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Snowdon

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Snowdon
Snowdon massif.jpg
The Snowdon group viewed from the east
left to right
Y Lliwedd, Crib Goch, Yr Wyddfa, Garnedd Ugain
Highest point
Elevation1,085 m (3,560 ft)  [1]
Prominence1,039 m (3,409 ft) 
Ranked joint 3rd in British Isles
Parent peakBen Nevis
ListingMarilyn, Furth, Hewitt, Nuttall, Welsh 3000s, council top, Ribu
Coordinates53°4′6.59″N 4°4′34.43″W / 53.0684972°N 4.0762306°W / 53.0684972; -4.0762306Coordinates: 53°4′6.59″N 4°4′34.43″W / 53.0684972°N 4.0762306°W / 53.0684972; -4.0762306 [2]
Naming
Native nameYr Wyddfa  (Welsh)
Geography
Snowdon is located in Gwynedd
Snowdon
Snowdon
Gwynedd, Wales
Snowdon is located in the United Kingdom
Snowdon
Snowdon
Snowdon (the United Kingdom)
Parent rangeSnowdonia
OS gridSH6098954379
Topo mapOS Landranger 115, Explorer OL17
Listed summits of Snowdon
Name Grid ref Height Status
Crib y Ddysgl SH610551 1,065 m (3,494 ft) Welsh 3000s, Hewitt, Nuttall
Crib Goch SH624551 923 m (3,028 ft) Welsh 3000s, Hewitt, Nuttall
Craig Fach SH635552 609 m (1,998 ft) sub-Hewitt
Craig Wen SH597508 605 m (1,985 ft) sub-Hewitt

Snowdon (/ˈsnoʊdən/; Welsh: Yr Wyddfa, pronounced [ər ˈwɪðva]) is the highest mountain in Wales, at an elevation of 1,085 metres (3,560 ft) above sea level, and the highest point in the British Isles outside the Scottish Highlands. It is located in Snowdonia National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) in Gwynedd. It is the busiest mountain in the United Kingdom and the third most visited attraction in Wales, with 582,000 people visiting annually.[3] It is designated as a national nature reserve for its rare flora and fauna.

The rocks that form Snowdon were produced by volcanoes in the Ordovician period, and the massif has been extensively sculpted by glaciation, forming the pyramidal peak of Snowdon and the arêtes of Crib Goch and Y Lliwedd. The cliff faces on Snowdon, including Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, are significant for rock climbing, and the mountain was used by Edmund Hillary in training for the 1953 ascent of Mount Everest.

The summit can be reached by a number of paths, and by the Snowdon Mountain Railway, a rack railway opened in 1896 which carries passengers the 4.7 miles (7.6 km) from Llanberis to the summit station. The summit also houses a cafe called Hafod Eryri, open only when the railway is operating; it opened in 2009 to replace one built in the 1930s. The railway generally operates to the summit station from Whitsun to October. The daily running schedule depends on weather and customer demand.

The name Snowdon is from the Old English for "snow hill", while the Welsh name – Yr Wyddfa – means "the tumulus" or "the barrow", which may refer to the cairn thrown over the legendary giant Rhitta Gawr after his defeat by King Arthur. As well as other figures from Arthurian legend, the mountain is linked to a legendary afanc (water monster) and the Tylwyth Teg (fairies).

Height[edit]

A 1682 survey estimated that the summit of Snowdon was at a height of 3,720 feet (1,130 m); in 1773, Thomas Pennant quoted a later estimate of 3,568 ft (1,088 m) above sea level at Caernarfon.[4] Recent surveys give the height of the summit as 1,085 m (3,560 ft), making Snowdon the highest mountain in Wales, and the highest point in the British Isles outside Scotland.[5] Snowdon is one of three mountains climbed as part of the National Three Peaks Challenge.[6]

Environment[edit]

Flora[edit]

