1.
Smiles of a Summer Night (Desperate Housewives)
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“Smiles of a Summer Night” is the 72nd episode of the ABC dramedy series Desperate Housewives. It was written by Bob Daily and Matt Berry and directed by David Grossman and it is the second episode of the show’s fourth season and aired on October 7,2007. Julie asks Susan if she can go to a party, however, Mike tells Susan that he would rather Susan forbade her daughter to go due to the fact he has seen some crazy parties in the house where Julie is going. Even though Susan had already given Julie permission to go to the party, she sides with Mike and Julie is banned. However, Susan decides to go behind Mike’s back and tells Julie she just wanted Mike to feel as if he were part of the decision-making process, and she allows Julie to attend the party. Later that night Mike tells Susan he drove past the house earlier on and saw things like running around topless, people staggering around drunk. Susan says she needs to run to the store, and she runs to the party to pick up Julie, Mike later finds out about Susan’s lie and tells Susan that he respects her decisions on how to raise Julie how she wants, as Julie is her child. Dylan is walking by Mrs. McCluskeys, and she strikes up a conversation with Dylan about how she used to see her playing on her tricycle around the neighborhood with her father close behind. Later, she waits until Katherine leaves then grabs her family photo album and she comes across a baby picture of herself and the picture of her father cropped off from the family portrait, but hides it quickly when her mom comes into the room. Lynette Scavo asks during her lunch if anyone would like to attend chemotherapy with her, Bree, Susan and even Katherine all offer to do it, however Gabrielle pretends to not hear the question and Lynette confronts her about it. Gabrielle gives in and decides to go with Lynette, however, when she is there to entertain Lynette, she seems uncomfortable and awkward, constantly finds reasons to leave the room and disappear for hours. She said she smiled all night – even after he had died – and she fights back tears when she tells Lynette she is so scared of losing her that she cannot pretend to smile. Lynette is choked up and promises her she will not die, Katherine Mayfair suggests to have a lunch party for Lynette one day and she and Bree both insist to bring dessert for the party, which at first Katherine reluctantly agreed to bring salad. During the lunch, everyone tries the pie Bree has brought, Susan and Gabrielle tell her that it is the best she has ever made. However, when Bree tries it, she realizes that it is not hers, Katherine comes clean and announces that she swapped hers with Bree’s so that everyone could try it. Bree, furious about Katherines deceit and largely irate about Katherine upstaging her pie, when that doesn’t work she gives Katherine her meat pie recipe and then asks nicely for Katherines lemon meringue pie recipe. Katherine refuses, but Bree keeps pushing it and they get into a verbal tussle. In her determination, Bree breaks into the Mayfair house to steal it, instead of giving up, Bree gets a pair of bolt cutters from Mike, but is trapped when Katherine and her family come home
2.
Ingmar Bergman
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Ernst Ingmar Bergman was a Swedish director, writer, and producer who worked in film, television, theatre and radio. He directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television and he also directed over 170 plays. From 1953 he forged a creative partnership with his full-time cinematographer Sven Nykvist. Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson, Liv Ullmann, Gunnar Björnstrand, Erland Josephson, Ingrid Thulin, most of his films were set in Sweden, and numerous films from Through a Glass Darkly onward were filmed on the island of Fårö. His work often dealt with death, illness, faith, betrayal, bleakness and insanity. Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Erik Bergman, a Lutheran minister and later chaplain to the King of Sweden, and Karin and he grew up with his older brother Dag and sister Margareta surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a parish minister with strict ideas of parenting. Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions, such as wetting the bed, there was everything that ones imagination could desire—angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans. Although raised in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman later stated that he lost his faith at age eight and only came to terms with this fact while making Winter Light in 1962. His interest in theatre and film began early, At the age of nine, he traded a set of tin soldiers for a magic lantern, a possession that altered the course of his life. Within a year, he had created, by playing with this toy and he fashioned his own scenery, marionettes, and lighting effects and gave puppet productions of Strindberg plays in which he spoke all the parts. Bergman attended Palmgrens School as a teenager and his school years were unhappy, and he remembered them unfavorably in later years. Bergman wrote in a response that he had disliked the emphasis on homework. In 1934, aged 16, he was sent to Germany to spend the vacation with family friends. He attended a Nazi rally in Weimar at which he saw Adolf Hitler, Bergman commented that Hitler was unbelievably charismatic. The Nazism I had seen seemed fun and youthful, Bergman did two five-month stretches of mandatory military service. In 1937 he entered Stockholm University College to study art and literature and he spent most of his time involved in student theatre and became a genuine movie addict. At the same time, a romantic involvement led to a break with his father lasted for years
3.
