1.
Brutalism
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Brutalist architecture is a movement in architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, descending from the modernist architectural movement of the early 20th century. The term originates from the French word for raw in the used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material béton brut. British architectural critic Reyner Banham adapted the term into brutalism to identify the emerging style, there is often an emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations and in the whole-site architectural plan the main functions and people-flows of the buildings. Brutalism became popular for educational buildings, but was rare for corporate projects. Brutalism became favoured for government projects, high-rise housing. In one critical appraisal by Banham, Brutalism was posited not as a style, Brutalism as an architectural critical term was not always consistently used by critics, architects themselves usually avoided using it altogether. More recently, brutalism has become used in popular discourse to refer to buildings of the twentieth century that are large or unpopular – as a synonym for brutal. The term brutalism was originally coined by the Swedish architect Hans Asplund to describe Villa Göth in Uppsala, designed in 1949 by his contemporaries Bengt Edman and he originally used the Swedish-language term nybrutalism, which was picked up by a group of visiting English architects, including Michael Ventris. In England, the term was adopted by architects Alison. The best known proto Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité dHabitation, Brutalist buildings are usually formed with repeated modular elements forming masses representing specific functional zones, distinctly articulated and grouped together into a unified whole. Concrete is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty, contrasting dramatically with the refined and ornamented buildings constructed in the elite Beaux-Arts style. Surfaces of cast concrete are made to reveal the nature of its construction. Brutalist building materials include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone. Another common theme in Brutalist designs is the exposure of the buildings functions—ranging from their structure, from another perspective, the design of the Hunstanton School included placing the facilitys water tank, normally a hidden service feature, in a prominent, visible tower. This style had a position in the architecture of European communist countries from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s. In Czechoslovakia brutalism was presented as an attempt to create a national, John Andrewss government and institutional structures in Australia also exhibit the style. In the United States Paul Rudolph and Ralph Rapson are both noted Brutalists, Walter Netsch is known for his Brutalist academic buildings. Marcel Breuer was known for his approach to the style
2.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and is a part of the Boston metropolitan area. According to the 2010 Census, the population was 105,162. As of July 2014, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield, Cambridge was one of the two seats of Middlesex County prior to the abolition of county government in 1997, Lowell was the other. The site for what would become Cambridge was chosen in December 1630, because it was located safely upriver from Boston Harbor, Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband Simon, were among the first settlers of the town. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631, the settlement was initially referred to as the newe towne. Official Massachusetts records show the name capitalized as Newe Towne by 1632, the original village site is in the heart of todays Harvard Square. In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge itself to the city of Boston were pursued and rejected, in 1636, the Newe College was founded by the colony to train ministers. Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court primarily—according to Cotton Mather—to be near the popular, in May 1638 the name of the settlement was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England. Hooker and Shepard, Newtownes ministers, and the colleges first president, major benefactor, in 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. It was Governor Thomas Dudley who, in 1650, signed the charter creating the corporation which still governs Harvard College, Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles by road from Boston, the capital of the colony. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with farms and estates comprising most of the town. Coming up from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3,1775, most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24,1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, a second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts, in the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity through poetry and literature. Cambridge was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires, the Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day. Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846, the citys commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the downtown of the city around this time. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge then led to three changes in the city, the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave. For many decades, the citys largest employer was the New England Glass Company, by the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks in the world
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
5.
Brutalist architecture
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Brutalist architecture is a movement in architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, descending from the modernist architectural movement of the early 20th century. The term originates from the French word for raw in the used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material béton brut. British architectural critic Reyner Banham adapted the term into brutalism to identify the emerging style, there is often an emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations and in the whole-site architectural plan the main functions and people-flows of the buildings. Brutalism became popular for educational buildings, but was rare for corporate projects. Brutalism became favoured for government projects, high-rise housing. In one critical appraisal by Banham, Brutalism was posited not as a style, Brutalism as an architectural critical term was not always consistently used by critics, architects themselves usually avoided using it altogether. More recently, brutalism has become used in popular discourse to refer to buildings of the twentieth century that are large or unpopular – as a synonym for brutal. The term brutalism was originally coined by the Swedish architect Hans Asplund to describe Villa Göth in Uppsala, designed in 1949 by his contemporaries Bengt Edman and he originally used the Swedish-language term nybrutalism, which was picked up by a group of visiting English architects, including Michael Ventris. In England, the term was adopted by architects Alison. The best known proto Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité dHabitation, Brutalist buildings are usually formed with repeated modular elements forming masses representing specific functional zones, distinctly articulated and grouped together into a unified whole. Concrete is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty, contrasting dramatically with the refined and ornamented buildings constructed in the elite Beaux-Arts style. Surfaces of cast concrete are made to reveal the nature of its construction. Brutalist building materials include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone. Another common theme in Brutalist designs is the exposure of the buildings functions—ranging from their structure, from another perspective, the design of the Hunstanton School included placing the facilitys water tank, normally a hidden service feature, in a prominent, visible tower. This style had a position in the architecture of European communist countries from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s. In Czechoslovakia brutalism was presented as an attempt to create a national, John Andrewss government and institutional structures in Australia also exhibit the style. In the United States Paul Rudolph and Ralph Rapson are both noted Brutalists, Walter Netsch is known for his Brutalist academic buildings. Marcel Breuer was known for his approach to the style
6.
Harvard Yard
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Harvard Yard, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a grassy area of 22.4 acres enclosed by fences with twenty-seven gates. It is the oldest part of the Harvard University campus, its historic center, the western third of Harvard Yard, which opens onto Peabody Street at Johnston Gate, is known as the Old Yard, and around it cluster most of the freshman dormitories. Among these is Massachusetts Hall, Harvards oldest building and the second-oldest academic building in the United States, the original Harvard Hall on this site housed the College library, including the books donated by John Harvard—all but one of which were destroyed when the building burned in 1764. Rebuilt in 1766, Harvard Hall now houses classrooms, Harvard Square is adjacent to the Old Yard. Libraries in the Yard are Widener Library, its connected Pusey Library annex, Houghton Library for rare books and manuscripts, and Lamont Library, classroom and departmental buildings include Emerson Hall, Sever Hall, Robinson Hall, and Boylston Hall. The Harvard Bixi, a Chinese stele with inscribed text, is located near Widener, nestled among Mower, Hollis, Lionel, and Stoughton Halls is Holden Chapel, home of the Holden Choirs. Nearby is Phillips Brooks House, dedicated to student service to the community, wadsworth House houses the Office for Scholarly Communication, the Harvard University Librarian, the Office of the University Marshal, the Office of Commencement, and those of several professors. Loeb House is the home of Harvards governing bodies, the Harvard Corporation, national Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts Park the car in Harvard Yard Campus map showing Harvard Yard
7.
Harvard Graduate School of Design
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The Harvard Graduate School of Design is a professional graduate school at Harvard University, located at Gund Hall, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The GSD offers masters and doctoral programs in architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, real estate, design engineering, the GSD has over 13,000 alumni and has graduated many famous architects, urban planners, and landscape architects. The school is considered an academic leader in the design fields. The GSD has the worlds oldest landscape architecture program, and North Americas oldest urban planning program, Architecture courses were first taught at Harvard University in 1874. The Graduate School of Design was officially established in 1936, combining the three fields of architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture under one graduate school, the market value of the schools endowment for the fiscal year 2013 was approximately $396 million. Charles Eliot Norton brought the first architecture classes to Harvard University in 1874, in 1900, the first urban planning courses were taught at Harvard University, and by 1909, urban planning was added into Harvards design curriculum. In 1923, North Americas first urban planning degree was established at Harvard, in 1980, the program was temporarily moved to the Harvard Kennedy School of Government until it returned to the GSD in 1984. In 1893, the nations first professional course in architecture was offered at Harvard University. In 1900, the worlds first landscape architecture program was established by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. the School of Landscape Architecture was established in 1913. The three major design professions were officially united in 1936 to form the Harvard Graduate School of Design, in 1937, Walter Gropius joined the GSD faculty as chair of the Department of Architecture and brought modern designers, including Marcel Breuer to help revamp the curriculum. In 1960, Josep Lluís Sert established the nations first Urban Design program, george Gund Hall, which is the present iconic home GSD, opened in 1972 and was designed by Australian architect and GSD graduate John Andrews. More recent research include the Design Robotics Group, a unit that investigates new material systems and fabrication technologies in the context of architectural design. Executive Education operates within GSD providing continuing education classes, they are located at 7 Sumner Rd, advanced Management Development Program in Real Estate is a six-week executive development course. The program is open to established professionals with 15+ years of experience in real estate, upon graduating from AMDP, participants are full-fledged Harvard University Alumni. As of 2013, AMDP is in its 13th year, the other large program organized by Executive Education is summer Open Enrollment. In 2013, Executive Education held 18 classes throughout the month of July, Open Enrollment classes are open to everyone, though basic knowledge of the subject is recommended. As of 2012-2013, there were 878 students enrolled, approximately, 65% of students were Americans. The average student is 27 years old, in addition to its degree programs, the GSD administers the Loeb Fellowship, and numerous research initiatives such as the Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure
8.