Gagea serotina (the "Snowdon lily") grows on the cliffs of Snowdon

The environment of Snowdon, particularly its rare plants, has led to its designation as a national nature reserve.[7] In addition to plants that are widespread in Snowdonia, Snowdon is home to some plants rarely found elsewhere in Britain. These include the "Snowdon lily", Gagea serotina, which is also found in the Alps and in North America; it was first discovered in Wales by Edward Lhuyd, and the genus Lloydia (now included in Gagea) was later named in his honour by Richard Anthony Salisbury.[8] Snowdon lies in the northern part of Snowdonia National Park,[9] which has also provided some legal protection since the park's establishment in 1951.[10]

Geology[edit]

The "knife-edge" arête of Crib Goch (foreground) and the pyramidal peak of Snowdon (background) are both the result of glaciation

The rocks which today make up Snowdon and its neighbouring mountains were formed in the Ordovician Period. At that time, most of modern-day Wales was near the edge of Avalonia, submerged beneath the ancient Iapetus Ocean.[11] In the Soudleyan stage (458 to 457 million years ago) of the Caradoc age, a volcanic caldera formed, and produced ash flows of rhyolitic tuff, which formed deposits up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) thick.[12] The current summit is near the northern edge of the ancient caldera; the caldera's full extent is unclear, but it extended as far as the summit of Moel Hebog in the south-west.[13]

Snowdon and its surrounding peaks have been described as "true examples of Alpine topography".[14] The summits of Snowdon and Garnedd Ugain are surrounded by cwms, rounded valleys scooped out by glaciation.[15] Erosion by glaciers in adjacent cwms caused the characteristic arêtes of Crib Goch, Crib y Ddysgl and Y Lliwedd, and the pyramidal peak of Snowdon itself.[16] Other glacial landforms that can be seen around Snowdon include roches moutonnées, glacial erratics and moraines.[17]

Climate[edit]

The English name "Snowdon" comes from the Old English snaw dun, meaning "snow hill", as Snowdon often has a covering of snow.[18] Although the amount of snow on Snowdon in winter varies significantly, 55% less snow fell in 2004 than in 1994.[19] The slopes of Snowdon have one of the wettest climates in Great Britain, receiving an annual average of more than 200 inches (5,100 mm) of precipitation.[20]

Lakes[edit]

Llyn Llydaw, the largest and deepest lake on Snowdon's flanks, is crossed by a causeway at its eastern end

A number of lakes are found in the various cwms of the Snowdon range.

  • Llyn Llydaw – 1,430 feet (440 m) high, 110 acres (45 ha) – lies in Cwm Dyli, Snowdon's eastern cwm, and is one of Snowdonia's deepest lakes, at up to 190 ft (58 m) deep. Various explanations of its name have been put forward, including lludw ("ash"), from ashen deposits along the shore, to Llydaw ("Brittany").[21] It contains evidence of a crannog settlement, and was the location of a 10-by-2-foot (3 m × 0.6 m) dugout canoe described in the Cambrian Journal in 1862.[21] The lake is significantly coloured by washings from the copper mines nearby, and is used by the Cwm Dyli hydroelectric power station, which opened in 1906.[21] The lake is crossed by a causeway, built in 1853 and raised in the 20th century to prevent the causeway from flooding frequently.[22]
  • Glaslyn – 1,970 feet (600 m) high, 18 acres (7.3 ha) – lies higher up Cwm Dyli than Llyn Llydaw.[23] It was originally called Llyn y Ffynnon Glas, and has a depth of 127 feet (39 m).[23] For a long time, it was believed to be bottomless, and is also the location for various myths.[23]
  • Llyn Ffynnon-y-gwas – 1,430 feet (440 m) high, 10 acres (4.0 ha) – lies in Cwm Treweunydd, Snowdon's north-western cwm, and is passed by the Snowdon Ranger path.[24] It was enlarged by damming for use as a reservoir for use by slate quarries, but the level has since been lowered, and the lake's volume reduced to 24,000 cubic metres (850,000 cu ft).[24]

Other lakes include Llyn Du'r Arddu below Clogwyn Du'r Arddu – 1,901 feet (579 m) high, 5 acres (2.0 ha), Llyn Teyrn near Pen-y-pass – 1,237 feet (377 m) high, 5 acres (2.0 ha), and several smaller pools.[25]