Ulla Jacobsson
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Ulla Jacobsson was a Swedish actress who is perhaps best known for playing the only female speaking role in the film Zulu. Jacobsson was born in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1929, originally a stage actress, she started appearing in English language films in the early 1960s and tended to play serious and anxious looking characters. She first become known internationally for her scenes in One Summer of Happiness. Other notable roles include Ingmar Bergmans Smiles of a Summer Night, Zulu, The Heroes of Telemark, a role in the American film Love Is a Ball was an attempt to make her a sex symbol. She won the German Film Award for Supporting Actress in Alle Jahre wieder and her last husband was Austrian ethnologist Hans Winfried Rohsmann. Jacobssons film career tailed off in the 1970s, and she died in Vienna, Austria, kolczyk Fox and His Friends - Eugens mother Ulla Jacobsson at the Internet Movie Database Ulla Jacobsson at AllMovie
4.
Eva Dahlbeck
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Eva Elisabet Dahlbeck was a Swedish actress and author. Eva Dahlbeck was born in Saltsjö-Duvnäs near Stockholm and she attended the prestigious acting school of the Royal Dramatic Theatre from 1941 to 1944, and acted on the Theatres stage from 1944 to 1964. She made her debut in the role of Botilla in Rid i natt. in 1942. In the mid-1950s Dahlbeck was one of Swedens most popular and successful actresses and she became internationally known for her strong female leads in a number of Ingmar Bergmans films, in particular his comedies Secrets of Women, A Lesson in Love and Smiles of a Summer Night. In 1965 she won the award for Best Actress at the 2nd Guldbagge Awards for her role in the film The Cats, in the 1960s Dahlbeck moved away from acting as she started to write. She retired from the stage in 1964 and made her appearance on screen in the Danish film Tintomara. She published several novels and poems in her native Sweden, Dahlbeck married Sven Lampell, an air force officer, in 1944. She lived out the last years of her life in Hässelby Villastad, Stockholm,1961 - Eugene ONeill Award for her stage work. Svenskfilmdatabas. se Eva Dahlbeck at the Internet Movie Database
5.
Harriet Andersson
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Harriet Andersson is a Swedish actress, best known outside Sweden for being part of director Ingmar Bergmans stock company. She often played impulsive working class characters and quickly established a reputation on screen for her youthful, unpretentious and she disdains the use of makeup. Harriet Andersson began her career as a 15-year-old student at Calle Flygare stage school. She joined director Ingmar Bergman for several productions at Malmö stadsteater 1953-56. In a 2008 interview with Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle, Andersson debunks a rumor that she was discovered by Bergman while working as an elevator operator, ha, thats a new one for me. I did operate an elevator, but that was when I was 14 1/2, I was discovered in 1949 in theater school. Before Monika, I had many small parts, most of them were a little like Monika. I looked like a bad girl, but I wasnt a bad girl, really. I was a nice little girl, until I found out what life was. Bergman wrote the role in Summer with Monika, specifically for Andersson. The film featured Andersson in a scene, one of the first in postwar European cinema. It was inspired by Hedy Lamarrs once notorious skinny-dipping scene in Ecstasy, filmed in Sweden, the motion picture features a musical score by Les Baxter. Although the romantic relationship with Bergman was brief, they continued to work together, Andersson appeared in several of his best known films, including Smiles of a Summer Night, Through a Glass Darkly, Cries and Whispers, and Fanny and Alexander. In Through A Glass Darkly, in which Andersson appeared with Max von Sydow and Gunnar Björnstrand, the plot deals with the actions of four persons during a twenty-four-hour period in an old house a far distance out on the Swedish Archipelago. Some audiences were shocked by Anderssons vivid portrayal of the presence of God as represented in the world of a schizophrenic. Like several other Bergman regulars, she has also had a career in English-language films including performances in Sidney Lumets The Deadly Affair and her autobiography, a set of interviews with Jan Lumholdt, was published in 2006. In 1968, Andersson received the Bodil Award for Best Actress for her role in the Henning Carlsen Danish comedy People Meet and Sweet Music Fills the Heart, recently, Andersson won the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Stockholm International Film Festival 2010. Harriet Andersson was married to childhood friend Bertil Wejfeldt 1959-1963/4 and she has a daughter, Petra Wejfeldt, whom Andersson named after her character in Smiles of a Summer Night
6.