Reinforced concrete
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The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing schemes are designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed, so as to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads. In the United States, the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, durability in the concrete environment, irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress for example. François Coignet was a French industrialist of the century, a pioneer in the development of structural. Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a technique for constructing building structures, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house at 72 rue Charles Michels in the suburbs of Paris. Coignets descriptions of reinforcing concrete suggests that he did not do it for means of adding strength to the concrete, in 1854, English builder William B. Wilkinson reinforced the concrete roof and floors in the two-storey house he was constructing. His positioning of the reinforcement demonstrated that, unlike his predecessors, in 1877, Monier was granted another patent for a more advanced technique of reinforcing concrete columns and girders with iron rods placed in a grid pattern. Though Monier undoubtedly knew reinforcing concrete would improve its inner cohesion, before 1877 the use of concrete construction, though dating back to the Roman Empire and reintroduced in the mid to late 1800s, was not yet a proven scientific technology. His work played a role in the evolution of concrete construction as a proven. Without Hyatts work, more dangerous trial and error methods would have largely depended on for the advancement in the technology. G. A. Wayss was a German civil engineer and a pioneer of the iron, in 1879 Wayss bought the German rights to Moniers patents and in 1884 started the first commercial use for reinforced concrete in his firm Wayss & Freytag. Up until the 1890s Wayss and his firm greatly contributed to the advancement of Moniers system of reinforcing, ernest L. Ransome was an English-born engineer and early innovator of the reinforced concrete techniques in the end of the 19th century. With the knowledge of reinforced concrete developed during the previous 50 years, ransomes key innovation was to twist the reinforcing steel bar improving bonding with the concrete. Gaining increasing fame from his concrete constructed buildings Ransome was able to build two of the first reinforced concrete bridges in North America, one of the first concrete buildings constructed in the United States, was a private home, designed by William Ward in 1871. The home was designed to be fireproof for his wife, one of the first skyscrapers made with reinforced concrete was the 16-storey Ingalls Building in Cincinnati, constructed in 1904. Many different types of structures and components of structures can be built using reinforced concrete including slabs, walls, beams, columns, foundations, frames, Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast-in-place concrete. Designing and implementing the most efficient floor system is key to creating optimal building structures, small changes in the design of a floor system can have significant impact on material costs, construction schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs, occupancy levels and end use of a building
9.
Multi-storey car park
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A multi-storey car park is a building designed for car parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park, the term multistorey car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and many Commonwealth of Nations countries and commonly spelled with a hyphen. In the western United States, the parking structure is used. In some places in North America, parking garage refers only to an indoor, often underground, Parking ramp is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been incorrectly observed as far east as Rochester, New York. Parkade is widely used in Canada and South Africa Parking building is used in New Zealand. Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure, since their work is all about structures, when attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium. Natural or mechanical ventilation provides fresh air flow to disperse car exhaust in normal conditions, or hot gas, the earliest known multi-storey car park was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by Holabird and Roche, the Hotel La Salle was demolished in 1976, but the parking structure remained because it had been designated as preliminary landmark status and the structure was several blocks from the hotel. It was demolished in 2005 after failing to receive landmark status from the city of Chicago, a 49-storey apartment tower,215 West, has taken its place, also featuring a multi-tiered parking garage. An alternative claim has emerged from Glasgow, Scotland, for a building that was built between 1906 and 1912, in the 1920s an English cartoonist imagined a hotel for cars, he drew a multi-storey car park. Many car parks are independent buildings dedicated exclusively to that use, the design loads for car parks are often less than the office building they serve, leading to long floor spans of 55–60 feet that permit cars to park in rows without supporting columns in between. The most common structural systems in the United States for these structures are either prestressed concrete floor systems or post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete floor systems. This saves land for other uses, is cheaper and more practical in most cases than a separate structure and it protects customers and their cars from weather such as rain, snow, or hot summer sunshine that raises a vehicles interior temperature to extremely high levels. In Toronto, a 2,400 space parking lot below Nathan Phillips Square is one of the worlds largest, car parks which serve shopping centres can be built adjacent to the centre for easier access at each floor between shops and parking. One example is Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, a common position for car parks within shopping centres in the UK is on the roof, around the various utility systems, enabling customers to take lifts straight down into the centre. Examples of such are The Oracle in Reading and Festival Place in Basingstoke and these garages often have low ceiling clearances, which restrict access by full-size vans and other large vehicles. On 15 December 2013, a man was killed during a robbery in the garage at The Mall at Short Hills in Millburn, the ambulance responding to the shooting was delayed because it was too large to enter the garage. Parking structures are subjected to the heavy and shifting loads of moving vehicles, expansion joints are used between sections not only for thermal expansion but to accommodate the flexing of the structures sections due to vehicle traffic
10.
Harvard Crimson
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The Harvard Crimson are the athletic teams of Harvard University. The schools teams compete in NCAA Division I, as of 2013, there were 42 Division I intercollegiate varsity sports teams for women and men at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country. Like the other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships, the school has won national championships in mens football, golf, mens ice hockey, womens lacrosse, mens soccer, coed sailing, womens sailing, fencing, womens rowing, and mens individual wrestling. Harvards baseball program began competing in the 1865 season and it has appeared in four College World Series. It plays at Joseph J. ODonnell Field and is coached by Bill Decker. Harvard Crimson mens basketball program represents intercollegiate mens basketball at Harvard University, the team currently competes in the Ivy League in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and play home games at the Lavietes Pavilion in Boston, Massachusetts. The teams last appearance in the NCAA Division I Mens Basketball Tournament was in 2014, the Crimson are currently coached by Tommy Amaker. Harvard Crimson womens basketball program represents intercollegiate mens basketball at Harvard University, the team currently competes in the Ivy League in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and play home games at the Lavietes Pavilion in Boston, Massachusetts. The teams last appearance in the NCAA Division I Mens Basketball Tournament was in 2007, representing Harvard Crimson, Benjamin Ungar won Gold in the 2006 Individual Mens Épée event at the NCAA Fencing Championship, and was named Harvard Athlete of The Year. See, Harvard Crimson football and Harvard Stadium The football team has competed since 1873 and they have won ten national championships when the school competed in what is now known as the FBS. They are perhaps best known for their rivalry with Yale, known as The Game, sixteen former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Harvards athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in their annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875. While Harvards football team is no one of the countrys best as it often was a century ago during footballs early days. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country, the stadiums structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport. But the state-of-the-art Harvard Stadium was too narrow to accommodate a playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken, Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sports history, in both 1919 and 1920, headed by All-American brothers Arnold Horween and Ralph Horween, Harvard was undefeated
11.
Hydronics
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Hydronics is the use of a liquid heat-transfer medium in heating and cooling systems. The working fluid is water, glycol, or mineral oil. Some of the oldest and most common examples are steam and hot-water radiators, chillers and cooling towers are used either separately or together as means to provide water cooling, while boilers heat water. A recent innovation is the boiler system, which provides an efficient form of HVAC for homes. Many larger cities have a heating system that provides, through underground piping, publicly available high temperature hot water. A building in the district may be connected to these on payment of a service fee. Despite its name, a radiator does not primarily heat a room by radiation, if positioned correctly a radiator will create an air convection current in the room, which will provide the main heat transfer mechanism. It is generally agreed that for the best results a steam radiator should be no more than one to two inches from a wall, single-pipe systems are limited in both their ability to deliver high volumes of steam and the ability to control the flow of steam to individual radiators. Because of these limitations, single-pipe systems are no longer preferred and these systems depend on the proper operation of thermostatic air-venting valves located on radiators throughout the heated area. When the system is not in use, these valves are open to the atmosphere, when a heating cycle begins, the boiler produces steam, which expands and displaces the air in the system. The air exits the system through the valves on the radiators. When the valve cools, air enters the system to replace the condensing steam, some more modern valves can be adjusted to allow for more rapid or slower venting. In general, valves nearest to the boiler should vent the slowest, ideally, steam should reach each valve and close each and every valve at the same time, so that the system can work at maximal efficiency, this condition is known as a balanced system. In two-pipe steam systems, there is a path for the condensate. The flow of steam to individual radiators can be modulated using manual or automatic valves, the return piping, as the name suggests, takes the most direct path back to the boiler. Low cost of return piping in most applications, and the supply, the two-pipe reverse return configuration which is sometimes called the three-pipe system is different to the two-pipe system in the way that water returns to the boiler. In a two-pipe system, once the water has left the first radiator, it returns to the boiler to be reheated, with the two-pipe reverse return, the return pipe travels to the last radiator in the system before returning to the boiler to be reheated. This allows easy balancing of the system, the installer or repair person cannot trust that every system is self-balancing without properly testing it
12.
White elephant
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A white elephant is a possession which its owner cannot dispose of and whose cost, particularly that of maintenance, is out of proportion to its usefulness. In modern usage, it is an object, building project, scheme, business venture, facility, etc. considered expensive, the term derives from the sacred white elephants kept by Southeast Asian monarchs in Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. To possess a white elephant was regarded as a sign that the monarch reigned with justice and power, the opulence expected of anyone that owned a beast of such stature was great. Monarchs often exemplified their possession of white elephants in their formal titles, because the animals were considered sacred and laws protected them from labor, receiving a gift of a white elephant from a monarch was simultaneously a blessing and a curse. In the West, the white elephant relating to an expensive burden that fails to meet expectations, was first used in the 1600s. According to one source it was popularized following P. T. Barnums experience with an elephant named Toung Taloung that he billed as the Sacred White Elephant of Burma. After much effort and great expense, Barnum finally acquired the animal from the King of Siam only to discover that his elephant was actually dirty grey in color with a few pink spots. The expressions white elephant and gift of a white elephant came into use in the middle of the nineteenth century. The phrase was attached to white elephant swaps and white elephant sales in the twentieth century. Many church bazaars held “white elephant sales” where donors could unload unwanted bric-a-brac, many organizational and church fairs still use the term today. In general use a “white elephant” usually refers to an item that’s not useful but may be expensive, montréal–Mirabel International Airport, North Americas largest airport Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport, Sri Lanka Lambert–St. Nonetheless, the majority of the mall is still vacant, Hughes H-4 Hercules, often called Howard Hughes white elephant before and during the Senate War Investigating Committee. Hughes associate Noah Dietrich called it a white elephant. The lifetime cost of the F-35 program has since been estimated by the Pentagon at $1.45 trillion and it was envisaged that the station would be busy due to the 850 pupils regularly using it, and also the foreseen westward expansion of the nearby town of Horsham. However, the company did not realise that the school is a boarding school. The Sagrada Família church in Barcelona has been viewed for many years as a white elephant. Construction started in 1882 and the church remains under construction. The lack of funds, the death of the architect Antoni Gaudí, the Spanish Civil War, completion is not expected until at least 2026, although it functions as a church and tourist attraction in the meantime. The final two planned buildings out of six remain unfinished
13.
