1.
Television set
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A television set, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, television receiver, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing television. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, the ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as Betamax, VHS and later DVD. It was also the display device for the first generation of home computers, in the 2010s flat panel television incorporating liquid-crystal displays, especially LED-backlit LCDs, largely replaced cathode ray tubes and other displays. Modern flat panel TVs are typically capable of display and can also play content from a USB device. Mechanical televisions were sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, United States. The Baird Televisor is considered the first mass-produced television, selling about a thousand units, the first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934, followed by other makers in France, Britain, and America. The cheapest model with a 12-inch screen was $445, an estimated 19,000 electronic televisions were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7, 000–8,000 electronic sets were made in the U. S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945. While only 0. 5% of U. S. households had a television in 1946,55. 7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962. In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947,1.4 million in 1952, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, color television had come into wide use. In Britain, BBC1, BBC2 and ITV were regularly broadcasting in colour by 1969, during the first decade of the 21st century, CRT picture tube display technology was almost entirely supplanted worldwide by flat panel displays. By the early 2010s, LCD TVs, which increasingly used LED-backlit LCDs, television sets may employ one of several available display technologies. The production of plasma and CRT displays has been almost completely discontinued, the cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns and a fluorescent screen used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the beam onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms, pictures, radar targets or others, the CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, fairly heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of safety, the face is made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. In television sets and computer monitors, the front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster
2.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
3.
Web 2.0
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Web 2.0 describes World Wide Web websites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and interoperability for end users. The term was popularized by Tim OReilly and Dale Dougherty at the OReilly Media Web 2.0 Conference in late 2004, Web 2.0 does not refer to an update to any technical specification, but to changes in the way Web pages are designed and used. A Web 2. 0-era websites where people were limited to the viewing of content. Whether Web 2.0 is substantively different from prior Web technologies has been challenged by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee and his original vision of the Web was a collaborative medium, a place where we all meet and read and write. On the other hand, the term Semantic Web was coined by Berners-Lee to refer to a web of content where the meaning can be processed by machines, Web 1.0 is a retronym referring to the first stage of the World Wide Webs evolution. According to Cormode, G. and Krishnamurthy, B. content creators were few in Web 1.0 with the vast majority of users simply acting as consumers of content. Personal web pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, with the advent of Web 2. The content for both were generated dynamically from stored content, allowing for readers to comment directly on pages in a way that was not previously common, some Web 2.0 capabilities were present in the days of Web 1.0 but they were implemented differently. For example, a Web 1.0 site may have had a page to publish visitor comments. Server performance and bandwidth considerations had a long thread on each page. Terry Flew, in his 3rd edition of New Media described the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2, Flew believed it to be the above factors that form the basic change in trends that resulted in the onset of the Web 2.0 craze. Some design elements of a Web 1.0 site include, pages built using Server Side Includes or Common Gateway Interface instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language such as Perl, PHP, Python or Ruby. The use of HTML3. 2-era elements such as frames and tables to position and these were often used in combination with spacer GIFs. Proprietary HTML extensions, such as the <blink> and <marquee> tags, GIF buttons, graphics promoting web browsers, operating systems, text editors and various other products. Support for server side scripting was rare on shared servers during this period, to provide a feedback mechanism for web site visitors, mailto forms were used. A user would fill in a form, and upon clicking the forms submit button, their client would launch. The popularity and complications of the mailto protocol led browser developers to incorporate email clients into their browsers, the term Web 2.0 was first used in January 1999 by Darcy DiNucci, an information architecture consultant. In her article, Fragmented Future, DiNucci writes, The Web we know now, the first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear, and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop
4.
Technological convergence
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Technological convergence is the tendency that as technology changes, different technological system sometimes evolve toward performing similar tasks. Digital convergence refers to the convergence of four industries into one conglomerate, previously separate technologies such as voice, data, and video can now share resources and interact with each other synergistically. Telecommunications convergence describes emerging telecommunications technologies, and network architecture used to migrate multiple communications services into a single network, also included in this topic is the basis of computer networks, wherein many different operating systems are able to communicate via different protocols. This could be a prelude to artificial intelligence networks on the Internet eventually leading to a powerful superintelligence via a technological singularity, convergent services, such as VoIP, IPTV, Smart TV, and others, tend to replace the older technologies and thus can disrupt markets. IP-based convergence is inevitable and will result in new service and new demand in the market, when the old technology converges into the public-owned common, IP based services become access-independent or less dependent. Educational institutions and modern Universities have started developing courses leading to specialized degrees, siddhartha Menon defines convergence, in his Policy initiative Dilemmas on Media Covergence, A Cross National Perspective, as integration and digitalization. Digitalization is not so much defined by its infrastructure. Jan van Dijk suggests that digitalization means breaking down signals into bytes consisting of ones, Convergence is defined by Blackman,1998, as a trend in the evolution of technology services and industry structures. Convergence is later defined more specifically as the coming together of telecommunications, mueller stands against the statement that convergence is really a takeover of all forms of media by one technology, digital computers. Communication networks were designed to different types of information independently. The older media, such as television and radio, are broadcasting networks with passive audiences, Convergence of telecommunication technology permits the manipulation of all forms of information, voice, data, and video. Telecommunication has changed from a world of scarcity to one of seemingly limitless capacity, consequently, the possibility of audience interactivity morphs the passive audience into an engaged audience. Fixed and mobile operators were, for most of the 1990s, even when the same organization marketed both products, these were sold and serviced independently. In the 1990s an implicit and often explicit assumption was that new media was going to replace the old media, in Nicholas Negropontes Being Digital, Negroponte predicts the collapse of broadcast networks in favor of an era of narrow-casting. He also suggests that no government regulation can shatter the media conglomerate, the monolithic empires of mass media are dissolving into an array of cottage industries. Media barons of today will be grasping to hold onto their centralized empires tomorrow, the combined forces of technology and human nature will ultimately take a stronger hand in plurality than any laws Congress can invent. The new media companies claimed that the old media would be absorbed fully and completely into the orbit of the emerging technologies, gilder believes that computers had come not to transform mass culture but to destroy it. Media companies put Media Convergence back to their agenda, after the bubble burst
5.
Set-top box
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They are used in cable television, satellite television, and over-the-air television systems, as well as other uses. The signal source might be an Ethernet cable, a dish, a coaxial cable. Content, in context, could mean any or all of video, audio, Internet web pages, interactive video games. Satellite and microwave-based services also require specific external receiver hardware, so the use of boxes of various formats has never completely disappeared. Set-top boxes can also enhance source signal quality, however, most cable systems could not accommodate the full 54-890 MHz VHF/UHF frequency range and the twelve channels of VHF space were quickly exhausted on most systems. These frequencies corresponded to non-television services over-the-air and were not on standard TV receivers. The box allowed an analog television set to receive analog encrypted cable channels and was a prototype topology for later date digital encryption devices. Newer televisions were then converted to be analog cypher cable-ready, with the standard converter built-in for selling premium television, several years later and slowly marketed, the advent of digital cable continued and increased the need for various forms of these devices. Set-top boxes were made to enable closed captioning on older sets in North America. Some have also produced to mute the audio when profanity is detected in the captioning. Some also include a V-chip that allows programs of some television content ratings. A function that limits childrens time watching TV or playing games may also be built in. The transition to terrestrial television after the turn of the millennium left many existing television receivers unable to tune. Professional set-top boxes are referred to as IRDs or integrated receiver/decoders in the professional broadcast audio/video industry and they are designed for more robust field handling and rack mounting environments. IRDs are capable of outputting uncompressed serial digital interface signals, unlike consumer STBs which usually dont, advanced Digital Broadcast launched its first hybrid DTT/IPTV set-top box in 2005, which provided Telefónica with the digital TV platform for its Movistar TV service by the end of that year. UK based Inview Technology has over 8M STBs deployed in the UK for Teletext, in IPTV networks, the set-top box is a small computer providing two-way communications on an IP network and decoding the video streaming media. In the US and Europe, telephone companies use IPTV as a means to compete with local cable television monopolies. This type of service is distinct from Internet television, which involves third-party content over the public Internet not controlled by the system operator
6.