Bibi Andersson
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Bibi Andersson is a Swedish actress. Bibi Andersson was born as Berit Elisabeth Andersson in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, the daughter of Karin, a worker, and Josef Andersson. She studied acting at the Terserus Drama School and at the legendary Royal Dramatic Theatre School in Stockholm, after completing school, she agreed to join the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, which she was associated with for 30 years. Her first collaboration with Ingmar Bergman was in 1951, when she participated in his production of an advertisement for the detergent Bris. In 1963 at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival, Andersson won the Silver Bear for Best Actress award for her role in Vilgot Sjömans film The Mistress, for her role in Persona, she won the award for Best Actress at the 4th Guldbagge Awards. More Bergman collaborations followed, and she worked with John Huston. She made her debut in American theatre in 1973 with a production of Erich Maria Remarques Full Circle and her most famous American film is I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, that also starred Kathleen Quinlan. In 1990, she worked as a director in Stockholm. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Andersson worked primarily in television and as a theatre actress and she was also a supervisor for the humanitarian project Road to Sarajevo. In 1996, she published her autobiography Ett ögonblick and she has been married to the director Kjell Grede with whom she has a daughter, Jenny, and, secondly, to the politician and writer Per Ahlmark. Since 29 May 2004, Andersson has been married to Gabriel Mora Baeza, in 2009 she suffered a massive stroke. An article from 2010 says that she had since been hospitalized, unable to speak
7.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
8.
Cinema of Sweden
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Swedish cinema is known for including many acclaimed movies, during the 20th century the industry was the most prominent of Scandinavia. This is largely due to the popularity and prominence of directors Victor Sjöström and Ingmar Bergman, Swedish filmmaking rose to international prominence when Svenska Biografteatern moved from Kristianstad to Lidingö in 1911. Sjöströms most respected films often made use of the Swedish landscape and developed moving studies of character. Stiller fostered the early popularity of Greta Garbo, particularly through the Gösta Berlings saga, in the mid-twenties both of these directors and Garbo moved to the United States to work for MGM, bringing Swedish influence to Hollywood. The departure left a vacuum in Swedish cinema, which went into a financial crisis. Both directors later returned to Sweden, but Stiller died soon after his return while Sjöström returned to work for most of the remainder of his career. Some provincial comedies emerged, created for the local market, during World War II Swedish cinema gained artistically, mainly due to the directors Gustaf Molander, Alf Sjöberg, Hasse Ekman, Anders Henrikson and Hampe Faustman. Cinema had to perform the task of defence during the war. The most famous and influential Swedish filmmaker, Ingmar Bergman, rose to prominence in the fifties and he began making films in the mid-forties, and in 1955, he made Smiles of a Summer Night, which brought him international attention. A year later, he one of his most famous films. In the 1960s, Bergman won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for two years, with The Virgin Spring in 1960 and Through a Glass Darkly in 1961. He won the award again in 1983, for the early twentieth-century family drama Fanny, the film lost to The Sting, and oddly enough, it was not nominated in the Foreign Language Film category. It also gave Bergman the first of three nominations for Best Director, Ingmar Bergman also won no less than four Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. Working closely with Bergman, cinematographer Sven Nykvist can be said to have had a impact on the visual aspect of Swedish cinema. Twice the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, for Cries and Whispers and Fanny and Alexander and he also directed The Ox, nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992. After some cutting, it was released in 1964, sjöman went on to cause even wider controversy, depicting sexual intercourse in his 1967 film I Am Curious. In the United States the film was considered pornography and seized by the customs, most probably, it was also instrumental in establishing a view of Swedish cinema – and perhaps even Swedes in general – as having a liberal attitude towards sexuality. Another Swedish postwar filmmaker of note is Bo Widerberg and his 1963 film Ravens End and The Man on the Roof are widely regarded as Swedish film classics
9.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
10.
