1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
3.
Bad (album)
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Bad is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson. It is his studio album released through Epic Records. It was released on August 31,1987, nearly five years after Jacksons previous solo studio album, as of 2012, Bad had reportedly sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide and has been cited as one of the 30 best-selling albums of all time. In 2017, the album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America, the album produced a record five Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, the first of two albums to do so, the second being Katy Perrys 2010 album Teenage Dream. Bad was recorded during the first half of 1987, the lyrical themes on the record relate to media bias, paranoia, racial profiling, romance, self-improvement and world peace. Nine of the songs on Bad were released as singles, one was a promotional single and another was released outside of the United States. Five of the hit number one in the United States, while a sixth charted within the top ten. Bad peaked at one in thirteen countries and charted within the top twenty in other territories. The only songs on the album which were not released as a single were Speed Demon and Just Good Friends, Bad saw Jackson exercise even more artistic freedom than he did with his two previous Epic releases. On Bad, Jackson composed nine of the eleven tracks. The album continued Jacksons commercial success in the late 1980s and garnered six Grammy Award nominations, aside from commercial success, the album was well received by contemporary critics. Bad was ranked number 43 in the 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation in 2009 by VH1, the album marked the final collaboration between Jackson and producer Quincy Jones. Jacksons previous albums, Off the Wall and Thriller, were critically and commercially successful, eventually selling over 20 million and 65 million units worldwide, Jacksons aim for Bad was that it would sell 100 million copies. The first studio album Jackson released in almost five years since the release of Thriller, Bad was the third and it was produced by Jones, with co-production credit given to Jackson. Jackson wrote a reported sixty songs for the new album and recorded thirty, Jones had suggested that the album be cut down to a ten-track single LP. When the album was released on CD, a bonus 11th track and it was later released as a single. Later reissues of the LP also include this song, Jackson was credited for writing nine out of eleven of the songs on the album. Other writing credits included Terry Britten and Graham Lyle for Just Good Friends and Siedah Garrett, the albums song lyrics relate to romance and paranoia, the latter being a recurring theme in Jacksons albums
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
6.
12-inch single
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The 12-inch single is a type of gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time compared to typical LPs. This allows for levels to be cut on the disc by the cutting engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range. This record type is used in disco and dance music genres. They are played at either 33 1⁄3 or 45 rpm, 12-inch singles typically have much shorter playing time than full-length LPs, thus require fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves excursions can be greater in amplitude. Many record companies began producing 12-inch singles at 33 1⁄3 rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many 12-inch singles, the gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican mento music in the 1950s. With the 1967 Jamaican invention of remix, called dub on the island, those specials became valuable items sold to allied sound system DJs, who could draw crowds with their exclusive hits. The popularity of sound engineer King Tubby, who singlehandedly invented and perfected dub remixes from as early as 1967. By then 10-inch records were used to cut those dubs, by 1971, most reggae singles issued in Jamaica included on their B-side a dub remix of the A-side, many of them first tested as exclusive dub plates on dances. Those dubs basically included drum and bass-oriented remixes used by sound system selecters, the 10-inch acetate specials would remain popular until at least the 2000s in Jamaica. Most likely, the use of exclusive dub acetates in Jamaica also led American DJs to do the same. In the United States, the 12-inch single gramophone record came into popularity with the advent of music in the 1970s after earlier market experiments. In early 1970, Cycle/Ampex Records test-marketed a 12-inch single by Buddy Fite, the experiment aimed to energize the struggling singles market, offering a new option for consumers who had stopped buying traditional singles. The record was pressed at 33 rpm, with run times to the 7-inch 45-rpm pressing of the single. Several hundred copies were available for sale for 98 cents each at two Tower Records stores. Another early 12-inch single was released in 1973 by soul/R&B musician/songwriter/producer Jerry Williams, 12-inch promotional copies of Straight From My Heart were released on his own Swamp Dogg Presents label, with distribution by Jamie/Guyden Distribution Corporation. It was manufactured by Jamie Record Co. of Philadelphia, PA, the B-side of the record is blank. The first 12-inch single made specifically for DJs was actually a 10-inch acetate used by a mix engineer in need of a Friday-night test copy for famed disco mixer Tom Moulton, the song was Ill be holding on by Al Downing
7.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
8.
Cassette single
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A cassette single is a music single in the form of a Compact Cassette. Bow Wow Wows C·30 C·60 C·90 Go was the first cassette single released in the U. K. in 1980, records released the first cassette single in the U. S. with the Go-Gos Vacation in 1982. The ZTT label made good use of the format by 1984, with singles by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Art of Noise, the format was used as a promotion in the 1990s, with Disney giving a cassingle to attendees of Hercules promotional events. Originally, most cassette singles were released in a sleeve that slipped over the outside of the release. This was then usually shrink wrapped in plastic, some singles contained one song on each side, much as 45s had done, but others repeated the songs on both sides. In some markets, cassette singles generally used the packaging as standard cassettes. As the cassette maxi-single was released, more intricate packaging was incorporated that looked similar to the packaging of a cassette release. These were placed in regular plastic cassette cases with a paper/cardstock insert, unlike a full-length cassette album, these were generally only one two-sided inlay instead of a fold-out. Maxi-singles usually contained four versions of a song, i. e. unique mixes & edits. In the U. S. cassette singles were completely phased out by the early 2000s, one reason for their lesser popularity was because they appeared to be an inefficient use of the media to consumers - a cassette single took up the same storage space as a full album
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Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
10.