Rock climbing[edit]

Clogwyn Du'r Arddu
A rock climbing site

The Snowdon Massif includes a number of cliffs, and holds an important place in the history of rock climbing in the United Kingdom. Clogwyn Du'r Arddu is often colloquially known as 'Cloggy' among climbers, and was the site of the first recorded climb in Britain, in 1798.[26] It was carried out by Peter Bailey Williams and William Bingley, while searching for rare plants.[26] It is now considered to be one of the best cliffs in Britain for rock climbing.[27]

Y Lliwedd was also explored by early climbers, and was the subject of a 1909 climbing guide, The Climbs on Lliwedd by J. M. A. Thompson and A. W. Andrews, one of the first in Britain.[26] Snowdon was used by Edmund Hillary and his group during preparations for their successful 1953 expedition to climb Mount Everest.[26]

Ascents[edit]

Sketch map of the Snowdon Massif
Legend
· grey: ridges
· red lines: paths
· orange lines: roads
· dotted grey line: Snowdon Mountain Railway

The first recorded ascent of Snowdon was by the botanist Thomas Johnson in 1639.[26] However, the 18th-century Welsh historian Thomas Pennant mentions a "triumphal fair upon this our chief of mountains" following Edward I's conquest of Wales in 1284, which could indicate the possibility of earlier ascents.[28]

Snowdon offers some of the most extensive views in the British Isles.[29] On exceptionally clear days, Ireland, Scotland, England, and the Isle of Man are all visible, as well as 24 counties, 29 lakes and 17 islands. The view between Snowdon and Merrick (southern Scotland) is the longest theoretical line of sight in the British Isles at 144 miles (232 km).[30]

Snowdon has been described as "probably the busiest mountain in Britain",[31] with approximately 444,000 people having walked up the mountain in 2016.[32] A number of well-established and engineered footpaths lead to Snowdon's summit from all sides,[5] and can be combined in various ways.[33] The circular walk starting and ending at Pen-y-Pass and using the Crib Goch route and the route over Y Lliwedd is called the Snowdon Horseshoe, and is considered "one of the finest ridge walks in Britain".[34] The routes are arranged here anticlockwise, starting with the path leading from Llanberis. In winter conditions, all these routes become significantly more dangerous and the Llanberis Mountain Rescue Team state that "additional skills, equipment and knowledge are required".[35] Many inexperienced walkers have been killed over the years attempting to climb the mountain via the main paths.[36]

These six main paths were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015.[37]

Llanberis Path[edit]

The 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long Llanberis Path has the shallowest gradient and is the longest route to the summit. It follows the line of the railway and being the easiest and least interesting,[5] it is the route used by the annual Snowdon Race,[38] which has a record time of less than 40 minutes recorded from the start to the summit.[39]

The section of the Llanberis Path beside the railway near the summit has been called the "Killer Convex"; in icy conditions, this convex slope can send unwary walkers over the cliffs of Clogwyn Du'r Arddu. Four people died there in February 2009.[40][41]

Snowdon Ranger Path[edit]

The Snowdon Ranger Path crosses a boggy area before ascending past Llyn Ffynnon-y-gwas

The Snowdon Ranger Path (Welsh: Llwybr Cwellyn) begins at the youth hostel beside Llyn Cwellyn, to the west of the mountain, served by the A4085 and Snowdon Ranger railway station. This was formerly the Saracen's Head Inn, but was renamed under the ownership of the mountain guide John Morton.[4] It is thought to be the oldest path to the summit.[5]

The route begins with zigzags through turf,[22] before reaching a flatter boggy area in front of Llyn Ffynnon-y-gwas. The path then climbs to Bwlch Cwm Brwynog, and then snakes along the ridge above Clogwyn Du'r Arddu towards the summit. This path meets the railway, the Llanberis Path, the Crib Goch path, and the combined Pyg Track and Miners' Track all within a short distance, just below the summit.[22]

Rhyd Ddu path[edit]