A Little Night Music
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A Little Night Music is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Hugh Wheeler. Inspired by the Ingmar Bergman film Smiles of a Summer Night and its title is a literal English translation of the German name for Mozarts Serenade No.13 for strings in G major, Eine kleine Nachtmusik. The musical includes the popular song Send in the Clowns and it was adapted for film in 1977, with Harold Prince directing and Elizabeth Taylor, Len Cariou, Lesley-Anne Down and Diana Rigg starring. The setting is Sweden, around the year 1900, one by one, the Quintet – five singers who comment like a Greek chorus throughout the show – enter, tuning up. Gradually, their vocalizing becomes an overture blending fragments of Remember, Soon and The Glamorous Life, the other characters enter waltzing, each uncomfortable with their particular partner. After they drift back off, the aging and severe Madame Armfeldt and her granddaughter, Fredrika. Madame Armfeldt tells the child that the summer night smiles three times, first on the young, second on fools, and third on the old, Fredrika vows to watch the smiles occur. Middle-aged Fredrik Egerman is a successful lawyer and he has recently married an 18-year-old trophy wife, Anne, a vain girl who is in love with Fredrik, but too immature to grasp the concept of marriage. The two have married for eleven months, but Anne still protects her virginity. Fredrik laments his inability to love to his wife. Meanwhile, his son Henrik, an older than his stepmother, is feeling extremely frustrated. He is a student and everyone is always teasing him. Anne is intrigued by him, but fails to understand his real meaning, Anne promises her husband that shortly she will consent to have sex. Annes maidservant Petra, an experienced and forthright girl, slightly older than the teen herself, offers her worldly, Desiree Armfeldt is a prominent and glamorous actress who is now reduced to touring in small towns. Madame Armfeldt, Desirees mother, has taken over the care of Desirees daughter Fredrika, Fredrika misses her mother, but Desiree continually delays going to see her, preferring, somewhat ironically, The Glamorous Life. She is performing near Fredriks home, and he brings Anne to see the play, while there, Desiree notices Fredrik, the two had been lovers years earlier. Anne, suspicious and annoyed because of Desirees amorous glances, demands that Fredrik take her home immediately, meanwhile, Petra has been trying to seduce Henrik. That night, as Fredrik remembers his past with Desiree, he out to see her
11.
Stephen Sondheim
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Stephen Joshua Sondheim is an American composer and lyricist known for more than a half-century of contributions to musical theatre. Sondheim has received an Academy Award, eight Tony Awards, eight Grammy Awards, a Pulitzer Prize, the Laurence Olivier Award, and he has been described by Frank Rich of The New York Times as now the greatest and perhaps best-known artist in the American musical theater. He also wrote the lyrics for West Side Story and Gypsy, Sondheim has also written film music, contributing Goodbye for Now to Warren Beattys 1981 Reds. He wrote five songs for 1990s Dick Tracy, including Sooner or Later by Madonna, the composer was president of the Dramatists Guild from 1973 to 1981. To celebrate his 80th birthday, the former Henry Millers Theatre was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre on September 15,2010, Cameron Mackintosh has called Sondheim possibly the greatest lyricist ever. Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City and his father manufactured dresses designed by his mother. The composer grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and, after his parents divorced, on a farm near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. As the only child of parents living in the San Remo on Central Park West. When he lived in New York, Sondheim attended ECFS, the Ethical Culture Fieldston School known simply as Fieldston, Sondheim spent several summers at Camp Androscoggin. He traces his interest in theatre to Very Warm for May, the curtain went up and revealed a piano, Sondheim recalled. A butler took a duster and brushed it up, tinkling the keys, when Sondheim was ten, his father left his mother for another woman. Herbert sought custody of Stephen but was unsuccessful, Sondheim explained to biographer Secrest that he was what they call an institutionalized child, meaning one who has no contact with any kind of family. Youre in, though its luxurious, youre in an environment that supplies you with everything, No brothers and sisters, no parents, and yet plenty to eat, and friends to play with and a warm bed, you know. Sondheim detested his mother, who was said to be abusive and projected her anger from her failed marriage on her son, When my father left her. And she used me the way she used him, to come on to and to berate, beat up on, what she did for five years was treat me like dirt, but come on to me at the same time. She once wrote him a letter saying that the only ever had was giving him birth. When his mother died in the spring of 1992, Sondheim did not attend her funeral, when Sondheim was about ten years old, he became friends with James Hammerstein, son of lyricist and playwright Oscar Hammerstein II. The elder Hammerstein became Sondheims surrogate father, influencing him profoundly, Sondheim met Hal Prince, who would direct many of his shows, at the opening of South Pacific, Hammersteins musical with Richard Rodgers
12.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
13.