Broadcasting
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Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of communication were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, the receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset, the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as radio, community radio and public television, and private commercial radio. The U. S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines broadcasting as transmissions intended for reception by the general public, private or two-way telecommunications transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, amateur and citizens band radio operators are not allowed to broadcast, as defined, transmitting and broadcasting are not the same. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like television, are also considered broadcasts. In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well, the earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using Morse code, a system developed in the 1830s by Samuel F. B. Morse, physicist Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail and they developed an electrical telegraph system which sent pulses of electric current along wires which controlled an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code. Audio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century, by the early 1920s radio broadcasting became a household medium, at first on the AM band and later on FM. Television broadcasting started experimentally in the 1920s and became widespread after World War II, satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS emerging in the 1980s. Originally all broadcasting was composed of signals using analog transmission techniques but in the 2000s. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information, Analog audio vs. HD Radio Analog television vs.9 zettabytes. This is the equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986. Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and/or video to the public, Telephone broadcasting. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting, Radio broadcasting, audio signals sent through the air as radio waves from a transmitter, picked up by an antenna and sent to a receiver
7.
Video on demand
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IPTV technology is often used to bring video on demand to televisions and personal computers. Internet television, using the Internet, is a popular form of video on demand. VOD can also be accessed via desktop client applications such as the Apple iTunes online content store, some airlines offer VOD as in-flight entertainment to passengers through individually controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players. Some video on demand services such as Netflix use a model that requires users to pay a monthly fee to access a bundled set of content. Other services use a model, where access is free for Internet users. Downloading and streaming video on demand systems provide the user all of the features of Portable media players. Some VOD systems that store and stream programs from hard drives use a memory buffer to allow the user to fast forward. It is possible to put video servers on local area networks, streaming video servers can also serve a wider community via a WAN, in which case the responsiveness may be reduced. Download VOD services are practical to homes equipped with cable modems or DSL connections, servers for traditional cable and telco VOD services are usually placed at the cable head-end serving a particular market as well as cable hubs in larger markets. In the telco world, they are placed in either the central office, the first Video on Demand systems used tapes as the realtime source of video streams. GTE started as a trial in 1990 with AT&T providing all components, by 1992 VOD servers were supplying previously encoded digital video from disks and DRAM. In the US the 1982 anti-trust break-up of AT&T resulted in a number of telephone companies called Baby Bells. Following this the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 prohibited telephone companies from providing services within their operating regions. All of these companies and others began holding trials to setup systems for supplying Video on Demand over telephone, in November 1992 Bell Atlantic announced a VOD trial. The IBM was developing video server code-named Tiger Shark, concurrently Digital Equipment was developing a scalable video server. Bell Atlantic selected IBM and April 1993 the system became the first VOD over ADSL to be deployed outside the lab, in 1994-5 US West went on to file for VOD at several cities. 330,000 subscribers in Denver,290,000 in Minneapolis, many VOD trials were held with various combinations of server, network and set-top. Of these the primary players in the US were the companies, using DEC, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, USA Video, nCube, SGI
8.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
9.
Home network
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A home network or home area network is a type of computer network that facilitates communication among devices within the close vicinity of a home. Establishing this kind of network is necessary when there is need to distribute residential Internet access to all internet capable devices in the home. Due to the effect of IPv4 address exhaustion, most Internet service providers provide only a single WAN-facing IP address for each residential subscription, in homes these usually come in the form of a DSL modem or cable modem. A router manages network layer connectivity between a WAN and the HAN, most home networks feature a particular class of small, passively cooled, table-top device with an integrated wireless access point and 4 port Ethernet switch. These devices aim to make the installation, configuration, and management of a network as automated, user friendly. A network switch is used to allow devices on the network to talk to one another via Ethernet. While the needs of most home networks are satisfied with the built-in wireless and/or switching capabilities of their router, for example, When the routers switching capacity is exceeded. Most home routers expose only 4 to 6 Ethernet ports, most home networks rely on one wireless router combination device to fill this role. A home automation controller enables low-power wireless communications with simple, non-data-intensive devices such as light bulbs, a network bridge connecting two network interfaces to each other, often in order to grant a wired-only device, e. g. Xbox, access to a wireless network medium. Home networks can use either wired or wireless technologies to connect endpoints, wireless is the predominant option in homes due to the ease of installation, lack of unsightly cables, and network performance characteristics sufficient for residential activities. One of the most common ways of creating a network is by using wireless radio signal technology. Most wireless-capable residential devices operate at a frequency of 2.4 GHz under 802. 11b and 802. 11g or 5 GHz under 802. 11a, some home networking devices operate in both radio-band signals and fall within the 802. 11n or 802. 11ac standards. Wi-Fi is a marketing and compliance certification for IEEE802.11 technologies, the Wi-Fi Alliance has tested compliant products, and certifies them for interoperability. Low power, close range communication based on IEEE802.15 standards has a presence in homes. Bluetooth continues to be the technology of choice for most wireless accessories such as keyboards, mice, headsets and these connections are often established in a transient, ad-hoc manner and are not thought of as permanent residents of a home network. A low-rate version of the original WPAN protocol was used as the basis of ZigBee, ZigBee utilizes mesh networking to overcome the distance limitations associated with traditional WPAN in order to establish a single network of addressable devices spread across the entire building. Z-Wave is a standard also built on 802.15.4. Most wired network infrastructures found in homes utilize Category 5 or Category 6 twisted pair cabling with RJ45 compatible terminations and this medium provides physical connectivity between the Ethernet interfaces present on a large number of residential IP-aware devices
10.
IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
11.
Application software
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An application program is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. Examples of an application include a processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser, a media player, an aeronautical flight simulator. The collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively and this contrasts with system software, which is mainly involved with running the computer. Applications may be bundled with the computer and its software or published separately. Apps built for mobile platforms are called mobile apps, in information technology, an application is a computer program designed to help people perform an activity. An application thus differs from a system, a utility. Depending on the activity for which it was designed, an application can manipulate text, numbers, graphics, some application packages focus on a single task, such as word processing, others, called integrated software include several applications. User-written software tailors systems to meet the specific needs. User-written software includes templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics. Even email filters are a kind of user software, users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. The delineation between system software such as operating systems and application software is not exact, however, and is occasionally the object of controversy. As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, the above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app, see Application Portfolio Management, the word application, once used as an adjective, is not restricted to the of or pertaining to application software meaning. Sometimes a new and popular application arises which only runs on one platform and this is called a killer application or killer app. There are many different ways to divide up different types of application software, web apps have indeed greatly increased in popularity for some uses, but the advantages of applications make them unlikely to disappear soon, if ever. Furthermore, the two can be complementary, and even integrated, Application software can also be seen as being either horizontal or vertical. Horizontal applications are more popular and widespread, because they are general purpose, vertical applications are niche products, designed for a particular type of industry or business, or department within an organization. Integrated suites of software will try to handle every aspect possible of, for example, manufacturing or banking systems, or accounting
12.