The Rhyd Ddu path, also called the Beddgelert Path, leads from the village of Rhyd Ddu, west of Snowdon, gently up on to Llechog, a broad ridge dropping west from the summit.[26] It is considered one of the easier routes to the summit,[22][26] with the advantage that the summit is visible from the start,[26] but is one of the least used routes.[27] It climbs at a shallow gradient to Bwlch Main, shortly southwest of the summit, from where it climbs more steeply, meeting up with the Watkin Path at a site marked with a large standing stone a few hundred metres from the summit. The total ascent from the bottom of the path to the top of the mountain is 896 meters.[42] [22] An alternative start begins at Pitt's Head on the A4085 road.[27]

Watkin Path[edit]

Plas Cwmllan (right) and Gladstone Rock (left) in Cwm Llan, looking along the Watkin Path

The Watkin Path is "the most demanding route direct to the summit of Snowdon",[7] since it starts at the lowest elevation of any of the main routes.[22] It was first conceived by Edward Watkin, a railway owner who had attempted to build a railway tunnel under the English Channel, and had a summer home in Nant Gwynant near the start of the path.[5] It was originally designed as a donkey track and opened in 1892.[22]

The start of the Watkin Path has been described as "the prettiest beginning" of the routes up Snowdon.[22] It begins at Bethania on the A498 and climbs initially through old broadleaved woodland.[22] After leaving the woods, the path climbs past the waterfalls of the Afon Llan to the glacial cirque of Cwm Llan, crossing a disused incline from an abandoned slate quarry.[7] It then reaches Plas Cwmllan, formerly the home of the quarry manager for the South Snowdon Slate Works beyond, and later used for target practice by commandos during the Second World War.[7] Near Plas Cwmllan is the large boulder known as Gladstone Rock, which bears a plaque commemorating a speech given in 1892 by William Ewart Gladstone, the then 83-year-old Prime Minister, on the subject of Justice for Wales.[22] The slate workings in Cwm Llan were opened in 1840, but closed in 1882 due to the expense of transporting the slate to the sea at Porthmadog. Various buildings, including barracks and dressing sheds, remain.[7]

From the slate quarries, the Watkin Path veers to the north-east to reach Bwlch Ciliau, the col between Snowdon and Y Lliwedd, which is marked by a large orange-brown cairn.[22] From here, it heads west to meet the Rhyd Ddu Path at a standing stone shortly below the summit of Snowdon.[7]

Over Y Lliwedd[edit]

Y Lliwedd In early spring

The route over Y Lliwedd is more frequently used for descent than ascent, and forms the second half of the Snowdon Horseshoe walk, the ascent being over Crib Goch. It is reached by following the Watkin Path down to Bwlch y Saethau, and then continuing along the ridge to the twin summits of Y Lliwedd.[34] The path then drops down to Cwm Dyli to join the Miners' Track towards Pen-y-Pass.

Miners' Track[edit]

The Pyg Track (above) and Miners Track (below) merge above Glaslyn. Crib Goch is visible at the top

The Miners' Track (Welsh: Llwybr y Mwynwyr) begins at the car park at Pen-y-Pass, at an altitude of around 350 metres (1,150 ft), and is the most popular route to the summit of Snowdon.[26] It begins by skirting Llyn Teyrn before climbing slightly to cross the causeway over Llyn Llydaw.[26] It follows the lake's shoreline before climbing to Glaslyn, from where it ascends steeply towards Bwlch Glas. It is joined for most of this zigzag ascent by the Pyg Track, and on reaching the summit ridge, is united with the Llanberis Path and Snowdon Ranger Path.[26] Derelict mine buildings are encountered along several parts of the path.[26]

Crib Goch route[edit]

The traverse of Crib Goch has been described as "one of the finest ridge walks in Britain",[34] and forms part of the Snowdon Horseshoe, a circuit of the peaks surrounding Cwm Dyli.[26] The path follows the Pyg Track before separating off from it at Bwlch y Moch and leading up the East ridge of Crib Goch. All routes which tackle Crib Goch are considered mountaineering routes or scrambles.[43]

Pyg Track[edit]