Russian roulette
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Russian roulette is a lethal game of chance in which a player places a single round in a revolver, spins the cylinder, places the muzzle against their head, and pulls the trigger. Russian refers to the country of origin, and roulette to the element of risk-taking and the spinning of the revolvers cylinder. Because only one chamber is loaded, the player has a one in x chance of being shot, so, for instance, if a revolver holds six rounds, the chance is one in six. That assumes that each chamber is likely to come to rest in the correct position. This only applies to swing-out cylinder type revolvers, and only if the cylinder is spun outside of the revolver, the number of pulls of the trigger before a round is expected to discharge is 3.5 or 6. However, the term Russian roulette does not appear in the story, the term Russian roulette was possibly first used in an eponymous 1937 short story by Georges Surdez. However, the story using a gun with one empty chamber out of six, instead of five empty chambers out of six. With the Russian army in Romania, around 1917, some officer would suddenly pull out his revolver, anywhere, at the table, remove a cartridge from the cylinder, spin the cylinder, snap it back in place, put it to his head and pull the trigger. There were five chances to one that the hammer would set off a live cartridge, in the epilogue to the book, Alex Haley states that Malcolm X revealed to him that he palmed the round. The incident is portrayed in the 1992 film adaptation of the autobiography, on December 25,1954, the American blues musician Johnny Ace killed himself in Texas, after a gun he pointed at his own head discharged. Sources including The Washington Post attribute this to Russian roulette, graham Greene relates in his first autobiography, A Sort of Life, that he played Russian roulette, alone, a few times as a teenager. In 1976, Finnish magician Aimo Leikas killed himself in front of a crowd while performing his Russian roulette act and he had been performing the act for about a year, selecting six bullets from a box of assorted live and dummy ammunition. John Hinckley, Jr. who attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan in 1981, was known to have played Russian roulette, alone, Hinckley also took a picture of himself in 1980, pointing a gun at his head. PBS claims that William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor and winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, had attempted suicide by playing a game of Russian roulette. On October 5,2003, psychological illusionist Derren Brown appeared to take part in a game of Russian roulette live on UK television. Two days later, a statement by the said they had been informed of the arrangements in advance. The BBC program Who Do You Think You Are, the family had previously believed he had died accidentally while cleaning his gun. On June 11,2016, MMA fighter Ivan JP Cole apparently killed himself by playing Russian roulette, There is a drinking game based on Russian roulette
14.
Jarl Kulle
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Jarl Lage Kulle was a Swedish film and stage actor and director, and father of Maria Kulle. Kulle was born in the village of Truedstorp, outside Ekeby, Sweden and was the son of the merchant Nils Kulle, in 1965 he won the award for Best Actor for his role in Swedish Wedding Night at the 2nd Guldbagge Awards. He won his second Guldbagge Best Actor award for Fanny and Alexander at the 19th Guldbagge Awards in 1983, in 1960, Kulle married Louise Hermelin, daughter of cavalry captain, Baron Carl-Magnus Hermelin and Ann-Marie Sourander. In 1976, Kulle married the actress Anne Nord, Kulle died in Gregersboda, Sweden in 1997 of bone cancer
15.