App store
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An app store is a type of digital distribution platform for computer software, often in a mobile context. Apps provide a set of functions which, by definition. Apps are designed to run on devices, and are written for a specific operating system. Complex software designed for use on a computer, for example. Such a mobile app may offer similar, if limited, functionality compared to the software running on the computer. Apps optimize the appearance of displayed data, taking into consideration the device screen size, App stores typically take the form of an online store, where users can browse through these different app categories, view information about each app, and acquire the app. The selected app is offered as a download, after which the app installs. Some app stores may include a system to automatically remove an installed program from devices under certain conditions. Many app stores are curated by their owners, requiring that submissions of prospective apps go through an approval process and these apps are inspected for compliance with certain guidelines, including the requirement that a commission be collected on each sale of a paid app. With the ease of use apps offer, and their presence on most mobile devices, app stores rose to prominence at the beginning of the 21st century with their adoption by iOS and Android. Similar systems for the distribution of written for other operating systems have also been available for some time, through package management systems. The Electronic AppWrapper was the first commercial electronic software distribution catalog to collectively manage encryption and provide digital rights for apps, while a Senior Editor at NeXTWORLD Magazine, Simson Garfinkel, rated The Electronic AppWrapper 4 3/4 Cubes, in his formal review. Notable package managers in Unix-like operating systems have included pkgsrc, Debians APT, YUM, some package managers have graphical front-end software which can be used to browse available packages and perform operations, such as Synaptic. In 1996, the SUSE Linux distribution has YaST as frontend for its own app repository, mandriva Linux has urpmi with GUI frontend called Rpmdrake. Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux has YUM in 2003 as a successor of YUP, in 1997, BeDepot a third-party app store and package manager for BeOS was launched, which operated until 2001. It was eventually acquired by Be Inc, palmix sold apps for the three major PDA platforms of the time, the Palm OS based Palm Pilots, Windows CE based devices, and Psion Epoc handhelds. In December 2001, Sprint PCS launched the Sprint PCS Ringers & More Wireless Download Service for their then-new 3G wireless network and this allowed subscribers to the Sprint PCS mobile phone network to download ringtones, wallpaper, J2ME applications and later full music tracks to certain phones. The user interface worked through a web browser on the computer
13.
Smartphone
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A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use. Smartphones can access the Internet and can run a variety of third-party software components and they typically have a color display with a graphical user interface that covers more than 76% of the front surface. In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country, smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s. Most of those produced from 2012 onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G LTE, motion sensors, in the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide. Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for regular cell phones in early 2013, devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in 1909 and Theodore Paraskevakos in 1971 and patented in 1974, and were offered for sale beginning in 1993. Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies. The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos, the first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was a prototype developed by Frank Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. It included PDA features and other mobile applications such as maps, stock reports. A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator, the Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone, although it was not called that in 1994. The term smart phone appeared in print as early as 1995, in the mid-late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems, in March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC that supported a Nokia 2110 phone with ROM-based software to support it. It had a 640×200 resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive calls and it was also 100% DOS5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows. In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a cellular phone based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated PDA based on the PEN/GEOS3.0 operating system from Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what known as a clamshell design, with the display above. The PDA provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications, text-based Web browsing, when closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular phone. In June 1999 Qualcomm released the pdQ Smartphone, a CDMA digital PCS Smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA, subsequent landmark devices included, The Ericsson R380 by Ericsson Mobile Communications. The first device marketed as a smartphone, it combined the functions of a phone and PDA. The Kyocera 6035 introduced by Palm, Inc, combining a PDA with a mobile phone, it operated on the Verizon network, and supported limited Web browsing
14.
Blu-ray
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Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition, the plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs being the standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs and quadruple layers are available for BD-XL re-writer drives, the name Blu-ray refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats, high-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution, at up to 60 frames per second. DVD discs had been limited to a resolution of 480p or 576p. The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its release in June 2006. During the high definition disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008. According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales, Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs. As of January 2016, 44% of U. S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player, the information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes, UDO, and DVR Blue, a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc. The core technologies of the formats are similar, the first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony. A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed February 9,2001, on February 19,2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10,2003, the Sony BDZ-S77, but there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. On October 4,2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004
15.
Video game console
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A video game console is an electronic, digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play. The term video game console is used to distinguish a console machine primarily designed for consumers to use for playing video games. An arcade machine consists of a video game computer, display, game controller, a home computer is a personal computer designed for home use for a variety of purposes, such as bookkeeping, accessing the Internet and playing video games. There are various types of game consoles, including home video game consoles, handheld game consoles, microconsoles. Although Ralph Baer had built working game consoles by 1966, it was nearly a decade before the Pong game made them commonplace in regular peoples living rooms. Through evolution over the 1990s and 2000s, game consoles have expanded to additional functions such as CD players, DVD players, Blu-ray disc players, web browsers, set-top boxes. The first video appeared in the 1960s. They were played on massive computers connected to vector displays, not analog televisions, Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951. In the late 1960s, while working for Sanders Associates, Baer created a series of game console designs. In 1972, Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home game console which could be connected to a TV set. Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game, by autumn 1975, Magnavox, bowing to the popularity of Pong, cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled-down version that played only Pong and hockey, the Odyssey 100. A second, higher end console, the Odyssey 200, was released with the 100 and added on-screen scoring, up to four players, almost simultaneously released with Ataris own home Pong console through Sears, these consoles jump-started the consumer market. All three of the new consoles used simpler designs than the original Odyssey did with no board game pieces or extra cartridges, in the years that followed, the market saw many companies rushing similar consoles to market. Most of the consoles from this era were dedicated consoles playing only the games came with the console. These video game consoles were often just called video games, because there was reason to distinguish the two yet. While a few companies like Atari, Magnavox, and newcomer Coleco pushed the envelope, Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System in 1976. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions, RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles, the RCA Studio II and the Atari 2600, respectively. The first handheld console with interchangeable cartridges was the Microvision designed by Smith Engineering
16.
Digital media player
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Digital media players are home entertainment consumer electronics devices first introduced in 2000 that can connect to a home network to stream digital media. They should not be confused with media players, which are portable consumer electronics devices capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio, images. Most digital media players utilize a 10-foot user interface, and many are navigated via a remote control. com and these types of digital media player are sometimes referred to as HD Media Players or HDD Media Player if they can support a Hard Disk Drive installed inside. The means to play files on a network-connected digital media player that is permanently connected to a television. Digital media players fill this market niche, the rapid growth in the availability of online content, including digital music and video files and video games, has made it easier for consumers to use these devices and obtain content. YouTube, for instance, is a common plug-in available on most networked devices, Netflix has also struck deals with many consumer-electronics makers to make their interface available in the devices menus, for their streaming subscribers. Media players are often designed for compactness and affordability, and tend to have small or non-existent hardware displays other than simple LED lights to indicate whether the device is powered on, some remotes also include accelerometers for air mouse features which allow basic motion gaming. They are also incapable of recording audio or video. Digital media players are commonly referred to as a digital media extender, digital media streamer, digital media hub, digital media adapter. Digital media player manufacturers use a variety of names to describe their devices, some more commonly used alternative names include, A digital media player can connect to the home network using either a wireless or wired Ethernet connection. Digital media players includes an interface that allows users to navigate through their digital media library, search for. Stream movies, music, photos over the wired or wireless network View digital pictures Stream online video to a TV from services such as Netflix, play video games such as Angry Birds and others. Browse the Internet, check email and access social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, video conference by connecting a webcam and microphone. The models change frequently, so it is advisable to visit their web sites for current model names and these devices come with low power consumption processors or SoC and are most commonly either based on MIPS or ARM architecture processors combined with integrated DSP GPU in a SoC package. They also include RAM-memory and some type of type of non-volatile computer memory. All these can play computer-based media files to a television without the need for a computer or network connection. Some players come with USB ports which allow local media content playback, digital media players can usually play H.264, MPEG-4 Part 2, MPEG-1, MPEG-2. mpg, MPEG-2. TS, VOB and ISO images video, with PCM, MP3 and AC3 audio tracks. They can also display images and play music files, some digital media players will only connect to specific media server software installed on a PC to stream music, pictures and recorded or live TV originating from the computer
17.
