1.
Sonnet 17
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Sonnet 17 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is the poem of what are referred to by scholars as the procreation sonnets with which the Fair Youth sequence opens. As in Sonnet 130, Shakespeare shows himself to be hesitant about self-assured, flamboyant, Sonnet 17 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet, consisting of three quatrains followed by a couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme, abab cdcd efef gg. Sonnet 17 is written in iambic pentameter, a form of meter based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The sonnets fourth line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter, × / × / × / × / × / Which hides your life, / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. The poets verse is inadequate, heaven knows is either an exclamation or part of the sentence, heaven knows that his verse is, Shakespeare even goes as far as to say that the tomb hides half the youths beauty. Shakespeare argues that his descriptions are not strong enough, and do not do justice to the mans beauty, again, if the poet could number all the youths graces in fresh numbers, then future times would accuse him of falsehood. Future ages would say, this poet lies, / Such heavenly touches neer touchd earthly faces, a future age, believing that such divine perfection could never happen, would think the poets efforts exaggeration. Shakespeare insists that his comparisons, even though they are limited in strength, are not exaggerations, the poets manuscripts, once they are discolored with age, will be the subject of ridicule, just as old men of less truth then tongue are derided. Antique song is both ancient and distorted song, the sonnet ends with a typical notion that should the young man have a child, he shall live both in the child and in the poets rhyme. Richard Attenborough, for the 2002 compilation album, When Love Speaks Baldwin, on the Literary Genetics of Shakspeares Sonnets. The Sonnets, The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeares Poetry, patrick Cheney, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Works related to Sonnet 17 at Wikisource Paraphrase and analysis Facsimile of 1609 edition of sonnet 17 part 1 Facsimile of 1609 edition of sonnet 17 part 2 Analysis
2.
Sonnet 19
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Sonnet 19 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare and is considered by some to be the final sonnet of the initial procreation sequence. The sonnet addresses time directly with the instruction to destroy its own weapons and to leave Shakespeares beloved, the theme is redemption, through art, of times inevitable decay. Sonnet 19 is a typical English or Shakespearean sonnet, the English sonnet consists of three quatrains followed by a couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme, abab cdcd efef gg. Like all but one of Shakespeares sonnets, Sonnet 19 is written in a type of metre called iambic pentameter based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The eighth line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter, × / × / × / × / × / But I forbid thee one most heinous crime, / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. G. Wilson Knight notes and analyzes the way in which devouring time is developed by trope in the first 19 sonnets, jonathan Hart notes the reliance of Shakespeares treatment on tropes from not only Ovid but also Edmund Spenser. The sonnet consists of a series of imperatives, where time is commanded to disempower its own instruments, the lions paws, it must force mother earth to devour her children. Time is ordered to pull the tigers keen teeth, its eager, its sharp, the quartos yawes was amended to jaws by Edward Capell and Edmond Malone, this change is now almost universally accepted. Fourthly, and impossibly, time is required to burn the long-livd phoenix, the phoenix is a long-lived bird that is cyclically regenerated or reborn. Associated with the sun, a phoenix obtains new life by arising from the ashes of its predecessor, george Steevens glosses in her blood as burned alive by analogy with Coriolanus, Nicolaus Delius has the phrase while still standing. As time speeds by, it must vary the seasons, which are not only cycles of nature but ups, the penultimate command verges on the careless or dismissive, do what ere thou wilt. The epithet swift-footed time was commonplace, as was the wide world, finally the poet denies time a singular, most grievous sin. It must carve not with thy hours my loves fair brow, in associating crime and wrinkles Shakespeare has drawn on Ovid again, de rugis crimina multa cadunt, rendered by Christopher Marlowe as wrinckles in beauty is a grieuous fault. The hours must not etch into the beloveds brow any wrinkle, nor must times antique pen, both its ancient and its antic or crazy pen, draw. Time must allow the youth to remain untainted in its course, whatever injuries or faults time might commit, the poets love, both his affection and the beloved, will prevail in the poets lines as ever fresh and never growing old. Henry Charles Beeching perceives a valediction in the line, meant to indicate that the opening group of sonnets ends here. In Gustav Holsts opera, At the Boars Head, the sonnet is performed as a sung by Prince Hal in disguise as entertainment for Falstaff
3.
Shakespeare's sonnets
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Shakespeares Sonnets is the title of a collection of 154 sonnets by William Shakespeare, which covers themes such as the passage of time, love, beauty and mortality. The first 126 sonnets are addressed to a man, the last 28 to a woman. The sonnets were first published in a 1609 quarto with the stylised title. The quarto ends with A Lovers Complaint, a poem of 47 seven-line stanzas written in rhyme royal – though some scholars have argued convincingly against Shakespeares authorship of the poem. The sonnets to the young man express overwhelming, obsessional love, the main issue of debate has always been whether it remained platonic or became physical. The final two sonnets are allegorical treatments of Greek epigrams referring to the little love-god Cupid, the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, entered the book in the Stationers Register on 20 May 1609, Tho. Entred for his copie under the handes of master Wilson and master Lownes Wardenes a booke called Shakespeares sonnettes vjd, whether Thorpe used an authorised manuscript from Shakespeare or an unauthorised copy is unknown. George Eld printed the quarto, and the run was divided between the booksellers William Aspley and John Wright, the Sonnets include a dedication to one Mr. W. H. The identity of this remains a mystery and, since the 19th century, has provoked a great deal of speculation. The dedication reads, Its oblique nature has led Colin Burrow to describe it as a pit in which speculation wallows. The initials T. T. are taken to refer to the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, Foster points out, however, that Thorpes entire corpus of such consists of only four dedications and three stationers prefaces. That Thorpe signed the rather than the author is often read as evidence that he published the work without obtaining Shakespeares permission. Broadly speaking, there are branches of theories concerning the identity of Mr. W. H. those that take him to be identical to the youth, the following is a non-exhaustive list of contenders, William Herbert. Herbert is seen by many as the most likely candidate, since he was also the dedicatee of the First Folio of Shakespeares works, however the obsequious Thorpe would be unlikely to have addressed a lord as Mr. Henry Wriothesley. Many have argued that W. H. is Southamptons initials reversed, Southampton was also known for his good looks, and has often been argued to be the Fair Youth of the sonnets, however, the same reservations about Mr. also apply here. A simple printing error for Shakespeares initials, W. S. or W. Sh and this was suggested by Bertrand Russell in his memoirs, and also by Foster and by Jonathan Bate. Bate supports his point by reading onlie as something like peerless, singular and begetter as maker, Foster takes onlie to mean only one, which he argues eliminates any particular subject of the poems, since they are addressed to more than one person. The phrase Our Ever-Living Poet, according to Foster, refers to God, Poet comes from the Greek poetes which means maker, a fact remarked upon in various contemporary texts, also, in Elizabethan English the word maker was used to mean poet
4.
William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
5.
