1.
Stockholm
–
The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
Stockholm
–
Aerial view of the
Old Town,
Skeppsbron,
Stockholm City Hall,
Hötorget buildings,
Ericsson Globe and
Stockholm Palace.
Stockholm
–
Detail of engraving of Stockholm from
Suecia antiqua et hodierna by
Erik Dahlberg and
Willem Swidde, printed in 1693.
Stockholm
–
Panorama over Stockholm around 1868 as seen from a
hot air balloon
Stockholm
–
Kungsträdgården in Stockholm around 1890–1900
2.
Stockholm Palace
–
Stockholm Palace or The Royal Palace is the official residence and major royal palace of the Swedish monarch. Stockholm Palace is located on Stadsholmen, in Gamla stan in the capital, the offices of the King, the other members of the Swedish Royal Family, and the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden are located here. The palace is used for representative purposes by the King whilst performing his duties as the head of state. This royal residence has been in the location by Norrström in the northern part of the Gamla stan in Stockholm since the middle of the 13th century when the Tre Kronor Castle was built. In modern times the name relates to the building called Kungliga Slottet, the palace was designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger and erected on the same place as the medieval Tre Kronor Castle which was destroyed in a fire on 7 May 1697. Due to the costly Great Northern War which started in 1700, construction of the palace was halted in 1709, when Tessin the Younger died in 1728, the palace was completed by Carl Hårleman who also designed a large part of its Rococo interior. The palace was not ready to use until 1754, when King Adolf Frederick and Queen Louisa Ulrika moved in, as of 2009 the interior of the palace consists of 1,430 rooms of which 660 have windows. The palace contains apartments for the Royal families, representation and festivities such as the State Apartments, the Guest Apartments, the National Library of Sweden was housed in the northeast wing, the Biblioteksflygeln, until 1878. As of 2014 it houses the Bernadotte Library, the Slottsarkivet is housed in the Chancery Wing. In the palace are the offices of the Royal Court of Sweden, the Royal Guards has guarded the palace and the Royal Family since 1523. A comprehensive renovation of the began in 2011, to repair weather damaged parts made from sandstone. The repairs are estimated to cost approx,500 million crowns during a period of 22 years. The first building on site was a fortress with a core tower built in the 13th century by Birger Jarl to defend Lake Mälaren. The fortress grew to a castle, eventually named Tre Kronor for the towers spire top decorated with three crowns. At the beginning of the 17th century, King Gustavus Adolphus made plans for a new royal palace, contemporaneous copperplates from 1654 shows de la Vallée’s idea of a more visible castle on a raised plateau with a connecting bridge over the Norrström. Queen Christina remodelled and embellished the castle extensively, but no new castle was built during her reign. In 1661, he presented the first draft for a conversion of the row which his son, Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, would later rework. A map of the Stadsholmen from the 1650s, illustrates de la Vallées suggestion for the conversion of the old castle, the project also brought about an adjustment of the Slottsbacken, making it partially enclosed by buildings
Stockholm Palace
–
The Royal Palace in Stockholm.
Stockholm Palace
–
De la Vallée's suggestion from 1654
Stockholm Palace
–
Tessin the Younger's adaptation of the city area west of the palace in the 1650s and 1690s
Stockholm Palace
–
The northern row with the planned Lejonbacken before the fire in 1697. From the Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna.
3.
Storkyrkan
–
Storkyrkan, officially named Sankt Nikolai kyrka and informally called Stockholms domkyrka, is the oldest church in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. It is an important example of Swedish Brick Gothic, south of the church is the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building facing Stortorget and containing the Swedish Academy, Nobel Library, and Nobel Museum. Storkyrkan was first mentioned in a source dated 1279 and according to tradition was originally built by Birger Jarl. For nearly four hundred years it was the parish church in the city. It became a Lutheran Protestant church in 1527, the last Swedish king to be crowned here was Oscar II in 1873. The most famous of its treasures is the wooden statue of Saint George. A copy from the early 20th century is found on Österlånggatan just south of the church, the Saint George is a symbolic representation of Sten Sture, the dragon is the Danish King Christian I, and the Princess is Sweden. The church also contains a copy of the oldest known image of Stockholm, the painting Vädersolstavlan, the painting was commissioned by the scholar and reformer Olaus Petri, a 19th-century statue of whom is found on the eastern side of the church. It depicts a halo display, e. g. sun dogs, the monumental pulpit is the work of Burchard Precht in 1698-1702 and is in a French Baroque style. It became the model for a number of other large pulpits in Sweden, from the rear of its lofty sounding board issues widely billowing dragery, in front of which hover two large winged genii on either side of a radiant sun bearing the Hebrew letters יהוה. The relief on the front of the pulpit itself depicts the story of the Canaanite woman, the door of the pulpit is adorned with a relief of Christs head, while its pediment is crowned by a statue of Hope with putti on either side. Below the memorial are the arms of the Funck family who bore the greater cost of the pulpit, beneath the pulpit and surrounded by an iron railing lies the worn gravestone of Olaus Petri. The view down the aisle of the church is dominated on either side by the Royal Pews. They were designed by the celebrated architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, each consists of a large enclosed box with decorated sides and back. The royal seats are upholstered in blue velvet with rich applied embroidery. On either side of the Silver Altar is a holding a candle, one of St. Nicholas. The rose window above and behind the Silver Altar was made in Paris in the 1850s, list of churches in Stockholm Virtual tour of Storkyrkan by Virtualsweden
Storkyrkan
–
Storkyrkan
Storkyrkan
–
Storkyrkan as viewed from
Storkyrkobrinken
Storkyrkan
–
Eastern façade facing the
Stockholm Palace and
Slottsbacken
Storkyrkan
–
St. George and the Dragon
4.
Bollhuset
–
The name Bollhuset means The Ball House, and it was built in 1627 for ball sports and used in this way for forty years. The name Lejonkulan, however, was in fact the name of a different building, Bollhuset was the scene of a long series of most important events in the history of the theater in the city and in the history of Swedish theater. The building was located on Slottsbacken near the Royal palace Tre Kronor and it was described as a large, but simple rectangular building of white bricks with a hip roof. From 1648, when an additional Ball House was built, Bollhuset was referred to as Stora Bollhuset or Gamla Bollhuset, while the new ball house was called Lilla Bollhuset or Nya Bollhuset. In 1663-1679, it was owned by Charles Boit and thereafter by his widow until it was taken over by the crown again in 1699, when it was given to the French court theater. Because a ball house was designed with as spectator gallery around an arena. It is further more confusing because a building, Lejonkulan, was also used by the travelling theater companies during the same period. During the 17th century, foreign travelling theater companies often visited Stockholm, especially from Germany, an English troupe, the troupe of Joris Jollifoot, played in the city in 1648-1649. The German theater troop of Christian Theun l, thum performed in the city from 1628 to 1655, but it is not known if they ever performed in Bollhuset. The foreign actors at Bollhuset did play for the public, but as most people could not understand foreign languages, it remained mostly a theater for the royal court, thereafter, Bollhuset was again used by foreign theater companies in parallel to the Lilla Bollhuset. In 1699, Bollhuset was again taken over by the crown, the French theater used it until 1706, when the theater was closed due to the Great Northern War. After the peace of 1721, it was used by foreign theater companies. During the Age of Liberty, the first national theater was to be founded at Bollhuset and this was granted by the Riksdag, who encouraged the establishment of the first native troupe of actors. One of the arguments taken up in the parliament was the costs of the expensive foreign troupes. At this point, the theater had eight hundred seats, Sweden now saw theater, opera and ballet performed in the native language by native artists for the first time. It was temporary closed by regent queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden in 1738 because of the clerical opposition, the theater was first under the rule of the state, its first play was a political one. This did not last long and from 1740 it was ruled by the theater troupe themselves and this first attempt to start a native Swedish theater was interrupted. Though the Swedish theatre was popular among the public, the aristocracy, after the 1753-54 season, the Swedish theatre was expelled from their localities in Bollhuset by queen Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, who hired a French theater company instead
Bollhuset
–
Bollhuset at
Slottsbacken in
Stockholm during the 1780s. From right to left:
Stockholm Palace,
Storkyrkan, Bollhuset Theatre and the
Tessin Palace (drawing by Martin Rudolf Heland)
Bollhuset
–
Bollhuset to the left of the royal palace Tre Kronor in 1650. By Wolfgang Hartmann.
Bollhuset
–
Louis Jean Desprez: sketch of a screen curtain to the theatre at Bollhuset, 1780s, (
Nationalmuseum)
5.
Tessin Palace
–
The Tessin Palace is a baroque town house located in Gamla Stan, the old town in central Stockholm. Located next to the Royal Palace, it is facing Slottsbacken, the approach to the Stockholm Palace. The mansion was constructed between 1694 and 1700 by architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, the building was inherited by Tessins son Carl Gustaf Tessin who had to sell it in 1750 for financial reasons. The palace later became property of the crown and has used as residence for the Over Governor
Tessin Palace
–
Tessin Palace
Tessin Palace
–
Slottsbacken in Stockholm during the 1780s. From right to left:
Stockholm Palace,
Storkyrkan,
Bollhuset Theatre and the Tessin Palace. Drawing, Martin Rudolf Heland.
6.
Street
–
A street is a public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact. A street can be as simple as a patch of dirt. Portions may also be smoothed with asphalt, embedded with rails, originally the word street simply meant a paved road. Examples of streets include pedestrian streets, alleys, and city-centre streets too crowded for road vehicles to pass, conversely, highways and motorways are types of roads, but few would refer to them as streets. The word street has its origins in the Latin strata, it is related to stratum. Ancient Greek stratos means army, Greeks originally built roads to move their armies, old English applied the word to Roman roads in Britain such as Ermine Street, Watling Street, etc. Later it acquired a meaning of straggling village, which were often laid out on the verges of Roman roads. In the Middle Ages, a road was a way people travelled, the street is a public easement, one of the few shared between all sorts of people. As a component of the environment as ancient as human habitation. Its roles are as numerous and diverse as its ever-changing cast of characters, streets can be loosely categorized as main streets and side streets. Main streets are usually broad with a high level of activity. Commerce and public interaction are more visible on main streets, side streets are quieter, often residential in use and character, and may be used for vehicular parking. Circulation, or less broadly, transportation, is perhaps a streets most visible use, the unrestricted movement of people and goods within a city is essential to its commerce and vitality, and streets provide the physical space for this activity. In the interest of order and efficiency, an effort may be made to different types of traffic. Le Corbusier, for one, perceived an ever-stricter segregation of traffic as an affirmation of social order—a desirable. To this end, proposals were advanced to build vertical streets where vehicles, pedestrians. Such an arrangement, it was said, would allow for denser development in the future
Street
–
Typical service street ("mews") in the
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in
London. Mews are typically found at the back of older housing terraces (rows of townhouses) in the UK, with a more elegant street in front of the terrace.