Hotel television systems
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These services may be free for the guest or paid, depending on the service and the individual hotels or hotel chain’s policy. Generally these services are controlled by using remote control, commonly a hotel television system distributing satellite television signal is known as a Satellite Master Antenna TV system. In an IPTV system, all video, voice and data are transmitted over an internal hotel IP network, in a cable TV system signal may be distributed via a coaxial network to a set-top box in each room. In most hotels, a signal provided by a satellite television or cable television provider or OTA antenna is transmitted over a hotel coaxial cable network. Most hotels today are wired only with coaxial cables, a big obstacle for implementing IP-based hotel television systems, some newer hotels are pre-wired with UTP or CAT-5/6 cabling, which enables IP-based hotel television services. For hotels wired with coaxial cable, technology has emerged recently which enables some to take advantage of IP-based signal transmission over coax cables, tVforhotels. net Satellite Broadcast Communications Association Broadcasting and Cable Magazine Solid Signal Forums
18.
Integrated circuit
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An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The ICs mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size. These advances, roughly following Moores law, allow a computer chip of 2016 to have millions of times the capacity, ICs have two main advantages over discrete circuits, cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time, furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the ICs components switch quickly and consume little power because of their small size, the main disadvantage of ICs is the high cost to design them and fabricate the required photomasks. This high initial cost means ICs are only practical when high production volumes are anticipated, Circuits meeting this definition can be constructed using many different technologies, including thin-film transistor, thick film technology, or hybrid integrated circuit. However, in general usage integrated circuit has come to refer to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a integrated circuit. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent, an immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported. The idea of the circuit was conceived by Geoffrey Dummer. Dummer presented the idea to the public at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington and he gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas, and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares, Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, however, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design, the IC. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the circuit are completely integrated. The first customer for the new invention was the US Air Force, Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit. His work was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009, half a year after Kilby, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor developed his own idea of an integrated circuit that solved many practical problems Kilbys had not. Noyces design was made of silicon, whereas Kilbys chip was made of germanium, Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p–n junction isolation, a key concept behind the IC
19.
Information appliance
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An information appliance is an appliance that is designed to easily perform a specific electronic function such as playing music, photography, or editing text. Typical examples are smartphones and personal digital assistants, Information appliances partially overlap in definition with, or are sometimes referred to as smart devices, embedded systems, mobile devices or wireless devices. The term information appliance was coined by Jef Raskin around 1979 and this definition of IA was different from todays. Jef Raskin initially tried to include features in the Apple Macintosh, which he designed. For a short while during the mid- and late 1980s, there were a few models of electronic typewriters with screens. These dedicated word processor machines had some of the attributes of an appliance, and Raskin designed one of them. He described some properties of his definition of information appliance in his book The Humane Interface, larry Ellison, Oracle Corporation CEO, predicted that information appliances and network computers would supersede personal computers. This prediction has not yet come true, archy Computer appliance Embedded system Internet appliance Mobile web Technological convergence Ubiquitous computing Compact HTML for Small Information Appliances — W3C NOTE 09-Feb-1998
20.
Computer
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A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a program, such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. The Internet is run on computers and it millions of other computers. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations, early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century, the first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then, conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit, and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing, peripheral devices include input devices, output devices, and input/output devices that perform both functions. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and this usage of the term referred to a person who carried out calculations or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century, from the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the 1640s, one who calculates, the Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean calculating machine is from 1897. The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the use of the term. 1945 under this name, theoretical from 1937, as Turing machine, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick, later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example, the abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, the Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog computer, according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions and it was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC
21.
Plug-in (computing)
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In computing, a plug-in is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer program. When a program supports plug-ins, it enables customization, the common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or the ability to use a new file type such as a new video format. Applications support plug-ins for many reasons, types of applications and why they use plug-ins, Audio editors use plug-ins to generate, process or analyse sound. Ardour and Audacity are examples of such editors, email clients use plug-ins to decrypt and encrypt email. Pretty Good Privacy is an example of such plug-ins, graphics software use plug-ins to support file formats and process images. Media players use plug-ins to support file formats and apply filters, foobar2000, GStreamer, Quintessential, VST, Winamp, XMMS are examples of such media players. Packet sniffers use plug-ins to decode packet formats, omniPeek is an example of such packet sniffers. Remote sensing applications use plug-ins to process data from different sensor types, Visual Studio itself can be plugged into other applications via Visual Studio Tools for Office and Visual Studio Tools for Applications. Web browsers use browser extensions to expand their functionality, examples include Adobe Flash Player, Java SE, QuickTime, Microsoft Silverlight and Unity. The host application provides services which the plug-in can use, including a way for plug-ins to register themselves with the host application, plug-ins depend on the services provided by the host application and do not usually work by themselves. Programmers typically implement plug-in functionality using shared libraries installed in a place prescribed by the host application, HyperCard supported a similar facility, but more commonly included the plug-in code in the HyperCard documents themselves. Thus the HyperCard stack became a self-contained application in its own right, programs may also implement plugins by loading a directory of simple script files written in a scripting language like Python or Lua. In Mozilla Foundation definitions, the words add-on, extension and plug-in are not synonyms, add-on can refer to anything that extends the functions of a Mozilla application. Extensions comprise a subtype, albeit the most common and the most powerful one, Mozilla applications come with integrated add-on managers that, similar to package managers, install, update and manage extensions. The term, Plug-in, however, strictly refers to NPAPI-based web content renderers, the plug-in program could make calls to the editor to have it perform text-editing services upon the buffer that the editor shared with the plug-in. The Waterloo Fortran compiler used this feature to allow interactive compilation of Fortran programs edited by EDT, very early PC software applications to incorporate plug-in functionality included HyperCard and QuarkXPress on the Macintosh, both released in 1987. In 1988, Silicon Beach Software included plug-in functionality in Digital Darkroom and SuperPaint, and Ed Bomke coined the term plug-in
22.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
23.
