1.
Heraldic badge
–
A heraldic badge, an emblem, an impresa, or device, or personal device worn as a badge indicates allegiance to, or the property of, an individual or family. Medieval forms are called a livery badge, and also a cognizance. They are para-heraldic, not necessarily using elements from the coat of arms of the person or family they represent, though many do and their use was more flexible than that of arms proper. Badges worn on clothing were common in the late Middle Ages, livery collars were also given to important persons, often with the badge as a pendant. The badge would also be embroidered or appliqued on standards, horse trappings, livery uniforms, many medieval badges survive in English pub names. Badges are occasionally taken from a charge in the coat of arms. More often, badges commemorated some remarkable exploit, illustrated a family or feudal alliance, some badges are rebuses, making a pun or play-on-words of the owners name. It was not uncommon for the same personage or family to use more than one badge, in the Wilton Diptych, Richards own badge has pearls on the antler tips, which the angels badges lack. The British Museum also has a badge in flat lead. The mob attacked him, pulling him off his horse and the badge off him, over twenty years later, after Gaunts son Henry IV had deposed Richard, one of Richards servants was imprisoned by Henry for continuing to wear Richards livery badge. Many of the number of badges of various liveries recovered from the Thames in London were perhaps discarded hurriedly by retainers who found themselves impoliticly dressed at various times. Richard offered to give up his own badges, to the delight of the House of Commons of England, but the House of Lords refused to give up theirs, and the matter was put off. In 1390 it was ordered that no one below the rank of banneret should issue badges, livery badges issues by guilds and corporations, and mayors, were exempt, and these continued in use until the 19th century in some cases. In fact modern historical analysis of the records shows few prosecutions. The Collar of Esses became in effect a badge of office, indeed, by the 16th century, emblems were adopted by intellectuals and merchants who had no heraldry of their own. Later emblem books contained large numbers of emblems, partly to allow people to one they thought suited them. The device, to all intents and purposes identical to the Italian impresa, structurally, the device normally consists of two parts while most emblems have three or more. These include the porcupine of Louis XII with its motto Eminus et cominus or De pres et de loin and these and many more were collected by Claude Paradin and published in his Devises héroïques of 1551 and 1557, which gives the motto of Louis XII as Ultos avos Troiae
Heraldic badge
–
The
Dunstable Swan Jewel, based on a
livery badge of about 1400 AD, perhaps of
Henry V as
Prince of Wales.
British Museum
Heraldic badge
–
The
Prince of Wales's feathers, which is the badge of the
Prince of Wales as heir apparent to the crown of England.
Heraldic badge
–
The
Wilton Diptych (c. 1395–99), showing
Richard II and the angels wearing livery badges.
Heraldic badge
2.
United Confederate Veterans
–
The United Confederate Veterans was an association formed in New Orleans, Louisiana on June 10,1889, by veterans of the Confederate States Army and Navy. There had been numerous local veterans associations in the South, the organization grew rapidly throughout the 1890s culminating with 1,555 camps represented at the 1898 reunion. The next few years marked the zenith of UCV membership, lasting until 1903 or 1904, when veterans were starting to die off, the UCV felt it had to outline its purposes and structure in a written constitution, based on military lines. Members holding appropriate UCV ranks officered and staffed echelons of command from General Headquarters at the top to local camps at the bottom and their declared purpose was emphatically nonmilitary - to foster social, literary, historical, and benevolent ends. The national organization assembled annually in a convention and social reunion. These annual reunions served the UCV as an aid in achieving its goals, convention cities made elaborate preparations and tried to put on bigger events than the previous hosts. The gatherings continued to be long after the membership peak had passed and despite fewer veterans surviving, they gradually grew in attendance, length. Numerous veterans brought family and friends along too, further swelling the crowds, many Southerners considered the occasions major social occasions. Perhaps thirty thousand veterans and another fifty thousand visitors attended each of the mid and late 1890 reunions, in 1911 an estimated crowd of 106,000 members and guests crammed into Little Rock, Arkansas—a city of less than one-half that size. Then the passing years began taking a toll and the reunions grew smaller. But still the meetings continued until in 1950 at the sixtieth reunion only one member could attend, the following year,1951, the United Confederate Veterans held its sixty-first and final reunion in Norfolk, Virginia, from May 30 to June 3. Three members attended, William Townsend, John B, post Office Department issued a 3-cent commemorative stamp in conjunction with that final reunion. The last verified Confederate veteran, Pleasant Crump died at age 104 on December 31,1951, founded as an independent publishing venture in January 1893, by Sumner Archibald Cunningham, the UCV adopted it the following year. Cunningham personally edited the magazine for years and bequeathed almost his entire estate to insure its continuance. The magazine was of a high quality and circulation was wide. Many veterans penned recollections or articles for publication in its pages, readership always greatly exceeded circulation because numerous camps and soldiers homes received one or two copies for their numerous occupants. An average of 6500 copies were printed per issue during the first year of publication, for example, Confederate monuments Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Day Memorial Hall Southern Cross of Honor Cimbala, Paul A. Veterans North and South, The Transition from Soldier to Civilian after the American Civil War, rhetoric of the United Confederate Veterans, A lost cause mythology in the making
United Confederate Veterans
–
Confederate veterans reunion
United Confederate Veterans
–
Commemorative postage stamp
3.