Naima Wifstrand
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Naima Wifstrand was a Swedish film actress, operetta singer, troubadour, director and composer. Internationally, she was most notable for supporting parts in her later years in a number of Ingmar Bergman-films. Born Siri Naima Matilda Wifstrand in Stockholm in 1890, she was raised by her mother in Fleminggatan, Wifstrand never trained acting but learned the art thoroughly when she in 1905 joined the Anna Lundberg Theatre Company, a well reputed and respected theatre company in Sweden at the time. She travelled with them for a number of years, appearing in small parts and this eventually led her to small parts at theatres in Helsinki and around Stockholm. But at this time Wifstrand did not have her mind set on acting, and it was as a grand operetta singer she became famous and enjoyed a much successful star career for 30 years in Sweden. Wifstrand studied music and singing in Stockholm at the Swedish Royal Academy of Music and in 1910 she went to London, after her studies she was one of the most acknowledged operetta singers in Scandinavia. She worked at Oscarsteatern 1913-1918 and for years to come toured Sweden and her big break-through came as Countess Stasi in Emmerich Kálmáns operetta Die Csárdásfürstin in 1916. She worked in the 1920s mainly at the houses in Oslo. For many years she lived in London where she performed with troubadour-songs alone along with her guitar. In 1937 Swedish stage director Per Lindberg cast her as Mother Peachum in Bertolt Brechts The Threepenny Opera which became a successful production. During his stay in Sweden, Wifstrand had helped Brecht both financially and also personally with accommodation, Naima Wifstrand in the 1940s planned to retire from her own stage career by turning to directing, first at the Royal Swedish Opera 1944–1946. Later on Wifstrand became one of the directors most reliable and longtime ensemble actors and she was part of Bergmans ensemble during all his legendary years at Malmö City Theatre. Later he would also cast her in some of his most memorable films, including Wild Strawberries, Smiles of a Summer Night. Aside from this she worked with the new established Stockholm City Theatre 1962–1963. Naima Wifstrand was married to captain Erling Nielsen from 1921 to 1928
16.
Jullan Kindahl
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Jullan Kindahl was a Swedish actress. Born Julia Carolina Kindahl, she worked as an actress from 1900s until the 1960s and she appeared in Swedish theatres like the Hippodromen in Malmö, the Malmö City Theatre in Malmö and the Stora Teatern in Göteborg. Kindahl also made 33 films between 1923 and 1962 and she was married with actor Arvid Kindahl from 1913 until his early death. Sleeman Is Coming Wild Strawberries Bröllopsdagen Jullan Kindahl at the Internet Movie Database
17.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
18.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
19.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
20.
Swedish Film Database
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The Swedish Film Database is an internet database about Swedish films, published by the Swedish Film Institute. It contains information about all Swedish films from 1897 onwards and foreign films that had cinema premiere in Sweden and it also provides a lot of biographies of actors, directors, producers etc. who participated in Swedish films over the years. It is created with the support of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, the database comprises about 62,000 films and 265,000 people
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AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
22.
Crisis (1946 film)
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Crisis is a 1946 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman. The film was Bergmans first feature as director and he wrote the screenplay. The story follows a girl living a quiet life in a small town with her foster mother. Nelly is an innocent 18-year-old becoming increasingly aware of the effect that her beauty has on the men of her little Swedish village, ingeborg is a respectably dour woman who teaches piano to village youth and has undoubtedly sacrificed much for the sake of her foster daughter. Jenny has had a rough past, involving prostitution and other scandals, among them is a dapper mustachioed gentleman acquaintance named Jack, who follows Jenny to the village as an uninvited guest
23.
It Rains on Our Love
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It Rains on Our Love is a 1946 Swedish drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman. The screenplay was written by Herbert Grevenius and Bergman, based on the Norwegian play Bra Mennesker by Oskar Braaten and it Rains on Our Love is the first film directed by Bergman to include actor Gunnar Björnstrand in a credited role. Björnstrand would go on to act in nearly twenty of Bergmans films, david Lindell and Maggi are not lucky. David landed in prison, but now wants to start a new life, Maggi aimed to be an actress, but got pregnant during a chance encounter and has now fled to a provincial town to give herself a second chance. The lovers represent everything the straitlaced society rejects
24.