Mobile operating system
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A mobile operating system is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, or other mobile devices. This distinction is becoming blurred in some operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses. So-called mobile operating systems, or even only smartphones running them, Mobile operating systems, are now, as of late 2016, the most used kind, with traditional desktop OS, now a minority used kind, see usage share of operating systems. However, variations occur in popularity by regions, while desktop-minority also applies on some days in e. g. the US and UK. By the end of 2016, over 430 million smartphones were sold with 81.7 percent running Android,17.9 percent running iOS,0.3 percent running Windows Mobile and the other OSes cover 0.1 percent. Research has shown that these systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device. Mobile operating system milestones mirror the development of mobile phones and smartphones,1994 – The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, has a touchscreen, email, and PDA features. 1996 Palm Pilot 1000 personal digital assistant is introduced with the Palm OS mobile operating system, first Windows CE Handheld PC devices are introduced. 1999 – Nokia S40 Platform is introduced officially along with the Nokia 7110,2000 – Symbian becomes the first modern mobile OS on a smartphone with the launch of the Ericsson R380. 2001 – The Kyocera 6035 is the first smartphone with Palm OS.2002 Microsofts first Windows CE smartphones are introduced,2005 – Nokia introduces Maemo OS on the first Internet tablet N770. 2007 Apple iPhone with iOS is introduced as an iPhone, mobile phone and Internet communicator. Open Handset Alliance formed by Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Samsung, LG,2009 – Palm introduces webOS with the Palm Pre. By 2012, webOS devices were discontinued, Samsung announces the Bada OS with the introduction of the Samsung S8500. November – Windows Phone OS phones are released but are not compatible with the prior Windows Mobile OS, July – MeeGo, a mobile Linux distribution, combining Maemo and Moblin, is introduced with the Nokia N9, a collaboration of Nokia, Intel, and Linux Foundation. September – Samsung, Intel, and the Linux Foundation announced that their efforts will shift from Bada, MeeGo to Tizen during 2011 and 2012. October – The Mer project was announced, based on a core for building products, composed of Linux, HTML5, QML, and JavaScript. July – Mozilla announced that the formerly named Boot to Gecko was now Firefox OS and had several handset OEMs on board. September – Apple releases iOS6, January – BlackBerry releases their new operating system for smartphones, BlackBerry 10
24.
Android software development
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Android software development is the process by which new applications are created for the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in Java programming language using the Android software development kit, the Android software development kit includes a comprehensive set of development tools. These include a debugger, libraries, an emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux, Mac OS X10.5.8 or later, as of March 2015, the SDK is not available on Android itself, but software development is possible by using specialized Android applications. Additionally, developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files, then use command line tools to create, build, enhancements to Androids SDK go hand in hand with the overall Android platform development. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers wish to target their applications at older devices, Development tools are downloadable components, so after one has downloaded the latest version and platform, older platforms and tools can also be downloaded for compatibility testing. Android applications are packaged in. apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the Android OS, APK package contains. dex files, resource files, etc. The Android Debug Bridge is an included in the Android SDK package. It consists of both client and server-side programs that communicate with one another, the ADB is typically accessed through the command-line interface, although numerous graphical user interfaces exist to control ADB. If there is only one attached device or running emulator, these options are not necessary, for example, Android applications can be saved by the command backup to a file, whose name is backup. ab by default. In a security issue reported in March 2011, ADB was targeted as a vector to attempt to install a rootkit on connected phones using a resource exhaustion attack. Fastboot is a diagnostic protocol included with the SDK package used primarily to modify the flash filesystem via a USB connection from host computer. It requires that the device be started in a loader or Secondary Program Loader mode. After enabling the protocol on the device itself, it will accept a set of commands sent to it via USB using a command line. These native libraries can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System. loadLibrary call, complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools. The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows ARM, native code can be compiled using GCC or the Intel C++ Compiler on a standard PC. Running native code is complicated by Androids use of a non-standard C library, the graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library, and it has been released under an open source licence. Skia has backends for both Win32 and Unix, allowing the development of applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser
25.
Digital Living Network Alliance
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DLNA works with cable, satellite, and telecom service providers to provide link protection on each end of the data transfer. The extra layer of digital rights management security allows broadcast operators to enable consumers to share their content on multimedia devices without the risk of piracy, as of June 2015 the organization claims membership of more than 200 companies. The group published its first set of guidelines in June 2004, in March 2014, DLNA publicly released the VidiPath Guidelines, originally called DLNA CVP-2 Guidelines. As of October 2015, over 25,000 different device models have obtained DLNA Certified status and it was estimated that by 2017 over 6 billion DLNA-certified devices, from digital cameras to game consoles and TVs, would be installed in users homes. On January 5,2017, DLNA announced on its web site that the organization has fulfilled its mission and its certification program will be conducted by SpireSpark International of Portland, Oregon. Sony established the DLNA in June 2003 as the Digital Home Working Group, changing its name 12 months later, Home Networked Device Interoperability Guidelines v1. The DLNA Certified Device Classes are separated as follows, Digital Media Server, store content and make it available to networked digital media players, examples include PCs and network-attached storage devices. Digital Media Player, find content on digital media servers and provide playback, examples include TVs, stereos and home theaters, wireless monitors and game consoles. Digital Media Renderer, play content as instructed by a digital media controller, examples include TVs, audio/video receivers, video displays and remote speakers for music. It is possible for a device to function both as a DMR and DMP Digital Media Controller, find content on digital media servers. Content doesnt stream from or through the DMC, examples include tablet computers, Wi-Fi enabled digital cameras and smartphones. Generally, digital media players and digital media controllers with print capability can print to DMPr, examples include mobile phones and portable music players. Mobile Digital Media Player, find and play content on a media server or mobile digital media server. Examples include mobile phones and mobile media tablets designed for viewing multimedia content, mobile Digital Media Uploader, send content to a digital media server or mobile digital media server. Examples include digital cameras and mobile phones, mobile Digital Media Downloader, find and store content from a digital media server or mobile digital media server. Examples include portable music players and mobile phones, mobile Digital Media Controller, find content on a digital media server or mobile digital media server and send it to digital media renderers. Examples include personal digital assistants and mobile phones, mobile Network Connectivity Function, provide a bridge between mobile handheld device network connectivity and home network connectivity. Media Interoperability Unit, provide content transformation between required media formats for home network and mobile handheld devices, the specification uses DTCP-IP as link protection for copyright-protected commercial content between one device to another
26.
Windows Media Player
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Editions of Windows Media Player were also released for classic Mac OS, Mac OS X and Solaris but development of these has since been discontinued. Windows Media Player replaced an earlier application called Media Player, adding features beyond simple video or audio playback, Windows Media Player 11 is available for Windows XP and included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. The default file formats are Windows Media Video, Windows Media Audio, and Advanced Systems Format, the player is also able to utilize a digital rights management service in the form of Windows Media DRM. Windows Media Player 12 is the most recent version of Windows Media Player. It was released on July 22,2009 along with Windows 7 and has not been available for previous versions of Windows nor has it been updated since for Windows 8, Windows 8.1. Unlike Windows 8, Windows RT does not run Windows Media Player, the first version of Windows Media Player appeared in 1991, when Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions was released. Originally called Media Player, this component was included with Multimedia PC-compatible machines and it was capable of playing. mmm animation files, and could be extended to support other formats. It used MCI to handle media files, being a component of Windows, Media Player shows the same version number as that of the version Windows with which it was included. Microsoft continually produced new programs to play media files, indeo 3.2 was added in a later release. Video for Windows was first available as a free add-on to Windows 3.1, in 1995, Microsoft released ActiveMovie with DirectX Media SDK. ActiveMovie incorporates a new way of dealing with files. In 1996, ActiveMovie was renamed DirectShow, however, Media Player continued to come with Windows until Windows XP, in which it was officially renamed Windows Media Player v5.1. In 1999, Windows Media Players versioning broke away from that of Windows itself, Windows Media Player 7.0 and its successors also came in the same fashion, replacing each other but leaving Media Player and Windows Media Player 6.4 intact. Windows XP is the operating system to have three different versions of Windows Media Player side by side. All versions branded Windows Media Player support DirectShow codecs, Windows Media Player version 7 was a large revamp, with a new user interface, visualizations and increased functionality. Windows Vista, however, dropped older versions of Windows Media Player in favor of v11, Windows Media Player 12 was released with Windows 7. It included support for more media formats and added new features, with Windows 8, however, the player did not receive an upgrade. On April 16,2012, Microsoft announced that Windows Media Player would not be included in Windows RT, Windows Media Player supports playback of audio, video and pictures, along with fast forward, reverse, file markers and variable playback speed
27.