Street
–
Abbey Road,
London
Street
–
A city-centre street in
Frankfurt,
Germany.
Street
–
The Porta Rosa was the main street of
Elea, connecting the northern quarter with the southern quarter. The street is 5 meters wide and has an incline of 18 % in the steepest part. It is paved with limestone blocks, griders cut in square blocks, and on one side a small gutter for the drainage of rain water. The building is dated during the time of the reorganization of the city during the
Hellenistic age (4th–3rd centuries BC).
7.
Gamla stan
–
Gamla stan, until 1980 officially Staden mellan broarna, is the old town of Stockholm, Sweden. Gamla stan consists primarily of the island Stadsholmen, officially, but not colloquially, Gamla stan includes the surrounding islets Riddarholmen, Helgeandsholmen, and Strömsborg. The town dates back to the 13th century, and consists of medieval alleyways, cobbled streets, north German architecture has had a strong influence in the Old Towns construction. Stortorget is the name of the large square in the centre of Gamla Stan. The square was the site of the Stockholm Bloodbath, where Swedish noblemen were massacred by the Danish King Christian II in November,1520, the following revolt and civil war led to the dissolution of the Kalmar Union and the subsequent election of King Gustav I. The House of Nobility is on the corner of Gamla stan. The restaurant Den gyldene freden is located on Österlånggatan and it has been in business since 1722 and according to the Guinness Book of Records is the oldest existing restaurant with an unaltered interior. A statue of St. George and the Dragon can be found in the Stockholm Cathedral, the plaque just below the statue says its name Järnpojken. It was created by Liss Eriksson in 1967, from the 1970s and 80s, however, it has become a tourist attraction as the charm of its medieval, Renaissance architecture and later additions have been valued by later generations. The name Stockholm originally referred to Gamla Stan only, but as the city expanded, the now also refers several suburban areas. The name Stockholm means log island in Swedish, the previous capital of Sweden was located in Sigtuna. A thousand years ago Sigtuna had problems with armed gangs attacking the city, the situation became untenable and there was a need to find a new location for the capital city of Sweden. According to legend the leaders in Sigtuna then took a log of wood, cut out all the wood inside, filled it with gold, the log was floating on the water for several days and eventually hit land on the island where Gamla Stan today is located. The island was named Stockholm or log island, meaning the place where the log had hit ground and this is where they decided to found the new capital of Sweden. The island of Stockholm had the advantage that it was an island and it also had the advantage from a trade point of view, that it was situated just at the inlet of Lake Mälaren, a big lake very important to contemporary trade, from the Baltic. A sculpture symbolizing the old log is found at Stadshuset. The name Gamla stan probably dates back to the early 20th century, the word stan is simply a contraction of the word staden, meaning the town. In 1957 a station of the Stockholm metro was opened here with the name Gamla stan, even though the official name was changed to Gamla stan in 1980, modern Stockholm is occasionally called The city between the bridges
Gamla stan
–
Morning view with the harbour of
Skeppsbron, the eastern waterfront of Gamla stan.
Gamla stan
–
Evening view of the south-western waterfront.
Gamla stan
–
Façades of the
Royal Palace and
Stockholm Cathedral facing
Slottsbacken.
Gamla stan
–
Iconic buildings surrounding the square
Stortorget.
8.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
Sweden
–
A
Vendel-era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities.
Sweden
–
Flag
Sweden
–
A
romantic nationalist interpretation of
Valdemar IV taking control over
Gotland. The final battle outside the walls of Visby in 1361 ended with a massacre of 1,800 defenders of the city.
Sweden
–
Stockholm in mid-17th century
9.
Skeppsbron
–
Skeppsbron is both a street and a quay in Gamla stan, the old town of Stockholm, capital of Sweden, stretching from the bridge Strömbron in front of the Royal Palace southward to Slussen. The quay Skeppsbrokajen runs along the street, poles associated with an old quay preceding the existing one have been found some hundred metres from the present quay. It was called Koggabron or stadens allmänningsbro, the stone quay was not completed until 1854 by Nils Ericson. Today Skeppsbron refers to the passing over the quay, while the harbour area outside of it is called Skeppsbrokajen. The fish market was scrapped and replaced by a block during the 1520s, Skeppsbron remained the vital centre for the local shipping business until the early 20th century. Proposals have been brought forward to revitalize the area by adding new shopping areas, residential areas, without a number, Stockholm Palace, and opposite to Slottsbacken the statue of Gustav III by Tobias Sergel inaugurated in 1808. It is made in bronze and describes the kings landing on the quay after the Russian war 1788-90 and he wears a navy uniform with a large cape fastened at the left shoulder. N.20, Brandstodsbolagets hus, designed by Isak Gustaf Clason, N. 42B, Södra Bankohuset, formerly the Bank of Sweden, designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Elder and built 1663-1680, rebuilt in 1738 after plans by Carl Hårleman. N.48, Räntmästartrappan, named after a building found on the southern corner of Skeppsbron. The building was located south of an historical alley called Räntmästergränden which passed through the present building on the location, the former name is also used for the area on the quay where the ferries to Djurgården departs. The red granite sculpture Sea god by Carl Milles found on the quay, is from 1913, the sculpture is the only of the artists many proposals for similar sculptures carried through. List of streets and squares in Gamla stan Fru Gunillas Gränd Fisketorget Media related to Skeppsbron at Wikimedia Commons hitta. se - Location map and virtual walk
Skeppsbron
–
Skeppsbron
Skeppsbron
–
Watercolour of Skeppsbron and the statue of Gustav III by Fritz von Dardel, 1860.
Skeppsbron
–
Largest Christmas tree at Skeppsbron.
Skeppsbron
–
Eastern façade of
Södra Bankohuset.
10.
Stortorget (Stockholm)
–
Stortorget is a small public square in Gamla Stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. It is the oldest square in Stockholm, the centre on which the medieval urban conglomeration gradually came into being. Today, the square is frequented by tens of thousands of tourists annually and it is traditionally renowned for its annual Christmas market offering traditional handicrafts and food. The exception being the Stock Exchange Building taking up the side of the square and concealing the Cathedral. Today, Stortorget is the location of the Stock Exchange Building, which houses the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Museum, the plan of the building, French Rococo in style, is a trapezium, the rounded corner of which greatly widened the flanking alleys. While the building is designed much like a private palace, the central pediment. The closed first floor, accommodating the Swedish Academy, contrasts the openness of the ground floor - a contrast enhanced during the restoration in the 1980s, the present well on the square was also designed by Palmstedt and built in connection to the new Stock Exchange Building. It dried up in 1856 due to elevation, however. It was relocated to Brunkebergstorg but moved back to its location in the 1950s and is today connected to the city water conduit. He bought the building came to remain in the familys possession for more than a century. The cloverleaf-shaped gables were added in 1718 together with the blue livid colour, the Dynastys most prominent member was the merchant Claës Grill, leader of the East India Company, owner of several banks and many mining industries and shipping companies, and a great art collector. In the second shop on Number 5 are painted joists from the 1640s displaying animals, flowers. There are many such restored ceilings in Gamla stan, but this one is one of the few accessible to the general public, on the first floor is the so-called Bullkyrkan where the City Mission offers services every Sunday together with buns, sandwiches, and coffee. Until the mid-15th century, the side of the square was lined with wooden shops, in the spacious basements of which peasants kept their provisions. Among the numerous historical tenants in the building was adventurer Filip Kern from Meissen and he served as a barber and a master builder for King John III and is suspected to have poisoned King Eric XIV. During the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, the Dutch merchant Abraham Cabiljau, one of the founders and first mayors of Gothenburg, lived in the building. The French wig maker Jean Bedoire bought the building in 1682 and, just like his son and namesake who gave his name to the alley Bedoirsgränd, made a fortune in trading wine, salt, and iron. The building was rebuilt in 1937 when the façades of the three buildings located south of the square were united to form the present façade
Stortorget (Stockholm)
–
Stortorget
Stortorget (Stockholm)
–
Façade of the Stock Exchange Building.
Stortorget (Stockholm)
–
The well
Stortorget (Stockholm)
–
Number 3-5.
11.
Storkyrkobrinken
–
Storkyrkobrinken is a street in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. The streets present name stems from the vicinity to the cathedral Storkyrkan, since the Middle Ages, the street and various sections of it appears under different names referring to various activities and prominent buildings. In medieval times, Storkyrkobrinken was the main slope leading up to the church on the top of Stadsholmen. The crossing street Västerlånggatan was the street passing outside the city wall on the western side. A century later it was named after the school built in the street in 1431, in 1520 it is thus called Scolestue backen and in 1571 the section west of Västerlånggatan is named skolstuffue grenden. During the 16th century it appears as Kyrkobrinken in 1596 and as S. Niclaes Brinck in 1597. During the so-called era of the Swedish Empire, attempts were made to various structures in the present old town to give them names more to the taste of the ambitions of the era. In 1650, however, it appears as Store kyrke brincken, lastly it appears as Scholstugu gr in 1733, before being named Storkyrko Brinken in 1771. List of streets and squares in Gamla stan History of Stockholm Innerstaden, hitta. se - location map and virtual walk
Storkyrkobrinken
–
StorOrakyrkobrinken with
Storkyrkan in May 2008
Storkyrkobrinken
–
View from the eastern end of Storkyrkobrinken with the
Swedish House of Lords discernible in the background. March 2007.
12.
