored with the Gold Medal of the Pennsylvania Society and she died at the age of 89 and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, in Sleepy Hollow, New York. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons,2002, mr. Carnegies Wedding The New York Times, April 23,1887. Mrs. Carnegie Dies, Steel Mans Widow, The New York Times, rites in Home for Mrs. Carnegie, The New York Times, June 28,1946. Hendrick, Burton Jesse, and Daniel Henderson, Louise Whitfield Carnegie, The Life of Mrs. Andrew Carnegie
36.
Walter Chrysler
–
Walter Percy Chrysler was an American automotive industry executive and founder of Chrysler Corporation, now a part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Chrysler was born in Wamego, Kansas, the son of Anna Maria and he grew up in Ellis, Kansas, where today his boyhood home is a museum. His father was born in Chatham, Ontario in 1850 and immigrated to the United States after 1858, a Freemason, Chrysler began his career as a machinist and railroad mechanic in Ellis. He took correspondence courses from International Correspondence Schools in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Walter Chryslers father, Henry Chrysler, was a Canadian-American of German and Dutch ancestry. He was an American Civil War veteran who was an engineer for the Kansas Pacific Railway and its successor. Walters mother was born in Rocheport, Missouri, and was also of German ancestry and his forebears had founded Chatham, the family stock was German, eight generations back of me there had come to America one who spelled his name Greisler, a German Palatine. He was one of a group of Protestants who had left their German homeland in the Rhine Valley, gone to the Netherlands, thence to England and embarked, finally, other researchers have since traced his ancestors in more detail. Karin Holls monograph on the traces the family tree to a Johann Philipp Kreißler, born in 1672. Chryslers ancestors came from the Rhineland-Palatinate town of Guntersblum, Chrysler apprenticed in the railroad shops at Ellis as a machinist and railroad mechanic. He then spent a period of roaming the west, working for various railroads as a roundhouse mechanic with a reputation of being good at valve-setting jobs. Some of his moves were due to restlessness and a too-quick temper and he worked his way up through positions such as foreman, superintendent, division master mechanic, and general master mechanic. From 1905-1906, Chrysler worked for the Fort Worth and Denver Railway in Childress in West Texas and he later lived and worked in Oelwein, Iowa, at the main shops of the Chicago Great Western where there is a small park dedicated to him. The pinnacle of his career came at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While working in Pittsburgh, Chrysler lived in the town of Bellevue, Chryslers automotive career began in 1911 when he received a summons to meet with James J. Storrow, a banker who was a director of ALCO and also an executive at General Motors. Storrow asked him if he had any thought to automobile manufacture. Chrysler had been an auto enthusiast for over five years by then, Storrow arranged a meeting with Charles W. Nash, then president of the Buick Motor Company, who was looking for a smart production chief. Chrysler, who had resigned from many railroading jobs over the years, made his resignation from railroading to become works manager at Buick in Flint. He found many ways to reduce the costs of production, such as putting an end to finishing automobile undercarriages with the same quality of finish that the body warranted
37.
Chrysler Building
–
At 1,046 feet, the structure was the worlds tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is the tallest brick building in the world, with a steel structure, in addition, The New York Times Building, which opened in 2007, is exactly level with the Chrysler Building in height. The Chrysler Building is an example of Art Deco architecture. In 2007, it was ranked ninth on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects and it was the headquarters of the Chrysler Corporation from 1930 until the mid-1950s. Although the building was built and designed specifically for the car manufacturer, Chrysler decided to pay for it himself, so that his children could inherit it. The Chrysler Building was designed by architect William Van Alen for a project of Walter P. Chrysler, when the ground breaking occurred on September 19,1928, there was an intense competition in New York City to build the worlds tallest skyscraper. Despite a frantic pace, no workers died during the construction of this skyscraper, Van Alens original design for the skyscraper called for a decorative jewel-like glass crown. It also featured a base in which the windows were tripled in height and topped by 12 stories with glass-wrapped corners. The height of the skyscraper was originally designed to be 246 meters. However, the proved to be too advanced and costly for building contractor William H. Reynolds. The design and lease were then sold to Walter P. Chrysler, construction commenced on September 19,1928. In total,391,881 rivets were used and approximately 3,826,000 bricks were manually laid, contractors, builders and engineers were joined by other building-services experts to coordinate construction. Prior to its completion, the building stood about even with a project at 40 Wall Street. Severance increased the height of his project and then claimed the title of the worlds tallest building. In response, Van Alen obtained permission for a 38-meter long spire and had it secretly constructed inside the frame of the building, the spire was delivered to the site in four different sections. On October 23,1929, the section of the spire was hoisted to the top of the buildings dome. The other remaining sections of the spire were hoisted and riveted to the first one in order in just 90 minutes. It was the first man-made structure to stand taller than 1,000 feet, Van Alens satisfaction in these accomplishments was likely muted by Walter Chryslers later refusal to pay the balance of his architectural fee
38.