Contemporary R&B
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Contemporary R&B, also known as simply R&B, is a music genre that combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop and dance. The genre features a record production style, drum machine-backed rhythms, an occasional saxophone-laced beat to give a jazz feel. Electronic influences are becoming a trend and the use of hip hop or dance-inspired beats are typical, although the roughness. Contemporary R&B vocalists are often known for their use of melisma, popularized by such as Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Craig David, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston. That same year, Teddy Riley began producing R&B recordings that included hip hop influences and this combination of R&B style and hip hop rhythms was termed new jack swing and was applied to artists such as Bobby Brown, Keith Sweat, Al B. Guy, Jodeci and Bell Biv DeVoe, the style became less popular by the end of the 1990s, but later experienced a resurgence. In 1990 Mariah Carey released Vision of Love as her debut single and it was immensely popular peaking at number 1 in many worldwide charts including the Billboard Hot 100, and it propelled Mariahs carrier. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma. During the mid-1990s, Whitney Houstons The Bodyguard, Original Soundtrack Album sold over 40 million copies becoming the best-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jacksons self-titled fifth studio album janet. which came after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, sold over twenty million copies worldwide. Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No.1 hits, including One Sweet Day, Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single Fantasy, with Ol Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool. In the late 1990s, neo soul, which added 1970s soul influences to the hip hop soul blend, arose, led by such as DAngelo, Erykah Badu. Hill and Missy Elliott further blurred the line between R&B and hip hop by recording both styles, beginning in 1995, the Grammy Awards enacted the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, with II by Boyz II Men becoming the first recipient. The award was received by TLC for CrazySexyCool in 1996, Tony Rich for Words in 1997, Erykah Badu for Baduizm in 1998. At the end of 1999, Billboard magazine ranked Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson as the first, simultaneously, in the second half of the 1990s, The Neptunes and Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporary R&B and hip hop music. R&B acts such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, in 2001, Alicia Keys released Fallin as her debut single. It peaking at one on the Billboard Hot 100, Mainstream Top 40
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Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
12.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
13.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
14.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
15.
Quincy Jones
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His career spans six decades in the entertainment industry and a record 79 Grammy Award nominations, and 28 Grammys, including a Grammy Legend Award in 1991. He is best known for the role of himself in Yakety Yak, Take it Back, Trash Talk, Jones came to prominence in the 1950s as a jazz arranger and conductor, before moving on to work prolifically in pop music and film scores. In 1971, Jones was the first African American to be named as the director and conductor of the Academy Awards ceremony. In 1995, he was the first African American to receive the Academys Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and he is tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the African American who has been nominated for the most Oscars, each has received seven nominations. In 2013, Jones was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as the winner, alongside Lou Adler, among his awards, Jones was named by Time Magazine as one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century. Jones was born in 1933, on the South Side of Chicago, to Sarah Frances and Quincy Delight Jones and his father was a semi-professional baseball player and carpenter from Kentucky, his paternal grandmother was an ex-slave in Louisville. They had gone to Chicago as part of the Great Migration out of the South, Sarah was a bank officer and apartment complex manager. Jones later discovered that his paternal grandfather Caesar Jones was the son of a white American man of Welsh descent, Quincy had a younger brother, Lloyd, later an engineer for the Seattle station, KOMO-TV, Lloyd died in 1998. Quincy was introduced to music by his mother, who sang religious songs. When Jones was five or six, Jackson played stride piano next door, Lucy Jackson recalled that after he heard her that one day, she could not get him off her piano if she tried. When the boys were young, their mother suffered from a breakdown and was committed to a mental institution. His father obtained a divorce and remarried, Joness stepmother, Elvera, had three children of her own, Waymond, who became a friend of the young Quincy, Theresa, and Katherine. In 1943, when Jones was ten, his family moved to Bremerton, Washington, after the war, the Jones family moved to Seattle, the major regional city, where Jones attended Garfield High School near his home. He had discovered music when he was 12 and became deeply involved in high school. Classmates included Charles Taylor, who played saxophone and whose mother, the youths began playing with a band. At the age of 14, they were playing with a National Reserve band, Jones has said he got much more experience with music growing up in a smaller city, otherwise, he would have faced too much competition. At the age of 14, Jones introduced himself to a 16-year-old musician from Florida, Ray Charles, Jones cites Ray Charles as an early inspiration for his own music career. He noted that Charles overcame a disability to achieve his musical goals and he has credited his fathers sturdy work ethic with giving him the means to proceed, and his loving strength with holding the family together
16.
Another Part of Me
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Another Part of Me is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. Produced by Quincy Jones, it was released as the single on July 11,1988 for the singers third studio album. The song was featured in Jacksons 1986 3D film Captain EO. It is the song on the album. The song also appeared as an attack and level song for the later revisions of Michael Jacksons Moonwalker video game. As with earlier songs in his career such as Can You Feel It and We Are the World, the song was also featured in the trailer for Jacksons 1988 film Moonwalker. In July 2009, a part of the song has been used by singer Madonna as a tribute during the second leg of her Sticky & Sweet Tour. A Jackson impersonator performed his moves, while dancing to a medley of Jacksons songs. According to Quincy Jones in an interview that was featured in the 2001 special edition of Bad, however, after manager Frank DiLeo was caught dancing along to the song, it was decided that Another Part of Me would be featured on the album. Streetwalker was later released on the 2001 special edition and the disc of 25th anniversary re-issue. An official video was released in 1988, directed by Patrick Kelly and it is featured on the DVD Michael Jacksons Vision and the Target version DVD of Bad 25. Another Part of Me was performed on the leg of the Bad World Tour with an extra instrumental section added at the end which was only briefly heard at the end of the single. In the USA portion of the leg, it was played at the same speed as the original. In the Europe portion of the leg, it was played much more quickly than the original single. A live version of the song is available on the DVD Live at Wembley July 16,1988, a snippet of the song was used for the This Is It concerts during the song Jam, but the shows were cancelled, due to his sudden death
17.