Riddarhustorget
–
Riddarhustorget is a public square in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden, named after its location in front of House of Knights. A product of the redesign of the parts of the city in the early 17th century, the square first appears in historical records as Riddare huuss platzen. When the square was redesigned in 1914-1916, the statue was moved to its present location immediately in front of the palace, increasing traffic loads during the early 20th century, resulted in over 20 proposals for a long bridge passing through central Stockholm over Gamla stan. By the end of the 1950s, the bridge of the present more permanent solution Centralbron was completed. On the eastern side, the street Myntgatan passes between the arcades of two of the buildings of the Parliament, Kanslihuset and Kanslihusannexet over to Mynttorget, north of the square the alleys Rådhusgränd and Riddarhusgränd connects to the cast iron bridge Vasabron from the 1870s. Before the small garden in front of the palace was created to the design of Isak Gustaf Clason in the 1910s, in front of the building stands the statue of King Gustav Vasa. East of the House of Knights is the Bonde Palace, arguably the most prominent monument of the era of Swedish Empire, the Ionic pilasters of the main building still reflects the original design, while the top floor and roof are from the 17th century. The Ryning Palace, located south of the square, was begun by the capable Erik Ryning in the 1640s to the design of Simon de la Vallée, today the building is occupied by the Supreme Court and the Labour Court. List of streets and squares in Gamla stan History of Stockholm Visit-Stockholm. com - Virtual walk at Riddarhustorget
Riddarhustorget
–
Riddarhustorget in the 18th century.
Riddarhustorget
–
Riddarhuset, southern front.
Riddarhustorget
–
The Bonde Palace
Riddarhustorget
–
Ryning Palace at Riddarhustorget
13.
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
–
Count Nicodemus Tessin the Younger was a Swedish Baroque architect, city planner, and administrator. Tessin was born on May 23,1654, as the child of Nicodemus Tessin the Elder, son of the mayor of Stralsund. These architects, together with the study of classical monuments. In 1687-88 he traveled to Rome and back to Sweden through Austria, during the trip he made extensive notes in a diary describing works of architecture he saw during the journey. As parts of this group, Tessin the Elder was raised to lesser nobility in 1674. Their correspondence has also proven invaluable for later historical research, upon his return he immediately begun his work on the royal palace, and in 1695 his large-scale northern Baroque façade was completed, apparently inspired by Berninis project at the Louvre. Ambitions to further renew the palace first came to a halt as the king died, Tessin was appointed to produce plans for a new palace the day after the fire and he quickly produced a proposal which pleased both the young King Charles XII and his regency. Even though Tessin spent much of his life producing detailed plans for the palace. In 1690, Tessin married his mistress Hedvig Eleonora Stenbock, maid of honour of Queen Hedvig Elenora, however, at this time Tessin still belonged to the lesser nobility and his marriage to a woman from the high nobility was regarded as inappropriate. The marriage therefore had to take place secretly in Pomerania and, to repair the situation, besides his own palace, the gardens of the Drottningholm Palace and Steninge Palace, both located not far from Stockholm, are often pointed out as his greatest achievements. During his later life, he played an important role as an administrator, Tessin the Younger was the father of Carl Gustaf Tessin, one of the most influential Swedish politicians of his time. Carl Erik Tessin Hedvig Tessin von Schwerin Ulrika Maria Tessin Sparre, she was the mother of Fredrik Sparre, Stockholm Palace Tessin Palace, Steninge Palace Completion of the Drottningholm Palace Gottorp, Schleswig, Holy Trinity Church, Karlskrona King Charles Church, Kungsör von Haslingen, Birgitta. Commodare hus kan ges, men aldrig utan yttre dekorationens kostnad
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
–
Gardens at Drottningholm.
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
–
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
–
East front of the Stockholm Palace.
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
–
Tessin Palace.
14.
Tre kronor (castle)
–
Tre Kronor was a castle located in Stockholm, Sweden, on the site where Stockholm Palace is today. It is believed to have been a citadel that Birger Jarl built into a castle in the middle of the 13th century. The name Tre Kronor is believed to have given to the castle during the reign of King Magnus IV in the middle of the 14th century. Most of Swedens national library and royal archives were destroyed when the castle burned down in 1697, when King Gustav Vasa broke Sweden free from the Kalmar Union and made Sweden independent again, Tre Kronor Castle became his most important royal seat. The keep may have existed previous to the 16th century, but in a smaller form than on the pictures from the beginning. The tower was then about the half of the height in the end of the 16th century, the castle consisted of two parts, the main castle and the walled in gardens surrounding it with the high tower in the middle. On May 7,1697 a large fire broke out in Tre Kronor that completely demolished the majority of this now more-than-400-year-old castle, the fire was discovered by the castles keeper, Georg Stiernhoff. The fire marshal, Sven Lindberg, informed the staff that he could not get to the fire extinguishing equipment because the fire blocked his access to it. The royal family and court were forced to evacuate the castle, the servants attempted to save as much as possible of the royal possessions. The fire spread quickly to all parts of the castle, since the castle was made out of wood and copper, the hot copper plates set the roof on fire. As mentioned, due to the fire most of Swedens national library, shortly after the fire died out, the investigation into why it was not discovered before it was too late got underway. A royal court found three possible culprits, Sven Lindberg – the fire marshal for the castle – and Anders Andersson and Mattias Hansson, soldiers on fire watch for the night, reporting to Sven Lindberg. It is revealed that Anders Andersson was running an errand for the fire marshals wife, Mattias Hansson had left his post, going into the kitchen to get some food. Mattias claimed that the fire marshals wife had given permission to do so – a statement she denied, the royal court concluded that the fire marshal had used the soldier for his and his wifes private errands. It was also found that he had accepted bribes in exchange for hiring people into certain positions at the castle, in February,1698 the sentences were handed out. Sven Lindberg and Mattias Hanson were sentenced to death since they had neglected their duty. Anders Andersson was sentenced to run the gauntlet, the death sentences were both later commuted to running the gauntlet and six years of forced labour at Carlsten fortress. Sven Lindberg died while running the gauntlet, plans were made to rebuild a new castle on the old foundation
Tre kronor (castle)
–
The castle in a painting from 1661 by
Govert Dircksz Camphuysen.
Tre kronor (castle)
–
The castle in the 17th century, seen from the northeast.
Tre kronor (castle)
–
Johan Fredrik Höckert 's realistic and dramatic painting from 1866 of the Castle Fire "Slottsbranden... ", showing young King
Charles XII of Sweden with his grandmother and sisters escaping ahead of his recently deceased father's body and his
crown jewels coming down the stairs behind them.
Tre kronor (castle)
–
Castle after the fire.
15.
Olaus Petri
–
Olof Persson, sometimes Petersson, better known under the Latin form of his name, Olaus Petri, was a clergyman, writer, judge and major contributor to the Protestant Reformation in Sweden. His brother, Laurentius Petri, became the first Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop of Sweden, born in Örebro, in south-central Sweden and the son of a local blacksmith, Olaus Petri learned to read and write at the local Carmelite monastery. He then went to the capital and studied at the University of Uppsala, later, he attended the University of Leipzig until 1516, and finally finished his education and received a Masters degree at the University of Wittenberg in February 1518. While in Wittenberg with his younger brother Lars, Olaus met with and was influenced by the characters of the German reformation, Philipp Melanchthon. Both Petri brothers returned to Sweden in 1519, nearly dying as their ship ran aground on Gotland island during a storm and they remained on Gotland for a while, with Olaus preaching and assisting the local priest, Soren Norby, and Lars teaching at the local school. When Olaus expressed his outrage, he was almost executed as well, the massacre provoked the Swedish War of Liberation, including the election and crowning of Gustav Vasa as King in Strängnäs in 1523. Olaus attended the coronation, swore fealty to his monarch, a year later Olaus was appointed Stockholms town secretary and moved to the new capital, where he also served as a judge, and town councilor. Olaus became known for his advocacy of Lutheranism and criticism of prevailing Roman Catholicism, in October 1524, the Uppsala Cathedrals chapter excommunicated both brothers on grounds of heresy. They remained, however, confident in the new Swedish kings strong support, in 1525 Olaus married, as Lutheran practice permitted, and also implemented another of Luthers ideas by having the mass sung in Swedish for the first time. Throughout this period Olaus was also involved in scholarly endeavors, including translating Lutheran works into Swedish, in 1526, Olaus published the first Swedish translation of the New Testament, and also published a catechism in Swedish. The Petri brothers efforts to teach their King and fellow Swedes about Luthers ideas bore fruit the following year, in 1531, Olaus published a slightly simplified version of the Catholic mass in Swedish. Contemporaries described Olaus as energetic and pushy, particularly about matters in which he believed strongly and he also wrote a Swedish hymnal, liturgical manual and many homiletic and polemic tracts. In fact, some consider the brothers and their ally Laurentius Andreae responsible for most early Swedish printed literature, Olaus also wrote a Chronicle of Sweden, which despite some historical inaccuracies, contains many interesting facts and anecdotes and remains an important historical document. Olaus also had an important part in translating the whole Bible into the vernacular, however, shortly after his ordination, Olaus relationship with King Gustav deteriorated sharply. Olaus was arrested and put on trial for treason, supposedly because he had learned about a conspiracy against the King during confession, one historian suggests that Olaus writings criticizing the Kings harsh punishments, as well as taxation policies also contributed to the criminal trial. King Gustav also wanted to control the church, while Olaus distrusted the kings autocratic tendencies, after Olaus Petri and Laurentius Andreae were found guilty on January 2,1540, both received death sentences, and even his brother Lars signed the judgment. However, after much bargaining and many requests, friends managed to get both clergymen released on bail, although clearly their political careers had ended. Olaus received a pardon in 1542, possibly as a reward for completing the massive biblical translation project
Olaus Petri
–
Petri outside
Storkyrkan, Stockholm
Olaus Petri
–
Luther's rose
Olaus Petri
–
Statue of Olaus Petri in front of
Storkyrkan
Olaus Petri
–
Protestant Reformation
16.
Limestone
–
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate, about 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778, like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts and these organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or siliceous skeletal fragment, some limestones do not consist of grains at all, and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite, i. e. travertine. Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters and this produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites. Another form taken by calcite is oolitic limestone, which can be recognized by its granular appearance, the primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. Some of these organisms can construct mounds of rock known as reefs, below about 3,000 meters, water pressure and temperature conditions cause the dissolution of calcite to increase nonlinearly, so limestone typically does not form in deeper waters. Limestones may also form in lacustrine and evaporite depositional environments, calcite can be dissolved or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors, including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits a characteristic called retrograde solubility, in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. Impurities will cause limestones to exhibit different colors, especially with weathered surfaces, Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock, when conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together, or it can fill fractures. Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams, particularly there are waterfalls. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls, coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells. During regional metamorphism that occurs during the building process, limestone recrystallizes into marble
Limestone
–
Limestone outcrop in the
Torcal de Antequera nature reserve of
Málaga, Spain
Limestone
–
Limestone quarry at
Cedar Creek, Virginia, USA
Limestone
–
Cutting the limestone blocks at a quarry in
Gozo,
Malta
Limestone
–
Limestone as building material
17.