Chrysler
–
FCA US is one of the Big Three American automobile manufacturers. FCA US has its headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan and sells vehicles worldwide under its flagship Chrysler brand, as well as the Dodge, Jeep, other major divisions include Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division. The Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925, out of what remained of the Maxwell Motor Company, Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928, when Mr. The brand diversification efforts were inspired by Mr. Chryslers time working for General Motors, in the 1960s the company expanded into Europe, by taking control of French, British and Spanish auto companies, Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for $1. Chrysler struggled through the 1970s to adapt to changing markets, increased US import competition, the company began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors, and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. By the late 1970s, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy, New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship, in 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation, which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the industry crisis of 2008–2010. On June 10,2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S. p. A. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $4 billion in debts, by May 24,2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to the U. S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat gradually acquired the other parties shares while removing much of the weight of the loans in a short period. On January 1,2014, Fiat S. p. A announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21,2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S. p. A, in May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV was established by merging Fiat S. p. A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014, Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15,2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6,1925, Walter Chrysler arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmers company in the early 1920s. He was hired to overhaul the companys troubled operations, in late 1923 production of the Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile, the Chrysler was a 6-cylinder automobile, designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, but at a more affordable price than they might expect. The original 1924 Chrysler included an air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication
39.
Francis Pharcellus Church
–
Francis Pharcellus Church was an American publisher and editor. He was a member of the Century Association and he was born in Rochester, New York and graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University in New York City in 1859. With his brother William Conant Church he established The Army and Navy Journal in 1863, and Galaxy magazine in 1866. He was an editorial writer on his brothers newspaper, the New York Sun. In this editorial he responds to a young girls question if there truly is a Santa Claus, writing that he exists as certainly as love and generosity. Church died in New York City, aged 67, and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Sleepy Hollow Cemetery Biography by BookRags. Works by Francis Pharcellus Church at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Francis Pharcellus Church at Internet Archive Works by Francis Pharcellus Church at LibriVox
40.
The New York Sun
–
The New York Sun was a politically conservative weekday daily newspaper published in Manhattan from 2002 to 2008. Since 2009 The Sun has operated as a publisher of political and economic opinion pieces. The Sun was founded by a group of investors including publishing magnate Conrad Black, the goal was to provide an alternative to The New York Times, featuring front page news about local and state events, in contrast to the emphasis on national and international news by the Times. The Sun began business operations, prior to first publication, in October 2001, the newspapers president and editor-in-chief was Seth Lipsky, former editor of The Jewish Daily Forward. Managing editor Ira Stoll also served as company vice-president, Stoll had been a longtime critic of the Times in his media watchdog blog smartertimes. com. When smartertimes. com became defunct, its Web traffic was redirected to The Sun web site, published from the Cary Building in Lower Manhattan, it ceased print publication on September 30,2008. Its web site resumed activity on April 28,2009, but only contains a subset of the original content of the paper. The papers motto, which it shared with its predecessor and namesake, was It Shines For All, editor-in-chief Lipsky said that the papers prominent op-ed page would champion limited government, individual liberty, constitutional fundamentals, equality under the law, economic growth. Standards in literature and culture, education, another goal, said Lipsky, was to seize the local beat from which The New York Times was retreating as it sought to become a national newspaper. Stoll characterized The Suns political orientation as right-of-center, and an associate of Conrad Black predicted in 2002 that the paper would be neoconservative in its outlook. The Suns columnists included prominent conservative and neoconservative pundits, including William F. Buckley, Jr. Michael Barone, Daniel Pipes, the Sun supported President George W. Bush and his decision to launch the Iraq War in 2003. The Sun established a niche for itself foremost in New York. The paper also scored more scoops than would be expected for its size, shepard, dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism, said that its effective coverage of local news earned it a place in the New York media world. Accordingly, it was known as a place for young, ambitious. In the same article, Mark Malloch Brown, Kofi Annans chief of staff at the United Nations, according to Sherman, Brown accepts that the papers obsession with the UN translates into influence. He admitted the Sun does punch way above its circulation number and he goes on to say, Clearly amongst its minuscule circulation were a significant number of diplomats. And so it did at times act as some kind of rebel house paper inside the UN and it fed the gossip mills and what was said in the cafeterias. Browns insult was in the context of the Suns reporting of the UNs central role in the Saddam Hussein Oil-for-Food scandal
41.
Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
–
Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus is a phrase from an editorial called Is There a Santa Claus. The editorial appeared in the September 21,1897, edition of The Sun and has become part of popular Christmas folklore in the United States. It is the most reprinted editorial in any English-language newspaper, in 1897, Dr. Philip OHanlon, a coroners assistant on Manhattans Upper West Side, was asked by his then eight-year-old daughter, Virginia OHanlon, whether Santa Claus really existed. OHanlon suggested she write to The Sun, a prominent New York City newspaper at the time, assuring her that If you see it in The Sun, its so. In so doing, Dr. OHanlon had unwittingly given one of the editors, Francis Pharcellus Church. Church was a war correspondent during the American Civil War, a time that saw great suffering, although the paper ran the editorial in the seventh place on the page, below even one on the newly invented chainless bicycle, it was both noticed and well received by readers. More than a century later it is the most reprinted editorial in any newspaper in the English language and its creators took it to Warner Brothers who eventually made an Emmy award-winning television show based on the editorial. The History Channel, in a special aired on February 21,2001, noted that Virginia gave the original letter to a granddaughter. It was feared that the letter was destroyed in a house fire, a copy of the letter, hand-written by Virginia and believed to be the original by her family was authenticated in 1998 by Kathleen Guzman, an appraiser on the television program Antiques Roadshow. Some commentators doubt that a girl would refer to children her own age as my little friends. Every year, Virginias letter and Churchs response are read at the Yule Log ceremony at Churchs alma mater, in 1991 it was adapted into a made-for-TV movie starring Richard Thomas and Charles Bronson. In 1996, the story was adapted into an eponymous musical by David Kirchenbaum. Jessicas story inspires the local newspaper editor, as Virginias letter did to Church, to write an editorial which he titles Yes, Santa, there is a Virginia. On September 21,1997, the 100th anniversary of the original publication. In 2003 Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus was depicted in a mechanical holiday window display at the Lord & Taylor department store on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, in 2009, The Studio School in New York City, honored Virginias life and legacy. Rotter, Head of School, announced the establishment of the Virginia OHanlon Scholarship, has become an idiomatic expression to insist that something is true. In December 2015, Macys department store in Herald Square, New York City, illustrated in three-dimensional figurines and spanning several windows on the south side of the store along 34th Street between 6th and 7th Avenues. This version of Yes, Virginia is based on the 2010 television special of the name, starring Neil Patrick Harris
42.
William Conant Church
–
William Conant Church was an American journalist and soldier. Church was born in Rochester, New York on August 11,1836 and he was educated in the Boston Latin School. While still a youth, he helped his father edit and publish the New York Chronicle, in 1860, he became publisher of the New York Sun and of the New York Chronicle. In 1861–62 he was Washington correspondent of the New York Times and he resigned his journalistic position on his appointment as captain in the United States Volunteers in 1862, and served for one year, receiving brevets of major and lieutenant colonel. In 1863, he and his brother, Francis Pharcellus Church, established The Army and Navy Journal and he and George Wood Wingate established the National Rifle Association in 1871, and in 1872 he replaced its first president, the retired general Ambrose Burnside. Church was government commissioner to inspect the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1882 and he wrote two biographies, of John Ericsson in 1891, and Ulysses S. Grant in 1899. He published the Army and Navy Journal, in one issue he criticized the USS Monitors living arrangements, a vessel built by John Ericsson. Church died on May 23,1917 and his funeral took place at Grace Church in New York, the Civil War in Fifty Objects. New York, Penguin Books, New York Historical Society and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Gilman, D. C. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed, william Conant Church papers, 1863-1909, bulk, at the New York Public Library Obituary in the New York Times
43.