Network-attached storage
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Network-attached storage is a file-level computer data storage server connected to a computer network providing data access to a heterogeneous group of clients. NAS is specialized for serving files either by its hardware, software and it is often manufactured as a computer appliance – a purpose-built specialized computer. NAS systems are networked appliances which contain one or more drives, often arranged into logical. Network-attached storage removes the responsibility of serving from other servers on the network. They typically provide access to files using network file sharing protocols such as NFS, SMB/CIFS, from the mid-1990s, NAS devices began gaining popularity as a convenient method of sharing files among multiple computers. Potential benefits of dedicated network-attached storage, compared to general-purpose servers also serving files, include faster data access, easier administration, for example, some NAS versions of drives support a command extension to allow extended error recovery to be disabled. In a non-RAID application, it may be important for a drive to go to great lengths to successfully read a problematic storage block. In an appropriately configured RAID array, a bad block on a single drive can be recovered completely via the redundancy encoded across the RAID set. A NAS unit is a computer connected to a network that provides only file-based data storage services to other devices on the network, although it may technically be possible to run other software on a NAS unit, it is usually not designed to be a general-purpose server. For example, NAS units usually do not have a keyboard or display, a full-featured operating system is not needed on a NAS device, so often a stripped-down operating system is used. For example, FreeNAS or NAS4Free, both open source NAS solutions designed for commodity PC hardware, are implemented as a version of FreeBSD. NAS systems contain one or more disk drives, often arranged into logical. NAS uses file-based protocols such as NFS, SMB/CIFS, AFP, NAS units rarely limit clients to a single protocol. The key difference between direct-attached storage and NAS is that DAS is simply an extension to a server and is not necessarily networked. NAS is designed as an easy and self-contained solution for sharing files over the network, both DAS and NAS can potentially increase availability of data by using RAID or clustering. Both NAS and DAS can have various amount of cache memory, when comparing use of NAS with use of local DAS, the performance of NAS depends mainly on the speed of and congestion on the network. NAS is generally not as customizable in terms of hardware or software as a general-purpose server supplied with DAS, NAS provides both storage and a file system. This is often contrasted with SAN, which provides only block-based storage, SAN protocols include Fibre Channel, iSCSI, ATA over Ethernet and HyperSCSI
28.
ITunes
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ITunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video on personal computers running the macOS, the iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. ITunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later, it was released on September 13,2016. ITunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, soundJam MP, developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1998, was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition and they simplified SoundJams user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. On January 9,2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco, originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS9 support but added smart playlists, in April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store, in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7, Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16,2008. ITunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit, the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, iTunes 9 added Homeshare, enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities and it also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD, both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS. iTunes acts as a front end for Apples QuickTime media framework. Officially, it is required in order to manage the data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad. In addition, users are able to add PDF files to their library, the PDFs can be synchronized with and read on several devices except the regular iPod. iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the Preferences window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected songs title, artist, album and these arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. ITunes keeps track of songs by creating a library, allowing users to access
29.
Electronic program guide
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Some guides also feature backward scrolling to promote their catch up content. They are commonly known as guides or TV guides, EPGs are transmitted by specialized video character generation equipment housed within each such providers central headend facility. By tuning into an EPG channel, a menu is displayed that lists current, a more modern form of the EPG, associated with both television and radio broadcasting, is the interactive program guide. A typical IPG provides information covering a span of seven or 14 days, in 1981, United Video Satellite Group launched the first EPG service in North America, a cable channel known simply as The Electronic Program Guide. It allowed cable systems in the United States and Canada to provide on-screen listings to their subscribers 24 hours a day on a cable channel. In 1986 at a show in Nashville, STV/Onsat, a print programming guide publisher, introduced SuperGuide. The system was the focus of a 1987 article in STV Magazine, the original system had a black-and-white display, and would locally store programming information for around one week in time. A remote control was used to interact with the unit, when the user found a show they wanted to watch, they would have to turn off the guide and then tune the satellite receiver to the correct service. The system was developed by Chris Schultheiss of STV/OnSat and engineer Peter Hallenbeck, the guide information was distributed by satellite using the home owners dish as the receiver. The information was stored locally so that the user could use the guide without having to be on a satellite or service. In March 1990, a second generation SuperGuide system was introduced that was integrated into the Uniden 4800 receiver and this version had a color display and the hardware was based on a custom chip, it was also able to disseminate up to two weeks of programming information. When the user found the show of interest, they pressed a button on the remote and this unit also had a single button recording function, and controlled VCRs via an infrared output. Available in North America, it was the first commercially available unit for use that had a locally stored guide integrated with the receiver for single button viewing and taping. A presentation on the system was given at the 1990 IEEE consumer electronics symposium in Chicago, in June 1988, US4751578 was awarded to Eli Reiter, Michael H. Zemering and Frank Shannon. This patent concerned the implementation of an electronic program guide – an interactive program guide. In 1996, Prevue Networks introduced the first IPG service in the United States, Prevue Interactive, Prevue Interactive would later become TV Guide Interactive, and then i-Guide. In Western Europe,59 million television households were equipped with EPGs at the end of 2008, the situation varies from country to country, depending on the status of digitization and the role of pay television and IPTV in each market. Inview Technology is one of the UKs largest and oldest EPG producers, dating back to 1996 and currently in partnership with Humax, scandinavia also is a highly innovative EPG market
30.
Social networking service
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Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as by e-mail and instant messaging and online forums. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, digital photos and videos, posts, depending on the social media platform, members may be able to contact any other member. In other cases, members can contact anyone they have a connection to, and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to, LinkedIn, a career social networking service, generally requires that a member personally know another member in real life before they contact them online. Some services require members to have a connection to contact other members. The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places, means to connect with friends, there have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests. A study reveals that India has recorded worlds largest growth in terms of media users in 2013. A2013 survey found that 73% of U. S. adults use social networking sites, the variety and evolving range of stand-alone and built-in social networking services in the online space introduces a challenge of definition. Furthermore, the idea that these services are defined by their ability to bring people together provides too broad a definition, such a broad definition would suggest that the telegraph and telephone were social networking services – not the Internet technologies scholars are intending to describe. The terminology is unclear, with some referring to social networking services as social media. The potential for computer networking to facilitate newly improved forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on, efforts to support social networks via computer-mediated communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet, ARPANET, LISTSERV, and bulletin board services. Many prototypical features of social networking sites were present in online services such as America Online, Prodigy, CompuServe, ChatNet. Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe. com, Geocities, some communities – such as Classmates. com – took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. In the late 1990s, user profiles became a feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of friends. New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s and it also became one of the first companies to profit from the sale of virtual goods. Friendster was followed by MySpace and LinkedIn a year later, friendster became very popular in the Pacific Islands. Orkut became the first popular social networking service in Brazil and quickly grew in popularity in India, attesting to the rapid increase in social networking sites popularity, by 2005, it was reported that Myspace was getting more page views than Google. Facebook, launched in 2004, became the largest social networking site in the world in early 2009, Facebook was first introduced as a Harvard social networking site, expanding to other universities and eventually, anyone. The term social media was introduced and soon became widespread, web-based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders
31.