Mark Rothko
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Mark Rothko, born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz, was an American painter of Russian Jewish descent. Although Rothko himself refused to adhere to any art movement, he is identified as an abstract expressionist. With Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning, he is one of the most famous postwar American artists, Mark Rothko was born in Dvinsk, Vitebsk Governorate, in the Russian Empire. His father, Jacob Rothkowitz, was a pharmacist and an intellectual who initially provided his children with a secular and political, rather than religious, according to Rothko, his pro-Marxist father was violently anti-religious. In an environment where Jews were often blamed for many of the evils that befell Russia, despite Jacob Rothkowitzs modest income, the family was highly educated, and Rothko was able to speak Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew. Fearing that his sons were about to be drafted into the Imperial Russian Army. Markus remained in Russia, with his mother and elder sister Sonia and they arrived as immigrants, at Ellis Island, in late 1913. From that point, they crossed the country, to join Jacob, jacobs death, a few months later, from colon cancer, left the family without economic support. Sonia operated a cash register, while Markus worked in one of his uncles warehouses and his fathers death also led Rothko to sever his ties with religion. After he had mourned his fathers death for almost a year at a local synagogue, Markus had started school in the United States in 1913, quickly accelerating from third to fifth grade. In June 1921, he completed the level, with honors, at Lincoln High School in Portland. He learned his fourth language, English, and became a member of the Jewish community center. Like his father, Rothko was passionate about issues such as workers’ rights, at the time, Portland was the epicentre of revolutionary activity in the U. S. and the region where revolutionary syndicalist union Industrial Workers of the World, was strongest. He heard Emma Goldman speak on one of her West Coast activist lecture tours, with the onset of the Russian Revolution, Rothko organised debates about it. Despite the repressive political atmosphere, he wished to become a union organiser. Rothko received a scholarship to Yale, at the end of his freshman year in 1922, the scholarship was not renewed, and he worked as a waiter and delivery boy to support his studies. He found the Yale community to be elitist and racist, Rothko and a friend, Aaron Director, started a satirical magazine, The Yale Saturday Evening Pest, which lampooned the schools stuffy, bourgeois tone. In any event, Rothkos nature was more that of a man than a diligent pupil, One of his fellow students remembers that he hardly seemed to study
14.
Abstract expressionism
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Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, a comparison is often drawn between the American action painting and the French tachisme. According to Rosenberg the canvas was an arena in which to act, to Greenberg, it was the physicality of the paintings clotted and oil-caked surfaces that was the key to understanding them. – Clement Greenberg, Post Painterly Abstraction and it is essential for the understanding of action painting to place it in historical context. Action painting took this a further, using both Jung and Freud’s ideas of the subconscious as its underlying foundations. The paintings of the Action painters were not meant to portray objects per se or even specific emotions, instead they were meant to touch the observer deep in the subconscious mind, evoking a sense of the primeval and tapping the collective sense of an archetypal visual language. This was done by the artist painting unconsciously, and spontaneously, creating an arena of raw emotion and action. Action painting was influenced by the surrealist emphasis on automatism which influenced by psychoanalysis claimed a more direct access to the subconscious mind. Important exponents of this concept of art making were the painters Joan Miró, however the action painters took everything the surrealists had done a step further. Action Writing, Jack Kerouacs Wild Form, Carbondale, IL, auction record including a color image of a 1960 action painting by Elaine Hamilton. 9th Street Art Exhibition-abstract expressionist artists reminisce—YouTube video
15.
Harvard Art Museums
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The Harvard Art Museums are part of Harvard University and comprise three museums, the Fogg Museum, the Busch-Reisinger Museum, and the Arthur M. The three museums that constitute the Harvard Art Museums were initially integrated into an institution under the name Harvard University Art Museums in 1983. The word University was dropped from the name in 2008. In 2008, the Harvard Art Museums historic building at 32 Quincy Street, in a view of the front facade, the glass roof and other expansions are mostly concealed, largely preserving the original appearance of the building. The renovation adds six levels of galleries, classrooms, lecture halls, the new building was opened in November 2014. The museum was housed in an Italian Renaissance-style building designed by Richard Morris Hunt. In 1925, the building was replaced by a Georgian Revival-style structure on Quincy Street, designed by Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch, and Abbott. The Fogg Museum is renowned for its holdings of Western paintings, sculpture, decorative arts, photographs, prints, particular strengths include Italian Renaissance, British Pre-Raphaelite, and French art of the 19th century, as well as 19th- and 20th-century American paintings and drawings. Central to the Foggs holdings is the Grenville L. Winthrop Collection, flemish Renaissance paintings — Master of Catholic Kings, Jan Provoost, Master of Holy Blood, Aelbert Bouts, and Master of Saint Ursula. Italian Renaissance period paintings — Fra Angelico, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Gherardo Starnina, Cosme Tura, Giovanni di Paolo, French Baroque period paintings — Nicolas Poussin, Jacques Stella, Nicolas Regnier, and Philippe de Champaigne. Dutch Master paintings — Rembrandt, Emanuel de Witte, Jan Steen, Willem Van de Velde, Jacob Van Ruisdael, Salomon van Ruysdael, Jan van der Heyden, william James spoke at its dedication. Its holdings include significant works of Austrian Secession art, German expressionism, 1920s abstraction, other strengths include late medieval sculpture and 18th-century art. It has sculpture by Alfred Barye, Kathe Kollwitz, George Minne, from 1921 to 1991, the Busch-Reisinger was located in Adolphus Busch Hall at 29 Kirkland Street. In 1991, the Busch-Reisinger moved to the new Werner Otto Hall, designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates, kuno Francke, 1903-1930 Charles L. Kuhn, 1930-1968 Peter Nisbet Lynette Roth The Arthur M. Sackler Museum opened in 1985. The museum building, which was designed by British architect James Stirling, was named for the donor, Arthur M. Sackler, a psychiatrist, entrepreneur. The museum also housed offices for the History of Art and Architecture faculty, as of 2016, the old Sackler Museum building houses the History of Art and Architecture Department and the Media Slide Library. The ancient Mediterranean and Byzantine collections comprise significant works in all media from Greece, Rome, Egypt, strengths include Greek vases, small bronzes, and coins from throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. The building is remarkable for the creative virtuosity with which its functions are accommodated while suggesting a monumentality that belies actual dimensions, Stirling was lucky to have as a client the director of the Fogg, Seymour Slive, who understood this achievement immediately
16.
History of Harvard University
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Harvard College, around which Harvard University eventually grew, was founded 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Historically influential in national roles are the schools of medicine, law and business as well as the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Since the late 19th century Harvard has been one of the most prestigious schools in the world, its library system and financial endowment larger than those of any other. With some 17,000 Puritans migrating to New England by 1636, Harvard was founded in anticipation of the need for training clergy for the new commonwealth, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called New College or the college at New Towne, in 1638 the school received a printing press—the only press in North America until Harvard acquired a second in 1659. In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College after clergyman John Harvard, the colony charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 at the beginning of the English Interregnum. Thus, he represented a threat to the stability of society, dunster exiled himself in 1654 and moved to nearby Plymouth Colony, where he died in 1658. Because it had been illegal for the colony to establish a college Charles II rescinded the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684 by writ of scire facias, in 1692, the leading Puritan divine Increase Mather became president of Harvard. One of his acts was replacing pagan classics with books by Christian authors in ethics classes, the Harvard Lawes of 1642 and the Harvard College Laws of 1700 testify to its original high level of discipline. Harvards leadership and alumni played a role in the Salem Witch Trials 1692–93. The early motto of Harvard was Veritas Christo et Ecclesiae, meaning Truth for Christ, in the early classes half the graduates became ministers and ten of Harvards first twelve presidents were ministers. Systematic theological instruction was inaugurated in 1721 and by 1827 Harvard became a nucleus of theological teaching in New England, the end of Mathers presidency in 1701 marked the start of a long struggle between orthodoxy and liberalism. Harvards first secular president was John Leverett, who began his term in 1708, Leverett left the curriculum largely intact and sought to keep the College independent of the overwhelming influence of any single sect. During the American Revolution, Loyalist alumni were outnumbered seven to one by Patriots—seven alumni died in the fighting. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on his campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that one can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Between 1830 and 1870 Harvard became privatized, during this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that securely placed it financially in a league of its own among American colleges
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John Harvard (clergyman)
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Despite a persistent myth to the contrary, John Harvard is properly considered one of the founders of Harvard College. A statue in his honor is a prominent feature of Harvard Yard, Harvard was baptised in the parish church of St Saviours and attended St Saviours Grammar School, where his father was a member of the governing body and a warden of the Parish Church. In 1625, bubonic plague reduced the family to only John, his brother Thomas. Katherine was soon remarried—firstly in 1626 to John Elletson, who died within a few months and she died in 1635, Thomas in 1637. Left with some property, Harvards mother was able to him to Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1636, Harvard married Ann Sadler of Ringmer, sister of his college classmate John Sadlers, at St Michael the Archangel Church, in the parish of South Malling, Lewes, East Sussex. In 1638, a tract of land was deeded to him there and he built his house on Country Road, next to Gravel Lane, a site that is now Harvard Mall. Harvards orchard extended up the hill behind his house, on 14 September 1638, Harvard died of tuberculosis and was buried at Charlestowns Phipps Street Burying Ground. The destruction of myths is a sport, but its only justification is the establishment of truth in place of error. But if the founding is to be regarded as a rather than as a single event is clearly entitled to be considered a founder. Acknowledged the fact by bestowing his name on the College and this was almost two years before the first President took office and four years before the first students were graduated. These are all facts and it is well that they should be understood by the sons of Harvard. There is no myth to be destroyed, a figure representing him also appears in a stained-glass window in the chapel of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge. The John Harvard Library in Southwark, London, is named in Harvards honor, John Harvard, St. Saviours, Southwark, and Harvard University, U. S. A. Boston, MA, Little, Brown, and Co, Harvard House The home of Katherine Rogers in Stratford-Upon-Avon Potter, Alfred Claghorn
18.