A Ship Bound for India
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A Ship Bound for India is a 1947 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman. It was originally released as A Ship to India in the United Kingdom, the screenplay was written by Bergman, based on the play by Martin Söderhjelm. The film was entered into the 1947 Cannes Film Festival, the film tells the story of the past of the character Johannes, and his relationships with his cruel father, his mother, and his fathers mistress with whom Johannes falls in love. The movie contains sequences of despair and anguish, the film is about the relationships within a family, a subject with which Bergman often dealt in later films, and uses other common devices of Bergman such as the hard father figure
25.
Music in Darkness
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Music in Darkness is a 1948 Swedish drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman. The screenplay was written by Bergman and Dagmar Edqvist, whose novel, talented pianist Bengt Vyldeke loses his sight after being accidentally shot during a military exercise. Bengt is gripped by increasing bitterness and develops a relationship with Ingrid, the theme of blindness and of a blinds person subjective experience plays a major role in the psychological study depicted in the movie. Bergman was deeply passionate about music and once said, If I had to choose between losing my eyes or ears—I would keep my ears, I cant imagine anything more terrible than to have my music taken away from me. Schroeder Olof Winnerstrand as The Vicar Music in Darkness at the Internet Movie Database Music in Darkness at the Swedish Film Institute Database
26.
Thirst (1949 film)
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Thirst is a 1949 Swedish drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman. It was released as Three Strange Loves in the United Kingdom, Rut and her husband Bertil travel home by train after a holiday in Italy. Their marriage is unhappy due to Ruts changing moods and heavy drinking, while passing through the ruins of post-war Germany, Rut recalls an earlier affair with married military officer Raoul. Raoul forced her to abort their child, which resulted in complications and her friend and co-dancer Valborg, disgusted by men, turned to other women. Bertil is still haunted by an affair with widow Viola. While Rut and Bertil travel home, the film shows Violas escape from a sadistic psychiatrist, her encounter with Valborg, who tries to seduce her. Meanwhile, the tensions between Rut and Bertil escalate, and Bertil seemingly kills Rut after a fight, Bertil awakens and realises that he imagined Ruts death. The couple decide to give their marriage another chance, eva Henning as Rut Birger Malmsten as Bertil Birgit Tengroth as Viola Hasse Ekman as Dr. Svensk Filmindustri offered Bergman to produce his next film. Thirst was based on a story collection published by Birgit Tengroth in 1948, Herbert Grevenius. Bergman asked Tengroth to star in his film, who helped him in finding the tone in the lesbian scene between Viola and Valborg. Shooting took place between 15 March and 5 July 1949, Thirst premiered on 17 October 1949 in Sweden and on 30 August 1956 in the US. Swedish Critic Jörn Donner later called Thirst a commercial version of Prison, françois Truffaut saw similarities between Bergmans film and Alfred Hitchcocks Suspicion and Rich and Strange. Bergman on Bergman, Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, New York 1973, Thirst at the Internet Movie Database Thirst at the Swedish Film Institute Database
27.
Summer Interlude
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Summer Interlude is a 1951 Swedish drama film co-written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. The film opened to positive reviews from critics. Marie is a successful but emotionally distant prima ballerina in her late twenties, three days before the end of the summer when Henrik is to return to college and Marie to the theatre, Henrik falls and suffers injuries that result in his death after diving from a cliff face. While visiting Erlands house she discovers that it was he who sent the diary to her at the theatre and she expresses regret and disgust that she ever allowed Erland to touch her, suggesting that he took advantage of her grief and they had an affair following Henriks death. Marie decides to let David read Henriks diary and then open up to him about her past experiences in order to explain her conflicted feelings and emotional coldness. After he has left, she removes her make up and as she does so regains some of her lost youth and innocence, smiling again and pulling faces in the mirror. The film concludes during the successful first performance where we see Marie meeting David, now more understanding of Maries past and she happily kisses him and returns to the stage to finish the ballet. The animated sequence was made by Rune Andréasson, who would become well known in Sweden for the cartoon Bamse. In one sequence, Henrik and Marie pick wild strawberries together, visually there is also Bergmans use of fluid black and white cinematography coupled with slow crossfades. Bergman said of his film in 1971, I had always felt technically crippled—insecure with the crew, the cameras, sometimes a film succeeded, but I never got what I wanted to get. But in Summer Interlude, I suddenly felt that I knew my profession and he wrote in the critical study Bergman on Bergman, For me Summer Interlude is one of my most important films. Even though to an outsider it may seem terribly passé, for me it isnt. This was my first film in which I felt I was functioning independently, with a style of my own, making an all my own, with a particular appearance of its own. It was like no other film, suddenly I knew I was putting the camera on the right spot, getting the right results, that everything added up. For sentimental reasons, too, it was fun making it. Ingmar Bergmans method of making film is miraculous and he belongs to a handful here and there in the world who are now discovering the future articulation of film, and the result can be revolutionary. There are five or six films in the history of the cinema which one wants to simply by saying. Because there can be no higher praise, Bergman found his style in this film, and it is regarded by cinema historians not only as his breakthrough but also as the beginning of a new, great epoch in Swedish films
28.