Balustrade
–
Multiplied in this way, they form a balustrade. Individually, a baluster shaft may describe the form taken by a brass or silver candlestick. According to OED, baluster is derived through the French, balustre, from Italian, balaustro, from balaustra, pomegranate flower, from Latin balaustium, from Greek βαλαύστιον. The earliest examples are shown in the bas-reliefs representing the Assyrian palaces. The application to architecture was a feature of the early Renaissance, late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at Venice and these quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified Gothic precedents. They form balustrades of colonnettes as an alternative to miniature arcading, sangallo passed the motif to Bramante and Michelangelo, through whom balustrades gained wide currency in the 16th century. Because of its low center of gravity, this vase-baluster may be given the modern term dropped baluster. The baluster, being a structure, tends to follow design precedents that were set in woodworking and ceramic practices, where the turners lathe. The profile a baluster takes is often diagnostic of a style of architecture or furniture. Some complicated Mannerist baluster forms can be read as a vase set upon another vase, modern baluster design is also in use for example in designs influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road Finchley London England. The modern term baluster shaft is applied to the shaft dividing a window in Saxon architecture, in the south transept of the Abbey in St Albans, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church. Norman bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts, balusters are normally separated by at least the same measurement as the size of the square bottom section. Placing balusters too far apart diminishes their aesthetic appeal, balustrades normally terminate in columns, building walls or more properly in heavy newel posts because otherwise they will not be structurally strong enough. Balusters may be formed in several ways, wood and stone can be shaped on the lathe, wood can be cut from square or rectangular section boards, while concrete, plaster, iron, and plastics are usually formed by molding and casting. Turned patterns or old examples are used for the molds, Cast iron Cast stone Hardwoods and softwoods Plaster Polymer stone Polyurethane/polystyrene Wrought iron The word banister refers to the balusters of a stairway. According to many dictionaries - a, a handrail, especially on a staircase. Such a handrail together with its supporting structures, the Renaissance baluster and Palladio in Palladio and English Palladianism
Balustrade
–
Swelling form of the half-open flower of
Punica granatum, in Italian balaustra (See "etymology")
Balustrade
–
Baluster
Balustrade
–
Stone balusters in the
Basilica of San Zeno, Verona
Balustrade
–
A vasiform balustrade crowns
Michelangelo 's
Palazzo degli Conservatori on the Campidoglio, Rome.
18.
Erik Dahlberg
–
Count Erik Jönsson Dahlbergh was a Swedish engineer, soldier, and field marshal. He was born of peasant stock but he rose to the level of nobility through his military competence. He was renowned for works and was called the Vauban of Sweden. Erik Dahlbergh was born of peasant stock in Stockholm, Sweden and his early studies involved the science of fortification. Orphaned at an age, Dahlberghs studies qualified him as a scribe and in 1641 he found employment with Gert Rehnskiöld. During his six years he was taught the fundamentals in draughtsmanship, while learning these skills, he also intensely studied mathematics, architecture, perspective and map drawing. As an engineer officer he saw service in the years of the Thirty Years War. In 1650, the military command dispatched Dahlbergh to Frankfurt to recoup war indemnity awarded to Sweden following the end of the war, Dahlbergh contacted the publishing firm of Merian and provided topographical maps. In 1635 Matthäus Merian the Elder initiated the Theatrum Europaeum, a series of contemporary chronicles published until 1732, both works, the Theatrum Europaeum and the topographical prints, were continued following the death of Mattheus Merian in 1650 by his sons and stepsons. He attempted several unsuccessful pilgrimages to Palestine and Jerusalem both by sea and land, while studying art in Italy, news reached him of a coming war between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania and he saw the potential for a military career and he rode from Rome to Stettin in 23 days. In his military career, Dahlbergh saw service in Poland where he witnessed the fighting at the second battle of Warsaw. In spite of his service, however, Dahlbergh remained an obscure lieutenant-colonel for many years. His talents were recognized and, in 1676, he became director-general of fortifications for the Swedish crown. As director, Dahlbergh rendered distinguished service over the next years in attack as in the Scanian War. In Helsingborg in 1677, he was a key operative in the Great Northern War at Dunamünde and his work in repairing the fortresses of his own country earned for him the title of the Vauban of Sweden, and he was also the founder of the Swedish engineer corps. He retired while in the rank of marshal in 1702. He wrote a memoir of his life and an account Of the campaigns of Charles X, the German influence reveals itself in his work, adopting the Teutonic theme of glorification to Swedens leaders, cities and peoples
Erik Dahlberg
–
Count Erik Dahlbergh
Erik Dahlberg
–
Erik Dahlbergh in
Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna
19.
Magnus Stenbock
–
Count Magnus Gustafsson Stenbock was a Swedish military officer at the time of the Great Northern War. He was born in Stockholm, the son of Gustaf Otto Stenbock and he was educated at Uppsala and at Paris, chose the military profession, and spent some years in the service of the United Provinces. Returning to Sweden he entered the Army, and, in 1688 and he served with the Swedes in the Low Countries and on the Rhine, distinguishing himself for skill and courage at Fleurus. During the Nine Years War he was employed not only in the field and he married Eva Magdalena Oxenstierna on 26 December 1690 in Stockholm. She was the daughter of Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna and Magdalena Eriksdotter Stenbock, soon afterwards, as colonel of the Dalecarlian regiment, he led it in the astonishing victory of Narva. He distinguished himself more at Dünamünde, Klissow and Cracow. In 1703 he fought the battle at Pułtusk, and three years later, having reached the rank of general of infantry, was made Governor-General of Scania. He led the Swedish troops to victory in the Battle of Helsingborg and he was a great favorite with Charles XII in the earlier campaigns, but later the two drifted somewhat apart. It is recorded that the king, before whom General Lagercrona accused Stenbock of drunkenness, replied that Stenbock drunk was more capable of giving orders than Lagercrona sober. His activities were not confined to war and diplomacy, the University of Lund was under his care as Chancellor for some years, and he had no mean skill as a painter and he became Privy Councillor in 1710, and Charles gave him his field marshals baton in 1712. In the same year, with but 9000 men he invaded Mecklenburg in order to relieve besieged Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. He won the Battle of Gadebusch, but numbers prevailed against him in the end, Cut off at the Siege of Tönning, he was forced to surrender after a gallant resistance, and passed into captivity. During his captivity he produced extraordinary fine ivory miniatures, which often included referrals to the number 51 — a reference to Psalm 51, “Have mercy on me, O God. ”He died in Copenhagen, after five years of harsh treatment. The painting Magnus Stenbock i Malmö was made by Gustaf Cederström in 1892 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Stenbock, Magnus Gustafsson. This work in turn cites, Loenbom, Magni Stenbocks lefverne Lilljestråle, Magnus Stenbock
Magnus Stenbock
–
Magnus Stenbock
Magnus Stenbock
–
Equestrian Magnus Stenbock in Helsingborg
20.
Georg Stiernhielm
–
Georg Stiernhielm was a Swedish civil servant, linguist and poet. Stiernhielm was born in a family in the village Svartskär in Vika parish in Dalarna. The surname Stiernhielm, literally Star Helmet, was taken in life when he was raised into the Swedish nobility. He grew up in the Bergslagen region where his father worked with the mining industry, Stiernhielm received his first schooling at Västerås, but he was also educated in Germany and the Netherlands. In 1636 he obtained the Vasula manor near Tartu, Estonia and lived there until 1656 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in December 1669. He was a pioneer of linguistics, and even if many of his conclusions later proved wrong they were accepted by his contemporaries. Stiernhielm tried to prove that Gothic, which he equated with Old Norse was the origin of all languages, and that the Nordic countries were vagina gentium, the human birthplace. His most famous work is Hercules, a poem in hexameter, about how Hercules in his youth is being tempted by Fru Lusta. The allegory can be traced back to the Athenian sophist Prodicus of Ceos and this made him known as the father of Swedish poetry. His Musæ Suethizantes of 1668 is held to be the first important Swedish book of poetry
Georg Stiernhielm
–
Georg Stiernhielm, painting from 1663 by
David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl.
21.
Christopher Polhem
–
Christopher Polhammar, better known as Christopher Polhem, which he took after his ennoblement, was a Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist. He made significant contributions to the economic and industrial development of Sweden, Polhem was born on the island of Gotland in the small village of Tingstäde, situated northeast of Visby. Originally the Polhem family came from Austria to Pomerania, Germany, from where his father, Wolf Christoph Polhammer traded with Visby, when Polhem was 8, his father died and his mother, Christina Eriksdotter Schening from Vadstena, Östergötland remarried. As a result of conflicts with his stepfather, his tuition was no longer paid for. In Stockholm he attended a German school until the age of 12 when his uncle died and he took a job as a farmhand on Vansta, a property in Södertörn, Stockholm. He quickly rose to the position of supervisor, being responsible for supervision and accounting and he worked at Vansta for ten years, during which period he constructed a workshop where he made tools, repaired and constructed simple machinery to earn money. Hungering for knowledge within his fields of interest, mathematics and mechanics, self-studies were attempted, but given up, Polhem realized he needed a tutor. In exchange for constructing a complex clock, he was given Latin lessons by a local vicar, word of Polhems mechanical skill spread quickly and a member of the clergy wrote the professor of mathematics at Uppsala University, Anders Spole to recommend Polhem. He married Maria Hoffman in 1691, together they had two children, Gabriel and Emerentia, in 1716 he was ennobled in gratitude of his services to the nation by the king and changed his name from Polhammar to Polheim, which he later changed to Polhem. He and his son Gabriel Polhem were both elected members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1739, the year the Academy was founded, Polhem died of natural causes in 1751 in Stockholm. In 1690 Polhem was appointed to improve upon the current mining operations of Sweden and his contribution was a construction for lifting and transporting ore from mines, a process that was rather risky and inefficient at the time. The construction consisted of a system for lifting the ore, as opposed to wires. Human labor needed was limited to loading the containers and his greatest achievement was an automated factory powered entirely by water, automation was very unusual at the time. Built in 1699 in Stjärnsund, the factory produced a number of products, deriving from the idea that Sweden should export fewer raw materials, the factory was a failure, it met great resistance among workers who feared they would be replaced by machinery. Eventually most of the factory was destroyed in a fire in 1734, the factory continued producing clocks, known for their high quality and low price. Another product from the factory was the Scandinavian padlock, essentially the first design of the variation of padlocks common today, economically, the factory was unfeasible, but the king at the time, Charles XII, was supportive and gave Polhem freedom from taxes to encourage his efforts. The factory of Stjärnsund was visited by one of his contemporaries, Carl Linnaeus, Polhem also contributed to the construction of Göta Canal, a canal connecting the east and west coasts of Sweden. Together with Charles XII of Sweden, he planned the construction of parts of the canal, particularly the canal locks in the 18th century, it was not to be finished until 1832, long after his death
Christopher Polhem
–
Christopher Polhem,
Johan Henrik Scheffel, 1741.