John Harvard (statue)
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There being nothing to indicate what John Harvard had looked like, French used a Harvard student collaterally descended from an early Harvard president as inspiration. Tourists often rub the toe of John Harvards left shoe for luck, the New York Times described the work at its unveiling, The young clergyman is represented sitting, holding an open on his knee. The costume is the simple clerical garb of the seventeenth century, low shoes, long, silk hose, loose knee breeches, and a tunic belted at the waist, while a long cloak, thrown back, falls in broad, picturesque folds. I am assured that the same can be in place by June 1,1884, in looking about for a type of the early comers to our shores, he wrote, I chose a lineal descendant of them for my model in the general structure of the face. He has more of what I want than anybody I know. The commission weighed heavily on French even as the figure neared completion, I am sometimes scared by the importance of this work. As a general thing, my model looks pretty well to me, frenchs final model was ready the following May and realized in bronze by the Henry-Bonnard Bronze Company over the next several months. The cost was more than $20,000. The statue was installed—looking wistfully into the sky, said Harvard president Charles W. Eliot—at the western end of Memorial Hall on the triangular city block then known as the Delta. It was unveiled October 15,1884, Ellis giving a singularly felicitous address, telling the story of the life of John Harvard, who passes so mysteriously across the page of our early history. / I said to his statue. Aye, thats me, said John, / And after youre gone. It is, however, traditional for seniors, as they process to graduation exercises on Commencement Day, to remove their caps as they pass. The statue is depicted on the United States Postal Services 1986 John Harvard stamp, the monuments six-foot granite plinth is by Boston architect C. Howard Walker. The pupil of the one institution was the founder of the other, no likeness of John Harvard having been preserved, the statue. But if the founding is to be regarded as a rather than as a single event is clearly entitled to be considered a founder. Acknowledged the fact by bestowing his name on the College and these are all familiar facts and it is well that they should be understood by the sons of Harvard. They are entirely compatible with the inscription on John Harvards statue, there is no myth to be destroyed. The work became the target of pranks soon after its unveiling, in 1884 The Harvard Crimson reported that, Some ingenious persons covered the John Harvard statue last night with a coat of tar. The next day the Globe further reported that a Harvard student observing graffiti-removal efforts declared that no Harvard man ever daubed the impious phrase and he was of the opinion that a Harvard man would at least soften the profanity by varnishing it with Latin or Greek. One thought they were made by a dogs paws, and as several students kept dogs the suspicion was magnified to the importance of a clue, a student, however, told the detectives that according to his view the impressions were made by barefoot boys walking on tip-toe
19.
Drew Gilpin Faust
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Catharine Drew Gilpin Faust is an American historian, educator, college administrator and the President of Harvard University. Faust is the first woman to serve as Harvards president and the universitys 28th president overall, Faust is the fifth woman to serve as president of an Ivy League university and is the former dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Faust is Harvards first president since 1672 without an undergraduate or graduate degree from Harvard, in 2014, she was ranked as the 33rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes. She was born Catharine Drew Gilpin in New York City and raised in Clarke County, Virginia and she is the daughter of Catharine Ginna and McGhee Tyson Gilpin, her father was a Princeton graduate and breeder of thoroughbred horses. Her paternal great-grandfather, Lawrence Tyson, was a U. S, senator from Tennessee during the 1920s. Faust also has New England ancestry and is a descendant of the Puritan divine Rev, jonathan Edwards, the third president of Princeton. She graduated from Concord Academy, Concord, Massachusetts, in 1964 and she earned her BA from Bryn Mawr College in 1968. She graduated magna cum laude honors in history. In the same year, she joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty as assistant professor of American civilization, based on her research and teaching, she rose to Walter Annenberg Professor of History. Craven Award from the Organization of American Historians in 1997 and her works include James Henry Hammond and Old South, a biography of James Henry Hammond, Governor of South Carolina from 1842–1844. Faust’s most recent book, This Republic of Suffering, was a critically acclaimed exploration of how the United States understanding of death was shaped by the losses during the Civil War. It was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award, in 2001, Faust was appointed as the first dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, established after the merger of Radcliffe College with Harvard University. On February 8,2007, The Harvard Crimson reported that Faust had been selected as the president of the university. Following formal approval by the governing boards, her appointment was made official three days later. Derek Bok, who had served as President of Harvard from 1971–1991, during a press conference on campus Faust said, I hope that my own appointment can be one symbol of an opening of opportunities that would have been inconceivable even a generation ago. She also added, Im not the president of Harvard. On October 12,2007, Faust delivered her address, saying, A university is not about results in the next quarter. It is about learning that molds a lifetime, learning that transmits the heritage of millennia, one of Fausts first initiatives was significantly increasing financial aid offered to students at Harvard College
20.
President and Fellows of Harvard College
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The President and Fellows of Harvard College is the smaller of Harvard Universitys two governing boards, the other being its Board of Overseers. Although the institution it governs has grown into Harvard University, the formal title remains the President. The corporation was originally intended to be a body of the schools resident instructors. The Corporation is self-perpetuating, appointing new members to fill its own vacancies as they arise, there are currently thirteen members of the Corporation. Their names, positions, and degrees that each received from a school of Harvard University are also shown below, President and Fellows of Harvard College
21.
Harvard Library
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The Harvard Library system comprises about 73 libraries, with more than 18 million volumes. It is the oldest library system in the United States and the largest university library and largest private library system in the world. Based on number of items held, it is the fifth largest library in the United States, based only on volumes, it is the third largest, after the Library of Congress and Boston Public Library. The Harvard Library is the name for an administrative entity within the central administration of the University that has responsibility for central library services. As of August 2013, Sarah Thomas is the current vice president for the Harvard Library, the Harvard Library consists of, Access Services connects the academic community to the vast array of library resources. Information and Technical Services is responsible for acquiring, licensing and providing access to tangible, the Harvard University Archives is the institutional archives of the University. It oversees the Universitys permanent records, collects Harvard-related manuscripts, papers, and historical materials, finance supports the Library by providing accurate information that assists decision-making, maintaining the integrity of finance systems and completing financial transactions. Program Management ensures that potential projects and approved projects are managed in a considered, predictable, the Office for Scholarly Communication provides for open access to works of scholarship produced by the Harvard community. Harvards library system grew from a bequest in 1638 by John Harvard of 400 books, the location of the library changed over time. Originally it was in the Old College building, in 1676, the library was moved to Harvard Hall, which was where it remained until the building burnt down during the fire in 1764. A new Harvard Hall was built, as time went on space became limited in Harvard Hall, and the library was moved to Gore Hall in 1841. Eventually, Gore Hall was no suitable and the books were moved elsewhere in 1912. Around this time, the spread into more than one building. Some of the libraries were devoted to specialized topics, over the next century the library grew to become the largest in America, but on January 24,1764, a major fire destroyed almost all of Harvards books and scientific instruments. All of the books in the library at the time of the fire were completely burned, the books that had been loaned out when the fire occurred were the only portion of the collection that remained. Books and donations were offered by friends of the college to replace its collections, an eccentric Englishman, Thomas Hollis V of Lincolns Inn, London, began shipping thousands of specially chosen volumes to the University Library. Hollis continued to send books regularly until his death in 1774 and this became Harvards first endowed book fund, and is still actively increasing the collections every year. Harvard Librarys online catalog, HOLLIS, is named after him, some of the books have been digitized within the Google Books Library Project, which was begun as a project developed with leadership and oversight by former Director Sidney Verba
22.
Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences
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The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard is the largest of the seven faculties that constitute Harvard University. Headquartered principally in Cambridge, Massachusetts and centered in the historic Harvard Yard, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences is responsible for the courses offered at Harvard College, the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Harvard Extension School. It is currently headed by Dean Michael D. Smith, Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science, there are 6,500 full-time undergraduates and 3,500 graduate students. In fiscal year 2003, FAS has a budget of $698 million. As of June 2003, the FAS endowment had a value of $8 billion. Harvards total endowment now stands at $32.3 billion, FAS consists of the following degree granting colleges, schools, and divisions, Harvard College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The John A. This is because the SEAS does not award earned degrees, undergraduate concentrators and masters and doctoral students in the engineering and applied science departments instead receive their degrees from the College and GSAS, respectively. In addition, FAS includes 35 research centers, institutes, and interdisciplinary programs, the Harvard College Library, which is also part of FAS, consists of eleven major libraries, including the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library, and holds some 9 million volumes. The dean of FAS is invariably drawn from the ranks of the faculty in the division. The current dean, Michael D. Smith, a professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, while Harvard traces its origins to 1636, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences only came into existence in the late nineteenth century. The Graduate Department became the Graduate School of Harvard University, in 1905, the name changed to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The Lawrence Scientific School opened in 1847 and marked Harvards first major effort to provide a program in engineering. In 1905, the Lawrence Scientific School became the Graduate School of Engineering, in 1948, the School merged with the Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Physics in FAS to form the Division of Applied Sciences. In 2007, the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences formally became the School of Engineering, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Home page
23.