Richmond, Virginia
–
Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region and it was incorporated in 1742, and has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214, in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the line of the James River,44 miles west of Williamsburg,66 miles east of Charlottesville. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast. The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 and it became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America, the city entered the 20th century with one of the worlds first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a hub of African-American commerce. Richmonds economy is driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, in 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid. The settlement was laid out in April 1737, and was incorporated as a town in 1742, Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, after the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag, on April 17,1861, five days after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the legislature voted to secede from the United States and joined the Confederacy. Official action came in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its capital to Richmond. It became the target of Union armies, especially in the campaigns of 1862. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond, three years later, as March 1865 ended, the Confederate capitol became indefensible. On March 25, Confederate General John B, gordons desperate attack on Fort Stedman east of Petersburg failed
Richmond, Virginia
–
Top: Skyline above the falls of the
James River Middle:
St. John's Episcopal Church,
Jackson Ward,
Monument Avenue. Bottom:
Virginia State Capitol,
Main Street Station
Richmond, Virginia
–
Patrick Henry delivered his "Liberty or Death" speech at
St. John's Church in Richmond, helping to ignite the American Revolution.
Richmond, Virginia
–
Retreating Confederates burned one-fourth of Richmond in April 1865
Richmond, Virginia
–
By the early 20th century, Richmond had an extensive network of electric streetcars, as shown here crossing the Mayo Bridge across the James River, ca. 1917.
4.
Nonprofit organization
–
A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
Nonprofit organization
–
Front building of the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in
Seattle
5.
History
–
History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory and it is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians and their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In Asia, a chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd-century BC texts survived. Ancient influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries, the modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, the word history comes ultimately from Ancient Greek ἱστορία, meaning inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge. It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι, the ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions. History was borrowed from Latin into Old English as stær, and it was from Anglo-Norman that history was borrowed into Middle English, and this time the loan stuck. In Middle English, the meaning of history was story in general, the restriction to the meaning the branch of knowledge that deals with past events, the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs arose in the mid-fifteenth century. With the Renaissance, older senses of the word were revived, and it was in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the sixteenth century. For him, historia was the knowledge of objects determined by space and time, in an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designates separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are synthetic and highly inflected. The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669, Historian in the sense of a researcher of history is attested from 1531. Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, in the words of Benedetto Croce, All history is contemporary history. History is facilitated by the formation of a discourse of past through the production of narrative. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record, the task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents
History
–
Historia by
Nikolaos Gysis (1892)
History
–
History by
Frederick Dielman (1896)
History
–
The title page to
The Historians' History of the World
History
–
The title page to"La Historia d'Italia"
6.
Altruism
–
Altruism or selflessness is the principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others. Altruism or selflessness is the opposite of selfishness, the word was coined by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism. He derived it from the Italian altrui, which in turn was derived from Latin alteri, Altruism can be distinguished from feelings of loyalty, in that whilst the latter is predicated upon social relationships, altruism does not consider relationships. Much debate exists as to whether true altruism is possible in human psychology, the validity of this argument depends on whether intrinsic rewards qualify as benefits. The actor also may not be expecting a reward, the term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is contrasted with egoism. The concept has a history in philosophical and ethical thought. Whilst ideas about altruism from one field can affect the other fields, in simple terms, altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them. Marcel Mausss book The Gift contains a passage, Note on alms and this note describes the evolution of the notion of alms from the notion of sacrifice. In it, he writes, Alms are the fruits of a notion of the gift and of fortune on the one hand. Generosity is an obligation, because Nemesis avenges the poor and the gods for the superabundance of happiness and this is the ancient morality of the gift, which has become a principle of justice. The gods and the spirits accept that the share of wealth and happiness that has offered to them and had been hitherto destroyed in useless sacrifices should serve the poor. Compare Altruism – perception of altruism as self-sacrifice, compare explanation of alms in various scriptures. Theories of apparently altruistic behavior were accelerated by the need to produce theories compatible with evolutionary origins, two related strands of research on altruism have emerged from traditional evolutionary analyses and from evolutionary game theory a mathematical model and analysis of behavioural strategies. Some of the mechanisms are, Kin selection. That animals and humans are more altruistic towards close kin than to distant kin and non-kin has been confirmed in numerous studies across many different cultures, even subtle cues indicating kinship may unconsciously increase altruistic behavior. One kinship cue is facial resemblance, one study found that slightly altering photographs so that they more closely resembled the faces of study participants increased the trust the participants expressed regarding depicted persons. Another cue is having the family name, especially if rare
Altruism
–
Giving
alms to the poor is often considered an altruistic action.
Altruism
–
Giving alms to beggar children
Altruism
–
Volunteers assist Hurricane victims at the
Houston Astrodome, following Hurricane Katrina.
Altruism
–
Helping the
homeless in New York City
7.