Standing stone marking the start of the Pyg Track at Pen-y-Pass

The "Pyg Track" (Welsh: Llwybr Pyg), or "Pig Track" (both spellings may be encountered), also leads from Pen-y-Pass.[22] The track climbs over Bwlch y Moch on the eastern flanks of Crib Goch, before traversing that ridge's lower slopes.[26] Above Glaslyn, it is joined by the Miners' Track for the zigzag climb to Bwlch Glas between Snowdon and Garnedd Ugain.[26]

From the website of the Snowdonia National Park Authority,

Nobody knows for certain why this path is called the Pyg Track. It's possible that it was named after the pass it leads through, Bwlch y Moch (translated Pigs' Pass) as the path is sometimes spelled 'Pig Track'. Or, maybe because it was used to carry 'pyg' (black tar) to the copper mines on Snowdon. Another possible explanation is that the path was named after the nearby Pen y Gwryd Hotel, popular amongst the early mountain walkers.

— Snowdonia National Park Authority[44]

Wingsuit flight[edit]

On 26 June 2018, Sam Laming became the first ever Wingsuit pilot to perform a 'Proximity Flight' over a UK mountain, by flying approximately 30 metres over Snowdon's summit, after jumping from a helicopter with fellow wingsuit camera pilot, Mike Hitchcock.[45] The flight was met with positive press from the BBC and Daily Mail amongst various other media outlets. A video was published online shortly afterwards, showing external and point of view video from the flight.

View from the summit[edit]

Snowdon offers some of the most extensive views in the British Isles; on exceptionally clear days, Ireland, (the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland), Scotland, England, and the Isle of Man (as well as Wales) are all visible, as well as 24 counties, 29 lakes and 17 islands. From here, it is also possible to see the mountains of the Peak District and South Pennines that surround Manchester. The view between Snowdon and Merrick (southern Scotland) is the longest theoretical line of sight in the British Isles at 144 miles (232 km).[30] In practice, atmospheric conditions make such sightings extremely rare and indeed there are no reported sightings. The mountain itself may also be viewed on take off and approach to both Manchester Airport and Liverpool John Lennon Airport on very clear days, and even from Howth Head in Dublin, Ireland.

Snowdon Mountain Railway[edit]

Main article: Snowdon Mountain Railway

The Snowdon Mountain Railway (SMR) (Welsh: Rheilffordd yr Wyddfa) is a narrow gauge rack and pinion mountain railway that travels for 4.75 miles (7.6 km) from Llanberis to the summit of Snowdon.[46] It is the only public rack and pinion railway in the United Kingdom,[46][47] and after more than 100 years of operation it remains a popular tourist attraction, carrying more than 130,000 passengers annually.[48] Single carriage trains are pushed up the mountain by either steam locomotives or diesel locomotives. It has also previously used diesel railcars as multiple units. The railway was constructed between December 1894, when the first sod was cut by Enid Assheton-Smith (after whom locomotive No.2 was named), and February 1896, at a total cost of £63,800 (equivalent to £7,252,000 as of 2018).[49]

Summit buildings[edit]

Hafod Eryri
Hafod Eryri, built in 2009
Hafod Eryri (2009)
General information
Addressvia Snowdon Mountain Railway, Llanberis, Caernarfon, Gwynedd, LL55 4TY
Coordinates53°04′08″N 4°04′32″W / 53.068865°N 4.075588°W / 53.068865; -4.075588
Elevation1,065 m (3,560 ft)
Opened12 June 2009
Cost£8.4m
Design and construction
Architecture firmRay Hole Architects
Structural engineerArup
Main contractorCarillion
Awards and prizesRIBA Welsh Architecture Award 2010
Website
Hafod Eryri Visitor Centre

The first building on the summit of Snowdon was erected in 1838 to sell refreshments, and a licence to sell intoxicating liquor was granted in 1845.[26] Very basic accommodation was also provided for visitors.[50] When the Snowdon Mountain Railway was opened in 1896, it added its own accommodation and sales outlet near the summit.[50]