Harvard College
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Harvard College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University. Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of learning in the United States. The school came into existence in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, in 1638, the college became home for North Americas first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. Three years later, the college was renamed in honor of deceased Charlestown minister John Harvard who had bequeathed to the school his entire library, Harvards first instructor was schoolmaster Nathaniel Eaton, in 1639, he also became its first instructor to be dismissed, for overstrict discipline. The schools first students were graduated in 1642, in 1665, Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck from the Wampanoag … did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period. The colleges of Englands Oxford and Cambridge Universities are communities within the university, each an association of scholars sharing room. The Indian College was active from 1640 to no later than 1693, the body known as The President and Fellows of Harvard College retains its traditional name despite having governance of the entire University. Radcliffe College originally paid Harvard faculty to repeat their lectures for women students, since the 1970s, Harvard has been responsible for undergraduate governance matters for women, women were still formally admitted to and graduated from Radcliffe until a final merger in 1999. About 2,000 students are admitted each year, representing between five and ten percent of those applying, of those admitted, approximately three-quarters choose to attend and these figures make Harvard perhaps the most selective and sought-after college in the world. Midway through the year, most undergraduates join one of fifty standard fields of concentration. Joint concentrations and special concentrations are also possible, a smaller number receive the Scientiarum Baccalaureus. There are also special programs, such as a five-year program leading to both a Harvard undergraduate degree and a Master of Arts from the New England Conservatory of Music. In 2012, dozens of students were disciplined for cheating on an exam in one course. The university instituted a code beginning in the fall of 2015. The total annual cost of attendance, including tuition and room and board, under financial aid guidelines adopted in 2012, families with incomes below $65,000 no longer pay anything for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $65,000 to $150,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual income, grants total 88% of Harvards aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans and work-study. Each house is presided over by a senior-faculty Faculty Dean, while its Allston Burr Resident Dean supervises undergraduates day-to-day academic, many tutors reside in the House, as do the Faculty Dean and Resident Dean. The way in which students come to live in particular Houses has changed greatly over time, under the original draft system, Masters negotiated privately over the assignment of rising sophomores considered most—or least—promising
24.
Radcliffe College
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Radcliffe College was a womens liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and functioned as a female coordinate institution for the all-male Harvard College. A formal non-merger merger agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977, under the terms of the 1999 consolidation, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle retain the Radcliffe designation in perpetuity. The Harvard Annex, a program for the instruction of women by Harvard faculty, was founded in 1879 after prolonged efforts by women to gain access to Harvard College. Arthur Gilman, Cambridge resident, banker, philanthropist and writer, was the founder of what became The Annex/Radcliffe, in conversations with the chair of Harvards classics department, he outlined a plan to have Harvard faculty deliver instruction to a small group of Cambridge and Boston women. He then approached Harvard President Charles William Eliot with the idea, Gilman and Eliot recruited a group of prominent and well-connected Cambridge women to manage the plan. These women were Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, Mary H. Cooke, Stella Scott Gilman, greenough, Ellen Hooper Gurney, Alice Mary Longfellow and Lillian Horsford. Building upon Gilmans premise, the committee convinced 44 members of the Harvard faculty to consider giving lectures to students in exchange for extra income paid by the committee. The program came to be known informally as The Harvard Annex, the course of study for the first year included 51 courses in 13 subject areas, an impressive curriculum with greater diversity than that of any other womens college at its inception. Courses were offered in Greek, Latin, English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish, philosophy, political economy, history, music, mathematics, physics, and natural history. The first graduation took place in the library of Longfellow House on Brattle Street. The committee members hoped that by raising an enticing endowment for The Annex they would be able to convince Harvard to admit women directly into Harvard College, some of President Eliots objections stemmed from 19th century notions of propriety. He was strongly against co-education, commenting that The difficulties involved in a residence of hundreds of young men and women of immature character. The necessary police regulations are exceedingly burdensome, the committee persevered despite Eliots skepticism. Indeed, the proved to be a success, attracting a growing number of students. As a result, the Annex was incorporated in 1882 as the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women, with Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, widow of Harvard professor Louis Agassiz and this Society awarded certificates to students but did not have the power to confer academic degrees. This modification of the Annex was chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as Radcliffe College in 1894, the Boston Globe reported President of Harvard To Sign Parchments of the Fair Graduates). Students seeking admission to the new college were required to sit for the same entrance examinations required of Harvard students. By 1896, the Globe could headline a story, Sweet Girls and they Graduate in Shoals at Radcliffe
25.
Adams House (Harvard College)
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Adams House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, located between Harvard Square and the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Its name commemorates the services of the Adams family, including John Adams, the president of the United States, and John Quincy Adams. The residential halls of Adams House were originally private Gold Coast dormitories built from 1893-1902 to provide accommodation for rich Harvard undergraduates. Although officially inaugurated in 1931, Adams was not completed until 1932, because of its centuries-long architectural history, Adams is considered Harvards most historic undergraduate residence. Adams location, however, and its reputation for good food soon overcame any perceived architectural deficiencies, Adams is also home to one of two Presidential Suite Memorials at Harvard. Franklin D. Roosevelt lived in Westmorly Court from 1900 to 1904, the Suite is open by appointment to University members, members of the press, and other accredited guests. Like all the other Houses at Harvard, Adams possesses its own coat of arms, Adams is derived from an 1838 seal ring of John Quincy Adams and its official heraldic designation is, Or, five sprigs of oak acorned in saltire, Gules. The House motto, Alteri Seculo, is taken from Ciceros Tusculan Disputations, at first, in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, Adams was the athletic house, then, during the late 1960s, that reputation changed, and Adams became a center for student activism. Adams, under the Kielys, was also the first Harvard House to become fully co-ed, House events like Carpe Noctem are coordinated weekly by the Adams House Committee. Effusive House spirit, architectural beauty, and convenient location continue to make Adams a highly desirable residence for undergraduates, the current masters of Adams House are Dr. Judith Palfrey and her husband Dr. John Sean Gorham Palfrey VI. They frequently host tea in Apthorp House for undergraduates, and open their house on Sunday evenings for students to work, alone among the Harvard Houses, Adams has its own alumni magazine, called the Gold Coaster. Published in e-zine format semi-annually, the Gold Coaster features stories on Adams House history, famous residents, alumni profiles, student submissions, other notable residents include John Brademas, Amy Brenneman, E. J. Dionne, Martin Feldstein, Lauren Greenfield, Andre Gregory, Fred Gwynne, Alan Keyes, Bernard Law, Donal Logue, William P. Perry, Alison Rogers, Peter Sellars, general John Burgoyne was imprisoned in Apthorp during the American Revolution. Additionally, John F. Kennedy met with his thesis adviser in the Coolidge Room. Aaron Copland lived in the House as a guest, bainbridge Bunting, Margaret Henderson Floyd, Harvard, An Architectural History, Harvard University Press,1985. Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Harvard University, An Architectural Tour, Princeton Architectural Press,2001 Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Elliot, ed
26.
Cabot House
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Cabot House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. The house is composed of six buildings surrounding Radcliffe Quadrangle, in order of construction, they are Bertram Hall, Eliot Hall, Whitman Hall, Barnard Hall, Briggs Hall, all six of these structures were originally women-only Radcliffe College dormitories until they were integrated in 1970. Along with Currier House and Pforzheimer House, Cabot is part of the Radcliffe Quad, the current Faculty Deans of Cabot House are Rakesh Khurana and his wife Stephanie Khurana. Prior Masters include then-Radcliffe President Mary Bunting and New Republic publisher Martin Peretz, in 1970, Harvard and Radcliffe began to experiment with co-educational housing. 150 Harvard students from the River Houses switched places with 150 Radcliffe students from the Quadrangle, ten years later the experiment was taken to its logical conclusion, as the last all-male dorm, Straus Hall in Harvard Yard, went co-ed. Today, all Harvard dormitories, including the three Houses of the Quadrangle, house men and women. In 1961 Radcliffe College began to organize the brick buildings of the Radcliffe Quad into residential colleges in the style of Harvard and these Houses were styled North, South, and East, in reference to the cardinal directions of the building clusters. Cabot House was formed in 1970 when East House and the original South House were merged, anna Maria Abernathy held the title of Head of House, and she and her husband Fred served as Cabot’s first House Masters. In 1971, Mary Bunting, President of Radcliffe, began her tenure as House Master, Bertram Hall, Radcliffe’s first permanent dormitory, was built in 1901 and donated by Mrs. David Pulsifer Kimball in memory of her son. In 1906, Eliot Hall, also donated by Mrs. Kimball, was built in honor of Grace Hopkinson Eliot, alexander Wadsworth Longfellow, Jr, designed both Bertram and Eliot Halls. Barnard Hall was built in 1912 and named for Augusta Barnard, the Faculty Deans’ residence is located at 107 Walker Street. A residential wood-frame house at 103 Walker Street is the Senior Tutor’s residence, the Cabot House shield was adopted when South House became Cabot House, in 1984. Cabotoix have an affection for their shield, its red fish in particular. They are the inspiration for the common House cheer, Go Fish. —a play on the card game. Cabotoix feature their coat of arms on various apparel, including shirts, rugby shirts. The standard coloration is used, or its inverse, the House Office also has an antique copy of the Cabot Shield which had been hanging in the dining hall before the renovations. While the origin of this scheme is unknown, it is interesting to note that these colors are identical to those of Trumbull College, the standard arms are described heraldically as follows, Or, three chabots, haurient, gules. The Cabot family motto is Semper Cor, meaning Always Heart, the House colors, red and gold, are derived from the House shield, black, one of Radcliffes colors, is a kind of unofficial color, featured in much House apparel
27.
Currier House (Harvard College)
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Currier House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses of Harvard College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Opened in September 1970, it is named after Audrey Bruce Currier, along with Cabot House and Pforzheimer House, Currier is part of the former Radcliffe Quadrangle, known colloquially within the college as simply, The Quad. Beginning in September 2008, Currier House will welcome new Housemasters Richard Wrangham, Wrangham and Ross first came to the United States after living in Great Britain. Wrangham has taught courses in human biology and anthropology since 1989. Ross, whose background is in immunology, is the founder and executive director of the Kasiisi Project. The Allston Burr Resident Dean is Laura Johnson, previous masters have included scholar of Islam and current Dean of Harvard Divinity School William A. Graham, chemist and Nobel laureate Dudley R. Herschbach, and classicist Gregory Nagy. Students routinely rank Curriers dining hall highest among Harvard dining halls in food quality, in 2005, Currier renovated a common space known as the Fishbowl to create an entertainment center complete with a big screen projector and surround sound system. In early 2006, Currier painted many of its walls to produce a more colorful atmosphere. Additionally, Currier House has a Solarium, a penthouse balcony suite that houses ten students in ten single bedrooms, atop Gilbert, Bingham, in 2004–2005, Currier House won the Straus Cup for the first time in over twenty years. The cup is given to the house that scores the most points in intramural athletic competition during the school year, Currier House consists of four towers containing mostly single rooms adjoined by a sink room or bathroom. Student Government in Currier House consists of the Currier House Committee, the committee operates separate from the Harvard Undergraduate Council, to organize student events and manage funding. The Currier HoCo, as the student government organizations in the Houses, are funded by the UC. Elections for the two Chair positions, as well as all other social positions, are held every January during the Super Bowl Halftime show. The two HoCo co-chairs are Jacob Miller and Annie Garofalo, famous alumni include Paul Attanasio, Michael Chertoff, Bill Gates, Steve Ballmer, Caroline Kennedy, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Alan Khazei, Yo-Yo Ma, Seth Moulton, and Damien Chazelle. Gates and Ballmer met in Currier House, where the two lived on the floor, and formed a friendship that later led Gates to recruit his college friend to join his budding software company. Gates also described during his 2007 commencement address at Harvard how he initiated one of his first software deals while making a call from his room in Currier House, Currier House official site Harvard Quadrangle map Photo album featuring Currier House life, by the Harvard Gazette
28.