Sonnet
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A sonnet is a poem in a specific form which originated in Italy, Giacomo da Lentini is credited with its invention. The term sonnet is derived from the Italian word sonetto, by the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history, writers of sonnets are sometimes called sonneteers, although the term can be used derisively. The sonnet was created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Emperor Frederick II, guittone dArezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Siculo-Tuscan School, or Guittonian school of poetry. Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri and Guido Cavalcanti, wrote sonnets, other fine examples were written by Michelangelo. The structure of a typical Italian sonnet of the included two parts that together formed a compact form of argument. First, the octave, forms the proposition, which describes a problem, or question, followed by a sestet, typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the turn, or volta, which signals the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that dont strictly follow the structure, the ninth line still often marks a turn by signaling a change in the tone, mood. Later, the abba, abba pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets, for the sestet there were two different possibilities, cde, cde and cdc, cdc. In time, other variants on this scheme were introduced. Petrarch typically used an abba, abba pattern for the octave, in English, both the English or Shakespearean sonnet, and the Italian Petrarchan sonnet are traditionally written in iambic pentameter. Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay also wrote mostly Petrarchan sonnets, on His Blindness by Milton, gives a sense of the Petrarchan rhyme scheme, Most Sonnets in Dantes La Vita Nuova are Petrarchan. Chapter VII gives sonnet O voi che per la via, with two sestets and two quatrains, and Ch. VIII, Morte villana, with two sestets and two quatrains and it was written by Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoia and is addressed to Peter III of Aragon. It employs the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d-c-d and this poem is historically interesting for its information on north Italian perspectives concerning the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the conflict between the Angevins and Aragonese for Sicily. It congratulates Robert of Naples on his recent victory, there are also two poorly regarded sonnets by the Italian Dante de Maiano. By the late 17th century poets on increasingly relied on stanza forms incorporating rhymed couplets, and by the 18th century fixed-form poems – and, in particular, the resulting versification – less constrained by meter and rhyme patterns than Renaissance poetry – more closely mirrored prose. The Romantics were responsible for a return to many of the poems used during the 15th and 16th centuries. The sonnet however was used until the Parnassians brought it back into favor
6.
Sonnet 1
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Sonnet 1 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a sonnet within the Fair Youth sequence. Sonnet 1 is the first in a series of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare that were published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe, nineteenth-century critics thought Thorpe might have published the poems without Shakespeares consent, Sidney Lee called him predatory and irresponsible. Conversely, modern scholars Wells and Taylor assert their verdict that Thorpe was a reputable publisher, either way, this sonnet is considered the first in the sequence. Analyzing the sonnets in this order allows for a story of a love triangle to emerge. Sonnet 1 is part of the Fair Youth sonnets, in which a young man is being addressed by the speaker and later sonnets also refer to a dark lady. Because of this, Sonnet 1 instantly attracts interest as being a kind of introduction to the rest of the sonnets, the 1st sonnet is also the first of the procreation sonnets, which urge this youth to not waste his beauty by failing to marry or reproduce. The opening movement give expression to one compelling case, the first mode of preservation entertained is procreation, which is urged without letup in the first fourteen poems and twice again. Both were patrons of Shakespeare but at different times – Wriothesley in the 1590s, there is trouble finding out which earl it might have been because sonnets were in fashion in the 1590s but Shakespeares were not published until 1609. In Sonnet 1, we begin to see the story between the fair youth and the speaker unfold, though not the typical love story of the Elizabethan era if read this way. However, each of Shakespeares sonnets can still be read as separate from the other sonnets, in this sonnet, the speaker engages in an argument with the beloved/fair youth about procreation, An agon, a dramatic struggle, develops between the speaker and the youth. Shakespeares sonnets do not exactly adhere to the norms of the form established by the Italian poet. According to Robert Matz, Shakespeare transforms the sonnet convention, Shakespeare brings in topics and themes that were unusual at the time. Shakespeares audience would have interpreted such a tone as entirely improper encouragement of procreation. In fact, the sonnets of the time revered chastity. Sonnets are often about love between the speaker and the beloved but Shakespeare does not do this. Instead, Shakespeare urges the man, the beloved, to have sex. Marriage in Shakespeares time was mainly functional, if in fact Shakespeare’s sonnet was about a beloved that was a man, then this was an entirely new concept
7.
Sonnet 126
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Written in 1594, Sonnet 126 is one of 154 sonnets by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is the member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the poet shows how Time. Yet fear her, you who are Natures darling, she may detain her treasure and her last account, though delayed, must be paid and her discharge is to render you up. Although known as Sonnet 126, this poem is not formally a sonnet in the strict sense, instead of 14 lines rhyming abab cdcd efef gg the poem is composed of six couplets. Like the other sonnets it is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. / = ictus, a strong syllabic position. It is possible that the first couplet also has feminine endings, though Booth reads powr and hour as monosyllabic. Line 11 has a reversal, × / × / × / / × × / Her audit, though delayd. Sonnet 126 has been dubbed the envoi to the Fair Youth sonnets, now chiefly the short stanza which concludes a poem written in certain archaic metrical forms. Paul Ramsey, author of The Fickle Glass, A Study of Shakespeares Sonnets, also writes that, the same idea of closing is paralleled by the authors of The Norton Anthology. This sonnet or envoi, of six couplets, concludes the part of the sequence addressed to the youth and formally signals a change in tone. Sethna believes that the lack of aging underscores Shakespeares aging. This is emphasized by Natures capacity to foil Times destructiveness, nonetheless, the capacity can only last so long. Slightly paralleled by A. L. Rowse, author of Shakespeares Sonnets, The Problems Solved, as the youths beauty wanes, so his friends wither, as he grows older, contrasting Sethnas view of the youths beauty accentuating Shakespeares lack of beauty. Rowse also suggests that this idea may also imply a further consistency, Shakespeares concern with the ebb and flow of things, perhaps the influence of constant Ovidian thought. Anspacher too, interprets the idea of time with a similar view stating that love is not times fool. In other words, even Time, the most willful and absolute dictator in the world, cannot treat Love as he would treat his fool or his jester, and eventually must succeed to Nature. As Murray Krieger notes, author of A Window to Criticism, Shakespeares Sonnets and modern poetics, a reduction that cannot be produced, no matter the tool nor the wistfulness
8.