During the 1930s, many complaints were received about the state of the facilities at the summit and in 1934/5 a new station building was erected in two phases. It was designed by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis and included rooms for visitors and a cafe. The other operators were bought out and the ramshackle collection of buildings on the summit was cleared. The flat roof was intended to be used as a viewing platform and some photographs show it being used in this way. However, other photographs taken of the cafe show that the roof leaked, which probably explains why the practice was stopped. The Summit was taken over by government agencies during the war and the accommodation was restricted to staff use afterwards.[50] Having become increasingly dilapidated, this building was described by Prince Charles as "the highest slum in Wales".[51] Its state led to a campaign to replace the building. In April 2006, Snowdonia National Park Authority with the support of the Snowdonia Society agreed a deal to start work on a new cafe and visitor centre complex.[52] By mid-October 2006 the old building had been largely demolished.

The new RIBA Award-winning[53] £8.4 million visitor centre, Hafod Eryri, designed by Ray Hole Architects in conjunction with Arup and built by Carillion, was officially opened on 12 June 2009[54] by First Minister Rhodri Morgan.[55] The Welsh National Poet, Gwyn Thomas, composed a new couplet for the new building, displayed at its entrance and on the windows, which reads "Copa'r Wyddfa: yr ydych chwi, yma, Yn nes at y nefoedd / The summit of Snowdon: You are, here, nearer to Heaven".[56] The name Hafod Eryri was chosen from several hundred put forward after a competition was held by the BBC.[57][58] Hafod is Welsh for an upland summer residence, while Eryri is the Welsh name for Snowdonia.[26]

Folklore[edit]

In Welsh folklore, the summit of Snowdon is said to be the tomb of Rhitta Gawr, a giant.[26] This is claimed to be the reason for the Welsh name Yr Wyddfa,[22] literally meaning "the tumulus".[59] Rhitta Gawr wore a cloak made of men's beards, and was slain by King Arthur after claiming Arthur's beard.[23] Other sites with Arthurian connections include Bwlch y Saethau, on the ridge between Snowdon and Y Lliwedd, where Arthur himself is said to have died. A cairn, Carnedd Arthur, was erected at the site and was still standing as late as 1850,[23] but no longer exists.[26] According to the folklore, Arthur had Bedivere throw his sword Excalibur into Glaslyn, where Arthur's body was later placed in a boat to be carried away to Afallon. Arthur's men then retreated to a cave on the slopes of Y Lliwedd, where they are said to sleep until such time as they are needed.[23][34] Merlin is supposed to have hidden the golden throne of Britain among the cliffs north of Crib y Ddysgl when the Saxons invaded.[60] Glaslyn was also the final resting place of a water monster, known as an afanc (also the Welsh word for beaver), which had plagued the people of the Conwy valley. They tempted the monster out of the water with a young girl, before securing it with chains and dragging it to Glaslyn.[23][26] A large stone known as Maen Du'r Arddu, below Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, is supposed to have magical powers. Like several other sites in Wales, it is said that if two people spend the night there, one will become a great poet while the other will become insane.[61] Llyn Coch in Cwm Clogwyn has been associated with the Tylwyth Teg (fairies), including a version of the fairy bride legend.[62]

In popular culture[edit]