Lehman Hall
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Lehman Hall is a Georgian-revival building by Charles Coolidge completed in 1925 as part of Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowells program to cloister Harvard Yard. Named for donor Arthur Lehman and his wife Adele, its exterior is an example of the early New England counting house. It is the home of Dudley House, the one of Harvards thirteen undergraduate houses serving nonresident students. Lehman Hall occupies the site on which the second, third, the site became Harvard property in 1833. Its main chamber reaches practically the entire height of the building, is finished in delicately modeled cream plaster, an extraordinarily light, cheerily simple room. A balcony reaches about part of its upper circumference, bainbridge Bunting wrote that its public function is announced by an architectural frontispiece of giant pilasters and arched windows repeated on both major elevations. The buildings mass also is sufficient to announce its official role and to define the open space on its east side. The plaza immediately in front of its Yard-facing elevation once had a sculpture by Henry Moore and it also provides certain services to the Universitys graduate students
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Dunster House
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Dunster House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. In the early days, room rents varied based on the floor, Dunster is unique among Harvard dormitories for its sixth-story walk-up, these rooms were originally rented by poorer students, such as Norman Mailer. The House was named in honor of Henry Dunster, a learned, conscionable and industrious man and he was appointed to the Harvard presidency at the age of thirty-one, immediately after his arrival in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1640. He held the office during the early years of the Colony. The tower of Dunster House is inspired by, but somewhat smaller than, above the east wing is the Dunster family coat of arms, and above the west wing is the coat of arms of Magdalene College, Cambridge, where Henry Dunster matriculated in 1627. Dunster is located on the banks of the Charles River next to the John W. Weeks Footbridge, from above, its architectural shape, unusual among the River Houses, resembles a branching flowchart due to the odd trapezoidal footprint of the land on which it was built. Dunster is slated for a full House renewal, a renovation that will begin in June 2014. It is known as one of the more social houses at Harvard, boasting popular Stein Clubs, dunsters current Masters are Roger Porter, who served in the White House during the administrations of both Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and Ann Porter. The Houses first master was Chester N. Greenough, English Professor, former masters include Raoul Bott and Sally Falk Moore. Carlos E. Diaz Rosillo currently serves as the Allston Burr Resident Dean, dunsters mascot is the moose, inspired by the three golden elk on the Dunster family crest. For many years Dunster was reputed to have the highest grade-point average of any house, al Gore and Tommy Lee Jones were roommates at Dunster House in the late 1960s. Other notable Dunster alumni include Christopher Durang, Lindsay Hyde, Dan Wilson, and Jean Kwok
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Eliot House (Harvard College)
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Eliot House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. It is one of the seven houses at the College. Opened in 1931, the house was named after Charles William Eliot, describing Eliot House in the late 1950s and early 1960s, author Alston Chase wrote, lthough most Harvard houses in those days reflected the values of Boston Brahmin society. The motto Floreat Domus de Eliot and Domus are traditional chants and greetings, particularly on Housing Day, Eliot House is also featured prominently in Love Story and The Social Network. This caused master John Finley to brag to the New York Times, where else would you find, in one room, the grandson of Matisse, the grandson of Joyce, and the great-great-great-great-grandson of God
31.
Kirkland House
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Kirkland House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, located near the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was named after John Thornton Kirkland, president of Harvard University from 1810 to 1828, some of the buildings were built in 1914 but construction was not completed until 1933. Kirkland is one of the smallest Houses at Harvard, but has managed to win many intramural and house-spirit contests. The first Master of Kirkland House was Edward A. Whitney, walter Eugene Clark succeeded Whitney as the second Master on September 1,1935. The current Masters of Kirkland House are Tom and Verena Conley, Kirkland House boasts many traditions, such as its opening ceremony, Secret Santa week -- accompanied by bawdy skits in the dining hall, and a winter dance nicknamed IncestFest. Kirkland House has a gym, lounge, game room, music rooms and it also has a wall honoring the history of the Kirkland House Boat Club, which has won Harvards intramural mens sweeps regatta more often than any other House. Among the most recent additions is a brewery, operated and maintained by the Kirkland House Brew Club, Kirkland House is located four blocks south of Harvard Yard, adjacent to Eliot House, and across Dunster Street from the Malkin Athletic Center. The House Seal is a cross with three silver stars on a red field. Kirkland students also live in the 20 DeWolfe Street apartments, located in Smith Halls, the dining hall and Junior Common Room boast magnificent woodwork and high ceilings that highlight Kirklands classic charm and elegance. Other famous Kirkland alumni include Kevin Kallaugher, Thomas Sowell, and Sam Yagan
32.
Leverett House
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Leverett House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. It has the largest student population within the Harvard house system, the bulk of McKinlock Hall consists of 5 entryways, each of which leads to four or five floors of suites for approximately 35 students. The Leverett Towers, on the hand, serve a primarily residential function. Each tower consists primarily of singles and doubles and holds approximately 150 students, the top floors of the towers - especially those facing south - boast outstanding views of the Boston skyline and the Charles River for the students lucky enough to live there. The ground floor of G-Tower features an area that house residents have nicknamed the G-spot. The ground floor of F-tower includes class and meeting spaces as well as several house offices, between the towers and McKinlock sits the Leverett Library, which was constructed along with the towers and has won awards for its innovative design. The ground floor of the building houses the superintendents office. The top floors of 20 DeWolfe Street were annexed by the house in fall of 2007, Leverett House was named after John Leverett, who was President of Harvard from 1708 to 1724. Leveretts election was one of the significant turning points for Harvard, Leverett, during his tenure as president, improved the quality of instruction in the College and maintained the position of Harvard in the critical years when Yale was becoming a formidable rival. In the mid-1920s, Harvard constructed student residences on the banks of the recently dammed Charles River, McKinlock Hall, built in 1925, was one of those original buildings. The building was donated by the family of Lieut, george Alexander McKinlock Jr. a Harvard graduate who was killed by a German machine gun near Soissons in 1918. With the formation of Leverett House in 1930-31, Mather Hall, across Mill Street, was built along with the present dining hall, six squash courts were also constructed, adjacent to Mather Hall. Leverett remained in that configuration until the early 1960s when the College expanded, Mather Hall became a part of Quincy House, the squash courts were lost, and the Leverett Towers were built. The Saltonstall family gave money for a new library in honor of the ten generations of Saltonstalls who had attended Harvard, shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbott designed the two-story library, as well as the two twelve-story Leverett Towers that were constructed at the same time. In 1983, McKinlock was renovated, and at time a new entrance to the dining hall was constructed. The first Master of the House was Kenneth Murdock, Professor of English and Dean of the Faculty of Arts, the second Master was Leigh Hoadley, a biologist interested in the development of animals. The third Master was John Conway, an historian and bachelor for most of his tenure at the House and he married his wife Jill in Leverett House in the early 60s, and later they were at Smith College where she served as President. Richard T. Gill, an economist, was the fourth Master, Master Gill was a wonderful bass and sang each year in the Leverett House Opera—a fixture in the House
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Lowell House
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Lowell House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, located on Holyoke Place facing Mount Auburn Street between Harvard Yard and the Charles River. Its majestic neo-Georgian design, centered on two landscaped courtyards, received the 1938 Harleston Parker Medal and might be considered the model for later Harvard houses nearby. Lowell House is simultaneously close to the Yard, Harvard Square, and other Harvard River houses and its first Master was Mathematics Department chairman Julian Lowell Coolidge, who also instituted Monday-night High Table. Historian Elliott Perkins was the first to hold the position of Resident Dean then was Master from 1942 to 1963, classicist Zeph Stewart was the third Master, and William and Mary Lee Bossert served from 1975 to 1998. Current co-Masters Diana Eck and Dorothy Austin are thus only the fifth Masters in Lowells 80 years, Lowells sister college at Yale University is Pierson College. House traditions include Masters Tea on Thursday afternoons, a May Day Waltz at dawn on the Weeks Footbridge, High Table, springtime brings the Bacchanalia Formal, often with a live swing band in the courtyard. There is a holiday dinner, and various sophomore, senior, Roundtable. Language tables and special-interest tables are common features of everyday lunches, many House events are organized by Lowells House Committee of elected undergraduates from within the House. The committee operates separately from the Harvard Undergraduate Council, to student events. The HoCo, as with the student government organizations in the Houses, are funded by the UC. Lowell House was the residence of Silas. The busts of President Abbott Lawrence Lowell and poet James Russell Lowell, are featured in the main courtyard. In the Dining Hall are portraits of Lowell and his wife Anna Parker Lowell, his sister, poet Amy Lowell, his brother, astronomer Percival Lowell, and his grandfather John Amory Lowell. Prior to the 1996 transition to randomized House assignments, Lowells central location, picturesque courtyard, elegant dining hall, and charming traditions made it a popular housing choice. The Lowell House arms are those of the Lowell family, blazoned, Shield, sable, crest, a stags head cabossed, between the attires a pheon azure. The house colors are blue and white, for three-quarters of a century, Lowell Houses bell tower was home to a set of authentic Russian zvon, one of the few complete sets of pre-revolutionary Russian bells surviving anywhere. Crane donated them to Harvard in 1930 just as plans for Lowell House were nearing completion, with word of Cranes gift, the planned tower was changed to the blue-capped bell tower seen today. The bells are consecrated, and are of significance to the Russian Orthodox Church. At Lowell, the bells were rung on Sundays at 1pm by resident Klappermeisters
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Mather House (Harvard College)
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Mather House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. It was named after Increase Mather, a Puritan in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who served as the president of Harvard University from 1685 to 1692. Mather is known for its large suites composed of rooms and common rooms. Its blocky concrete architecture reflects the style of the day of its construction and makes it the butt of jokes. However, Mather residents are guaranteed single bedrooms for all three years of their residency there, whereas it is not uncommon to find upperclassmen sharing rooms in many of Harvards other Houses. The low-rise which surrounds the courtyard has large suites with common rooms, however, the high-rise has larger bedrooms and views of Boston and Cambridge. Mather is the house farthest from Harvard Yard, though the school provides shuttle service from its courtyard every ten minutes during weekdays. Mather House was a choice for hard-partying varsity athletes before housing assignments were randomized by the school. The house is known among students for its life and a spacious. Mathers sister College is Morse College at Yale University, opened in 1970, Mather House is the latest of Harvards Houses to be built. It takes its name from Increase Mather, a Harvard alumnus, the open architecture of Mathers common spaces makes it easy to host social events. Mathers Housing Committee hosts happy hours every two weeks, in addition, the House hosts formal dances twice a year, as well as student-faculty dinners once a semester. Most prominent among Mather social gatherings is the Mather Lather, a College-wide foam party that takes place every spring in the dining hall. Since its first run in 2003, the Lather has grown in scope and fame, earning the attention of the Boston media, the Louie Cup is a year-long Olympics-like tournament of games that takes place in the House. Generally, an event is held every week in one or more representatives of each team competes. The games include a pancake-eating contest, foosball, a dining hall version of Iron Chef, and hot pepper-eating, as well as a wiffle ball home run derby, ping pong, Wii sports, dodgeball, and boggle. The events are open to the campus but tend to place in Mather. The houses well-known rivalry with Kirkland House has sparked heated exchanges of practical jokes, while Mather is generally seen as the instigator and aggressor, the rivalry began when half of a Mather blocking group succeeded in transferring interhouse to Kirkland House