Christopher Polhem
–
Christopher Polhem on the Swedish 500
kronor bank note.
Christopher Polhem
–
16th century woodcut from the History of
Olaus Magnus, purportedly depicting the astronomical clock in
Uppsala Cathedral.
Christopher Polhem
–
Falun copper mine as it looks today.
22.
Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz
–
Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz was a Swedish architect and civil servant. As överintendent, he headed the royal and public building works from 1767 until his retirement in 1795, Adelcrantz was born in 1716 in Stockholm and was the son of the architect Göran Josuæ Adelcrantz, who had changed his name from Törnqvist at his ennoblement four years earlier. As a student in Uppsala, Göran Josua Törnqvist had been a member of the student theatre troupe known as Den Swänska Theatren that later performed in the Lejonkulan theatre in Stockholm. He came into the employment of Nicodemus Tessin the Younger in 1697, the year the fire at the old Castle of Stockholm took place. Törnqvist had studied architecture before this and may have discovered by Tessin for his scenographies. Göran Josua Adelcrantz remained in the shadow of the dominant Tessin, through his marriage in 1711 to the young widow Anna Maria Köhnmann, daughter of a wealthy businessman, Törnqvists finances improved considerably. Among other things, he became the possessor of the manor of Signhildsberg near Sigtuna, the next year Charles XII ennobled him, on the recommendation of his patron Tessin. Born in Stockholm, Carl Fredrik was the child of the marriage. After a short time of study in Uppsala, Carl Fredrik began his career as a civil servant in the Kammarrevisionen court. Göran Josua Adelcrantz did not attempt to suppress the artistic inclination of his son, half a year after his father’s death in 1739, Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz left his employment in Kammarrevisionen, and on 11 August 1739 he left Stockholm for France and Italy. Although his notes from the journey have been lost, it is known that he spent two years in Paris and several months in Rome, in December 1741, while he was still in Rome, Adelcrantz was given a position within the palace construction project. In late summer 1743, he started on his journey to Sweden. Adelcrantz was back in Stockholm in late summer 1751, when Hårleman suddenly died in 1753, he was succeeded as överintendent by Carl Johan Cronstedt, and Adelcrantz was given Cronstedts position as hovintendent. In the absence of royal factories of the French type, the Swedish office may in actuality been more closely have resembled the subordinate office of the premier architecte, the task of the office was later extended to all public building projects, including churches. At the end of 1753, Adelcrantz was again given a foreign mission, in accordance with his instructions, he sent home a large number of models and engravings to be used for interior details in the latest fashion. He also contracted Pierre Hubert LArchevêque as a successor to J. P. Bouchardon, in Paris, Adelcrantz sat for the portrait by Alexander Roslin that he later bequested to the Swedish Academy of Arts. The diary that he is known to have kept during his journey was mentioned as sold at auction in 1831, but also appears to be lost. After his return, he worked on the furnishing of the Palace which was finished in November, the same year also saw his election as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz
–
Alexander Roslin 's portrait of Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz made during the latter's stay in Paris in 1754 (in the collection of the
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, Stockholm to which it was bequested by Adelcrantz)
Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz
–
Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm, 1763
Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz
–
Sturehov Castle, 1780s
Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz
–
Fredrikshov, 1774
23.
Carl Linnaeus
–
Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who formalised the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. He is known by the father of modern taxonomy. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus, Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received most of his education at Uppsala University. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands and he then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, at the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe. The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message, Tell him I know no man on earth. The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote, With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, Swedish author August Strindberg wrote, Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist. Among other compliments, Linnaeus has been called Princeps botanicorum, The Pliny of the North and he is also considered as one of the founders of modern ecology. In botany, the abbreviation used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for species names is L. In older publications, sometimes the abbreviation Linn. is found, Linnæus was born in the village of Råshult in Småland, Sweden, on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nicolaus Ingemarsson and Christina Brodersonia and his siblings were Anna Maria Linnæa, Sofia Juliana Linnæa, Samuel Linnæus, and Emerentia Linnæa. One of a line of peasants and priests, Nils was an amateur botanist, a Lutheran minister. Christina was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult, Samuel Brodersonius, a year after Linnæus birth, his grandfather Samuel Brodersonius died, and his father Nils became the rector of Stenbrohult. The family moved into the rectory from the curates house, even in his early years, Linnæus seemed to have a liking for plants, flowers in particular. Whenever he was upset, he was given a flower, which calmed him. Nils spent much time in his garden and often showed flowers to Linnaeus, soon Linnæus was given his own patch of earth where he could grow plants
Carl Linnaeus
–
Carl von Linné,
Alexander Roslin, 1775. Oil painting in the portrait collection at
Gripsholm Castle
Carl Linnaeus
–
The
coat of arms of Carl von Linné.
Carl Linnaeus
–
Birthplace of Linnæus at
Råshult
Carl Linnaeus
–
Statue of Linnaeus as a University student in
Lund
24.
Olof von Dalin
–
Olof von Dalin was a Swedish nobleman, poet, historian and courtier. He was a literary figure of the Swedish Enlightenment. Olof Dalin was born in the parish of Vinberg in Halland and his parents were Jonas Dalin and Margareta Birgitta Auseen. His father was the parish minister and his birth name prior to knighthood was Dahlin. Olof Dalins father had taken his name from his hometown, Dalstorp in the County of Älvsborg and he was closely related to Andreas Rydelius, Bishop of Lund, and he was sent at a very early age to be instructed by him. Carl Linnaeus was one of his fellow-pupils, in 1723, while studying at Lund University, he first accompanying his stepfather, Severin Böckman, to Stockholm and in 1726 he entered into public office there. Under the patronage of Baron Claes Rålamb he rapidly rose to favor, in the 1730s, Dalin wrote plays for the theatre, inspired by French dramas and much admired by his contemporaries. In 1733 he started the weekly Svenska Argus, on the model of Joseph Addisons The Spectator, Svenska Argus was a champion of the Enlightenment and aimed to raise the level of culture in Sweden. His next work was Tankar öfver Critiquer and he became Royal Librarian and was later appointed Rikshistoriograf. With the avowed purpose of enlarging the horizons of his cultivation and tastes, Dalin set off, in the company of his pupil, Baron Rålambs son, on a tour through Germany and France, in 1739-1740. Upon his return, the political life at home caused him to write his famous satirical allegories, Sagan om Hästen and Aprilverk. During the early part of his life, he was admitted to be facile princeps among the Swedish poets of his time. His dramas were also of interest, particularly his comedy of Den afvundsjuke and he also wrote a tragedy, Brynilda, and a pastoral in three scenes upon King Adolphus Fredericks return from Finland. His didactic epos of Svenska Friheten appeared in 1742, hitherto, Addison and Alexander Pope had been his models. In this work he draws his inspiration from Thomson, whose poem, Liberty, in 1742, he was made a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Dalin started publishing his Swedish history, Svea Rikes Historia in 1747 and he would die before this work was complete. On the accession of King Adolphus Frederick of Sweden in 1751 and his position at court involved him in the queens political intrigues, and separated him to a vexatious degree from the studies wherein he had hitherto been absorbed. He held the post of Tutor to the prince until 1756, when he was arrested on suspicion of taking part in the attempted coup détat that year
Olof von Dalin
–
Olof von Dalin
25.
Gustav I of Sweden
–
Initially of low standing, Gustav rose to lead the rebel movement following the Stockholm Bloodbath, in which his father perished. As King, Gustav proved an administrator with a ruthless streak not inferior to his predecessors. He worked to raise taxes, end Feudalism and bring about a Swedish Reformation, replacing the prerogatives of local landowners, noblemen and clergy with centrally appointed governors and bishops. Due to a vibrant dynastic succession, his three sons, Erik, Johan and Karl IX, all held the kingship at different points, Gustav I has subsequently been labelled the founder of modern Sweden, and the father of the nation. Gustav liked to compare himself to Moses, whom he believed to have liberated his people. As a person, Gustav was known for ruthless methods and a bad temper and he founded one of the now oldest orchestras of the world, the Kungliga Hovkapellet. Royal housekeeping accounts from 1526 mention twelve musicians including wind players, today the Kungliga Hovkapellet is the orchestra of the Royal Swedish Opera. Gustav Eriksson, a son of Cecilia Månsdotter Eka and Erik Johansson Vasa, was born in 1496. The birth most likely place in Rydboholm Castle, northeast of Stockholm. The newborn got his name, Gustav, from Eriks grandfather Gustav Anundsson, Erik Johanssons parents were Johan Kristersson and Birgitta Gustafsdotter of the dynasties Vasa and Sture respectively, both dynasties of high nobility. Birgitta Gustafsdotter was the sister of Sten Sture the Elder, regent of Sweden, being a relative and ally of uncle Sten Sture, Erik inherited the regents estates in Uppland and Södermanland when the latter died in 1503. Although a member of a family with considerable properties since childhood, according to genealogical research, Birgitta Gustafsdotter and Sten Sture were descended from King Sverker II of Sweden, through King Sverkers granddaughter Benedikte Sunesdotter. One of King Gustavs great-grandmothers was a half-sister of King Charles VIII of Sweden, since the end of the 14th century, Sweden had been a part of the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway. The Danish dominance in this union led to uprisings in Sweden. During Gustavs childhood, parts of the Swedish nobility tried to make Sweden independent, Gustav and his father Erik supported the party of Sten Sture the Younger, regent of Sweden from 1512, and its struggle against the Danish King Christian II. Following the battle of Brännkyrka in 1518, where Sten Stures troops beat the Danish forces, it was decided that Sten Sture and King Christian would meet in Österhaninge for negotiations. To guarantee the safety of the king, the Swedish side sent six men as hostages to be kept by the Danes for as long as the negotiations lasted. However, Christian did not show up for the negotiations, violated the deal with the Swedish side, the six members of the kidnapped hostage were Hemming Gadh, Lars Siggesson, Jöran Siggesson, Olof Ryning, Bengt Nilsson – and Gustav Eriksson
Gustav I of Sweden
–
Gustav I portrayed in 1542 by
Jakob Bincks.