Ovid
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Publius Ovidius Naso, known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the Latin love elegists and he enjoyed enormous popularity, but, in one of the mysteries of literary history, was sent by Augustus into exile in a remote province on the Black Sea, where he remained until his death. Ovid himself attributes his exile to carmen et error, a poem and a mistake and his poetry was much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and greatly influenced Western art and literature. The Metamorphoses remains one of the most important sources of classical mythology, Ovid talks more about his own life than most other Roman poets. Information about his biography is drawn primarily from his poetry, especially Tristia 4.10, other sources include Seneca the Elder and Quintilian. Ovid was born in Sulmo, in an Apennine valley east of Rome, to an important equestrian family and that was a significant year in Roman politics. He was educated in rhetoric in Rome under the teachers Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro with his brother who excelled at oratory and his father wanted him to study rhetoric toward the practice of law. According to Seneca the Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, after the death of his brother at 20 years of age, Ovid renounced law and began travelling to Athens, Asia Minor, and Sicily. Ovids first recitation has been dated to around 25 BC, when he was eighteen and he was part of the circle centered on the patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and seems to have been a friend of poets in the circle of Maecenas. 4.10. 41–54, Ovid mentions friendships with Macer, Propertius, Horace, Ovid was very popular at the time of his early works, but was later exiled by Augustus in AD8. He married three times and divorced twice by the time he was thirty years old and he had one daughter, who eventually bore him grandchildren. His last wife was connected in some way to the influential gens Fabia, the first 25 years of Ovids literary career were spent primarily writing poetry in elegiac meter with erotic themes. The chronology of early works is not secure, tentative dates. 2.18. 19–26 that seems to describe the collection as a published work. The authenticity of some of these poems has been challenged, between the publications of the two editions of the Amores can be dated the premiere of his tragedy Medea, which was admired in antiquity but is no longer extant. Ovid may identify this work in his poetry as the carmen, or song. The Ars Amatoria was followed by the Remedia Amoris in the same year and this corpus of elegiac, erotic poetry earned Ovid a place among the chief Roman elegists Gallus, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw himself as the fourth member
9.
Tristia
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The Tristia is a collection of letters written in elegiac couplets by the Augustan poet Ovid during his exile from Rome. Despite five books of his copious bewailing of his fate, the cause of Augustuss banishment of the most acclaimed living Latin poet to Pontus in AD8 remains a mystery. In addition to the Tristia, Ovid wrote another collection of elegiac epistles on his exile and he spent several years in the outpost of Tomis and died without ever returning to Rome. The Tristia was once viewed unfavorably in Ovids oeuvre, but has become the subject of scholarly interest in recent years, the first volume was written during Ovids journey into exile. It addresses his wife, his friends — both the faithful and the false — and his past works, especially the Metamorphoses. Ovid describes his arduous travel to the furthest edge of the empire, giving him a chance to draw the parallels with the exiles of Aeneas and Odysseus. The introduction and dedication, which caution the departing volume against the dangers of its destination, were probably written last. He defends his work and his life with vigor, appealing to the many poets who had written on the same themes as he—among them Anacreon, Sappho, Catullus. The plea was unsuccessful, Ovid would live out the remainder of his years in exile among the Thracian Getae, the last three books of the Tristia grow grimmer as their author ages, heavy with the knowledge that he will never return to his home. At one point he even composes his epitaph, I who lie here, sweet Ovid, poet of tender passions, passer-by, if youve ever been in love, dont grudge me the traditional prayer, May Ovids bones lie soft. The last part of the book addresses Ovids wife, praising her loyalty throughout his years of exile, peter Green wrote in a translation of Ovids exile poems that the Tristia not, on the whole, had a good press from posterity. Gordon Willis Williams referred to the work as mostly a reflection of the genius that he had been. However, Ralph J. Hexter wrote in 1995 that literary critics were beginning to give the exile elegies a fresh look. A number of scholars have viewed the collection favorably. It is listed among Ovids major works by author David Malouf, in Matthew Bunsons Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, it is called a powerful plea for justice. Ovid and His Influence, Rand, Edward Kennard Tristia, – Latin with English translation by Arthur Leslie Wheeler - Loeb Classical Library edition English translation, five books Latin texts of Ovid
10.
Quatrain
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A quatrain is a type of stanza, or a complete poem, consisting of four lines. Michel de Nostredame used the form to deliver his famous prophecies in the 16th century. There are fifteen possible rhyme schemes, but the most traditional and common are, AAAA, ABAB, the Rubai form of rhymed quatrain was favored by Omar Khayyám, among others. This work was an inspiration for Edward FitzGeralds Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. The rubai was a particularly widespread form, the form rubaiyat reflects the plural. The Midnight Songs poetry form is from Fourth Century China, consisting of regular five-character lines, the person matter involves the personal thoughts and feelings of a courtesan during the four seasons, into which the quatrains are individually assigned. Shairi is an AAAA rhyming form used mainly in The Knight in the Panthers Skin, the Shichigon-zekku form used on Classical Chinese poetry and Japanese poetry. This type of quatrain uses a seven characters length of line, both rhyme and rhythm are key elements, although the former is not restricted to falling at the end of the phrase. The thirty syllable, Celtic verse form Englyn from the Welsh language is another interesting variation of the quatrain, bell number Combination Enclosed rhyme Rhyme scheme http, //www. uni. edu/~gotera/CraftOfPoetry/quatrain. html
11.
Italian sonnet
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A sonnet is a poem in a specific form which originated in Italy, Giacomo da Lentini is credited with its invention. The term sonnet is derived from the Italian word sonetto, by the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history, writers of sonnets are sometimes called sonneteers, although the term can be used derisively. The sonnet was created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Emperor Frederick II, guittone dArezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Siculo-Tuscan School, or Guittonian school of poetry. Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri and Guido Cavalcanti, wrote sonnets, other fine examples were written by Michelangelo. The structure of a typical Italian sonnet of the included two parts that together formed a compact form of argument. First, the octave, forms the proposition, which describes a problem, or question, followed by a sestet, typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the turn, or volta, which signals the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that dont strictly follow the structure, the ninth line still often marks a turn by signaling a change in the tone, mood. Later, the abba, abba pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets, for the sestet there were two different possibilities, cde, cde and cdc, cdc. In time, other variants on this scheme were introduced. Petrarch typically used an abba, abba pattern for the octave, in English, both the English or Shakespearean sonnet, and the Italian Petrarchan sonnet are traditionally written in iambic pentameter. Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay also wrote mostly Petrarchan sonnets, on His Blindness by Milton, gives a sense of the Petrarchan rhyme scheme, Most Sonnets in Dantes La Vita Nuova are Petrarchan. Chapter VII gives sonnet O voi che per la via, with two sestets and two quatrains, and Ch. VIII, Morte villana, with two sestets and two quatrains and it was written by Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoia and is addressed to Peter III of Aragon. It employs the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d-c-d and this poem is historically interesting for its information on north Italian perspectives concerning the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the conflict between the Angevins and Aragonese for Sicily. It congratulates Robert of Naples on his recent victory, there are also two poorly regarded sonnets by the Italian Dante de Maiano. By the late 17th century poets on increasingly relied on stanza forms incorporating rhymed couplets, and by the 18th century fixed-form poems – and, in particular, the resulting versification – less constrained by meter and rhyme patterns than Renaissance poetry – more closely mirrored prose. The Romantics were responsible for a return to many of the poems used during the 15th and 16th centuries. The sonnet however was used until the Parnassians brought it back into favor
12.