Leave Me Alone
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Leave Me Alone is a single by American artist Michael Jackson. The song was featured on Jacksons seventh studio album, Bad, and was its eighth single in February 1989, but was released outside of the United States and Canada. Leave Me Alone was recorded during the album sessions but the song only appeared on the CD editions of Bad as a bonus track. The song was written and composed by Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones, internationally, the song was a success, peaking at number one and two in Ireland and the United Kingdom respectively and reaching the top 10 in Belgium, New Zealand and Spain. Leave Me Alone was generally received by contemporary music critics. A short film was released for the song, in the film, Jackson pokes fun at the false rumors about him such as the stories about him purchasing the bones of The Elephant Man and his cosmetic surgeries. The short film was the recipient of a Grammy Award in 1990 for Best Short Form Music Video, despite the success of the single, the song never appeared on any of Jacksons world concert tours. Leave Me Alone was a response to negative and false stories about Jackson that frequently appeared in the media and tabloids post-1986 after the success of Thriller. Beginning in 1986, the tabloids began to publish stories about Jackson. A picture leaked out to the media of him lying down in a chamber at a hospital he visited. An unknown person took the picture of Jackson while he was testing out the chamber out of curiosity, when Jackson bought a pet chimpanzee named Bubbles, the media viewed it as evidence of Jacksons increasing detachment from reality. It was also reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick and these stories inspired the nickname Wacko Jacko, which Jackson acquired the following year, and would come to despise. Another frequent response from the media was about Jacksons plastic surgery, Jacksons manager said of the medias criticism towards the topic, So many terrible things have been written. Okay, so he had his nose fixed, and the cleft — big deal, I got news for you, my nose has broke five times. Marilyn Monroe had her nose done, had her breasts done, the song has been viewed as having a paranoia theme, a theme that Jackson had frequently used on previous studio albums. The Atlantic felt that Jackson showed obvious expressions of distrust in the song and that the song was one of multiple songs where Jacksons persistent loneliness in his music was prominent. In 2009, J. Edward Keyes, of Rolling Stone, described Leave Me Alone as sounding like vintage Michael and the works because of its music. Leave Me Alone is a song played with a synthesizer
18.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
19.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
20.
Visionary: The Video Singles
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Visionary, The Video Singles is a series of 20 hit singles by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was released in Europe between February 20,2006 and June 26,2006, and then released in North America as a box set on November 14,2006 by Epic Records and Legacy Recordings. The limited edition artwork for the box set is a photomosaic using images from Jacksons career. Each single contains two different audio versions of the song, and its originally released video clip. Audio for the video, and for the enhanced resolution music on the DVD side of the DualDisc, is PCM at 48 kHz, released on February 21,2006, Visionary Remixes – EP is only available from the iTunes Store
21.
Moonwalker
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Michael Jacksons Moonwalker is a 1988 American anthology film starring Michael Jackson. Rather than featuring one continuous narrative, the film is a collection of films about Jackson. The film is named after the technique known as the moonwalk. The first segment of Moonwalker is a performance of Man in the Mirror during his Bad Tour in Europe. Clips from Wembley Stadium among others can be seen and it also features a montage of clips of children in Africa, Martin Luther King Jr. Mother Teresa, Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Jesus Christ, kids in Graduation, the second segment is a short biographical film about Jackson, covering the early years from the Jackson 5 until the Bad world tour. The video stars Brandon Quintin Adams as the young Michael Jackson and it also featured three of Michaels nephews Jermaine La Jaune Jackson, Jr. along with TJ and Taryll Jackson and a young Nikki Cox, who later starred in Unhappily Ever After and Las Vegas. The singing group The Boys appeared as background dancers, dr. Horribles Sing-Along Blog co-writer and co-creator/co-executive producer of Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Maurissa Tancharoen, dancers of Kidsongs - What I Want to Be, the fourth segment begins with the Badder short film transitioning into the second short film, Speed Demon, directed by Claymation innovator Will Vinton. A portion of the clip is set to Jacksons song Speed Demon, after filming Badder, Little Michael and his bodyguards are leaving the set and walk through a cloud of smoke and come out as their regular age. A boy and his grandmother spot Michael and prompts the other tourist fans to get off the bus, Michael steals a motorcycle in order to flee, with the fans and paparazzi giving chase in various other, more cartoonish vehicles. After a long chase, the fans / press are finally thwarted by crashing into a giant cop and are arrested, freed of their attention, Michael rides on into the desert, and as the sun rises, he pulls over in a canyon to remove the Spike costume. The costume then comes to life and challenges him to an extended dance-off, the cop then sarcastically asks for Michaels autograph on the ticket. Just as Michael is preparing to leave, the rabbits head materializes on a rocky crag. The fifth segment of the film is the music video for the song Leave Me Alone, focusing on media interest in Jacksons personal life. It compares Jacksons life to an amusement park and it is meant to point out, in a mocking tone, the way the media unnecessarily sensationalized his life with claims that he had a shrine to Elizabeth Taylor and bought the Elephant Mans bones. In the video, Jacksons life is portrayed as a due to the presss manipulation. His beloved then-pet chimp Bubbles makes an appearance as Jackson is seen picking him up
22.