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Pforzheimer House
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Pforzheimer House, nicknamed PfoHo, is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. It was named in 1995 for Carol K. and Carl H. Pforzheimer Jr, major University and Radcliffe College benefactors, pfoHos shield features black and crimson squares on a crimson and black field, its mascots are the polar bear and the Pf bigram. The current Faculty Deans are Anne Harrington and her husband, John Durant, Radcliffe College students first took up residence on campus in 1901, and the oldest parts of PfoHo date to that year. Moors opened in time for the 1949-1950 academic year, the plans for Holmes were first drawn up. Construction of Comstock began in 1957, the Jordans, two separate buildings located at the corner of Walker and Shepard Streets, began as an experiment in cooperative living in 1961. They gradually became used as housing in 1985, although one building persisted as a co-op until at least until 1997. Wolbach, formerly an apartment building, was purchased by Radcliffe in 1964, the name North House first appeared in 1961 and consisted of Comstock, Moors, and Holmes. Wolbach did not yet belong to Radcliffe at this point, the Jordans were initially assigned to the no-longer-extant East House. In the fall of 1970 Professor Edward L. Keenan and his wife Joan became the first masters of North house and they moved into the newly constructed masters residence at 46 Linnaean Street. The townhouses of Faculty Row along Linnaean were also completed in 1970 and were affiliated with the House, House Master and Co-Master Woody and Hanna Hastings began their term in 1975. They attempted to cultivate house spirit by integrating and interconnecting the buildings, Woody Hastings remarked, Any student in North House ought to be able to get from any place in the House to any other place in the House in his PJs - or less. The duplex suites on the top floors of the bricks were also created during this renovation, until a major renovation in 2002, Wolbach Hall consisted of one and two bedroom apartments, complete with kitchens. Renovations to Wolbach were done in order to increase the number of students housed in the dorm and to provide suites on campus accessible, a breezeway connecting Wolbach to Moors, long advocated by Hastings, was constructed in 2002. In 1995, North House was renamed Pforzheimer House, a Boston Globe columnist referred to the Pforzheimer House flap, saying that Harvard renamed the Radcliffe-owned house after a loyal donor without consulting Wilson & Co. The Harvard Noteables wrote five song parodies lamenting the name change, North House Masters J. Woodland Hastings and Hanna Hastings said they were thrilled. With the new name and Hanna was quoted as saying Its just what weve been asking for and we wanted to be more than a direction. Pretty quickly, students used to the new name. The letters f or ph were replaced by pF in House-related words, hence Pformal, PfoHo Pfora, in 1996, the House welcomed new Masters, the McCarthys, to go with its new name
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Quincy House (Harvard College)
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Quincy House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, located on Plympton Street between Harvard Yard and the Charles River. The second largest of the twelve houses, Quincy House was named after Josiah Quincy III. Quincy Houses official counterpart at Yale University is Branford College, House colors are red, gold, and black, and the Houses seal in those colors is emblazoned on a wall of the dining hall wing facing the Houses main courtyard. In 2005, Quincy House adopted the penguin as its official mascot and its residents, nicknamed penguins after the mascot, live in the house during their sophomore through senior years. Officially opened in September 1959, Quincy House symbolized the new Harvard, as a part of the Edward Harkness bequest, it was the first House to be built after construction of the original seven river Houses. Three buildings currently house Quincy House students, Old Quincy, New Quincy, the older of the sections of Quincy House, Old Quincy, underwent extensive renovations during academic year 2012-13 and opened in the fall of 2013 as Stone Hall. It had originally named for early Harvard president Increase Mather and was part of Harvards Leverett House until 1960. Until the construction of New Quincy in the late 1950s necessitated their removal, designed by the Boston firm of Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson, and Abbott, New Quincy is a modern eight-story high-rise with views of its more traditional neighbors. It consists of a two-story commons wing along Mt, the 20 DeWolfe Street residence hall is a brick structure with a double mansard roof of lead-coated copper. The 10 and 20 DeWolfe Street residences are shared with Leverett House, at the beginning of each academic year, Quincy House hosts a field day in which second, third, and fourth year students compete against each other in athletic contests. The Quincy Assassins is an event in which students target a fellow house member with a Nerf gun. Another recently implemented tradition of the House is its talent show, on the day each spring when freshmen learn of their House affiliations for their upperclass years, Quincy House students storm the yard with their house flag, led by someone wearing a penguin suit. The 2011 theme for Quincy was Quinception, inspired by the film Inception and this continued at least into spring term 1980 but was phased out not long after that. Currently, Quincy House Masters are Lee and Deborah Gehrke, Lee is the Hermann von Helmholtz Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at MIT and professor of microbiology and molecular genetics at Harvard Medical School. The Masters are actively involved in student life, they dine with students. House events are coordinated by the Quincy House Committee, or HoCo, the committee operates separately from the Harvard Undergraduate Council to organize student events and manage funding. Like other house organizations, HoCo is funded by the UC, the two HoCo co-chairs for 2016 are Janice Jia and Brittany Wang. Each Harvard House possesses unique characteristics and Quincy is no different, the Quincy Grille is a student-run diner that is popular among students of all Harvard dormitories
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Winthrop House
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John Winthrop House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University. It is home to approximately 400 upperclass undergraduates, Winthrop house consists of two buildings, Standish Hall and Gore Hall, originally freshman dormitories built in 1912. In 1931 they were joined as John Winthrop House, one of the seven original Harvard houses in which students reside from sophomore through senior years, historically, Winthrop was also one of the first Harvard houses open to Catholic and Jewish students. Winthrop House maintains an affiliation with Davenport College at Yale University, the house shield is from the Winthrop family coat of arms, a lion with three chevrons in the background. In heraldric language, the blazon of the shield is Argent three chevrons Gules overall a lion rampant Sable. The current masters of Winthrop House are Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. the most recent past masters of Winthrop House are Stephen Peter Rosen and Mandana Sassanfar. The first John Winthrop was a member of the English gentry, in 1630, at the age of 41, Winthrop sold his home and sailed for New England, recording his visions that the New World could be a city on a hill. He served as leader of the Massachusetts Bay Company, then became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His great-great-great-grandson John Winthrop was the Hollis Professor of Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy from the age of 24 until his death at 65, regarded as the first American astronomer, Winthrop also served briefly as the president of Harvard from 1773-1774. The two halls which would become Winthrop House were built in the year and share many attributes. Both are four-story U-shaped buildings surrounding courtyards, with an open side facing the Charles River. Both have fifth floor living spaces at their central axis only, the facade of Gore Hall is based on Sir Christopher Wrens late-17th-century garden wing of the Hampton Court Palace. The present Gore Hall maintains the memory of Christopher Gore, who had bequeathed funds for construction of a prior Gore Hall and it contains the Winthrop House dining hall in a below-street-level space at its center. In the corresponding spot, Standish Hall contains the Winthrop House Library, when Standish was still a stand-alone dormitory for freshmen, what is now the library was then its dining hall. Two gates at opposite ends of the Yellowwood Courtyard, both built in 1914, connect Gore and Standish Halls, the front entrance, facing Mill Street, is the Winthrop Gate. The house shield is welded in the front, on the river side stands the Fly Club Gate, an English Baroque structure named after one of Harvards male-only final clubs whose members provided a grant to build it. The panther symbol of the Fly Club is centered within the ironwork above the entry, Stein Club is a themed event featuring beer and snacks for Winthrop Residents every other Thursday evening. It is usually held in Winthrops Junior Common Room, Winthrop House sells beer steins annually with the house crest on them to be used at the stein clubs, though having one is not required to partake
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The Harvard Crimson
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The Harvard Crimson, the daily student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873. It is the daily newspaper in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is run entirely by Harvard College undergraduates. Any student who volunteers and completes a series of known as the comp is elected an editor of the newspaper. Thus, all members of The Crimson—including writers, business staff, photographers. Editorial and financial decisions rest in a board of executives, collectively called a guard and this process is referred to as the turkey shoot or the shoot. The unsigned opinions of The Crimson Staff are decided at tri-weekly meetings that are open to any Crimson editor, the Crimson is almost the only college newspaper in the U. S. that owns its own printing presses. At the beginning of 2004 The Crimson began publishing with a front and back page. The Crimson also prints over fifteen other publications on its presses, the Crimson has a rivalry with the Harvard Lampoon, which it refers to in print as a semi-secret Sorrento Square social organization that used to occasionally publish a so-called humor magazine. The two organizations occupy buildings within less than one block of each other, interaction between their staff has included pranks, vandalism, and even romance, Crimson alumni include Presidents John F. Kennedy of the Class of 1940 and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Class of 1904. Currently, The Crimson publishes two weekly pullout sections in addition to its daily paper, an Arts section on Tuesdays. The Crimson is a organization that is independent of the university. All decisions on the content and day-to-day operations of the newspaper are made by undergraduates. The student leaders of the newspaper employ several non-student staff, many of whom have stayed on for years and have come to be thought of as family members by the students who run the paper. The Crimson is composed of 10 boards, Arts, Business, News, Sports, Editorial, Blog, Design, Fifteen Minutes, Multimedia, and Technology. The Yale Daily News, published daily since its 1878 founding except for breaks during World War I and II, the Columbia Daily Spectator, founded in 1877, claims to be the second-oldest college daily. The Brown Daily Herald, established in 1866 and daily since 1891, claims to be the second-oldest college newspaper, the Cornell Daily Sun, launched in 1880, claims to be the oldest independent college newspaper. The Crimson traces its origin to the first issue of The Magenta, published January 24,1873, the Magentas editors declined Dean Burneys advice and moved forward with a biweekly paper, a thin layer of editorial content surrounded by an even thinner wrapper of advertising. Never has been, the color of Harvard
39.