Sonnet 15
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Sonnet 15 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It forms a diptych with Sonnet 16, as Sonnet 16 starts with But. and is fully part of the procreation sonnets. The sonnet is within the Fair Youth sequence, also known as When I consider every thing that grows, Sonnet 15 is one of English playwright and poet William Shakespeares acclaimed 154 sonnets. In another subcategory the sonnet is also contained within what is known as the Procreation sonnets, according to Vendler, the sonnet is the first to employ Shakespeares grand microcosmic scale, more suited to philosophy than a sonnet about love. Shakespeare begins the poem by with the look on life from the vantage point of the stars above in his consideration. The poem then introduces a retrospective reading of ingraft that denotes immortalizing the Fair Youth that continues in Sonnet 16 and this sequence emphasizes longing, jealousy, and a fear of separation, while anticipating both the desire and the anguish of the subsequent poems. Others suggest the relationship is one of platonic love. At the beginning of the Fair Youth sequence are the procreation sonnets, sonnets 1-17 and it is an entire sonnet sequence. marked not only by a preoccupation with the category of memory, but also by a fascination with the sheer capaciousness and complexity of that category. Sonnet 15 is located at the end of this section. Sonnet 15 introduces the idea of the speaker immortaliz his beloved in verse, Sonnet 15 is typical of an English sonnet. Shakespeares sonnets almost always consist of fourteen rhyming iambic-pentameter lines, arranged in three quatrains followed by a couplet, with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg, Sonnet 15 also contains a volta, or shift in the poems subject matter, beginning with the third quatrain. The first line of the couplet exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter, × / × / × / × / × / And all in war with Time for love of you, / = ictus, the meter of line four has generated some controversy. Peter Groves has strongly criticized this view, writing, Booth, should be stressed commént, turning a pentameter into the only alexandrine in the Sonnets, merely because he thinks that the line sounds good when pronounced that way. John Kerrigan states flatly he line is not Alexandrine, influence has two syllables, and comment is accented on the first syllable, producing a feminine ending. A resulting scansion is, / × × / × / × / × / Whereon the stars in secret influence comment, = extrametrical syllable. / So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this life to thee. He adds that this may indicate an intensification of the love and, as it is born of and nourished by beauty. According to Crosman, W. H Auden, in his preface cites sonnet 15 as proof that the sonnets are not in chronological order and this idea is further propelled by Schoenfeldt who claims that The poet pledges to engraft new in his verse
13.
Sonnet 20
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Sonnet 20 is one of the best-known of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Part of the Fair Youth sequence, the subject of the sonnet is widely interpreted as being male, in this sonnet the beloveds beauty is compared to both a mans and a womans. Sonnet 20 is a typical English or Shakespearean sonnet, containing three quatrains and a couplet for a total of fourteen lines and it follows the rhyme scheme of this type of sonnet, abab cdcd efef gg. It employs iambic pentameter, a type of metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. Only this sonnet about gender has feminine rhymes throughout, Sonnet 20 is most often considered to be a member of the Fair Youth group of sonnets, in which most scholars agree that the poet addresses a young man. This interpretation contributes to common assumption of the homosexuality of Shakespeare, the position of Sonnet 20 also influences its analysis and examinations. Scholars have suggested countless motivations or means of organizing Shakespeares sonnets in a sequence or system of grouping. Some see the division between the sonnets written to the man, while others do not. The modern reader may read sonnet 20 and question whether or not Shakespeares sexuality is reflected in this sonnet, when looking at the sexual connotations in this sonnet it is important to reflect on what homoerotism meant during the time that Shakespeare was writing. Casey Charles discusses the idea there was no official identity for a gay person at this time. There were words that identified what we would consider to be homosexual behaviour, Shakespeares awareness of the possible homoeroticism in Sonnet 20 does not necessarily illuminate whether or not he himself was actually practicing homosexual behavior. While there is evidence that suggests the narrators homosexuality, there are also countless academics who have argued against the theory. Both approaches can be used to analyze the sonnet, Kolin of the University of Southern Mississippi interprets several lines from the first two quatrains of Sonnet 20 as written by a homosexual figure. In other words, the young man all the positive qualities of a woman. The narrator seems to believe that the man is as beautiful as any woman. Kolin also argues that, numerous, though overlooked, sexual puns run throughout this indelicate panegyric to Shakespeares youthful friend, amy Stackhouse suggests an interesting interpretation of the form of sonnet 20. Stackhouse explains that the form of the sonnet lends itself to the idea of a gender-bending model, the unstressed syllable is a feminine rhyme, yet the addition of the syllable to the traditional form may also represent a phallus. Sonnet 20 is one of two in the sequence with feminine endings to its lines, the other is Sonnet 87
14.
Platonic love
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Platonic love is a type of love that is non-sexual. Platonic love in this sense of the term is examined in Platos dialogue, the Symposium. It explains the possibilities of how the feeling of love began, of particular importance is the speech of Socrates, relating the idea of platonic love as attributed to the prophetess Diotima, which presents it as a means of ascent to contemplation of the divine. For Diotima, and for Plato generally, the most correct use of love of human beings is to ones mind to love of divinity. In short, with genuine platonic love, the beautiful or lovely other person inspires the mind, Socrates, in Platos Symposium, explained two types of love or Eros—Vulgar Eros or earthly love and Divine Eros or divine love. Vulgar Eros is nothing but mere material attraction towards a body for physical pleasure. Divine Eros begins the journey from physical attraction i. e. attraction towards beautiful form or body and this concept of Divine Eros is later transformed into the term Platonic love. In Middle Ages arose a new interest in Plato, his philosophy and this was caused by Georgios Gemistos Plethon during the Councils of Ferrara and Firenze in 1438-1439. The English term dates back to William Davenants The Platonic Lovers and it is derived from the concept in Platos Symposium of the love of the idea of good which lies at the root of all virtue and truth. For a brief period, Platonic love was a subject at the English royal court, especially in the circle around Queen Henrietta Maria. Platonic love was the theme of some of the courtly masques performed in the Caroline era—though the fashion soon waned under pressures of social and political change, childhood sweetheart Greek love Infatuation Puppy love Bromance DallOrto, Giovanni. Socratic Love as a Disguise for Same-Sex Love in the Italian Renaissance, the Pursuit of Sodomy, Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe. K. Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment, ch.2, T. Reeser, Setting Plato Straight, Translating Platonic Sexuality in the Renaissance Plato on Friendship and Eros – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
15.