Michael Jackson's Moonwalker
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Michael Jacksons Moonwalker is the name of several video games based on the 1988 Michael Jackson film Moonwalker. The games, particularly the Genesis adaptation, have achieved cult status, versions of the game were released for the popular 8-bit and 16-bit home computers of the time. They were developed by two software houses, Irish Emerald Software Ltd and American Keypunch Software, and published by U. K. company U. S. Gold. The home computer versions are the games to make reference to the early portions of the film. The games feature four different levels, stealth elements are used, with an onscreen map similar to that used in Metal Gear 2, Solid Snake. The next level has similar gameplay, riding the motorcycle collecting tokens, the motorcycle turns into a car in order to jump a barrier to the next part. The third level is a level based on the Smooth Criminal clip. The player collects ammunition and shoots at gangsters in openings above the player character, the final level involves morphing into a robot and shooting at soldiers in openings, with the player controlling a crosshair. The four songs used were Bad, Speed Demon, Smooth Criminal and this game suffered from Segas suicide battery on its arcade board. The arcade has distinctively different gameplay from its computer and console counterparts, if the cabinet supports it, up to three people can play simultaneously. All three players play as Jackson, dressed in his suit from the Smooth Criminal music video, the characters all have armbands, blue for white outfit, white for red outfit, and red for black outfit. Jacksons special attack is termed Dance Magic, remaining stocks of this are displayed onscreen as the MJ logo which had recently debuted in the film. Once activated, a spotlight shines on Jackson, and Jackson starts to dance several of his hallmark moves. All of the onscreen enemies start dancing with Jackson and are destroyed at the end of the dance routine, bosses do not dance, but do take a significant amount of damage. There are three different dance routines that may be performed, and the player starts with one to three of these attacks per credit, bubbles the chimpanzee, Michaels real-life pet, appears in each level. Once collected or rescued, the chimp transforms Michael into a version of the pop singer that has the ability to shoot laser bursts. The games soundtrack includes Smooth Criminal, Beat It, Another Part of Me, Billie Jean, home versions of the game were released for Segas Mega Drive/Genesis and Master System home video game systems though the gameplay was completely different from the arcade version. A version was rated by PEGI for release on Virtual Console, but it never materialized
23.
Al Capone
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Alphonse Gabriel Al Capone, sometimes known by the nickname Scarface, was an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old, Capone was born in Brooklyn in New York City to Italian immigrants. He was considered a Five Points Gang member who became a bouncer in organized crime such as brothels. A conflict with the North Side Gang was instrumental in Capones rise, Torrio went into retirement after North Side gunmen almost killed him, handing control to Capone. Capone apparently reveled in attention, such as the cheers from spectators when he appeared at ball games and he made donations to various charities and was viewed by many to be a modern-day Robin Hood. The federal authorities became intent on jailing Capone, and they prosecuted him for tax evasion in 1931, a federal crime and a novel strategy during the era. During the highly publicized case, the judge admitted as evidence Capones admissions of his income, Capone was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in federal prison. After conviction, he replaced his old team with experts in tax law, and his grounds for appeal were strengthened by a Supreme Court ruling. He was already showing signs of syphilitic dementia early in his sentence, on January 25,1947, Capone died of cardiac arrest after suffering a stroke. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn in New York City on January 17,1899 and his parents were Italian immigrants Gabriele Capone and Teresa Capone. His father was a barber and his mother was a seamstress, ralph and Frank worked with him in his criminal empire. Frank did so until his death on April 1,1924, ralph ran the bottling companies early on, and was also the front man for the Chicago Outfit for some time until he was imprisoned for tax evasion in 1932. Gabriele Capone worked at a barber shop at 29 Park Avenue. When Al was 11, the Capone family moved to 38 Garfield Place in Park Slope, Capone showed promise as a student, but had trouble with the rules at his strict parochial Catholic school. His schooling ended at the age of 14, after he was expelled for hitting a teacher in the face. He worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including a candy store, during this time, Capone was influenced by gangster Johnny Torrio, whom he came to regard as a mentor. Capone initially became involved with gangs that included the Junior Forty Thieves. He then joined the Brooklyn Rippers, and then the powerful Five Points Gang based in Lower Manhattan, during this time, he was employed and mentored by fellow racketeer Frankie Yale, a bartender in a Coney Island dance hall and saloon called the Harvard Inn
24.
Bad 25
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Bad 25 is the 25th anniversary edition reissue of American recording artist Michael Jacksons seventh studio album Bad. This is the album by Jackson re-released on its 25th anniversary. Announced in May 2012 by the Michael Jackson Company LLC, various formats of Bad 25 were released simultaneously on September 18,2012, the album, a two-disc set, includes the original album, as well as unreleased material recorded during the Bad sessions. The material includes early versions of songs from the album, demos of songs not included on the final album. A DVD of Jacksons July 16,1988 performance in Wembley Stadium, a vinyl version of the original 1987 release will also be released. Three songs, Streetwalker, Fly Away and Todo Mi Amor Eres Tú appeared on Bad and this track was also included on the unofficial live album One Night in Japan in 2009. Bad 25 is the album released by Sony and Motown since Michael Jacksons death on June 25,2009. To implement a new Live for Now campaign, Pepsi planned to promote the 25th anniversary of Bad by printing one billion Pepsi cans with a photo of Michael Jackson from the Smooth Criminal video, limited edition 16 ounce cans were produced and distributed worldwide. The documentary titled Bad 25, will include behind the scenes of music clips of songs from the Bad album like The Way You Make Me Feel and many others. Siedah Garrett, the original duet artist, will also be on the documentary to talk about her experience with Jackson, there will be influenced entertainers and artists to talk about the Bad album like Cee Lo Green and many others. Lee said the documentary will show a personal side of Jackson, and said He had a great sense of humor. The documentary was shown at the 69th Venice International Film Festival from August 29 to September 8,2012, and premiered on ABC on November 22,2012. I Just Cant Stop Loving You, the debut single from Bad, was re-released as a CD single in the United States on June 5,2012 as a Walmart exclusive. An unreleased demo, titled Dont Be Messin Round, is featured as the singles B-side, the song has been called a beautiful solo piano and vocal piece by Jacksons longtime engineer Bruce Swedien. The single, which has not been available as a download, has also been released on vinyl. The re-released single debuted atop Billboards Hot Singles Sales chart, which ranks the top-selling physical singles according to Nielsen SoundScan, the new release of I Just Cant Stop Loving You debuted at No.1 with 5,000 copies sold. Bad featuring Pitbull was released on August 14,2012, as a digital single prior to the album release, the single appeared on several countries music charts. It debuted at Number 52 on Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart as the title Bad 2012 on the week of September 15,2012 and it also appeared on US Billboard Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Chart with Number 45 for one week on September 1,2012
25.