Gustav I of Sweden
–
Christian II, Gustav I's main antagonist
Gustav I of Sweden
–
Gustav Eriksson addressing men from Dalarna in Mora. Painting by Johan Gustaf Sandberg.
Gustav I of Sweden
–
Roggeborgen in Strängnäs was a central location during the events when Gustav Eriksson was elected king of Sweden.
26.
County governor (Sweden)
–
A county administrative board is a Swedish Government Agency in each of the counties of Sweden, led by a Governor appointed by the government for a term of six years. The lists of gubernatorial officeholders, in most cases, stretches back to 1634 when the counties were created by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, the main responsibilities of the county administrative board is to coordinate the development of the county in line with goals set in national politics. In each county there is also a County Council which is an assembly elected by the residents of the county. The capital of a county is in Swedish called residensstad because it is the seat of residence of the governor, each county also has a letter code, which is used for identification and forms part of the ISO 3166-2 standard. Over-Governor of Stockholm Governor-General in the Swedish Realm Provincial Governors of Finland The Swedish county administrative boards Official site of the Swedish government
County governor (Sweden)
–
Public administration of Sweden
27.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
Finland
–
Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp
Finland
–
Flag
Finland
–
Now lying within Helsinki,
Suomenlinna is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.
Finland
–
Pioneers in Karelia (1900) by
Eero Järnefelt
28.
Blackfriar
–
Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters O. P. after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, the order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, in the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows,917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars, a number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members. In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as Black Friars because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits, Dominicans were Blackfriars, as opposed to Whitefriars or Greyfriars. They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars who wear a similar habit and their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord. The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way, men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this emerged two orders of mendicant friars, one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi, the other. Dominics new order was to be an order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, at the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a mixed spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation, the brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits affected the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics, in England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart. The orders origins in battling heterodoxy influenced its development and reputation. Many later Dominicans battled heresy as part of their apostolate, indeed, many years after St. Dominic reacted to the Cathars, the first Grand Inquistor of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, would be drawn from the Dominican Order. As an adolescent, he had a love of theology. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood, at that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade
Blackfriar
Blackfriar
–
Order of Preachers
Blackfriar
–
Saint Dominic on the front cover of
Doctrina Christiana catechism with an eight-pointed star (a symbol of the
Blessed Virgin Mary) over his head. Woodcut cover, circa 1590.
Blackfriar
–
Saint Dominic (1170–1221), portrait by
El Greco, about 1600.
29.
Katarina kyrka
–
Katarina kyrka is one of the major churches in central Stockholm, Sweden. The original building was constructed 1656–1695 and it has been rebuilt twice after being destroyed by fires, the second time during the 1990s. The Katarina-Sofia borough is named after the parish and the parish of Sofia. The original architect was Jean de la Vallée, the construction was severely delayed due to shortage of funds. In 1723 the church, together with half of the buildings in the parish, was destroyed in a major fire. Rebuilding started almost immediately, under supervision of Göran Josua Adelcrantz, the city architect, may 17,1990, the church burned down again. Almost nothing but the walls remained. Architect Ove Hidemark was responsible for rebuilding the church, which was reopened in 1995, the new organ was built by J. L. van den Heuvel Orgelbouw in the Netherlands. Several famous Swedes are buried in the surrounding the church. Nationally popular Dutch-Swedish singer Cornelis Vreeswijk is another example, also buried here are Sten Sture the Elder. Karl XIIs Trappa Karl XIIs Stair is the staircase that leads from the cemetery up to the southern entrance of the church and is so named because of its ornate railing. It was built sometime between 1712 and 1715 and was dedicated in 1715 as indicated by the date on the portion on the stairs landing, the stairs namesake is Charles XII of Sweden who was king at the time, and his royal monogram appears above the dedication date. The railing was made by the Blacksmith Benjamin Roth and renovated by his son, Carl Roth, förrn någon sätter foten hit rannsake han sig själv med flit att Gud hans själ till kyrkan får. Ty han då väl till kyrkan går, när handen din vid gallret rör, så ställ dig Jakobs stege för. På den Guds änglars dyra tropp steg änglar ned, steg änglar opp, så stig ock du en ängel from i tro, i bot, i kristendom här trappan både opp och ner och tänk att Jakobs Gud det ser. Och när du ned av berget går på vilket här Guds boning står, låt då din bön, sist bed, att detta tempel må i vår och senare tiden stå, att där och kring hela Nord må aldrig tryta Herrans ord. Lena Karlsson, Anna Ingrid och Katarina ISBN 91-501-0303-2 Church of Sweden List of churches in Stockholm Katarina parish Virtual tour of Katarina church
Katarina kyrka
–
January 2013 view of Katarina kyrka from outside
Katarina kyrka
–
The van den Heuvel pipe organ
Katarina kyrka
–
Karl XII's Stair at Katarina Church in Stockholm, Sweden.
Katarina kyrka
–
Karl XII:s seal / badge from the landing area of Karl XII:s Stair at Katarina Church in Stockholm, Sweden.
30.
Granite
–
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be white, pink, or gray in color. The word granite comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the structure of such a holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is a rock with at least 20% quartz. The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks, petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite, Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3–6 •1019 Pa·s. The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C, it is reduced in the presence of water. Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability, true granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite, when a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite, pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite, two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. A worldwide average of the composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age, it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors and rounded massifs, granites sometimes occur in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as small, less than 100 km² stock masses
Granite
–
Granite containing
potassium feldspar,
plagioclase feldspar,
quartz, and
biotite and/or
amphibole
Granite
–
Close-up of granite exposed in
Chennai,
India
Granite
–
The
Cheesewring, a granite
tor
Granite
–
A granite peak at
Huangshan, China
31.
Obelisk
–
An obelisk is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape or pyramidion at the top. These were originally called tekhenu by their builders, the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks who saw them used the Greek obeliskos to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and ultimately English. Ancient obelisks are monolithic, that is, they consist of a single stone, though this technological capacity exists today, most modern obelisks are made of several stones, some, like the Washington Monument, are buildings. The term stele is used for other monumental, upright. Obelisks were prominent in the architecture of the ancient Egyptians, who placed them in pairs at the entrance of temples. The word obelisk as used in English today is of Greek rather than Egyptian origin because Herodotus, a number of ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the Unfinished Obelisk found partly hewn from its quarry at Aswan. These obelisks are now dispersed around the world, and fewer than half of them remain in Egypt, the earliest temple obelisk still in its original position is the 68-foot 120-metric-ton red granite Obelisk of Senusret I of the XIIth Dynasty at Al-Matariyyah in modern Heliopolis. The obelisk symbolized the sun god Ra, and during the religious reformation of Akhenaten was said to be a petrified ray of the Aten. It was also thought that the god existed within the structure, Benben was the mound that arose from the primordial waters Nu upon which the creator god Atum settled in the creation story of the Heliopolitan creation myth form of Ancient Egyptian religion. The Benben stone is the top stone of the Egyptian pyramid and it is also related to the Obelisk. The pyramid and obelisk might have inspired by previously overlooked astronomical phenomena connected with sunrise and sunset. The Ancient Romans were strongly influenced by the form, to the extent that there are now more than twice as many obelisks standing in Rome as remain in Egypt. All fell after the Roman period except for the Vatican obelisk and were re-erected in different locations. The largest standing and tallest Egyptian obelisk is the Lateran Obelisk in the square at the west side of the Lateran Basilica in Rome at 105.6 feet tall, not all the Egyptian obelisks in the Roman Empire were set up at Rome. Herod the Great imitated his Roman patrons and set up a red granite Egyptian obelisk in the hippodrome of his new city Caesarea in northern Judea and this one is about 40 feet tall and weighs about 100 metric tons. It was discovered by archaeologists and has been re-erected at its former site and this one stood 95 feet tall and weighing 380 metric tons. Its lower half reputedly also once stood in Istanbul but is now lost, the Istanbul obelisk is 65 feet tall. Rome is the capital of the world
Obelisk
–
One of the two
Luxor obelisks in the
Place de la Concorde in
Paris; a red granite
monolithic column, 23 metres (75 ft) high, including the base, which weighs over 250 metric tons (280 short tons).
Obelisk
–
Pylon of the Temple of Luxor with the remaining obelisk (of two) in front (the second is in the Place de la Concorde in Paris).
Obelisk
–
Obelisk of Pharaoh
Senusret I, Al-Maalla area of
Al-Matariyyah district in
modern Heliopolis.
Obelisk
–
Tip of Hatshepsut's fallen obelisk,
Karnak Temple Complex,
Luxor,
Egypt
32.
Jean Louis Desprez
–
Louis Jean Desprez ca 1743–18 March 1804 was a French painter and architect who worked in Sweden during the last twenty years of his life. Desprez, who was born in Auxerre in Bourgogne, studied architecture and was awarded the Great Prize of the Académie royale darchitecture in 1770 and his first task there was the decorations for the new opera Gustavus Vasa. As an architect, Desprez designed in a monumental, neoclassical style influenced by his study of Greek and Roman ruins in the south of Italy and in Sicily. A good example of this is Hämeenlinna Church in Finland - Finland at that time still being part of the Swedish kingdom - completed in 1799 and his greatest project was one never realized, the magnificent new palace planned by the King for the Haga Park outside Stockholm. Because of lack of money, only the foundations were ever built, the smaller royal pavilion which stands at Haga was built by another architect, Olof Tempelman. His most significant completed project was the building in the new botanical garden in Uppsala, inaugurated after his death on May 13,1807. He also built the Villa Frescati in 1791-92 for Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, after which the whole Frescati area in Stockholm later was named
Jean Louis Desprez
–
Louis Jean Desprez. Lithography
Jean Louis Desprez
–
Louis Jean Desprez by Tobias Sergel, ca 1795
Jean Louis Desprez
Jean Louis Desprez
33.