Humorism
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It is also present in the Indian Ayurveda system of medicine. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood, a humor is also referred to as a cambium. The humoralist system of medicine was highly individualistic, for individual patient was said to have their own unique humoral composition. Moreover, it resembled a holistic approach to medicine as the link between mental and physical processes were emphasized by this framework, Ayurveda, which is known to have been practiced in the 6th century C. E, names three elemental substances, the doshas. Ayurveda is still practiced in India. The concept has not been used in medicine since then, the theory holds that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. Diseases and disabilities supposedly resulted from an excess or deficit of one of four humors. Disease could also be the result of the corruption of one or more of the humors and these deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. The four humors are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and these terms only partly correspond to the modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and in which phlegm has a very different meaning. It was believed that these were the basic substances from which all liquids in the body were made, when a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of these four fluids, then said patients personality and or physical health could be negatively affected. Paired qualities were associated with humor and its season. The word humor is a translation of Greek χυμός, chymos, at around the same time, ancient Indian Ayurveda medicine had developed a theory of three humors, which they linked with the five Hindu elements. The following table shows the four humors with their elements, seasons, sites of formation. Excess of yellow bile was thought to produce aggression, and excess anger reciprocally gave rise to liver derangement, the word melancholy derives from Greek μέλαινα χολή meaning black bile, from the belief that an excess of black bile caused depression. Phlegm was thought to be associated with behavior, as preserved in the word phlegmatic /flɛgˈmatɪk/. The phlegm of humorism is far from the thing as phlegm as it is defined today. What can we say of this classification of humours into four groups. Although advances in cellular pathology and chemistry discredited humoralism by the nineteenth century, only in some instances did the theory of humoralism wane into obscurity
16.
Capitalism
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Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, economists, political economists, and historians have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laissez-faire or free market capitalism, welfare capitalism, different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition, and state-sanctioned social policies. Most existing capitalist economies are mixed economies, which elements of free markets with state intervention. Capitalism has existed under many forms of government, in different times, places. Following the decline of mercantilism, mixed capitalist systems became dominant in the Western world, Capitalism has been criticized for prioritizing profit over social good, natural resources, and the environment, and that is a cause of inequality and economic instabilities. Supporters believe that it provides better products through competition, and creates strong economic growth, the term capitalist, meaning an owner of capital, appears earlier than the term capitalism. It dates back to the mid-17th century, capitalist is derived from capital, which evolved from capitale, a late Latin word based on caput, meaning head – also the origin of chattel and cattle in the sense of movable property. Capitale emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries in the sense of referring to funds, stock of merchandise, sum of money, by 1283 it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm. It was frequently interchanged with a number of other words – wealth, money, funds, goods, assets, property, the Hollandische Mercurius uses capitalists in 1633 and 1654 to refer to owners of capital. In French, Étienne Clavier referred to capitalistes in 1788, six years before its first recorded English usage by Arthur Young in his work Travels in France, David Ricardo, in his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, referred to the capitalist many times. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, an English poet, used capitalist in his work Table Talk, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon used the term capitalist in his first work, What is Property. To refer to the owners of capital, benjamin Disraeli used the term capitalist in his 1845 work Sybil. The initial usage of the term capitalism in its modern sense has been attributed to Louis Blanc in 1850, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referred to the capitalistic system. And to the capitalist mode of production in Das Kapital, the use of the word capitalism in reference to an economic system appears twice in Volume I of Das Kapital, p.124, and in Theories of Surplus Value, tome II, p.493. Marx did not extensively use the form capitalism but instead those of capitalist, and capitalist mode of production, also according to the OED, Carl Adolph Douai, a German-American socialist and abolitionist, used the phrase private capitalism in 1863. Capital has existed incipiently on a scale for centuries, in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities. Simple commodity exchange, and consequently simple commodity production, which are the basis for the growth of capital from trade, have a very long history
17.
Paul Kelly (Australian musician)
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Paul Maurice Kelly AO is an Australian rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist, and harmonica player. He has performed solo, and has led numerous groups, including the Dots, the Coloured Girls, and he has worked with other artists and groups, including associated projects Professor Ratbaggy and Stardust Five. Kellys music style has ranged from bluegrass to studio-oriented dub reggae, but his core output straddles folk, rock and his lyrics capture the vastness of the culture and landscape of Australia by chronicling life about him for over 30 years. David Fricke from Rolling Stone calls Kelly one of the finest songwriters I have ever heard, Kelly has said, Song writing is mysterious to me. I still feel like a total beginner, I dont feel like I have got it nailed yet. After growing up in Adelaide, Kelly travelled around Australia before settling in Melbourne in 1976 and he became involved in the pub rock scene and drug culture, and recorded two albums with Paul Kelly and the Dots. Kelly moved to Sydney by 1985, where he formed Paul Kelly, the band was renamed Paul Kelly and the Messengers, initially only for international releases, to avoid possible racist interpretations. At the end of the 1980s, Kelly returned to Melbourne, Kelly has been married and divorced twice, he has three children and resides in St Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne. Dan Kelly, his nephew, is a singer and guitarist in his own right, Dan performed with Kelly on Ways and Means and Stolen Apples. Both were members of Stardust Five, which released an album in 2006. His biographical film, Paul Kelly, Stories of Me, directed by Ian Darling, was released to cinemas in October 2012, Kellys Top 40 singles include Billy Baxter, Before Too Long, Darling It Hurts, To Her Door, Dumb Things, and Roll on Summer. Top-20 albums include Gossip, Under the Sun, Comedy, Songs from the South. Nothing but a Dream, Kelly has won ten Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards, including his induction into their Hall of Fame in 1997. In 2001 the Australasian Performing Rights Association listed the Top 30 Australian songs of all time, which included Kellys To Her Door, aside from Treaty, Kelly has written or co-written several songs on Indigenous Australian social issues and historical events. He has provided songs for other artists, tailoring them to their particular vocal range. The album Women at the Well from 2002 had 14 female artists record his songs in tribute, Paul Maurice Kelly was born on 13 January 1955 in Adelaide, to John Erwin Kelly, a lawyer, and Josephine, the sixth of eight surviving children. According to Rip It Up magazine, legend has it that Kellys mother gave birth to him in a taxi outside North Adelaides Calvary Hospital and he is the great great grandson of Jeremiah Kelly, who emigrated from Ireland in 1852 and settled in Clare, South Australia. His paternal grandfather, Francis Kelly, established a law firm in 1917, John Kelly died in 1968 at the age of 52, after being diagnosed with Parkinsons disease three years earlier. Paul Kelly was thirteen years old when his father died, Kelly described his father, I have good memories, he was the kind of father that, well, I missed him when he died very much
18.