Columbia, Tennessee
–
Columbia is a city in and the county seat of Maury County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 34,681 at the 2010 census and in 2013 the population was 35,558, the Mule capital of the world, Columbia annually celebrates the city-designated Mule Day each April. Columbia and Maury County are acknowledged as the Antebellum Homes Capital of Tennessee, Columbia is also the home of the national headquarters for the Sons of Confederate Veterans. Columbia is home to one of the last two surviving residences of the 11th President of the United States, James Knox Polk, the other being the White House. Https, //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File, West_7th, _Columbia_TN. jpg A year after the organization of Maury County in 1807 by European Americans, Columbia was laid out in 1808, the original town, on the south bank of the Duck River, consisted of four blocks. The town was incorporated in 1817, there were many farms for breeding thoroughbred race horses. To support these industries, the county held a significant proportion of slave workers. This adversely affected racial relations for decades in Columbia and Maury County, the county had some racial violence in the decades before World War II. In 1924 a black man was shot and killed in the courthouse by his alleged victims brother after his sentence was set aside, in 1933 Cordie Cheek, a 19-year-old black man, was falsely accused of raping a white girl. He was abducted by men including law officials, castrated. During World War II there was an expansion in Columbia of phosphate mining, by the 1940 census, the total city population was 10,579, of whom more than 3,000 were African American. Chemical plants were a site of labor unrest between white and black workers after the war, as sought to re-enter the economy. Black veterans did not want second-class status after having fought in the war and this period led to a more active campaign for civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s throughout the state. Today, the county is a heritage tourist destination, because of its numerous historic sites, attractions include the James K. Polk Ancestral Home, the Columbia Athenaeum, Mule Day, and nearby plantation homes. Columbia is the location of Tennessees first two-year college, Columbia State Community College, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson arrived to dedicate the new campus on March 15,1967. On February 25,1946, a civil disturbance dubbed the Columbia Race Riot broke out in the county seat and it was covered by the national press as the first major racial confrontation following World War II. The black community well remembered the lynching of Cheek and were determined to defend themselves when threatened. In a fight instigated by a white repair apprentice, black Navy veteran James Stephenson fought back and wounded him, Stephenson had been on the boxing team, Stephenson had accompanied his mother to the repair store, which had mistakenly sold a radio she had left for repair
Columbia, Tennessee
–
Columbia, Tennessee courthouse square
Columbia, Tennessee
–
Seal
Columbia, Tennessee
–
The
James K. Polk Ancestral Home in Columbia is the only one of President Polk's private homes that is still standing
8.
President (corporate title)
–
The President is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. In many organizations, it is the legally recognized highest titled corporate officer, the president may also be the chairman. The relationship between the president and the Chief Executive Officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization, in a similar vein to the Chief Operating Officer, the title of corporate President as a separate position is also loosely defined. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws, originally, the term president was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now. It has now come to mean chief officer in terms of administrative or executive duties. In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the president has the duties of presiding over meetings, in committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result, at a meeting, the president only has one vote. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations, the amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer, some organizations may have a position of President-Elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a President-Elect and when the term of the President-Elect is complete, some organizations may have a position of Immediate Past President in addition to the position of President. In those organizations, when the term of the President is complete, the organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws, riding Shotgun, The Role of the COO. National Association of Parliamentarians®, Education Committee, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
President (corporate title)
–
Nelson Rockefeller, President of Rockefeller Center, Inc.
9.
Board of directors
–
A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these matters are typically detailed in regulations or in the organizations constitution and bylaws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and might be subordinate to, the full membership. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders, the board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors are often done by the board itself, in a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include Board of directors and advisors, board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees and it may also be called the executive board and is often simply referred to as the board. For companies with publicly trading stock, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous, typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman, who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association. However, in organizations, the members elect the president of the organization. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board, several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder, inside directors represent the interests of the entitys stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Executive directors often have an area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, a typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way, outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a eye on the inside directors. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate insider dealing between insider directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization, outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective, director - a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business. This practice results in an interlocking directorate, where a small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities
Board of directors
–
A meeting of a board of directors of the
Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company in 1852
10.
Confederate Veteran
–
The Confederate Veteran is a magazine about veterans of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861-1865. The Confederate Veteran was established by S. A. Cunningham in Nashville, initially, it began as a fundraising newsletter for the construction of a monument in honor of Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States, in Richmond, Virginia. William Jones, a Southern Baptist minister, over the years, the magazine became one of the New Souths most influential monthlies. It had a readership of over 20,000 by 1900, after Cunninghams death in 1913, the second editor was Edith P. Pope. The magazine ceased publication in 1932, the magazine was revived in 1984 under the auspices of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and Military Order of Stars & Bars. The current magazine is published six times a year and maintains a blog
Confederate Veteran
–
Confederate Veteran Magazine from May 1896
11.
Incorporation (business)
–
Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation. The corporation may be a business, an organization, sports club. This article focuses on the process of incorporation, see also corporation, the information required differ in different states. However, there are some information that are asked by almost all the states and so, must be included in the Certificate of Incorporation. They are as follows, Business purpose - It would describe the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide, at present, only two types of business purpose clauses are used. They are, General - General purpose clauses are accepted by some and it indicates that the budding company has been formed to carry out all lawful business in the region. Specific - Alternatively, some states have made it mandatory for the owners to furnish a more detailed explanation of the products and/or services to be offered by their companies. Corporate name - A chosen name must be added to the Certificate of Incorporation and this should be followed with the corporate identifier like Corporation, Incorporated, Company, or one of the abbreviations like Inc. A preliminary name availability search is advisable, prior to the submission of the Articles of Incorporation, in case of online incorporation, the state will have final say with regards to the name chosen for the company and that the name shouldnt deceive or mislead the consumers. Registered agent - Almost all the states require every corporation to have an agent of their own in the state of incorporation. Registered agents will receive all the important legal as well as tax documents on behalf of the corporation, a typical registered agent will need a physical address in the state of incorporation and should be accessible during normal business hours. Incorporator - An incorporator is the person who prepares and files the Certificate of Incorporation with the concerned state, share par value - It refers to the stated minimum value, and generally doesnt correspond to the actual value. Usually, $0.01, $1.00 or no par are some of the common par values, in reality, the value of a share is based on its fair market value, or whatever amount a buyer is willing to pay for the same. Number of authorized shares of stock - An incorporation needs to stipulate the exact number of shares they as a company are willing to authorize, moreover, it is mandatory for every corporation, be it small or large, to have stock. A stock represents ownership in the corporation, directors - A lot of states need the name and addresses of the initial directors of the corporation in the incorporation papers. They are responsible for the daily affairs and oversee major corporate decisions. Directors hold an office as chosen by the shareholders mandate. Generally, preferred shares provide its shareholders preferential payments of distribution of assets or dividends, a lot of small business owners only allow shares of common stock
Incorporation (business)
12.