Armed Forces Journal
–
Armed Forces Journal is a publication for American military officers and leaders in government and industry. First published in 1863 as a newspaper, AFJ was published under various names by various owners in various formats for just over 150 years. The publication went all-digital after the July/August 2013 issue, and last updated its website on April 29,2014, the brand is currently owned by Sightline Media Group, which Tegna, Inc sold to private equity firm Regent Companies in 2016. It was founded by a pair of brothers, Francis Pharcellus Church, William was a newspaperman and American Civil War veteran. In 1862, he was appointed a captain in the United States Volunteers, he served for one year, receiving brevets of major and lieutenant colonel. On August 29,1863, the Churches published the inaugural issue of The Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces, a weekly newspaper printed in New York City. The papers first issue carried this motto, Established in obedience to an insistent demand for an organ for members of the American Defense. A single copy cost 10 cents, a subscription was five dollars. Two years later, the New York Times noted the publication of the second bound volume of the newspapers issues. That they have succeeded, the great mass of material in the volume before us amply proves. In the decade after the war, the Army and Navy Journal played a role in the increasing professionalization of the U. S. military and it was not a professional journal like several others that appeared after the war, but. Church would go on to found the National Rifle Association in 1871, he. On January 19,1903, Church was the guest of honor at a dinner at Delmonicos restaurant in New York, after Church died in 1917, the editorship was taken up for a few years by Willard Church. 1921 brought a new publisher, Franklin Coe, and a new editor, Reilly was a West Point graduate who had commanded an artillery regiment in France during World War I, and who would go on to co-found and lead the Reserve Officers Association. The name of the changed as well, achieving its all-time longest length as The American Army and Navy Journal. In 1922, a subscription was still $6, unchanged in more than half a century. Circulation was 20,293 and the office was located at 20 Vesey Street in New York. That same year, the paper absorbed National Service, the publication of the Military Training Camps Association
44.
National Rifle Association
–
The National Rifle Association of America is an American nonprofit organization which advocates for gun rights. Founded in 1871, the group has informed its members about firearm-related bills since 1934 and it is also the oldest continuously operating civil rights organization in the United States. Founded to advance rifle marksmanship, the modern NRA continues to teach firearm competency and it instructs civilians and law enforcement, youths and adults, in various programs. The organization also publishes several magazines and sponsors competitive marksmanship events, membership surpassed 5 million in May 2013. Observers and lawmakers see the NRA as one of the top three most influential lobbying groups in Washington, over its history the organization has influenced legislation, participated in or initiated lawsuits, and endorsed or opposed various candidates. The NRA has several subsidiaries, the NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund, the NRA Foundation Inc. the NRA Special Contribution Fund. The NRA Institute for Legislative Action is its lobbying arm, which manages its political action committee, the National Rifle Association was first chartered in the state of New York on November 16,1871 by Army and Navy Journal editor William Conant Church and Captain George Wood Wingate. On November 25,1871, the group voted to elect its first corporate officers, union Army Civil War General Ambrose Burnside, who had worked as a Rhode Island gunsmith, was elected president. Church was elected president, Captain Wingate was elected secretary, Fred M. Peck was elected recording secretary. When Burnside resigned on August 1,1872, Church succeeded him as president, the generals attributed this to the use of volley tactics, devised for earlier, less accurate smoothbore muskets. Recognizing a need for training, Wingate sent emissaries to Canada, Britain and Germany to observe militia. With plans provided by Wingate, the New York Legislature funded the construction of a range at Creedmoor, Long Island. The range officially opened on June 21,1873, Wingate then wrote a marksmanship manual. The NRA organized a team through a subsidiary amateur rifle club, remington Arms and Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company produced breech-loading weapons for the team. Although muzzle-loading rifles had long been considered more accurate, eight American riflemen won the match firing breech-loading rifles, publicity of the event generated by the New York Herald helped to establish breech-loading firearms as suitable for military marksmanship training, and promoted the NRA to national prominence. The NRA organized rifle clubs in other states, and many state National Guard organizations sought NRA advice to improve members marksmanship, wingates markmanship manual evolved into the United States Army marksmanship instruction program. Former President Ulysses S. Grant served as the NRAs eighth President, the U. S. Congress created the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice in 1901 to include representatives from the NRA, National Guard, and United States military services. A program of annual rifle and pistol competitions was authorized, and included a national match open to military, NRA headquarters moved to Washington, D. C. to facilitate the organizations advocacy efforts
45.