A minor
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A minor is a minor scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Its key signature has no flats and no sharps, however the harmonic minor scale raises the G to G♯. A minors relative major is C major, and its parallel major is A major, changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. Johann Joachim Quantz considered A minor, along with C minor, Violin Concerto in A minor, BWV1041 – Johann Sebastian Bach Violin Sonata No. 4, Op.23 – Ludwig van Beethoven String Quartet No,6, RV356 – Antonio Vivaldi Key Major and minor Chord Chord names and symbols List of symphonies in A minor Media related to A minor at Wikimedia Commons
26.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
27.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
28.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
29.
Brian De Palma
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Brian Russell De Palma is an American film director and screenwriter. He is considered part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, in a career spanning over 40 years, he is best known for his suspense, psychological thriller, and crime films. De Palma, who is of Italian ancestry, is the youngest of three boys and was born in Newark, New Jersey to Vivienne and Anthony Federico De Palma, an orthopedic surgeon. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New Hampshire, and attended various Protestant and Quaker schools, when he was in high school, he built computers. He won a regional science-fair prize for a project titled An Analog Computer to Solve Differential Equations, enrolled at Columbia as a physics student, De Palma became enraptured with the filmmaking process after viewing Citizen Kane and Vertigo. An early association with a young Robert De Niro resulted in The Wedding Party, De Niro was unknown at the time, the credits mistakenly display his name as Robert Denero. The film is noteworthy for its invocation of silent film techniques, De Palma followed this style with various small films for the NAACP and The Treasury Department. In an interview with Gelmis from 1969, De Palma described the film as very good and its distributed by Pathe Contemporary and makes lots of money. I shot it in four hours, with synched sound, I had two other guys shooting peoples reactions to the paintings, and the paintings themselves. Dionysus in 69 was De Palmas other major documentary from this period, the film records The Performance Groups performance of Euripides The Bacchae, starring, amongst others, De Palma regular William Finley. The play is noted for breaking traditional barriers between performers and audience, the films most striking quality is its extensive use of the split-screen. De Palma recalls that he was floored by this performance upon first sight, and in 1973 recounts how he began to try and figure out a way to capture it on film. I came up with the idea of split-screen, to be able to show the actual audience involvement, to trace the life of the audience, De Palmas most significant features from this decade are Greetings and Hi, Mom. Both films star Robert De Niro and espouse a Leftist revolutionary viewpoint common to their era, Greetings was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award. His other major film from this period is the slasher comedy Murder a la Mod, Greetings is about three New Yorkers dealing with the draft. The film is considered the first to deal explicitly with the draft. The film is noteworthy for its use of experimental techniques to convey its narrative in ultimately unconventional ways. Footage was sped up, rapid cutting was used to distance the audience from the narrative, Greetings ultimately grossed over $1 million at the box office and cemented De Palmas position as a bankable filmmaker
30.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
31.
Shalamar
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They went on to be an influential dance trio, masterminded by Cornelius. As noted in the British Hit Singles & Albums, they were regarded as icons and trendsetters. Their collective name, Shalamar, was picked by Griffey and their first hit was Uptown Festival, released on Soul Train Records. Its success inspired Griffey and Don Cornelius to replace session singers with popular Soul Train dancers Jody Watley and Jeffrey Daniel, gerald Brown took over the spot vacated by Mumford for the groups second album, Disco Gardens, which featured the hit Take That To The Bank. After conflicts over lack of payment from Dick Griffey and Solar Records, Howard Hewett replaced Brown in 1979. The group was joined up with producer Leon Sylvers III in 1979, signed with Griffeys SOLAR Records, the album, which crossed the genres of pop, disco, and soul, was also a big seller in the UK in 1982. Michael Jackson was a fan of Shalamars, in particular, Daniel and his dance moves, Jackson and Daniel met afterward, and Jackson took his then 12-year-old sister Janet to see Shalamar perform at Disneyland. Daniel and Jackson co-choreographed Jacksons Bad and Smooth Criminal videos from the album Bad, the classic lineup of Shalamar scored a total of three gold albums in the US with Big Fun, Three for Love - which eventually went platinum) - and Friends. The group took a knock when Watley and Daniel separately left the band over conflicts within the group, adding to Watleys impetus to depart was Watleys increasing frustration with SOLAR Records and Dick Griffey, shortly after the release of their next album, The Look. Nonetheless, the album yielded a number of UK hit singles, including Disappearing Act, Dead Giveaway, the album itself moved Shalamar into a more new wave/synthpop direction, with rock guitars to the fore. But The Look generally was not the success that Friends had been the previous year, with a mid 1980s line-up change, adding Micki Free and Delisa Davis, Shalamar returned to the US Top 20 in 1984 with Dancing in the Sheets from the Footloose soundtrack. The song peaked at #17, and the group won a Grammy for Dont Get Stopped In Beverly Hills from Beverly Hills Cop in 1984, in 1985, Kool & the Gang, Midnight Star, Shalamar and Klymaxx performed at the Marriott Convention Center in Oklahoma City. That year Hewett departed to begin his career, and was replaced by Sydney Justin. Following Hewetts departure, the band began to lose popularity, Circumstantial Evidence did not sell well, and the band broke up shortly after Wake Up was released. In 1996, Watley rejoined with Hewett and Daniel, plus LL Cool J, on Babyfaces million-selling single This Is for the Lover in You, a music video was shot in which the three former members of Shalamar were digitally reunited on screen. Hewett, Watley, and Daniel subsequently joined Babyface and LL Cool J to perform the song on the UKs Top of the Pops in 1996. They are credited on this single release under their names, however, it marked the classic trios first. In 1999, Howard Hewett and Jeffrey Daniel reformed Shalamar and played in Japan and this was followed by UK tours in 2000,2001, and 2003
32.