Confederate States of America
–
The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
Confederate States of America
–
Alexander Stephens CSA Vice President; old Whig friend of Lincoln; author of 'Cornerstone Speech'
Confederate States of America
–
Flag (1861–1863)
Confederate States of America
–
William L. Yancey, Alabama Fire-Eater, "The Orator of Secession".
Confederate States of America
–
William Henry Gist, Governor of South Carolina, called the Secessionist Convention.
13.
Veterans
–
A veteran is a person who has had long service or experience in a particular occupation or field. This page refers to military veterans, i. e. a person who has served or is serving in the armed forces and those veterans that have had direct exposure to acts of military conflict may also be referred to as war veterans. Military veterans often receive special treatment in their countries due to the sacrifices they made during wars. Different countries handle this differently, some openly support veterans through government programs, Veterans are also subject to illnesses directly related to their military service such as posttraumatic stress disorder. War veterans are generally treated with respect and honour for their contribution to the world. Veterans of unpopular or lost conflicts may be discriminated against, Veterans of short or small conflicts are often forgotten when the country fought bigger conflicts. Many countries have longstanding traditions, ceremonies, and holidays to honour their veterans, in the UK Remembrance Day is held on November the 11th and is focused mostly on the veterans who died in service to the monarch and country. A red or white poppy is worn on the lapel in the weeks up to the date, in Russia, a tradition was established after World War II where newly married couples would on their wedding day visit a military cemetery. In France, for instance, those wounded in war are given the first claim on any seat on public transit, most countries have a holiday such as Veterans Day to honour their veterans, along with the war dead. Britain, with its historic distrust of standing armies, did little for its veterans before the 19th century and it did set up two small hospitals for them in the 1680s. In London and other cities the streets teemed with disabled or disfigured veterans begging for alms, the First World War focused national attention on veterans, especially those who had been partly or wholly disabled. The Kings National Roll Scheme was an employment program for disabled veterans of the First World War, kowalsky says it was practical, innovative, and ahead of its time and was the most important piece of legislation enacted for disabled veterans in interwar Britain. In the 21st century Britain has one of the highest densities of veterans in a country, with 13 million in 2000. Some veterans from the Belgian commitment of the Congolese to WWII live in communities throughout the Congo, though they received compensation from the government during the rule of the dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, after his overthrow they no longer receive pensions. The most common usage is for former armed services personnel, a veteran is one who has served in the armed forces, especially one who has served in combat. The National Guard and Reserve is included and it is especially applied to those who served for an entire career, usually of 20 years or more, but may be applied for someone who has only served one tour of duty. A common misconception is that only those who have served in combat or those who have retired from active duty can be called military veterans, the American Civil War produced veterans organizations, such as the Grand Army of the Republic and United Confederate Veterans. The treatment of veterans changed after the First World War, in the years following, discontented veterans became a source of instability
Veterans
–
The
Hôpital des Invalides in
Paris is a hospital and retirement home for French war veterans
Veterans
–
An Iranian veteran and
war wounded man of
Iran–Iraq War on
wheelchair in
Nishapur, funeral of his comrade
Veterans
–
Russian WW2 veteran dancing in celebration of
Den Pobedy in
Gorki Park, Moscow
Veterans
–
A Korean War veteran at Hawaii in July 2001.
14.
Confederate Memorial Day
–
Confederate Memorial Day, also called Confederate Heroes Day in Texas, is a public holiday observed by the U. S. The day is marked by observances in many other states. It is observed on April 26 in most Southern states to recall the surrender of their last major field army at Bennett Place on that date in 1865, the war officially ended with the signing of Presidential Proclamation 157 on August 20,1866. In the spring of 1866 the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia, mary Ann Williams, the association secretary, was directed to pen a letter inviting ladies associations in every Southern state to join them in the observance. The actual date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth Rutherford Ellis and she chose April 26, the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnstons surrender to Major-General Sherman at Bennett Place. For many in the South, that date in 1865 marked the end of the civil war, in a few places, most notably Columbus, Mississippi and Macon, Georgia, Union graves were decorated during the first observance. The day was referred to as Memorial Day by the Baltimore Sun on May 8,1866 after the ladies organization that started it. The name Confederate Memorial Day was not used until the northern observance was initiated in 1868, the GAR eventually adopted the name Memorial Day at their national encampment in 1882. Many theories have offered as to how Logan became aware of the southern tradition he imitated in 1868. In her autobiography, his wife claims she told him about it after a trip to Virginia in the spring of that year and his secretary and his adjutant also claim they told him about it. John Murray of Waterloo, New York claims it was he who inspired Logan in 1868. Bellware and Gardiner, however, offer proof that Logan was aware of the southern tributes long before any of them had a chance to mention it to him. ”In Alabama and it is a public holiday and state offices are closed. In Florida, Confederate Memorial Day is observed on April 26, when it falls upon a Sunday, the public holiday will be observed on the following Monday. In Georgia, the holiday celebrated on April 26 and known as Confederate Memorial Day was observed on the Monday prior to or on April 26, the state capitol and state agencies are closed, as on all state holidays. In 2016, the name Confederate Memorial Day was dropped and April 26 was observed on Monday April 25, in Mississippi, Confederate Memorial Day is observed on the last Monday in April. It is a holiday and state executives may close their respective offices. In South Carolina, Confederate Memorial Day is observed on May 10, if on a Saturday, it shifts to Friday. If Sunday, it will be observed the following Monday, in Louisiana, Confederate Memorial Day is observed on June 3rd
Confederate Memorial Day
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talk page.