Henry Sloane Coffin
–
Henry Sloane Coffin was president of the Union Theological Seminary, Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, and one of the most famous ministers in the U. S. He was also one of the translators of the popular hymn O Come, O Come Emmanuel, Coffin was the son of Edmund Coffin and Euphemia Sloane. He was an heir to the fortune of the firm of W. and J. Sloane & Co. His brother was William Sloane Coffin, who was later the president of New Yorks Metropolitan Museum of Art, Coffin attended Yale College and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1897. In 1896, he was one of fifteen juniors invited to join the Skull and he then received his masters degree from Yale in 1900. During his time at Yale, Coffin was on terms with evangelist Dwight L. Moody. In spite of Moodys influence, Coffin would emerge as a theological liberal. Coffin also obtained his Bachelor of Divinity from the Union Theological Seminary in 1900 and he then became pastor of Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church in New York City in 1910. He declined an offer to become president of Union Theological Seminary in 1916, in 1917, he became Chairman of the Committee of the Board of Home Missions. In 1926, offered the presidency of Union a second time, Coffin was married to Dorothy Eells. He was the uncle of William Sloane Coffin, and a member of the Yale Corporation, Henry Sloane Coffin died in 1954 at age 77 and was interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, NY. Coffin, Henry Sloane, Vernon, Ambrose White, hymns of the Kingdom of God, with tunes. New York, Hodder & Stoughton, George H. Doran Company, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. The Ten Commandments, with a Christian application to present conditions, New York, Hodder & Stoughton, George H. Doran Company. Some Christian Convictions, a practical restatement in terms of present-day thinking, New Haven, CT, London, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press. In a Day of Social Rebuilding, lectures on the ministry of the church, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. New York, George H. Doran Company, the Portraits of Jesus Christ in the New Testament. What Men are Asking, some current questions in religion, New York, London, Harper & Bros
46.
William Sloane Coffin Sr.
–
William Sloane Coffin Sr. was an American businessman. He was a director, and later vice-president of W. & J. Sloane Company, his familys business, which was founded by his grandfather, William Sloane, from Kilmarnock, Scotland. He became president of the board of trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Coffin was born on April 15,1879 in Manhattan, New York City to Edmund Coffin Jr. and Euphemia Sloane, his brother was Henry Sloane Coffin. He graduated from Yale College with a BA in 1900, Coffin was a director of the familys furniture and rug business, W. & J. Sloane Company, and later its vice-president. He was elected a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1924, and in 1931 became president of the board of trustees. W. & J. Sloane acquired the California Furniture Company, and in 1925 Coffin created a subsidiary, Sloane was heavily involved in manufacturing and selling this style, and had another subsidiary, the Oneidacraft Company in Oneida, New York, which made it as well. Coffin was involved in purchasing real estate properties from Trinity Church and these houses are now located in the Charlton-King-Vandam Historic District. The buildings were sold to owners in 1924, but with covenants guaranteeing aesthetic continuity. These houses now make up the MacDougal-Sullivan Gardens Historic District, on September 14,1920, he married Catherine Butterfield in Barnstable, Massachusetts. Together, they had a son, William Sloane Coffin Jr. who became a clergyman, Coffin died on December 16,1933 at his home in Manhattan, New York City from a coronary thrombosis. He was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
47.
Associated Press
–
The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