Spotify
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Spotify is a music, podcast, and video streaming service, officially launched on 7 October 2008. It is developed by startup Spotify AB in Stockholm, Sweden and it provides digital rights management-protected content from record labels and media companies. Spotify is available in most of Europe, most of the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and it is available for most modern devices, including Windows, macOS, and Linux computers, as well as iOS and Android smartphones and tablets. Music can be browsed or searched for via various parameters, such as artist, album, genre, playlist, users can create, edit and share playlists, share tracks on social media, and make playlists with other users. Spotify provides access to over 30 million songs, as of June 2016, it has 100 million monthly active users, and as of March 2017, it has 50 million paying subscribers. They distribute approximately 70% of total revenue to rights holders, who then pay based on their individual agreements. Spotify operates under a freemium model, Spotify makes its revenues by selling premium streaming subscriptions to users and advertising placements to third parties. In December 2013, the company launched a new website, Spotify for Artists, Spotify gets its content from major record labels as well as independent artists, and pays copyright holders royalties for streamed music. The company pays 70% of its revenue to rights holders. Spotify for Artists states that the company does not have a fixed rate, instead considers factors such as the users home country. Rights holders received an average per-play payout between $.006 and $.0084, Spotify offers an unlimited subscription package, close to the Open Music Model —estimated economic equilibrium—for the recording industry. However, the incorporation of digital rights management protection diverges from the OMM and competitors such as iTunes Store, Spotify encourages people to pay for music, with subscriptions as its main revenue source. The subscription removes advertisements and limits, and increases song bitrates to 320 kbit/s, the website also claims that a Spotify customer is 1. 6x more financially valuable than the average adult non-Spotify U. S. music consumer. Additionally, the website includes a section entitled Spotifys impact on piracy as a response to the criticisms against the company regarding the exploitation of musicians. For example, in Norway, the figure of 1.2 billion unauthorized song downloads in 2008 is compared to a figure of 210 million from 2012, BBC Music Week editor Tim Ingham wrote, Unlike buying a CD or download, streaming is not a one-off payment. Hundreds of millions of streams of tracks are happening each and every day, which quickly multiplies the potential revenues on offer – and is a constant long-term source of income for artists. As of June 2016, the three Spotify subscription types, all offering unlimited listening time, are, In 2008, just after launch, in October 2010, Wired reported that Spotify was making more money for labels in Sweden than any other retailer online or off. Years after growth and expansion, a November 2012 report suggested strong momentum for the company
32.
Hard disk drive
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The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of storage, retaining stored data even when powered off. Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the era of servers. More than 200 companies have produced HDDs historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, as of 2016, HDD production is growing, although unit shipments and sales revenues are declining. While SSDs have higher cost per bit, SSDs are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption, small size, the primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000, the two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3. 5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2. 5-inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA, SATA, Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956, as data storage for an IBM real-time transaction processing computer and were developed for use with general-purpose mainframe and minicomputers. The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC in 1956, was approximately the size of two medium-sized refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters on a stack of 50 disks. In 1962 the IBM350 RAMAC disk storage unit was superseded by the IBM1301 disk storage unit, cylinder-mode read/write operations were supported, and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches above the platter surface. Motion of the head array depended upon a binary system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning. The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three home refrigerators placed side by side, storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight-bit bytes, access time was about a quarter of a second. Also in 1962, IBM introduced the model 1311 disk drive, users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed, much like reels of magnetic tape. Later models of removable pack drives, from IBM and others, became the norm in most computer installations, non-removable HDDs were called fixed disk drives. Some high-performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track, known as fixed-head or head-per-track disk drives they were very expensive and are no longer in production. In 1973, IBM introduced a new type of HDD code-named Winchester and its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. Instead, the heads were allowed to land on an area of the disk surface upon spin-down
33.
Cloud storage
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These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible, and the physical environment protected and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store user, organization, Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the 1960s with his work on ARPANET to connect people and data from anywhere at any time. In 1983, CompuServe offered its users a small amount of disk space that could be used to store any files they chose to upload. In 1994, AT&T launched PersonaLink Services, a platform for personal and business communication. The storage was one of the first to be all web-based, in 2005, Box announced an online file sharing and personal cloud content management service for businesses. Cloud storage services can be utilized from a service or deployed on-premises. Cloud storage typically refers to an object storage service, but the term has broadened to include other types of data storage that are now available as a service. This does not mean that cloud storage is less expensive, only that it incurs operating expenses rather than capital expenses, businesses using cloud storage can cut their energy consumption by up to 70% making them a more green business. Also at the level they are dealing with higher levels of energy so they will be more equipped with managing it in order to keep their own costs down as well. Storage maintenance tasks, such as purchasing additional storage capacity, are offloaded to the responsibility of a service provider, Cloud storage provides users with immediate access to a broad range of resources and applications hosted in the infrastructure of another organization via a web service interface. Cloud storage can be used for copying virtual machine images from the cloud to on-premises locations or to import a virtual machine image from a location to the cloud image library. In addition, cloud storage can be used to move virtual machine images between user accounts or between data centers, Cloud storage can be used as natural disaster proof backup, as normally there are 2 or 3 different backup servers located in different places around the globe. Outsourcing data storage increases the surface area. When data has been distributed it is stored at more locations increasing the risk of unauthorized access to the data. For example, in cloud based architecture, data is replicated and moved frequently so the risk of unauthorized data recovery increases dramatically, the manner that data is replicated depends on the service level a customer chooses and on the service provided. That encrypts data prior to uploading it to the cloud, the number of people with access to the data who could be compromised increases dramatically. Encryption keys that are kept by the user, as opposed to the service provider limit the access to data by service provider employees. And storing these keys requires rather expensive secure storage, to overcome that Key-aggregate cryptosystem can be used
34.