15.
Confederate States Army
–
The Confederate States Army was the military ground force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. S. Military Academy and colonel of a regiment during the Mexican War. In March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a more permanent Confederate States Army, the better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men. This does not include a number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as construction of fortifications. Since these figures include estimates of the number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war. These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate naval forces, although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription, primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer. In the absence of records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, one estimate of Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026. These numbers do not include men who died from causes such as accidents. Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16,1865 and June 28,1865, by the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted. The Confederacys government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April, by the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4,1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. The Confederacy seized federal property, including nearly all U. S. Army forts, Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U. S. control when he took office, especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C. S. troops under the command of General P. G. T, Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13,1861, forcing its capitulation on April 14. The Northern states were outraged by the Confederacys attack and demanded war and it rallied behind Lincolns call on April 15, for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to preserve the Union intact. Four more slave states joined the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army and it was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army
Confederate States Army
–
Private
Edwin Francis Jemison, whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war
Confederate States Army
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CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece
Confederate States Army
–
General
Robert Edward Lee, famous Southern General
Confederate States Army
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Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863
16.
Confederate States Navy
–
The Navy of the Confederate States was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed Forces, established by an act of the Confederate Congress on February 21,1861. It was responsible for Confederate naval operations during the American Civil War, the Confederate navy could never achieve numerical equality with the U. S. Navy, so it used technological innovation, such as ironclads, submarines, torpedo boats, and naval mines to gain advantage. In February 1861 the Confederate Navy had 30 vessels, only 14 of which were seaworthy, the Union Navy had 90 vessels. The C. S. Navy eventually grew to 101 ships to meet the rise in naval threats and conflicts, on April 20,1861 the U. S. was forced to quickly abandon the important Gosport Navy Yard at Norfolk, Virginia. In their haste they failed to burn the facility with its large depots of arms and other supplies. As a result, the Confederacy captured much needed war materials, including cannon, gunpowder, shot. Of most importance to the Confederacy was the dry docks. The Confederacys only substantial navy yard with at time was in Pensacola, Florida. The most significant warship left at the Yard was the screw frigate USS Merrimack, the U. S. Navy had torched Merrimacks superstructure and upper deck, then scuttled the vessel, it would have been immediately useful as a warship to their enemy. Little of the structure remained other than the hull, which was holed by the scuttling charge. Confederate Navy Secretary Stephen Mallory had the idea to raise Merrimack, when the hull was raised, it had not been submerged long enough to have been rendered unusable, the steam engines and essential machinery were salvageable. The decks were rebuilt using thick oak and pine planking, the newly rebuilt superstructure was unusual, above the waterline the sides sloped inward and were covered with two layers of heavy iron-plate armor. The vessel was a new kind of warship, an all-steam powered iron-clad, in the centuries-old tradition of reusing captured ships, the new ship was christened CSS Virginia. She later fought the Unions new ironclad USS Monitor, on the second day of the Battle of Hampton Roads, the two ships met and each scored numerous hits on the other. After four hours both ships were taking in water through split seams and breaches by enemy shot, the engines of both were becoming dangerously overtaxed, and their crews were near exhaustion. The two ships turned and steamed away, never to meet again, the last Confederate surrender took place in Liverpool, United Kingdom on November 6,1865 aboard the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah when her flag was lowered for the final time. This surrender brought about the end of the Confederate navy, the Shenandoah had circumnavigated the globe, the only Confederate ship to do so. The act of the Confederate Congress that created the Confederate Navy on February 21,1861 also appointed Stephen Mallory as Secretary of the Department of the Navy
Confederate States Navy
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Illustration of the Confederate fleet at New Orleans
Confederate States Navy
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Confederate Navy Department Seal
Confederate States Navy
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CSS Virginia
Confederate States Navy
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Drawing of the
Hunley
17.