Secrets of Women
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Secrets of Women is a 1952 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman. It was screened within the selection of Venice Film Festival. It is one of Bergmans early films, and essentially a drama about young relationships told in flashbacks by a group of women, however, as it came to be afterwards, the most memorable part of the film is the humorous elevator-scene between actors Gunnar Björnstrand and Eva Dahlbeck. This scene was Bergmans first attempt at comedy in film and he later stated it was this scene that made him realize he could write comedy at all, which many say he repeated more successfully in the films A Lesson in Love and Smiles of a Summer Night. Since its release, Secrets of Women, while not regarded as one of Bergmans strongest efforts, has received positive reviews from film critics. Secrets of Women at the Internet Movie Database Secrets of Women at the Swedish Film Institute Database
29.
Summer with Monika
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Summer with Monika is a 1953 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman, based on Per Anders Fogelströms 1951 novel of the same title. The film made a star of its lead actress, Harriet Andersson, Bergman had been intimately involved with Andersson at the time and conceived the film as a vehicle for her. The films story begins in the bleak working-class milieu of Stockholm, Harry and Monika are both in dead end jobs when they meet. Harry is easygoing, while Monika is adventurous, but they fall in love, when Monika gets in trouble at home, Harry steals his fathers boat, and he and Monika spend an idyllic summer in the Stockholm archipelago. When the end of the summer forces them to return home, Harry happily accepts responsibility and settles down with Monika and their child, he gets a real job and studies to provide for his family. Monika, however, is unsatisfied with her role as homemaker and she yearns for excitement and adventure, a desire which finally leads her astray. Harry is left behind with the child, to increase excitement for the film, he edited it down to 62 minutes and emphasized the films nudity. Renaming the film Monika, the Story of a Bad Girl, he provided a good deal of promotional material. Summer with Monika has a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, Summer with Monika was the first Bergman film seen by Woody Allen, The first Bergman I ever saw was that one because there was talk in the neighborhood that there was a nude scene. This was unheard of in any American film, that level of advancement, it’s so funny to think of it that way. I saw it, and it was a very, very interesting film apart from the utterly benign nude moment, a short time after that, I just happened to see Sawdust and Tinsel. I had no idea it was done by Bergman — that is, I was riveted in my seat by it all. I thought to myself, Who is this guy. ”Nudity in film Summer with Monika at the Internet Movie Database Summer with Monika at the Swedish Film Institute Database
30.
Sawdust and Tinsel
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Sawdust and Tinsel is a 1953 Swedish drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman. An aging circus ringmaster visits his wife to see his young sons. Meanwhile, his jealous young lover has an affair with an actor, in 2012 it was voted one of the 25 best Swedish films of all time. The film was shown as part of an Ingmar Bergman Retrospective at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival in 2011, Sawdust and Tinsel at the Internet Movie Database Sawdust and Tinsel at the Swedish Film Institute Database Sawdust and Tinsel at Rotten Tomatoes Sawdust and Tinsel at AllMovie
31.
A Lesson in Love
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A Lesson in Love is a 1954 Swedish comedy film directed by Ingmar Bergman. The film is about the marriage of a gynecologist named David, the films score was composed by Dag Wirén. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval, with a rating of 7. 2/10. A Lesson in Love at the Internet Movie Database A Lesson in Love at the Swedish Film Institute Database