Chuck Liddell
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Charles David Chuck Liddell is an American retired mixed martial artist and former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion. He has an extensive striking background in Kempo, Koei-Kan Karate and he had 23 fights in the UFC, along with Randy Couture, he is widely credited for bringing MMA into the mainstream of American sports and entertainment. On July 10,2009, he was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame, Liddell was born in Santa Barbara, California and is of English descent. He was raised by his mother and maternal grandfather, who taught Liddell. Liddell began studying Koei-Kan karate at the age of 12, the tattoo seen on his scalp reads Koei-Kan, Liddell was a four-year starter on the football team at San Marcos High School, playing center and linebacker while also excelling at wrestling. He became a Division I wrestler at Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo California and he holds an amateur kickboxing record of 20 wins and 2 losses, with 16 of his wins coming by way of knockout. When Liddell started his martial arts career, he began to train in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Jon Lewis in Las Vegas. Liddell made his UFC debut in 1998 during UFC17 in Mobile, in his next bout, he faced the legendary Brazilian fighter, Jose Pele Landi-Johns, at an IVC event in Sao Paulo, Brazil, which was bare-knuckle. Despite being an underdog in his opponents home country, Liddell dominated the vale tudo fighter on the feet. Liddell was also the first UFC fighter currently on the roster to go fight in Pride where he represented the organization against fellow kickboxer Guy Mezger, by 2002, Liddell was considered the #1 contender for the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship, with growing popularity and support from his fans. The UFC tried to arrange a bout with then-champion Tito Ortiz. To force Ortizs hand, they created a light heavyweight championship. Couture neutralized Liddells hooks with straight punches and eventually began taking The Iceman down at will, Couture eventually gained full mount and forced a referee stoppage due to a barrage of punches. After his defeat to Couture, Liddell entered the Pride 2003 Middleweight Grand Prix tournament as the official UFC representative, in the second round, Jackson continued to out land Liddell with big punches but couldnt finish him. Later in the round a visibly exhausted Liddell was taken down and while taking a barrage of punches from the ground his corner threw in the towel. Returning to the UFC, Liddell was once put in contention for the light heavyweight title. Eventually, after Ortiz lost the title to Randy Couture, the two would meet in a highly anticipated bout at UFC47 on April 2,2004, in Las Vegas, Nevada. After most of the first round was spent feeling each other out, Liddell threw a few punches, when the round ended Ortiz pushed referee Big John McCarthy out of his way, into Liddell, and the pair exchanged words
19.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
20.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
23.
Encyclopedia
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An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name, Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years, the oldest still in existence, AD77 by Pliny the Elder and was not fully revised at the time of his death in AD79. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of dictionaries around the 17th century, some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are often electronic and freely available. Together, the phrase literally translates as complete instruction or complete knowledge, one of the oldest vernacular uses was by François Rabelais in his Pantagruel in 1532. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix -pedia, e. g. Banglapedia, in British usage, the spellings encyclopedia and encyclopaedia are both current. In American usage, only the former is commonly used, the spelling encyclopædia—with the æ ligature—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as Encyclopædia Britannica and others. The Oxford English Dictionary records encyclopædia and encyclopaedia as equal alternatives, websters Third New International Dictionary features encyclopedia as the main headword and encyclopaedia as a minor variant. In addition, cyclopedia and cyclopaedia are now rarely used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century, the modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated, well-informed content experts, a dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, an encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference
24.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
25.
Thomas Thorpe
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Thomas Thorpe was an English publisher, most famous for publishing Shakespeares sonnets and several works by Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson. His publication of the sonnets has long been controversial, nineteenth-century critics thought that he might have published the poems without Shakespeares consent, Sidney Lee called him predatory and irresponsible. Conversely, modern scholars Wells and Taylor assert their verdict that Thorpe was a reputable publisher, the son of an innkeeper in Barnet, Middlesex, Thorpe worked as an apprentice to Richard Watkins for nine years in a small shop. In 1594 Thorpe obtained his rights, but was still without his printing rights. His first book published was The First Book of Lucan, Marlowes translation of the Pharsalia, the copyright of which he received from Edward Blount, who would come to be a close friend of Thorpes. In 1605 Thorpes publishing career took off, as he published George Chapmans All Fools and Ben Jonsons Sejanus His Fall, yet he managed, he commissioned printers to do his printing and arranged for booksellers to sell his books. For one example, his 1609 edition of Shakespeares Sonnets was printed by George Eld, Thorpe remained in business until at least 1624, when he and Blount transferred the copyright of Marlowes Hero and Leander to fellow stationer Simon Vicars. Thomas Thorpe stopped publishing in 1625, the year of his death. Dorcas Thorpe of St. Olave Southwark was granted administration of the estate of her late husband Thomas Thorpe on 30 July, Thorpe also stopped receiving his pension from the Stationers Company that year, which strengthens the evidence for his death that year. In 1609, Thorpe published the most important work of his career, the dedication, which is addressed to a mysterious Mr. W. H. may have been written either by Shakespeare himself or by Thorpe. Critics have failed to agree whether or not his arrangement was the most apt, but most detect a logical coherence in the order, which is generally retained today. The possibility that the manuscript was provided to Thomas Thorpe by a needy “MR. W. H. ” the dedicatee of the volume,4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press,1923. Was the 1609 Shake-Speares Sonnets Really Unauthorized, review of English Studies, New Series Vol.34, No. New York, W. W. Norton,1997
26.
Sidney Lee
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Sir Sidney Lee was an English biographer, writer and critic. Lee was born Solomon Lazarus Lee in 1859 at 12 Keppel Street, Bloomsbury and he was educated at the City of London School and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in modern history in 1882. In 1883, Lee became assistant-editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, in 1890 he became joint editor, and on the retirement of Sir Leslie Stephen in 1891, succeeded him as editor. Lee wrote over 800 articles in the Dictionary, mainly on Elizabethan authors or statesmen and his sister Elizabeth Lee also contributed. While still at Balliol, Lee had written two articles on Shakespearean questions, which were printed in The Gentlemans Magazine, in 1884, he published a book about Stratford-on-Avon, with illustrations by Edward Hull. Lees article on Shakespeare in the 51st volume of the Dictionary of National Biography formed the basis of his Life of William Shakespeare, Lee received a knighthood in 1911. Between 1913 and 1924, he served as Professor of English Literature, there are personal letters from Lee, including those written during his final illness, in the T. F. Tout Collection of the John Rylands Library in Manchester, John Denham Parsons Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Lee, Sidney. Sidney Lee Dictionary of National Biography, Index and Epitome Works by Sidney Lee at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Sidney Lee at Internet Archive
27.