Confederate States Marine Corps
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The Confederate States Marine Corps was a branch of the Confederate States armed forces during the American Civil War. It was established by an act of the Confederate Congress on March 16,1861, the CSMCs manpower was initially authorized at 45 officers and 944 enlisted men, and was increased on September 24,1862 to 1,026 enlisted men. The organization of the corps began at Montgomery, Alabama, and was completed at Richmond, Virginia, the CSMC headquarters and main training facilities remained in Richmond, Virginia throughout the war, located at Camp Beall on Drewrys Bluff and at the Gosport Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia. The last CSMC unit surrendered to the U. S. on April 9,1865, the C. S. Marine Corps was formed in the early days of the Civil War from three sources, Sixteen officers resigning or deserting from the U. S. S. Captain Tansill was arrested by order of Secretary Welles of the U. S. Navy when he arrived in New York on August 23,1861 and was held without charge, hearing or trial. He was released on Jan 10,1862 as part of a prisoner exchange, and subsequently joined the CSMC in Virginia. Though the officers were mostly former U. S. Marine officers and he resigned his commission on April 22,1861 and was appointed Colonel-Commandant of the CS Marine Corps on May 23,1861. Colonel Beall served throughout the war as the only Commandant of the Marine Corps, the C. S. Marine Corps was organized into several lettered companies and numerous shore-based and shipboard detachments. Companies A, B, and C were originally formed between April 10 and June 29,1861 at New Orleans, LA. Company D, initially recruited in Memphis, TN and Mobile, AL served in Pensacola, FL before being disbanded there, Company E was formed at Savannah, GA in July 1862. Companies A, B, and C were individually transferred from New Orleans to Pensacola from April through June 1861, Company A was subsequently transferred to Savannah in September 1862 before being transferred to Camp Beall, VA, to join Companies B and C, already there. Tuckers Naval Brigade at the Battle of Saylors Creek on April 6,1865, the majority of the battalion surrendered at Saylors Creek on April 7,1865 with most of the remainder surrendering with the Army of Northern Virginia on April 9,1865 at Appomattox, Virginia. Company D, initially stationed in Pensacola was disbanded in December,1861 after being used to fill-out Companies B and C, Company D was reformed at Mobile and served there, where it remained until that city fell to U. S. forces. Raney, Jr. surrendered at Nanna Hubba Bluff, AL on May 10,1865, Company E, initially formed in Savannah, subsequently evacuated to Charleston, SC. A detachment of the company was sent to Wilmington, NC, Company F served originally at New Orleans as a depot company before being disbanded. It was later reformed at Mobile, again as a company, supplying Marines for Company D. CS Marine Corps units were stationed at Confederate naval bases, as well as helping garrison shore fortifications such as Fort Fisher in North Carolina, Marines also served on Confederate warships, such as the CSS Alabama. In the famous battle between the ironclads USS Monitor and CSS Virginia, Company C, Confederate States Marine Corps, served aboard the CSS Virginia, in the summer of 1862, some CS Marine Corps troops were organized into squad-sized units and dispersed throughout the south
Confederate States Marine Corps
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Example of Confederate Marine Corps uniform (Confederate Marine Lt Frances H. Cameron in 1864)
Confederate States Marine Corps
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Seal of the Department of the Navy, which the Corps formed part of alongside the Navy.
18.
Militia
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For instance, the members of some U. S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers, as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Militias thus can be military or paramilitary, depending on the instance, some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include, Forces engaged in defense activity or service, to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. The entire able-bodied population of a community, town, county, or state, a subset of these who may be legally penalized for failing to respond to a call-up. A subset of these who actually respond to a call-up, regardless of legal obligation, a private, non-government force, not necessarily directly supported or sanctioned by its government. An irregular armed force enabling its leader to exercise military, economic, an official reserve army, composed of citizen soldiers. Called by various names in different countries, such as the Army Reserve, National Guard, the national police forces in several former communist states such as the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, but also in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia. The term was inherited in Russia and other former CIS countries, in France the equivalent term Milice has become tainted due to its use by notorious collaborators with Nazi Germany. A select militia is composed of a small, non-representative portion of the population, as regular military forces were insufficient to counter the British attackers, Santiago de Liniers drafted all males in the city capable of bearing arms into the military. These recruits included the peoples, who ranked low down in the social hierarchy. With these reinforcements, the British armies were twice defeated, the militias became a strong factor in the politics of the city afterwards, as a springboard from which the criollos could manifest their political ambitions. They were a key element in the success of the May Revolution, a decree by Mariano Moreno derogated the system of promotions involving criollos, allowing instead their promotion on military merit. The Argentine Civil War was waged by militias again, as both federalists and unitarians drafted common people into their ranks as part of ongoing conflicts and these irregular armies were organized at a provincial level, and assembled as leagues depending on political pacts. This system had declined by the 1870s, mainly due to the establishment of the modern Argentine Army, provincial militias were outlawed and decimated by the new army throughout the presidential terms of Mitre, Sarmiento, Avellaneda and Roca. Armenian militia also played a role in the Georgia-Abkhazia War of 1992–1993, in the Colony of New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie proposed a colonial militia but the idea was rejected. Governor Ralph Darling felt a mounted force was more efficient than a militia. A military volunteer movement attracted wide interest during the Crimean War, following Federation, the various military reserve forces of the Commonwealth of Australia became the Citizen Military Force. In the beginning, members didnt have uniforms and often paraded in business attire and they were given instruction on guerrilla warfare, and later the private organization was taken over by the Australian Government and became part of the Australian Military Forces. After World War I, multiple militias formed as soldiers returned home to their villages, only to many of them occupied by Slovene
Militia
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The Lexington Minuteman, a statue commemorating
Captain John Parker, a commander of Massachusetts militia forces during the
American Revolutionary War.
Militia
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Peshmurga Kurdish Militia, cleaning weapons
Militia
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The war standard of the Imeretian militia of the Imperial Russian Army. The inscription reads in Russian and Georgian: "To the Militia of Our Faithful Imeretian People for Exceptional Courage Displayed against the Mountaineers in 1838.".
Militia
–
Captain
John Smith's 1624 map of the Somers Isles (
Bermuda), showing
St. George's Town and related fortifications, including the
Castle Islands Fortifications with their garrisons of militiamen
19.
Southern United States
–
The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
Southern United States
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Texas Hill Country
Southern United States
–
The Southern United States as defined by the
United States Census Bureau. The "South" and its regions are defined in various ways, however. (See
Geography section.)
Southern United States
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Bluegrass region in Kentucky
Southern United States
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Glass Mountains at Glass Mountains State Park, Oklahoma
20.