Scenes from Carry On... Up the Khyber were filmed on the lower part of the Watkin Path in 1968, with the Watkin Path representing the Khyber Pass in the film. In 2005, Angela Douglas, one of the stars of the film, unveiled a plaque at the precise location where filming took place, to commemorate the location filming, and it forms part of the North Wales Film and Television Trail run by the Wales Screen Commission.[63]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Roberts, Liz (21 September 2010). "Survey puts Welsh mountain into 1,000m 'super league'". Grough. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  2. ^ Edwardes, Simon. "Snowdon – Yr Wyddfa". The Mountains of England and Wales. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  3. ^ "Snowdon Partnership launch plan to 'safeguard' mountain". BBC News. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  4. ^ a b Jones, G. Lindsay (2009). "The Capel Curig Footpaths up Snowdon: a Brief History" (PDF). Snowdonia Society. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d e Barnes, David (2005). "Caernarfonshire: Eifionydd; Llŷn; Arfon". The Companion Guide to Wales. Companion Guides. pp. 279–315. ISBN 978-1-900639-43-9.
  6. ^ "National Three Peaks Challenge". 25 February 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Marsh 2010, pp. 33–36
  8. ^ Jones, David (2003). "Flowers". Welsh Wildlife. Y Lolfa. pp. 11–34. ISBN 978-0-86243-654-4.
  9. ^ Baker, Nick & Phillips, Adrian (2009). "Snowdonia". The National Trust Book of the Countryside. Anova Books. pp. 350–353. ISBN 978-1-905400-69-0.
  10. ^ "National Park facts and figures". Association of National Park Authorities. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  11. ^ Thorpe, R. S.; Leat, P. T.; Mann, A. C.; Howells, M. F.; Reedman, A. J.; Campbell, S. D. G. (1993). "Magmatic evolution of the Ordovician Snowdon Volcanic Centre, North Wales (UK)". Journal of Petrology. 34 (4): 711–741. doi:10.1093/petrology/34.4.711.
  12. ^ Cope, J. C. W.; Ingham, J. F.; Rawson, P. F., eds. (1992). "Ordovician". Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies (2nd ed.). Geological Society. pp. 19–36. ISBN 978-1-86239-055-3.
  13. ^ Reedman, A. J.; Colman, T. B.; Campbell, S. D. G.; Howells, M. F. (1985). "Volcanogenic mineralization related to the Snowdon Volcanic Group (Ordovician), Gwynedd, North Wales". Journal of the Geological Society. 142: 875–888. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.142.5.0875.
  14. ^ Yates, R. A. (1957). "Physiographical evolution". In Emrys G. Bowen (ed.). Wales: A Physical, Historical and Regional Geography. Methuen. pp. 19–52.
  15. ^ Gannon, Paul (2008). "The Glyderau and glaciation". Rock Trails Snowdonia: a Hillwalker's Guide to the Geology and Scenery. Pesda Press. pp. 79–88. ISBN 978-1-906095-04-8.
  16. ^ Waugh, David (2002). "Glaciation". Geography: an Integrated Approach (3rd ed.). Nelson Thornes. pp. 102–129. ISBN 978-0-17-444706-1.
  17. ^ Raine, Mike (2009). "Glaciation". In Mike Raine (ed.). Nature of Snowdonia. Pesda Press. pp. 35–39. ISBN 978-1-906095-10-9.
  18. ^ Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
  19. ^ "Snow 'disappears' from Snowdon". BBC News. 20 December 2004.
  20. ^ Howe, G. Melvyn (1957). "Weather and climate". In Emrys G. Bowen (ed.). Wales: A Physical, Historical and Regional Geography. Regional geography series. Methuen. pp. 53–94.
  21. ^ a b c Roberts 1995, pp. 179–181
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hermon, Peter (2006). "The Snowdon Range". Hillwalking in Wales, Volume 2. British Hills Series (2nd ed.). Cicerone Press. pp. 237–283. ISBN 978-1-85284-468-4.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Roberts 1995, pp. 145–148
  24. ^ a b Roberts 1995, pp. 131–132
  25. ^ Roberts 1995 passim
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Marsh 1984
  27. ^ a b c Marsh 2010, pp. 29–32
  28. ^ Pennant, Thomas (1778–1783). A Tour in Wales. Cited by Marsh 1984
  29. ^ Squires, David (2010). "Can Snowdon be seen from the Wrekin? A topographic detective story" (PDF). Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club. XLV (I): 66–84.
  30. ^ a b Ferranti, Jonathan de. "Computer-generated virtual panorama from Merrick". Retrieved 1 May 2006.
  31. ^ "About us". Llanberis Mountain Rescue Team. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  32. ^ "Noise and congestion concerns over Snowdonia events". BBC News. 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  33. ^ Rowland, E. G. (1975). Ascent of Snowdon. British Hills Series (5th ed.). Cicerone Press. ISBN 978-0-902363-13-7.
  34. ^ a b c d Marsh 2010, pp. 25–28
  35. ^ "Winter Conditions". Retrieved 9 October 2016.
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Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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