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is an educational and trade publisher in the United States. Headquartered in Bostons Back Bay, it publishes textbooks, instructional materials, assessments, reference works. The company was known as Houghton Mifflin Company but changed its name following the 2007 acquisition of Harcourt Publishing. Prior to March 2010, it was a subsidiary of Education Media and Publishing Group Limited, in 1832, William Ticknor and James Thomas Fields had gathered an impressive list of writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. The duo formed a relationship with Riverside Press, a Boston printing company owned by Henry Oscar Houghton. Shortly after, Houghton also founded a company with partner George Mifflin. The company still had debt from when it merged from Houghton, Osgood and Company, in 1884, James D. Hurd, the son of Melancthon Hurd became a partner. Three people in 1888 became partners as well, James Murray Kay, Thurlow Weed Barnes, shortly thereafter the company established an Educational Department, and from 1891 to 1908 sales of educational materials increased by 500 percent. Soon after 1916, Houghton Mifflin became involved in publishing standardized tests and testing materials, the company was the fourth-largest educational publisher in the United States in 1921. In 1961, Houghton Mifflin famously passed on Julia Childs Mastering the Art of French Cooking, giving it up to Alfred A. Knopf who later published it in 1962. It went on to become a success and is considered by many to be the bible of French cooking. Houghton Mifflins strategic error was depicted in the 2009 film Julie & Julia, in 1967, Houghton Mifflin became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock symbol HTN. Under president Nader F. Darehshori Houghton Mifflin acquired in 1994 for $138 million McDougal Littell, a publisher of secondary school materials. Heath and Company, a publisher of educational resources. In 1996, the company created their Great Source Education Group to combine the supplemental material product lines of their School Division and these two companies. In 1998, HMH announced a sub-brand called LOGAL Software, which was to release a new line of interactive science software called Science Gateways, as of 2017, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is offering the Logal Science brand as a licensing opportunity on its website. Mergers and acquisitions activities have had effects on this company. In 2001, Houghton Mifflin was acquired by French media giant Vivendi Universal for $2.2 billion including assumed debt, on December 22,2006, it was announced that Riverdeep PLC had completed its acquisition of Houghton Mifflin
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J. B. Lippincott & Co.
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Lippincott & Co. was an American publishing house founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1836 by Joshua Ballinger Lippincott. It was incorporated in 1885 as J. B, Lippincott & Co. began business publishing Bibles and prayer books before expanding into history, biography, fiction, poetry, and gift books. The company later added almanacs, medicine and law, school textbooks, in 1849, Lippincott acquired Grigg, Elliot & Co. a significant publisher and wholesaler whose origins dated back to printer and bookseller Benjamin and Jacob Johnson in 1792. Lippincott & Co. became Lippincott, Grambo & Co. the company was incorporated in 1878 as J. B. Lippincott published the first textbook of nursing in the US in 1878, by the end of the 19th century, Lippincott was one of the largest and best-known publishers in the world. Lippincotts Monthly Magazine, a periodical containing a complete novel, short stories, poetry, and opinion, was published in the US. During the 20th century Lippincott also became a publisher of schoolbooks for elementary and high school education and of references, textbooks. One editor asked Patrick OBrian to write a book of nautical fiction following the death of author C. S. Forester, oBrians first historical novel in what became a series of 20 completed novels, Master and Commander was published in 1969. Collins in the UK took up the series, until W. W, without Lippincotts insight, the series would not have been written. Lippincott Company was acquired by Harper & Row Publishers, Inc, Lippincotts trade, juvenile and elementary and high school divisions were merged into Harpers. The remaining publishing activities, in medicine, nursing, and allied health, were combined with Harpers programs to form J. B. Lippincott - the Health Professions Publisher of Harper & Row. In 1990, the company was acquired by Wolters Kluwer N. V. of The Netherlands, Lippincott Company celebrated its 200th anniversary in 1992. Wolters Kluwer merged Lippincott with its other medical publisher, Raven Press, in 1998 Wolters Kluwer acquired medical publisher Williams & Wilkins and combined it with Lippincott-Raven to form Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. China Under the Empress Dowager, Being the History of the Life, History of books Brief history of J. B. Lippincott Company at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Lippincott Suicide in Philadelphia, article on the death of Craige Lippincott Joseph Wharton Lippincott, Jr. Princeton University memorial J. B. Lippincott Company Records, Historical Society of Pennsylvania
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Yale University Press
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Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day, and became a department of Yale University in 1961. As of 2009, Yale University Press published approximately 300 new hardcover and 150 new paperback books annually and has more than 6,000 books in print and its books have won five National Book Awards, two National Book Critics Circle Awards and eight Pulitzer Prizes. Since its inception in 1919, the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition has published the first collection of poetry by new poets, the first winner was Howard Buck, the 2011 winner was Katherine Larson. Yale University Press and Yale Repertory Theatre jointly sponsor the Yale Drama Series, the winner of the annual competition is awarded the David C. Horn Prize of $10,000, publication of his/her manuscript by Yale University Press, the Yale Drama Series and David C. Horn Prize are funded by the David Charles Horn Foundation, in 2007, Yale University Press acquired the Anchor Bible Series, a collection of more than 115 volumes of biblical scholarship, from the Doubleday Publishing Group. New and backlist titles are now published under the Anchor Yale Bible Series name, the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship was established in 1905 to encourage the consideration of religion in the context of modern science, psychology, and philosophy. Many of the lectures, which are hosted by Yale University, have been edited into book form by the Yale University Press, the Yale Publishing Course was founded in 2010 by former Publishing Director of the Yale University Press, Tina C. It filled the gap created by the closing of the legendary Stanford Publishing Course and it operates under the aegis of the Office of International Affairs of Yale University. The Course trains mid to senior-level publishing professionals to tackle the most compelling issues facing the publishing industry, the curriculum focuses on in-depth analyses of global trends, innovative business models, management strategies, and new advances in technology. Its immersive week-long programs, one devoted to publishing and the other to magazine and digital publishing, combine lectures, discussion groups. The faculty is made up of leading experts and members of the Yale School of Management, the Yale Library. Participants come from all over the world and represent all areas of publishing within organizations of all sizes and types of publications, in 1963, the Press published a revised edition of Ludwig von Misess Human Action. Official website, including a mission statement Yale University Press, London Yale Publishing Course, New Haven, Connecticut
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The Oxford Shakespeare
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The Oxford Shakespeare is a common term for the range of editions of William Shakespeares works produced by Oxford University Press. The Oxford Shakespeare is produced under the editorship of Stanley Wells. Oxford University Press first published a complete works of Shakespeare in 1891, entitled The Complete Works, it was a single-volume modern-spelling edition edited by William James Craig. This 1891 text is not directly related to the known as the Oxford Shakespeare today. The Oxford Shakespeare includes a Complete Works edited by John Jowett, William Montgomery, Gary Taylor and Stanley Wells and it includes all of Shakespeares plays and poems, as well as a biographical introduction. Each work is given a single-page introduction, there are no explanatory notes, but there is a glossary at the back of the book. The Oxford Complete Works differs from other Shakespeare editions in attempting to present the text as it was first performed and it also broke with tradition in presenting Shakespeares works in chronological order, rather than dividing them by genre. In 2005, an edition of the Complete Works was produced. It adds a text of Sir Thomas More, which may contain passages by Shakespeare. The first two editions of the Norton Shakespeare, published by W. W, Norton, were largely based on the Oxford text, but departed from some of its decisions. The term Oxford Shakespeare also refers to Oxford University Presss editions of individual Shakespeare plays, the hardback editions feature distinctive purple dustjackets, while the paperbacks follow the design of the Oxford Worlds Classics editions of classic literature. Braunmuller Love’s Labour’s Lost G. R. Hibbard Macbeth Nicholas Brooke The Merry Wives of Windsor T. W. Craik Measure for Measure N. W, the Complete Works, 1st edition, at Bartleby. com The Complete Works, 2nd edition, at OUP