Soldier
–
A soldier is one who fights as part of an organised, land-based armed force. A soldier can be a person, a non-commissioned officer. The word soldier derives from the Middle English word soudeour, from Old French soudeer or soudeour, meaning mercenary, from soudee, meaning shillings worth or wage, from sou or soud, the word is also related to the Medieval Latin soldarius, meaning soldier. These words ultimately derive from the Late Latin word solidus, referring to an Ancient Roman coin used in the Byzantine Empire. In most armed forces use of the soldier has taken on a more general meaning due to the increasing specialization of military occupations that require different areas of knowledge. In many countries soldiers serving in specific occupations are referred to by other than their occupational name. For example, military personnel in the British Army are known as red caps because of the colour of their caps. Infantry are sometimes called grunts or squaddies, while US Army artillery crews, or gunners, are referred to as redlegs. U. S. soldiers are often called G. I. s, members of the Marine Corps are typically referred to as marines rather than soldiers. In the United States, the term warfighter is often used to refer collectively to all whose job it is to do the actual fighting, the army has not completely phased out this terminology and still uses warfighter in various contexts such as the Project Manager Warfighter Information Network-Tactical. French Marine Infantry are called marsouins because of their amphibious role, Military units in most armies have nicknames of this type, arising either from items of distinctive uniform, some historical connotation or rivalry between branches or regiments. Some soldiers, such as conscripts or draftees, serve a limited term. Others choose to serve until retirement, then receive a pension. In the United States, military members can retire after 20 years, in other countries, the term of service is 30 years, hence the term 30-year man. Airman Marine Military use of children Seaman Media related to Soldier at Wikimedia Commons
Soldier
–
Israeli soldiers in April 2002
21.
Union (American Civil War)
–
The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
Union (American Civil War)
–
Charleston Mercury Secession Broadside, 1860 - "The Union" had been a way to refer to the American Republic
Union (American Civil War)
–
Map of the division of the states during the American Civil War. Blue (the U.S. Army's uniform color) indicates the Union states; light blue represents Union states which permitted slavery (
border states). Red represents states in rebellion, also known as the
Confederate states. Unshaded areas were U.S. territories.
Union (American Civil War)
–
The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war; the ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union. In the chart, "cauc men" means white men.
Union (American Civil War)
–
An anti-Lincoln Copperhead pamphlet from 1864
22.
Baxley, Georgia
–
Baxley is a city in Appling County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 4,400, the city is the county seat of Appling County. Baxley was first settled as a result of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad being built through Appling County in 1870, originally, it was a railroad depot known as Station Number 7, but it soon was named Baxley. Baxley is located at 31°46′31″N 82°20′51″W, Baxley is approximately 42 miles east of Douglas, Georgia, and 47 miles north of Waycross, Georgia. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 8.4 square miles, of which 0.012 square miles. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 4,400 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 51. 7% White,35. 3% Black,0. 1% Native American,1. 3% Asian,0. 1% from some other race and 0. 8% from two or more races. 10. 6% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, at the census of 2000, there were 4,150 people,1,567 households, and 1,048 families residing in the city. The population density was 580.7 people per square mile, there were 1,866 housing units at an average density of 261.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 28% White,37. 93% African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 60% Asian,3. 16% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 23% of the population. 28. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.15. In the city, the population was out with 27. 6% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,20. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $24,441, and the median income for a family was $30,648. Males had an income of $28,087 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,321, about 21. 6% of families and 24. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31. 0% of those under age 18 and 26. 3% of those age 65 or over. The Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant is located north of the city along U. S. Route 1 and it is the areas largest employer. International Forest Products Limited operates a sawmill employing over 50 people, Appling County students in K-12 grades are in the Appling County School District, which consists of four elementary schools, a middle school and a high school
Baxley, Georgia
–
Appling County Courthouse in Baxley
Baxley, Georgia
–
Location in
Appling County and the state of
Georgia
Baxley, Georgia
–
Confederate memorial
23.
Modern display of the Confederate flag
–
Such displays have been made for a variety of reasons, with Southern culture, states rights, and historical commemoration among the stated reasons for particular uses. Displaying the flag has long been controversial, due to the historical associations with racism, slavery, segregation. The Confederate States of America used three national flags during the American Civil War, the latter two incorporated the Southern cross canton that was widely recognized as a symbol of the Confederacy by 1863. The design was adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee. Most popular today is a variant of the originally square ANV battle flag. It is also known as the flag, Dixie flag. The self-declared Confederate exclave of Town Line, New York, lacking a genuine Confederate flag, Confederate soldiers were not familiar with the modern flag as such, but many were fond of the flags of their own units. These often included design elements found on the modern Confederate flag and they honored battlefield comradery rather than Southern nationalism. During the memorial period that ran from the late 19th century through the 1920s, use of Confederate flags broadened, the Confederate battle flag was added to the state flag of Georgia in 1879, Mississippi in 1894, and Alabama in 1895. The 60th anniversary reunion at Gettysburg in 1913 was a point in obtaining national acceptance of the flag. The flag appears prominently in Birth of a Nation, the second Ku Klux Klan, a group inspired by this film, was a nativist organization that flew the U. S. flag exclusively. Gone with the Wind, a 1936 novel adapted for film in 1939, led to a brief, in the film, the flag flutters over a scene of vast carnage. During World War II some U. S. military units with Southern nicknames, or made up largely of Southerners, the USS Columbia flew a Confederate Navy Ensign as a battle flag throughout combat in the South Pacific in World War II. This was done in honor of Columbia, the namesake and the capital city of South Carolina. Some soldiers carried Confederate flags into battle, after the Battle of Okinawa a Confederate flag was raised over Shuri Castle by a Marine from the self-styled Rebel Company. It was visible for miles and was taken down three days on the orders of General Simon B. Buckner, Jr. who stated that it was inappropriate as Americans from all over are involved in this battle and it was replaced with the regulation, 48-star flag of the United States. By the end of World War II, the use of the Confederate flag in the military was rare, the 1948 Dixiecrat political party extensively used Confederate symbols, including the battle flag, and contributed to the flags post-World War II re-popularization
Modern display of the Confederate flag
–
1896 lithograph of the three Confederate national flags and the battle flag
Modern display of the Confederate flag
–
The square
Army of Northern Virginia battle flag under General
Robert E. Lee, designed by
William Porcher Miles. (The fringe is often omitted.)