Fedora
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A fedora /fɪˈdɔːrə/ is a felt hat with a soft brim and indented crown. It is typically creased lengthwise down the crown and pinched near the front on both sides, Fedoras can also be creased with teardrop crowns, diamond crowns, center dents, and others, and the positioning of pinches can vary. The typical crown height is 4.5 inches, the brim is usually approximately 2.5 inches wide, but may be wider, can be left raw edged, finished with a sewn overwelt or underwelt, or bound with a trim-ribbon. Stitched edge means that there is one, two or more rows of stitching radiating inward toward the crown, the Cavanagh Edge is a welted edge with invisible stitching to hold it in place and is a very expensive treatment that can no longer be performed by modern hat factories. The term fedora was in use as early as 1891 and its popularity soared, and eventually it eclipsed the similar-looking homburg. Fedoras can be made of wool, cashmere, rabbit or beaver felt and these felts can also be blended to each other with mink or chinchilla and rarely with vicuña, guanaco, cervelt, or mohair. They can also be made of straw, cotton, waxed or oiled cotton, hemp, many fedoras have a wide brim. Those with small brims are often called trilbies, a special variation is the rollable, foldaway or crushable Fedora with a certain or open crown. Special Fedoras have a crown with grommets, meshinlets or with penetrations for a better air circulation. Fedoras can be lined or unlined and have a leather or cloth or ribbon sweatband, small feathers are sometimes added as decoration. Fedoras can be equipped with a chinstrap, but this is rare, the term fedora was in use as early as 1891. Its popularity soared, and eventually it eclipsed the similar-looking homburg, the word fedora comes from the title of an 1882 play by dramatist Victorien Sardou, Fédora, which was written for Sarah Bernhardt. The play was first performed in the United States in 1889, Bernhardt played Princess Fédora Romanoff, the heroine of the play. During the play, Bernhardt – a notorious cross-dresser – wore a center-creased, the hat was fashionable for women, and the womens rights movement adopted it as a symbol. After Edward, Prince of Wales started wearing them in 1924, it became popular among men for its stylishness and its ability to protect the head from the wind. Since the early part of the 20th century, many Haredi, Fedoras became widely associated with gangsters and Prohibition, a connection coinciding with the height of the hats popularity between the 1920s and the early 1950s. In the second half of the 1950s, the fedora fell out of favor in a shift towards more informal clothing styles, though Greasers wore the hats with their leather jackets, by the early 21st century, the fedora had become a symbol of hipsters. Indiana Jones re-popularized the fedora in the Indiana Jones franchise, johnny Depp is known to often wear a fedora
33.
Fred Astaire
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Fred Astaire was an American dancer, singer, actor, choreographer and television presenter. His stage and subsequent film and television careers spanned a total of 76 years, during which he made 31 musical films and several television specials, Astaire was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fifth greatest male star of Classic Hollywood cinema in 100 Years. Gene Kelly, another star in filmed dance, said that the history of dance on film begins with Astaire, later, he asserted that Astaire was the only one of todays dancers who will be remembered. Astaire was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Johanna Ann, Astaires mother was born in the United States to Lutheran German immigrants from East Prussia and Alsace. Astaires father was born in Linz, Austria, to Jewish parents who had converted to Roman Catholicism, Astaires mother dreamed of escaping Omaha by virtue of her childrens talents, after Astaires sister, Adele Astaire, early on revealed herself to be an instinctive dancer and singer. She planned a brother and sister act, which was common in vaudeville at the time, although Astaire refused dance lessons at first, he easily mimicked his older sisters steps and took up piano, accordion, and clarinet. Despite Adele and Freds teasing rivalry, they acknowledged their individual strengths, his durability. Fred and Adeles mother suggested they change their name to Astaire, Family legend attributes the name to an uncle surnamed LAstaire. They were taught dance, speaking, and singing in preparation for developing an act and their first act was called Juvenile Artists Presenting an Electric Musical Toe-Dancing Novelty. Fred wore a top hat and tails in the first half, in an interview, Astaires daughter, Ava Astaire McKenzie, observed that they often put Fred in a top hat to make him look taller. The goofy act debuted in Keyport, New Jersey, in a tryout theater, the local paper wrote, the Astaires are the greatest child act in vaudeville. As a result of their fathers salesmanship, Fred and Adele rapidly landed a contract and played the famed Orpheum Circuit in the Midwest, Western. Soon Adele grew to at least three inches taller than Fred and the pair began to look incongruous. The family decided to take a break from show business to let time take its course and to avoid trouble from the Gerry Society. In 1912, Fred became an Episcopalian, the career of the Astaire siblings resumed with mixed fortunes, though with increasing skill and polish, as they began to incorporate tap dancing into their routines. Astaires dancing was inspired by Bill Bojangles Robinson and John Bubbles Sublett, from vaudeville dancer Aurelio Coccia, they learned the tango, waltz, and other ballroom dances popularized by Vernon and Irene Castle. Some sources state that the Astaire siblings appeared in a 1915 film titled Fanchon, the Cricket, starring Mary Pickford, by age 14, Fred had taken on the musical responsibilities for their act. He first met George Gershwin, who was working as a song plugger for Jerome H. Remicks music publishing company, Fred had already been hunting for new music and dance ideas
34.