Gustav III of Sweden
–
Gustav III was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. Gustav was an opponent of what he saw as the abuse of political privileges seized by the nobility since the death of King Charles XII. Nonetheless, his leadership in the Battle of Svensksund averted a complete military defeat. The much-praised Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 was severely curtailed, however, by amendments in 1774 and 1792, effectively extinguishing independent media. Gustavs immense powers were placed in the hands of a regency under his brother Prince Carl and Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm until his son, the Gustavian autocracy thus survived until 1809, when his son was ousted in another coup detat, which definitively established parliament as the dominant political power. A patron of the arts and benefactor of arts and literature, Gustav founded the Swedish Academy, in 1772 he founded the Royal Order of Vasa to acknowledge and reward those Swedes who had contributed to advances in the fields of agriculture, mining and commerce. In 1782, Gustav III was the first formally neutral head of state in the world to recognize the United States during its war for independence from Great Britain. Nonetheless, he perhaps owed most of what shaped him during his education to the poet. State interference with his education as a child caused significant political disruptions within the royal family. Even his most hostile teachers were amazed by his combination of natural gifts, on the whole, Gustav cannot be said to have been well educated, but he read widely, there was scarcely a French author of his day with whose works he was not intimately acquainted. His enthusiasm for the ideas of the French enlightenment was as sincere as that of his mother, if more critical. Gustav married Princess Sophia Magdalena, daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark, by proxy in Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen, on 1 October 1766 and in person in Stockholm on 4 November 1766. The match was not a one, owing partly to an incompatibility of temperament. The marriage produced two children, Crown Prince Gustav Adolf, and Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland, for the consummation of the marriage, the king and queen requested actual physical instruction by Count Adolf Munck, reportedly because of anatomical problems of both spouses. There were also rumors that the queen was pregnant by Munck. Gustavs mother supported rumors that he was not the father of his first son and it was rumored at the time that Gustav was homosexual, a possibility asserted by some writers. The close personal relationships which he formed two of his courtiers, Count Axel von Fersen and Baron Gustav Armfelt, were alluded to in that regard. His sister-in-law Charlotte implied as much in her famous diary, professor Erik Lönnroth of the Swedish Academy, who described the assistance provided by Munck, has concluded that there is no factual basis for the assumption that Gustav III was homosexual
Gustav III of Sweden
–
Gustav III painted in 1777 by
Alexander Roslin
Gustav III of Sweden
–
Portrait of
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, painted by
Alexander Roslin in 1775
Gustav III of Sweden
–
King Gustav III of Sweden and his Brothers; Gustav III (left) and his two brothers,
Prince Frederick Adolf and Prince Charles, later
Charles XIII of Sweden. Painting by
Alexander Roslin.
Gustav III of Sweden
–
Gustav III in 1772
34.
Porphyry (geology)
–
Porphyry is a textural term for an igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals such as feldspar or quartz dispersed in a fine-grained silicate rich, generally aphanitic matrix or groundmass. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts, in its non-geologic, traditional use, the term porphyry refers to the purple-red form of this stone, valued for its appearance. The term porphyry is from Ancient Greek and means purple, purple was the color of royalty, and the imperial porphyry was a deep purple igneous rock with large crystals of plagioclase. Some authors claimed the rock was the hardest known in antiquity, Imperial grade porphyry was thus prized for monuments and building projects in Imperial Rome and later. Subsequently, the name was given to any igneous rocks with large crystals, the adjective porphyritic now refers to a certain texture of igneous rock regardless of its chemical and mineralogical composition. Its chief characteristic is a difference in size between the tiny matrix crystals and the much larger phenocrysts. Porphyries may be aphanites or phanerites, that is, the groundmass may have invisibly small crystals as in basalt, or crystals easily distinguishable with the eye, most types of igneous rocks display some degree of porphyritic texture. Porphyry deposits are formed when a column of rising magma is cooled in two stages, in the first, the magma is cooled slowly deep in the crust, creating the large crystal grains with a diameter of 2 mm or more. In the second and final stage, the magma is cooled rapidly at relatively shallow depth or as it erupts from a volcano, the term porphyry is also used for a mineral deposit called a copper porphyry. The different stages of cooling that create porphyritic textures in intrusive and this enrichment occurs in the porphyry itself, or in other related igneous rocks or surrounding country rocks, especially carbonate rock. Collectively, these type of deposits are known as porphyry copper deposits, rhomb porphyry is a volcanic rock with gray-white large porphyritic rhomb- shaped phenocrysts embedded in a very fine-grained red-brown matrix. The composition of rhomb porphyry places it in the classification of the QAPF diagram. Rhomb porphyry lavas are known from three rift areas, the East African Rift, Mount Erebus near the Ross Sea in Antarctica. Plinys Natural History affirmed that the Imperial Porphyry had been discovered at a site in Egypt in AD18. This particular Imperial grade of porphyry came from a quarry in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. After the fourth century the quarry was lost to sight for many centuries, as early as 1850 BC on Crete in Minoan Knossos there were large column bases made of porphyry. Porphyry was also used for the blocks of the Column of Constantine in Istanbul, list of rock textures Quartz-porphyry Sarcophagi of Helena and Constantina Tyrian purple Pictures of the Mons Porphyrites, Red Sea, Egypt. Rhomb porphyry lavas at the Wayback Machine Flash showing rhomb porphyry formation at the Wayback Machine
Porphyry (geology)
–
A piece of porphyry
Porphyry (geology)
–
Rhyolite porphyry. Scale bar in lower left is 1 cm.
Porphyry (geology)
–
Diagram of zonation in a porphyry copper deposit
Porphyry (geology)
–
The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from the Byzantine
Philadelphion palace in 1204, Treasury of St. Marks,
Venice
35.
Johan Tobias Sergel
–
Johan Tobias Sergel was a Swedish neoclassical sculptor. Johan Tobias Sergel was born in Stockholm in 1740 and he was the son of the decorator, Christoffer Sergel and Elisabet, and was the brother of the decorator, Anna Brita Sergel. His first teacher was Pierre Hubert Larchevêsque, after studying in Paris, he went to Rome. He stayed in Rome for twelve years and sculpted a number of groups in marble and it was in Rome also that he modelled the statue of King Gustav III, subsequently cast in bronze and purchased by the city of Stockholm in 1796. While primarily a sculptor, Sergel also drew sequential picture stories, summoned by Gustav III, Sergel returned to Stockholm in 1779 and continued to work there. Among the monuments he created at this time are a tomb for Gustav Vasa, a monument to Descartes, and he was an important part of the artistic elite in Stockholm, drawing a portrait of Swedens bard Carl Michael Bellman among others. He had a relationship with the celebrated actress Fredrique Löwen and was possibly the father of one of her children and he died in his native city on 26 February 1814. Sergels torg, the largest square in the centre of Stockholm, is named after him, thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sergel. Johan Tobias Sergel at Lambiek artists archive
Johan Tobias Sergel
–
Johan Tobias Sergel. Lithograph by Alexander Clemens Wetterling, 1849
Johan Tobias Sergel
–
Sergel's bust of queen
Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, 1783
Johan Tobias Sergel
–
Centaur embracing a bacchante, terracotta, 1775-1778
Johan Tobias Sergel
–
Passionate couple, wash drawing, n.d.
36.
Apollo Belvedere
–
The Apollo Belvedere or Apollo of the Belvedere—also called the Pythian Apollo—is a celebrated marble sculpture from Classical Antiquity. It was rediscovered in central Italy in the late 15th century and it is now found in the Cortile delle Statue of the Pio-Clementine Museum of the Vatican Museums complex. The Greek god Apollo is depicted as a standing archer having just shot an arrow, alternatively, it may be the slaying of the giant Tityos, who threatened his mother Leto, or the episode of the Niobids. The large white marble sculpture is 2.24 m high and its complex contrapposto has been much admired, appearing to position the figure both frontally and in profile. The arrow has just left Apollos bow and the effort impressed on his musculature still lingers. His hair, lightly curled, flows in ringlets down his neck and rises gracefully to the summit of his head, which is encircled with the strophium and his quiver is suspended across his left shoulder. He is entirely nude except for his sandals and a robe clasped at his shoulder, turned up on his left arm. The lower part of the arm and the left hand were missing when discovered and were restored by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli. The Apollo is thought to be a Roman copy of Hadrianic date of a lost bronze original made between 350 and 325 BC by the Greek sculptor Leochares. It was, however, sketched twice during the last decade of the 15th century in the book of drawings by a pupil of Domenico Ghirlandaio, apostoli, Deborah Brown has shown, and not at his titular church, as had been assumed. Once it was installed in the Cortile, however, it became renowned. Albrecht Dürer reversed the Apollos pose for his Adam in a 1504 engraving of Adam and Eve, suggesting that he saw it in Rome. It became the Apollo of the Cortile del Belvedere, and the name has remained with it, though the sculpture has long been indoors, in the Museo Pio-Clementino at the Vatican Museums, Rome. In addition to Dürer, several artists during the late Renaissance sketched the Apollo, including Michelangelo, Bandinelli. In the 1530s it was engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi, whose printed image transmitted the famous pose throughout Europe and its noble simplicity and quiet grandeur, as he described it, became one of the leading lights of neo-classicism and an icon of the Enlightenment. Goethe, Schiller and Byron all endorsed it, the Apollo was one of the artworks brought to Paris by Napoleon after his 1796 Italian Campaign. From 1798 it formed part of the collection of the Louvre during the First Empire, the neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova adapted the works fluency to his marble Perseus in 1801. After the fall of Napoleon, the Apollo was repatriated to the Vatican where it has remained ever since, the Romantic movement was not so kind to the Apollos critical reputation
Apollo Belvedere
–
Apollo Belvedere
Apollo Belvedere
–
Detail
Apollo Belvedere
–
Head of Apollo, modeled on the Apollo Belvedere (Marble, Roman copy of ca. 120-140 AD), once in the collection of
Vincenzo Giustiniani (
British Museum)
37.