The Harvard Lampoon
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The Harvard Lampoon is an undergraduate humor publication founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Harvard Lampoon publication was founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts who were inspired by magazines like Punch. Without counting breaks during World War I and World War II, the organization also produces occasional humor books and parodies of national magazines such as Entertainment Weekly and Sports Illustrated. Much of the capital is provided by the licensing of the Lampoon name to National Lampoon. The Lampoon publishes five issues annually, in 2006, the Lampoon began regularly releasing content on its website, including pieces from the magazine and web-only content. In 2009, the Lampoon published a parody of Twilight called Nightlight, in February 2012, the Lampoon released a parody of The Hunger Games called The Hunger Pains. It is also a New York Times bestseller, the organization is housed a few blocks from Harvard Square in a small mock-Flemish castle, the Harvard Lampoon Building. The Lampoon is known for its parties, which can result in smashed plates. The Lampoons affairs are administered by Harvard Lampoon, Inc. whose Board of Graduate Trustees includes such people as James Murdoch, Ted Widmer, and Bill Oakley. Robert K. Hoffman, co-founder of the National Lampoon and major donor to the Dallas Museum of Art was a Trustee until his death in 2006, and was declared a Trustee Ad-Infinitum a year later. The Harvard Lampoon was first published in 1876 by seven founders including Ralph Wormeley Curtis, Edward Sandford Martin, Edmund March Wheelwright, in 1961, Mademoiselle offered the Lampoon staff an honorarium to produce a parody of their own magazine for the traditionally lower-selling July issue. The magazine also produced a 70-page spoof of Ian Flemings James Bond novels in 1962 titled Alligator and these projects proved popular, and led to full, nationally-distributed parodies of Playboy, Time, and Life, and later, Cosmopolitan in 1972 and Sports Illustrated. An important line of demarcation came when Lampoon editors Douglas Kenney, writers from these shows were subsequently hired to help create Saturday Night Live. An old copy of the magazine was shown in the finale of NewsRadio. Lampoon alumni include such comedians as Conan OBrien, Andy Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, etan Cohen wrote for Beavis and Butthead as an undergraduate member. The Lampoon has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist at the Lampoon and became its president. Celebrities often visit the Lampoon to be inducted as members of the organization. A noted event in the history of the Lampoon–Crimson rivalry was the Crimsons 1953 theft of the Lampoon Castles ibis statue, on September 27,2011, the Lampoon stole the Harvard Crimson Presidents Chair and had it used as a prop on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
40.
The Harvard Advocate
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The Harvard Advocate, the art and literary magazine of Harvard College, is the oldest continuously published college art and literary magazine in the United States. The magazine was founded by Charles S. Gage and William G. Peckham in 1866 and, in 1916, The New York Times published a commemoration of the Advocates fiftieth anniversary. Yet the Harvard Advocate, the undergraduate literary magazine, celebrated its centennial this month. Its current offices are a two-story wood-frame house at 21 South Street, near Harvard Square, today, the Harvard Advocate publishes quarterly. Its mission is to publish the best art, fiction, poetry, for its themed winter issue, the Harvard Advocate also accepts submissions from professional writers and artists beyond the Harvard community. When the Advocate was founded, it adopted the motto Dulce est Periculum which had used by an earlier Harvard newspaper. The founding in 1873 of The Harvard Crimson newspaper, and in 1876, of the Harvard Lampoon humor magazine, led the Advocate by the 1880s to devote itself to essays, fiction, and poetry. Over the years, the editors of and contributors to the Advocate have gone on to later fame, literary. Theodore Roosevelt edited the magazine in 1880, edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, E. E. Cummings, and T. S. Eliot all published their undergraduate poetry in the Advocate. Before World War II, undergraduates who worked on the Advocate included Malcolm Cowley, James Agee, Robert Fitzgerald, Leonard Bernstein, James Laughlin, the Advocate suspended publication during the years of World War II, and resumed publication with its April 1947 issue. Editors after the war included Daniel Ellsberg, contributors from outside Harvard during this time included Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, and Archibald MacLeish. Other contributors after World War II included Adrienne Rich, Howard Nemerov, Marianne Moore, Robert Lowell, Tom Wolfe, James Atlas, stewart, filmmaker Terrence Malick, and writer and video game developer Austin Grossman. First Flowering, The Best of the Harvard Advocate, 1866–1976, in 1986, The Harvard Advocate Anniversary Anthology was published in conjunction with the 120th year of the magazines publication and Harvards 350th anniversary. The anthology reproduced actual pages and artwork published in the magazine, the Advocate received a degree of national press attention following a controversial 2000 interview with writer Dave Eggers. V
41.
Ivy League
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The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group beyond the sports context. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, the term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954. Seven of the eight schools were founded during the United States colonial period, Ivy League institutions account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution, the other two are Rutgers University and College of William & Mary. Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious, all eight universities place in the top fifteen of the U. S. News & World Report 2017 nation university rankings, including the top four schools and five of the top eight. Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,000 to 14,000, making them larger than those of a private liberal arts college. Total enrollments, including students, range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard. Ivy League financial endowments range from Browns $3 billion to Harvards $36.4 billion, as of 2014, Harvard University has an endowment of $36.4 billion. Additionally, each university receives millions of dollars in grants and other subsidies from federal. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college, Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750, later in Penns early history, the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749, which was used for all of the nineteenth century, including a centennial celebration in 1849. In 1899, Penns board of trustees adopted a third founding date of 1740. Penn was chartered in 1755, the same year classes began. Religious affiliation refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, all of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion. Students have long revered the ivied walls of older colleges, planting the ivy was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893 an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson, In 1850, the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time. At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873, Ivy planting ceremonies are reported for Yale, Simmons, Bryn Mawr and many others
42.
Harvard Stadium
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Harvard Stadium is a U-shaped football stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, in the United States. Built in 1903, it was an execution of reinforced concrete in the construction of large structures. Because of its importance in these areas, and its influence on the design of later stadiums. The Stadium is owned and operated by Harvard University and is home to the Harvard Crimson football program and it was also home for the New England Patriots in the 1970 season, their first after the AFL–NFL merger, before the completion of Foxboro Stadium. The stadium seated up to 57,166 in the past and they were torn down after the 1951 season due to deterioration and reduced attendance. Afterwards, there were smaller temporary steel bleachers across the end of the stadium until the building of the Murr Center in 1998. The structure, similar in shape to the Panathenaic Stadium, was completed in just 4½ months costing $310,000, much of the funds raised came from a 25th Reunion gift by Harvards Class of 1879. It is the home of the team of Harvard. The stadium also hosted the Crimson track and field teams until 1984 and was the home of the Boston Patriots during the 1970 season, lewis Jerome Johnson, Prof. Civil Engineering, Harvard University, was a consultant to the design team for the Harvard Stadium. It is historically significant that this represents the first vertical concrete structure to employ reinforced structural concrete. Prior to the erection of the stadium in 1902, reinforced concrete was used in horizontal. Prof. Johnson was the engineer of note responsible for incorporating the concept into the structure of the stadium design. There is a plaque dedicating the stadium to his honor on the east end wall outside the stadium, in 2006, Harvard installed both FieldTurf and lights. On September 22,2007, Harvard played its first night game at the stadium, against Brown University, in the early 20th century, American football was an extremely violent sport. 18 players died and 159 were seriously injured in 1905 alone, there was a widespread movement to outlaw the game entirely but U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt intervened and demanded that the rules of the game be reformed. In 1906, Roosevelt met with representatives from 62 colleges and universities and formed the Intercollegiate Football Conference, the purpose of the committee was to develop a uniform set of rules and regulations to make the game safer. A leading proposal, at the time, was widening the field to allow more running room, while it was very popular among committee members, Harvard objected. Their recently completed stadium could not accommodate a larger field, because of the permanent nature of Harvard Stadium, the proposal was rejected and the forward pass was legalized in April,1906