The Band Wagon
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The Band Wagon is a 1953 musical comedy film directed by Vincente Minnelli, starring Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse. It tells the story of a musical star who hopes a Broadway show will restart his career. However, the director wants to make it a pretentious retelling of Faust. Along with Singin in the Rain, it is regarded as one of the finest of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musicals, the songs were written by the team of composer Arthur Schwartz and lyricist Howard Dietz. The movies dances and musical numbers were staged by Michael Kidd, which Schwartz and Dietz wrote specifically for the film, was a hit and has become a standard. Another song orchestrated by Conrad Salinger, Dancing in the Dark, is considered part of the Great American Songbook and was from the original Broadway production. Astaires early number in the film, A Shine On Your Shoes was actually written for a 1932 Broadway revue with music and it had originally been performed by the dancing team of Buddy and Vilma Ebsen. In the movie version of The Band Wagon, the song was reworked to show off Astaires musical talents, the film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, Color, Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture and Best Writing, Story and Screenplay. In 1995, The Band Wagon was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, in 2006, this film ranked #17 on the American Film Institutes list of best musicals. Stage and screen star Tony Hunter, a veteran of musical comedy, is concerned that his career might be in decline and his good friends Lester and Lily Marton have written a stage show that they believe is perfect for his comeback. Tony also feels intimidated by the youth, beauty, and classical background of his female co-star, unbeknownst to him, she is just as insecure in his presence, awed by his long stardom. Eventually, it all too much for Tony. He walks out, but Gaby speaks with him alone and they work out their differences and they also begin to fall in love, though she already has a commitment to the shows choreographer Paul Byrd. When the first out-of-town tryout in New Haven proves to be a disaster, Tony takes charge of the production, taking the show on tour to perfect the new lighthearted musical numbers. Since the original backers have walked out, Tony finances it by selling his art collection. Byrd walks out, but Gaby remains, the revised show proves to be a hit on its Broadway opening. Afterwards, Gaby and Tony confess their love for each other, as with the other Charisse songs, her singing was dubbed by India Adams. Adams recording of the song was reused for Torch Song for a number featuring Joan Crawford
35.
This Is It (concerts)
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This Is It was a planned residency show of 50 concerts by Michael Jackson at the O2 Arena in London, scheduled to run from July 2009 to March 2010. The shows were to be Jacksons first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997, with all concerts sold out, Jackson suffered a cardiac arrest and died less than three weeks before the first concert was scheduled to begin. Jackson announced This Is It at a conference in the O2 Arena. AEG Live, the promoters, released a promotional video that took up an entire commercial break. Initially only 10 concerts were announced, but following public demand 40 more concerts were added, Ticket sales broke several records and Jacksons album sales increased following the announcement, AEG Live estimated that the first 10 dates alone would have earned Jackson approximately £50 million. In preparation for the series, Jackson had been collaborating with high-profile figures including fashion designer Christian Audigier, choreographer Kenny Ortega. Prior to Jacksons death, Allgood Entertainment sued Jackson for $40 million, after Jacksons death, AEG Live offered either refunds to ticket holders or a special souvenir ticket designed by Jackson. The cancelled shows, record-breaking ticket sales and potential for a world tour made This Is It the greatest concert that never happened. Columbia Pictures acquired the footage of the rehearsals and released a film, Michael Jacksons This Is It. The announcement of Jacksons first 10 performances was made by the singer himself, as many as 7,000 fans and 350 reporters awaited the singers arrival, many donning Jackson-related clothing. The singer commented at the conference, I just wanted to say that these will be my final show performances in London. When I say this is it, it means this is it, adding that it was his final curtain call. Organizers touted the residency as, dramatic shows promise an explosive return with a band of the highest calibre, hours before the press conference, promotional posters for the residency were displayed around London. Further promotion took up a commercial break period on ITV London during Dancing on Ice. The advert, which cost £1 million to air, was viewed by 11 million people, Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates would earn the singer approximately £50 million. Joe Cohen, chief executive of Seatwave, told BBC6 Music that the shows would generate £1 billion for the economy, some websites offered early tickets, which the Association of Secondary Ticket Agents warned were fake. We are warning people not to buy tickets that are not yet on sale because it is unlikely that they will receive those tickets, announced the organizations chief, Graham Burns. He concluded, Its impossible when the dates havent been announced to be selling tickets for something when there are no announced dates, Jacksons official website allowed fans to register early for a pre-sale draw
36.
HIStory on Film, Volume II
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HIStory on Film, Volume II is a collection of music videos by Michael Jackson released by Sony Music Video Enterprises on November 1997. Scream uses the Radio Edit version, but does not censor Janets middle finger in the original video and you Are Not Alone is slightly extended and features angel scenes not featured in original video. Earth Song includes the effects, such as the chainsaw, as well as a message at the end. They Dont Care About Us is the Brazilian version, MJ Megaremix was released only on the earliest VHS, Laserdisc, and VCD pressings of this collection. It was removed afterwards for unspecified reasons, blood on the Dance Floor is the Refugee Camp Mix. This refers to the UK Region 2 release, PCM Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Instant lyrics for chapter access Before the video starts, a intro with the title of the video is shown
37.
Michael Jackson's Vision
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Michael Jacksons Vision is a deluxe DVD box set by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was released on November 22,2010 by Epic Records, Legacy Recordings and it includes three DVDs, featuring 4.5 hours of content of 42 music videos with newly restored color and remastered audio. Jackson referred to each of these productions as a short film and this is the first time that all of Jacksons videos have been released on DVD. According to a statement by the producers, the video recognizes Jacksons pioneering short films that transformed the entertainment industry with timeless, the third disc, which is a bonus disc, features seven videos. Ten music videos previously unavailable on DVD including One More Chance are included and it was also released on the iTunes Store and has iTunes LP features. The videos Smooth Criminal, Speed Demon, Come Together, the Smooth Criminal segment is actually over 40 minutes long but only the 10-minute song and dance scene is featured. The video Another Part of Me is from Jacksons Bad World Tour, the HIStory video is the only short film that is not included in this box set. The original music video of Blood on the Dance Floor is replaced with the Refugee Camp Mix for unknown reasons. The videos for The Jacksons songs Torture and Body are also not included, because Michael did not appear in either of them, also not included is the music video for The Jacksons 2300 Jackson Street. On February 15,2011, Michael Jacksons Vision was certified 5× Platinum by RIAA for the sales of over 0.5 million units in the United States, on December 31,2010, it was also certified Diamond in France and 2× Platinum in Australia. On May 29,2011, it was also certified Gold in New Zealand and it has been also certified Gold in Austria and Platinum in Poland. Reception over the video and audio quality of the box set has been mixed, as the videos are played in 16,9, videos with a 4,3 aspect ratio are pillarboxed and as a result the resolution is lower than some previous DVDs. Also, the audio is mixed in PCM stereo instead of 5.1 Surround as in many previous DVDs, unlike previous DVDs, Michael Jacksons Vision features animated intros to all of the videos. For discs one and two, before each video begins, an introduction, which features a short animated clip of the video, is shown revealing the title. The bonus disc just reveals the title and a clip is not shown, play All - Plays all the videos in order. Short Films - The list of all the videos, random Mix - Plays all the videos in shuffle mode. Resume - Continues on the video you left off, billie Jean – unwanted specks such as a lighting bolt that pops up by Michaels feet during the dancing scene have been cleaned up. Bad – the full 18-minute version with the ending credits included, the Way You Make Me Feel – this is the 9-minute version, grunts and extra noises made by Michael can be heard
38.