HTTP Live Streaming
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HTTP Live Streaming is an HTTP-based media streaming communications protocol implemented by Apple Inc. as part of its QuickTime, Safari, OS X, and iOS software. At the start of the session, HLS downloads an extended M3U playlist containing the metadata for the various sub-streams which are available. Since its requests use only standard HTTP transactions, HTTP Live Streaming can traverse any firewall or proxy server that lets through standard HTTP traffic and this also allows content to be offered from conventional HTTP servers as origin and delivered over widely available HTTP-based content delivery networks. Later versions of the protocol also provide for trick-mode fast-forward and rewind, Apple has documented HTTP Live Streaming as an Internet Draft, the first stage in the process of submitting it to the IETF as an Informational Request for Comments. However, while Apple has submitted occasional minor updates to the draft, HTTP Live Streaming uses a conventional web server to distribute audiovisual content and requires specific software to fit into the proper format transmission in real time. The service architecture comprises, Server Codify and encapsulate the input video flow in a format for the delivery. Then, it is prepared for distribution by segmenting it into different files, in the process of intake, the video is coded and segmented to generate video fragments and index file. Encoder, codify video files in H.264 format and audio in AAC, MP3 and this is encapsulated by MPEG-2 Transport Stream to carry it Segmenter, divides the MPEG-2 TS file into fragments of equal length, kept as. ts files. Client Request and download all the files and resources, assembling them so that they can be presented to the user as a continuous flow video, the client software downloads first the index file through a URL and then the several media files available. The playback software assembles the sequence to allow continued display to the user, HTTP Live Streaming provides mechanisms for players to adapt to unreliable network conditions without causing user-visible playback stalling. For example, on a wireless network, HLS allows the player to use a lower quality video. HLS videos can be highly available by providing multiple servers for the same video. To enable a player to adapt to the bandwidth of the network, the server serves an index, called a master playlist, of these encodings, called variant streams. The player can choose between the variant streams during playback, changing back and forth seamlessly as network conditions change. The master playlist can list duplicate variant streams that have the level of quality but are hosted by different servers. This enables the player to swap to a different server for a given bitrate if one of the servers fails and this grants a degree of high availability to serving streams. This can be combined with adaptability by listing multiple variant streams for each distinct quality level, the industry considered this as a step towards compatibility between HLS and MPEG-DASH. Adobe Media Server supports HLS for iOS devices and Protected HTTP Live Streaming, akamai supports HLS for live and on-demand streams
35.
Organic user interface
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In human–computer interaction, an organic user interface is defined as a user interface with a non-flat display. In an OUI, the surface is always the locus of interaction. These inputs are provided through direct physical gestures, rather than through indirect point-and-click control, note that the term Organic in OUI was derived from organic architecture, referring to the adoption of natural form to design a better fit with human ecology. The term also alludes to the use of electronics for this purpose. Organic user interfaces were first introduced in an issue of the Communications of the ACM in 2008. The first International Workshop on Organic User Interfaces took place at CHI2009 in Boston, the second workshop took place at TEI2011 in Madeira, Portugal. The third workshop was held at MobileHCI2012 in Monterey, California, flexible display technologies include flexible OLED and flexible E Ink, or can be simulated through 3D active projection mapping. Shaped user interfaces, Displays with a static non-flat display, the physical shape is chosen so as to better support the main function of the interface. Shapes may include spheres, cylinders or take the form of everyday objects, actuated user interfaces, Displays with a programmable shape controlled by a computer algorithm. Here, display shapes can actively adapt to the context of the user. An extreme example is that of Claytronics, fully physical 3D voxels that dynamically constitute physical 3D images, a key feature of OUI is that the display surface, and its physical deformations are always the locus of user interaction. Function equals form, Coined by Frank Lloyd Wright, this means the shape of an interface determines its physical functionality, shapes should be chosen such that they best support the functionality of the interface. An example is a spherical multitouch interface, which is suited to geographic information interfaces. Form follows flow, OUIs physically adapt to the context of a users multiple activities, an example of this is the clamshell phone, where the physical metaphor of altering the phones shape alters the state of the user interface. Another example is folding a thin-film tablet PC into a smaller, paperPhone was one of the first OUIs to introduce bend gestures on a real flexible screen. It featured a flexible electrophoretic display and an array of 5 bend sensors that allowed for navigation of content. Examples of actuated OUIs include shape changing prototypes like MorePhone and Morphees, the Nokia Kinetic, a flexible smartphone that allows input techniques such as bend, twist and squeeze, and the Samsung Youm, are early commercial prototypes of OUIs. It is widely expected that OUIs will be introduced on the market by the year 2018, note that OUIs differ from a natural user interface in that NUIs are limited to touch or remote gestural interactions with a flat display only
36.
Natural user interface
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The word natural is used because most computer interfaces use artificial control devices whose operation has to be learned. A NUI relies on a user being able to transition from novice to expert. While the interface requires learning, that learning is eased through design which gives the user the feeling that they are instantly and continuously successful. Thus, natural refers to a goal in the user experience – that the interaction comes naturally, while interacting with the technology and this is contrasted with the idea of an intuitive interface, referring to one that can be used without previous learning. Several design strategies have been proposed which have met this goal to varying degrees of success, one strategy is the use of a reality user interface, also known as reality-based interfaces methods. Because the term natural is evocative of the world, RBI are often confused for NUI. One example of a strategy for designing a NUI not based in RBI is the limiting of functionality and customization. Provided that the default capabilities match the users goals, the interface is effortless to use and this is an overarching design strategy in Apples iOS. In the 1990s, Steve Mann developed a number of user-interface strategies using natural interaction with the world as an alternative to a command-line interface or graphical user interface. Mann referred to work as natural user interfaces, Direct User Interfaces. Manns EyeTap technology typically embodies an example of a user interface. Manns use of the word Natural refers to action that comes naturally to human users, as well as the use of nature itself, i. e. physics. A good example of an NUI in both these senses is the hydraulophone, especially when it is used as an input device, in which touching a natural element becomes a way of inputting data. More generally, a class of instruments called physiphones, so-named from the Greek words physika, physikos. In 2006, Christian Moore established a research community with the goal to expand discussion. Of course, this too is an over-simplification, since NUIs necessarily include visual elements – and thus, a more accurate description of this concept would be to describe it as a transition from WIMP to NUI. In the CLI, users had to learn an artificial means of input, the keyboard, and a series of codified inputs, that had a range of responses. Then, when the mouse enabled the GUI, users could easily learn the mouse movements and actions
37.
Gesture
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A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body, Gestures differ from physical non-verbal communication that does not communicate specific messages, such as purely expressive displays, proxemics, or displays of joint attention. Gesture processing takes place in areas of the such as Brocas and Wernickes areas. In fact, language is thought by scholars to have evolved in Homo sapiens from an earlier system consisting of manual gestures. Hewes, in 1973, as part of a discussion on the origin of language, Gestures have been studied throughout the centuries from different perspectives. During the Roman Empire, Quintilian studied in his Institution Oratoria how gesture may be used in rhetorical discourse, another broad study of gesture was published by Englishman John Bulwer in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence, andrea De Jorio published an extensive account of gestural expression in 1832. A peer reviewed journal Gesture has been published since 2001, and was founded by Adam Kendon, the International Society for Gesture Studies was founded in 2002. Gesture has frequently taken up by researchers in the field of dance studies. Performance scholar, Carrie Noland, describes gestures as learned techniques of the body, but rather than just residing within one cultural context, she describes how gesture migrate across bodies and locations to create new cultural meanings and associations. She also posits how they function as a form of resistance to homogenization because they are so dependent on the specificities of the bodies that perform them. Gesture has also taken up within queer theory, ethnic studies and their intersections in performance studies. José Esteban Muñoz uses the idea of gesture to mark a kind of refusal of finitude and certainty, Muñoz specifically draws on the African-American dancer and drag queen performer Kevin Aviance to articulate his interest not in what queer gestures might mean, but what they might perform. Within the field of linguistics, the most hotly contested aspect of gesture revolves around the subcategory of Lexical or Iconic Co-Speech Gestures. However, since the late 1990s, most research has revolved around the hypothesis that Lexical gestures serve a primarily cognitive purpose in aiding the process of speech production. Although the scientific study of gesture is still in its infancy, the first way to distinguish between categories of gesture is to differentiate between communicative gesture and informative gesture. Informative gestures are gestures that provide information about the speaker as a being. Examples of informative gestures could include such actions as scratching an itch, adjusting clothing, or accessories and these gestures can occur during speech, but they may also occur independently of communication, as they are not a part of active communication