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The Arden Shakespeare
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The Arden Shakespeare is a long-running series of scholarly editions of the works of William Shakespeare. It presents fully edited modern-spelling editions of the plays and poems, with lengthy introductions, there have been three distinct series of the Arden Shakespeare over the past century, and the third series has not yet been completed. Arden was the name of Shakespeares mother, Mary, however the primary reference of the enterprises title is named after the Forest of Arden. The first series was published by Methuen and its first publication was Edward Dowdens edition of Hamlet, published in 1899. Over the next 25 years, the canon of Shakespeare was edited and published. The original editor of the Arden Shakespeare was William James Craig, the list of the first series is as follows, The second series began in 1946, with a new group of editors freshly re-editing the plays, and was completed in the 1980s. It was published by Methuen in both hardback and paperback, later issues of the paperbacks featured cover art by the Brotherhood of Ruralists. The Second Series was edited by Una Ellis-Fermor, Harold F. Brooks, Harold Jenkins, the complete list of the second series is as follows, The third series of the Arden Shakespeare began to be edited during the 1980s, with publication starting in the 1990s. The first editions in this series were published by Routledge, before moving to Thomson and they then moved to Cengage Learning. In December 2008, the returned to Methuen, becoming part of Methuen Drama. From February 2013, the titles have appeared under the Bloomsbury imprint, one unusual aspect of this series is its edition of Hamlet, which presents the play in two separate volumes. The general editors for this series are Richard Proudfoot, Ann Thompson of Kings College London, David Scott Kastan of Yale University, what follows is a list of editions published in the third series thus far, or which are due to be published by early 2017. Dawson and Gretchen E. Minton King Richard III, edited by James R, a Midsummer Nights Dream, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri. King John, edited by John Tobin and Jesse Lander, Measure for Measure, edited by A. R. Braunmuller. Two apocryphal plays have so far published in this manner. Thus far, seven editions have been reissued in revised form, in 2009, the Arden Shakespeare launched a companion series, entitled Arden Early Modern Drama. The general editors for this series are Suzanne Gossett of Loyola University Chicago, John Jowett of the Shakespeare Institute, University of Birmingham, and Gordon McMullan of Kings College London. The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster, edited by Leah S. Arden has also published a Complete Works of Shakespeare, the Arden Shakespeare has also published a number of series of literary and historical criticism to accompany the Arden Shakespeare Third Series and Arden Early Modern Drama imprints
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Bloomsbury Publishing
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Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British independent, worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. It is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index, the Bloomsbury Academic & Professional division won the Bookseller Industry Award for Academic, Educational & Professional Publisher of the Year in both 2013 and 2014. Imprints and book lists of publishing businesses acquired by Bloomsbury are assigned to the most relevant publishing division, the company was founded in 1986 by Nigel Newton, who had previously been employed by other publishing companies. It was floated as a registered company in 1994, raising £5. 5million. A rights issue of shares in 1998 raised a further £6. 1m, in 1998, Bloomsbury USA was established. Bloomsbury USA Books for Young Readers was established in 2002, and in 2005, Bloomsbury acquired Walker & Co, in December 2008, Bloomsbury opened a branch in Doha, Qatar, under joint-partnership with Qatar Foundation. The publishing house created, called Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing, worked mainly with English, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, an open access, peer review academic publisher, was created in December 2010 as a joint venture with Qatar Foundation. Journal research articles were published through BQFJs website Qscience. com, in 2012, Bloomsbury established a publishing office in India. The companys partnership with Qatar Foundation ended in December 2015 and all of Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing works were incorporated in Qatari-owned HBKU Press, at the time of BQFPs dissolution it had published over 200 books. BQFJs works were incorporated in HBKU Press
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New Cambridge Shakespeare
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The New Cambridge Shakespeare is a series of critical editions of the plays of William Shakespeare published by Cambridge University Press. The series began in 1984, and several editions were published each year, so today, all of Shakespeares plays. The series was designed to replace the New Shakespeare series, published by Cambridge in the twentieth century. The New Cambridge editions feature lengthy introductions and copious annotation and they are distinctive in appearance, being taller in shape than most of their competitors. The earliest editions featured cyan covers with an illustration by C. Walter Hodges of the relevant play in performance on an Elizabethan stage. In the 1990s, these covers were replaced with a new uniform design featuring a multicoloured sketch of Shakespeares face based on a drawing by David Hockney. In the 2000s, the series was reissued again with each receiving a new multi-coloured design specific to it. The series also uniquely produces fully edited modern-spelling editions of texts when they differ significantly from the standard received text of the play. The general editors of the series are Philip Brockbank and Brian Gibbons
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Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the worlds oldest publishing house and it also holds letters patent as the Queens Printer. The Presss mission is To further the Universitys mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. With a global presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries. Its publishing includes journals, monographs, reference works, textbooks. Cambridge University Press is an enterprise that transfers part of its annual surplus back to the university. Cambridge University Press is both the oldest publishing house in the world and the oldest university press and it originated from Letters Patent granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534, and has been producing books continuously since the first University Press book was printed. Cambridge is one of the two privileged presses, authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton, William Harvey, Isaac Newton, Bertrand Russell, and Stephen Hawking. In 1591, Thomass successor, John Legate, printed the first Cambridge Bible, the London Stationers objected strenuously, claiming that they had the monopoly on Bible printing. The universitys response was to point out the provision in its charter to print all manner of books. In July 1697 the Duke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university towards the house and presse and James Halman, Registrary of the University. It was in Bentleys time, in 1698, that a body of scholars was appointed to be responsible to the university for the Presss affairs. The Press Syndicates publishing committee still meets regularly, and its role still includes the review, John Baskerville became University Printer in the mid-eighteenth century. Baskervilles concern was the production of the finest possible books using his own type-design, a technological breakthrough was badly needed, and it came when Lord Stanhope perfected the making of stereotype plates. This involved making a mould of the surface of a page of type. The Press was the first to use this technique, and in 1805 produced the technically successful, under the stewardship of C. J. Clay, who was University Printer from 1854 to 1882, the Press increased the size and scale of its academic and educational publishing operation. An important factor in this increase was the inauguration of its list of schoolbooks, during Clays administration, the Press also undertook a sizable co-publishing venture with Oxford, the Revised Version of the Bible, which was begun in 1870 and completed in 1885. It was Wright who devised the plan for one of the most distinctive Cambridge contributions to publishing—the Cambridge Histories, the Cambridge Modern History was published between 1902 and 1912
Works related to Sonnet 18 (Shakespeare) at Wikisource
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