Number Ones (video)
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Number Ones is a video album by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was released on DVD on November 13,2003 under the Epic Records record label, in conjunction with the promotion for Jacksons greatest hits album, the DVD, which is Jacksons fourth DVD album, contained fifteen music videos, which was directed and produced by various people. It consists of music videos filmed and released by Jackson from 1979s Off the Wall to 2001s Invincible, just like the album, the DVD has four different covers. Number Ones received praise from music critics and was commercially successful internationally. The DVD peaked at one on the Australian Top 40 Music DVD in Australia. Number Ones has been certified twenty two times platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association and is the best selling music DVD ever by a solo artist in Australia. It is also thirteen times platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, in 1972, while still a member of the band The Jackson 5, Michael Jackson released his first of what would be ten studio albums, Got to Be There. Four singles were taken from the album, although they were not promoted by videos. Unlike in the past, Jackson released his music video for the lead single, Dont Stop Til You Get Enough, from his 1979 album. Jackson subsequently began releasing videos for his singles to promote both the song itself and the album. His music videos from the 1980s — particularly the music videos for Billie Jean, Music videos such as Black or White and Scream made Jackson an enduring staple on MTV in the 1990s. Due to length, some of Jacksons music videos are considered to be short films, some of them drew criticism for their violent and sexual content, others were lauded by critics and awarded Guinness World Records for their length, success and expense. From 1979 to 2003, Jackson released thirty-six music videos, Number Ones was released in conjunction with Jacksons greatest number one hits of the same name on November 18,2003. The DVD was released worldwide on November 13,2003, Number Ones is the fourth DVD album to be released by Jackson, the previous three were Dangerous – The Short Films, Video Greatest Hits – HIStory and HIStory on Film, Volume II. The DVD contained ninety one minutes of music video Jackson had already released from as early as 1979 and this compilation was also released in Asia on double Video CD format. The DVD consisted of fifteen music videos, both long and short form versions, Number Ones peaked at number one the ARIA Top 40 Music DVD chart in Australia. It was ranked at two, charting behind only Funhouse Tour, Live In Australia by Pink, on the Australian Highest Selling Music DVD chart for 2009. It also peaked at three on the Swedish DVD Albums Chart
39.
Film noir
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Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywoods classical film noir period is regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively, before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as melodramas. Whether film noir qualifies as a genre is a matter of ongoing debate among scholars. Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, films now so described have been made around the world, many pictures released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Some refer to such works as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s, the questions of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. They emphasize that not every film noir embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike, another, while many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Because of the diversity of noir, certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a style. Other critics treat film noir as a mood, characterize it as a series, there is no consensus on the matter. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, the Universal horror that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility is The Invisible Man, directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon, widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era, josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood at the same time. Films of his such as Shanghai Express and The Devil Is a Woman, with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style, the commercial and critical success of Sternbergs silent Underworld was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that such as Little Caesar, The Public Enemy. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude, the movements sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered films noir, perhaps none had an effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane
40.
Gilda
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Gilda is a 1946 American film noir directed by Charles Vidor and starring Rita Hayworth in her signature role as the ultimate femme fatale and Glenn Ford as a young thug. In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant, Johnny Farrell, a small-time American gambler newly arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, narrates. When he wins a lot of money cheating at craps, he has to be rescued from an attempt by a complete stranger. Mundson tells him about an illegal casino, but warns him not to practice his skills there. Farrell ignores his advice, cheats at blackjack, and is taken by two men to see the owner, who turns out to be Mundson. Farrell talks Mundson into hiring him and quickly gains his confidence, however, the unimpressed washroom attendant, Uncle Pio, keeps calling him Mr. Peasant. One day, Mundson returns from a trip with a beautiful and spirited new wife and it is immediately apparent that Johnny and Gilda have a history together, though both deny it when Mundson questions them. While it is unclear just how much Mundson knows of Gilda and Johnnys past relationship, Mundson is visited by two German businessmen. Their secret organization had financed a tungsten cartel, with everything put in Mundsons name in order to hide their connection to it. However, when they decide that it is safe to take over the cartel after the end of World War II, when the Germans return later, Mundson kills one of them. Farrell and Gilda have another confrontation, which begins with them angrily declaring their hatred for each other. After seeing or overhearing them, Mundson flees to a waiting seaplane, Farrell and Obregon witness its short flight, the plane explodes shortly after takeoff and plummets into the ocean. A suicide, Farrell concludes, but Mundson has parachuted to safety, Johnny and she immediately marry, but while Gilda married him for love, Johnny is avenging their mutual betrayal of Mundson. He stays away, but has her guarded day and night out of contempt for her and loyalty to Mundson. Gilda tries to escape the marriage a number of times. Obregon finally confiscates the casino and informs Farrell that Gilda was never unfaithful to Mundson or to him. At that moment, Mundson reappears, armed with a gun, Obregon shows up, and Johnny tries to take the blame for the murder. Uncle Pio finally credits Johnny for being a gentleman, while insisting that he had killed Mundson