Marble
–
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the marble to refer to metamorphosed limestone, however. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material and this stem is also the basis for the English word marmoreal, meaning marble-like. In Hungarian it is called márvány, Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. Metamorphism causes variable recrystallization of the carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure limestone or dolomite protolith, green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure, examples of historically notable marble varieties and locations, White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the Holston Formation. Ashgabat, the city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the worlds highest concentration of white marble buildings. According to the United States Geological Survey, U. S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison,2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate, U. S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, the largest dimension marble application is tile. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of production of marble
Marble
–
Marble in Carrrara marble quarry, Italy
Marble
Marble
–
The
Taj Mahal is entirely clad in marble.
Marble
–
Carlo Franzoni's sculptural marble
chariot clock depicting
Clio, the Greek
muse of history.
38.
History of Stockholm
–
The history of Stockholm, capital of Sweden, for many centuries coincided with the development of what is today known as Gamla stan, the Stockholm Old Town. Stockholms raison dêtre always was to be the Swedish capital and by far the largest city in the country. According to a 17th-century myth the population at the viking settlement Birka decided to found a new settlement and it landed on present day Riddarholmen where today the Tower of Birger Jarl stands, a building, as a consequence, still often erroneously mentioned as the oldest building in Stockholm. The most established explanation for the name are logs driven into the strait passing north of old town which dendrochronological examinations in the late 1970s dated to around 1000. 1000–1240 — a capital which has simply been relocated at a number of occasions, the name Stockholm first appears in historical records in letters written by Birger Jarl and King Valdemar dated 1252. However, the two letters give no information about the appearance of the city and events during the following decades remain diffuse. Under any circumstance, during the end of the 13th century, Stockholm quickly grew to not only the largest city in Sweden. So, from its foundation, Stockholm has been the largest and most important Swedish city, inseparable from, during the Kalmar Union, controlling Stockholm was crucial to anyone aspiring to control the kingdom, and the city was consequently repeatedly besieged by various Swedish-Danish factions. In 1471, Sten Sture the Elder defeated Christian I of Denmark at the Battle of Brunkeberg only to lose the city to Hans of Denmark in 1497, Sten Sture managed to seize power again in 1501 which resulted in a Danish blockade lasting 1502–1509 and eventually a short peace. Hans son Christian II of Denmark finally conquered it in 1520 and had many leading nobles and burghers of Stockholm beheaded in the so-called Stockholm Bloodbath. By the end of the 15th century, the population in Stockholm can be estimated to 5, 000–7,000 people, on the other hand, it was far larger than any other city in Sweden. Many of its inhabitants were Germans and Finns, with the forming a political. During the Middle Ages, export was administered mostly by German merchants living by the squares Kornhamnstorg, other groups lived by the eastern or western thoroughfares, Västerlånggatan and Österlånggatan. After Gustav Vasas siege of Stockholm, he restored the privileges of the city which was beneficiary to the burghers of the city, the king maintained his control over the city by controlling the elections of aldermen and magistrates. By the mid-century, the numbers of officials increased in order to make the management of the city more professional, Stockholm thus lost much of the independence it had had during the Middle Ages and became politically and financially bound to the state. During the reign of his sons, the city council remained escorted by a royal representative, Gustav Vasa invited the clergyman Olaus Petri to become the city secretary of Stockholm. With the two side-by-side, the new ideas of the Protestant Reformation could be implemented, and sermons in the church where held in Swedish starting in 1525. Because Stockholm had a city wall, it was exempted from the tax paid by other Swedish cities, during the reign of Gustav Vasa the citys fortifications were reinforced and in the Stockholm Archipelago, Vaxholm was created to guard the inlet from the Baltic
History of Stockholm
–
Vädersolstavlan ("The
Sun dog Painting"), the oldest image depicting Stockholm. The original painting, painted by
Urban målare in 1535, is lost, this copy from the 1630s, painted by
Jacob Elbfas, hangs in
Storkyrkan.
History of Stockholm
–
Illustration of historical waterlevels in the Stockholm region, using the Västerbron bridge.
History of Stockholm
–
U 53, a fragment of a
runestone built into a wall in the intersection of
Prästgatan and
Kåkbrinken, is believed to have been brought from an
Iron age settlement not far from today's old town.
History of Stockholm
–
Sten Sture the Elder enters Stockholm in 1471. Painting by
Georg von Rosen, 1864.
39.
Lejonbacken
–
Lejonbacken is a system of ramps leading up to the northern entrance of the Royal Palace in Stockholm, Sweden. They were built during the 1780s named after the pair of sculpted Medici lions prominently exposed on the railings of the ramps. The bridge was intended to be extended some ten kilometres further north to the royal gardens at Haga. The eastern ramp leads down to Strömbron and Skeppsbron, and the western to Mynttorget, inside the north-eastern wing of the palace is the Gustav IIIs Museum of Antiquities. Opened in 1794 and thus one of the oldest museums in the world, underneath the ramps is the Tre Kronor Museum. When inaugurated in 1999, it replaced an older and much smaller museum and it exhibits the history and archaeological remains of the medieval castle originally built in the 13th century and preceding the present palace. Ramps for the front were originally included in proposals for a rebuilding of the medieval palace Tre Kronor in the mid 17th century. Though the old palace was destroyed in the devastating fire on May 7,1697. The portions of the next to the façade were quickly completed. The two columns flanking the entrance are six metres tall and cut from single pieces. They made an impression on their arrival to the capital and were the proud of the architect when erected in 1695. The quadrangular pedestals were however substituted for painted cast iron in the mid 19th century, in 2000, a public convenience from the mid 18th century, arguably the oldest of the city, was discovered under the ramps following an archaeological excavation. It used the water of the passing in front of the palace. In 2006 the old façade lightning was replaced by a new, doubling the amount of light while reducing the energy required and giving enhanced prominence to details. List of streets and squares in Gamla stan Slottsbacken Panorama of Lejonbacken Royal Court - Gustav IIIs Museum of Antiquities Royal Court - Museum Tre kronor
Lejonbacken
–
Northern façade of the Royal Palace in June 2010.
Lejonbacken
–
One of the
Medici lions on Lejonbacken.
Lejonbacken
–
View of Lejonbacken
Lejonbacken
–
View from Lejonbacken facing north.
40.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
41.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
–
ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
42.
Dagens Nyheter
–
Dagens Nyheter, abbreviated DN, is a daily newspaper in Sweden. It is published in Stockholm and aspires to full national and international coverage, Dagens Nyheter was founded by Rudolf Wall in December 1864. The first issue was published on 23 December 1864, during its initial period the paper was published in the morning. In 1874 the paper became a joint stock company and its circulation in 1880 was 15,000 copies. In the 1890s, Wall left Dagens Nyheter and soon after, from 1946 to 1959 Herbert Tingsten was the executive editor. The newspaper is owned by the Bonnier Group, Dagens Nyheter operates from the so-called DN-skrapan in Sweden. This was completed in 1964 and was designed by the architect Paul Hedqvist and it is 84 metres tall and has 27 floors, none of which are underground. In 1996, the enterprise moved to its current location on Gjörwellsgatan. The newspaper Expressen, also owned by the Bonnier Group, is located in building as well. Opinion leaders often choose Dagens Nyheter as the venue for publishing major opinion editorials, the stated position of the editorial page is independently liberal. However, it left its alliance with the liberal establishment in the country in 1972. In the 1960s the circulation of Dagens Nyheter was much higher than that of other Swedish dailies, in 2001 its circulation was 361,000 copies. The 2004 circulation of the paper was 363,000 copies, the circulation of the paper was 363,100 copies in weekdays in 2005 and had dropped to 292,300 copies in 2010. In 2013, the print edition of Dagens Nyheter had a circulation of 282,800 copies, the web edition, dn. se, had on average roughly 1.5 million unique visitors per week during 2013. List of newspapers in Sweden Official website in Swedish
Dagens Nyheter
–
Dagens Nyheter on 17 April 1912: "The great catastrophe of the Ocean: The
Titanic sunk".
Dagens Nyheter
–
Dagens Nyheter front page, 10 June 2011
43.
QTVR
–
QuickTime VR was an image file format developed by Apple Inc. for QuickTime. It allowed the creation and viewing of photographically-captured panoramas and the exploration of objects through images taken at multiple viewing angles and it functioned as a plugin for the standalone QuickTime Player, as well as working as a plugin for the QuickTime Web browser plugin. Panoramas are panoramic images which surround the viewer with an environment and they can be stitched together from several normal photographs or 2 images taken with a circular fisheye lens, or captured with specialized panoramic cameras, or rendered from 3D-modeled scenes. There are two type of Panorama, Single row panoramas, with a horizontal row of photographs. Multi-row panoramas, with rows of photographs taken at different tilt angles. Panoramas are further divided into those that include the top and bottom, called cubic or spherical panoramas, a single panorama, or node is captured from a single point in space. Several nodes and object movies can be linked together to allow a viewer to move from one location to another, such multinode QuickTime VR movies are called scenes. Apples QuickTime VR file format has two representations for panoramic nodes, cylindrical cubic, each of these are typically subdivided or tiled into several smaller images, and stored in a special kind of QuickTime movie file, which requires the QuickTime plugin. Hot spots can be embedded into the panorama, which when selected can invoke some action, in contrast to Panoramas, which are captured from one location looking out at various angles, objects are captured from many locations pointing in toward the same central object. The simplest type of Objects to capture are single row, typically captured around the equator of an object and this is normally facilitated by a rotating turntable. The object is placed on the turntable, and photographed at equal angular increments from a camera mounted on a tripod. Capturing a multi-row object movie requires an elaborate setup for capturing images, because the camera must be tilted above. The image source does not have to be photographic, 3D renderings or drawings can be used. Free viewpoint television MotionVR Panoramic photography QuickTime Virtual tour VR photography Photosynth Shenchang Eric Chen, QuickTime VR, an image-based approach to virtual environment navigation. In Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, Susan G. Mair, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 29-38. DOI=10. 1145/218380.218395 http, //doi. acm. org/10. 1145/218380.218395 Official website QuickTime VR History of Quicktime VR QTVR at DMOZ QuickTime at DMOZ FreePV - Opensource panorama viewer
QTVR
–
Example of a cylindrical panorama. Taken with a
Nikon Coolpix 5000 and stitched with
Apple Inc. 's
QuickTime Authoring Studio.
QTVR
–
Example of a cylindrical panorama. Taken with a
Canon Digital Rebel XT
44.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