Modern display of the Confederate flag
–
The flag at the South Carolina Confederate Monument in
Columbia, South Carolina
Modern display of the Confederate flag
–
View of the
South Carolina State House with the Confederate Monument in front
24.
League of the South
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The League of the South is a Southern nationalist organization, headquartered in Killen, Alabama, which states that its ultimate goal is a free and independent Southern republic. The group defines the Southern United States as the states made up the former Confederacy. It claims to be also a religious and social movement, advocating a return to a traditionally conservative. The League of the South has been described as a white supremacist, the Southern Poverty Law Center has designated the League of the South as a Neo-Confederate hate group. The organization was formed in 1994 by Michael Hill and others, the LOS’ first meeting was represented with a group of 40 men,28 of whom formed an organization then known as The Southern League. The name was changed to The League of the South in 1996 in order to avoid confusion with the minor league baseball organization also known as The Southern League, there were Southern professors among them. Michael Hill was the leader and still is and he was a British history professor and specialist in Celtic history at Stillman College, which is considered to be a historically black school in Tuscaloosa, Ala. However, Hill has since left his teaching position, since 2007, The Leagues main publication has been The Free Magnolia, a quarterly tabloid. The League has been described as using English and Celtic mythology belligerently against what is perceived as a politically correct celebration of multicultural Southern diversity, the League defines Southern culture in opposition to the corrupt mainstream American culture. It sees Southern culture as profoundly Christian and pro-life, furthermore, the League believes that Southern culture places a greater emphasis on immediate relationships than on abstract ideas and that Southern geography defines character and worldview. The League describes Southern Culture as being inherently Anglo-Celtic in nature, according to the League, Southern society differs greatly from what it sees as the Marxist and egalitarian society lacking any grace or charm that its alien occupier seeks to impress upon it. Southern culture, for the League, is based strictly on the Bible, the Leagues Core Beliefs Statement also notes that Southern culture stigmatizes perversity, such as homosexuality and promiscuity. The League is a present- and future-oriented Southern Nationalist organization that seeks the survival, well being and we stand for our Faith, Family, and Folk living in freedom and prosperity on the lands of our forefathers. The League of the Souths economic views are best characterized as free market and it is opposed to fiat currency, personal income taxation, central banking, property taxes and most state regulation of business. The League supports sales taxes and user fees, however, The League supports protectionism when it is necessary to shield domestic production from unfair foreign competition. The League promotes a Southern Confederation of sovereign, independent States that work together and it believes that the Souths foreign policy should favor neutrality and trade with all states. Furthermore, the League favors strictly limited immigration, opposes standing armies, in November 2006 its representatives attended the First North American Secessionist Convention which brought together secessionists from a broad political spectrum. In October 2007 it co-hosted the Second North American Secessionist Convention in Chattanooga, in 2015, the group announced it would be holding an event celebrating the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, while honoring John Wilkes Booth as a hero
League of the South
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League of the South
25.
Ponzi scheme
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Operators of Ponzi schemes usually entice new investors by offering higher returns than other investments, in the form of short-term returns that are either abnormally high or unusually consistent. Ponzi schemes occasionally begin as legitimate businesses, until the business fails to achieve the returns expected, the business becomes a Ponzi scheme if it then continues under fraudulent terms. Whatever the initial situation, the perpetuation of the high returns requires a flow of money from new investors to sustain the scheme. The scheme is named after Charles Ponzi, who became notorious for using the technique in 1920. The idea, present in novels, was performed in real life by Ponzi who with his operation took in so much money that it was the first to become known throughout the United States. Ponzis original scheme was based on the arbitrage of international reply coupons for postage stamps, however, he soon diverted investors money to make payments to earlier investors, Ponzi schemes sometimes commence operations as legitimate investment vehicles, such as hedge funds. A wide variety of investment vehicles or strategies, typically legitimate, have become the basis of Ponzi schemes, for instance, Allen Stanford used bank certificates of deposit to defraud tens of thousands of people. Certificates of deposit are usually low-risk and insured instruments, but the Stanford CDs were fraudulent, initially the promoter will pay out high returns to attract more investors, and to lure current investors into putting in additional money. Other investors begin to participate, leading to a cascade effect, the return to the initial investors is paid out of the investments of new entrants, rather than solely from profits. This maintains the deception that the scheme is an investment with high returns, promoters also try to minimize withdrawals by offering new plans to investors, often where money is frozen for a longer period of time, in exchange for higher returns. The promoter sees new cash flows as investors are told they cannot transfer money from the first plan to the second. When a Ponzi scheme is not stopped by the authorities, it sooner or later falls apart for one of the reasons, The promoter vanishes. Such liquidity crises often trigger panics, as people start asking for their money. External market forces, such as a decline in the economy. However, several characteristics distinguish these schemes from Ponzi schemes, In a Ponzi scheme, in a pyramid scheme, those who recruit additional participants benefit directly. A pyramid scheme typically collapses much faster because it requires exponential increases in participants to sustain it, by contrast, Ponzi schemes can survive simply by persuading most existing participants to reinvest their money, with a relatively small number of new participants. An economic bubble, A bubble is similar to a Ponzi scheme in that one participant gets paid by contributions from a subsequent participant, a bubble involves ever-rising prices in an open market where prices rise because buyers bid more and buyers bid more because prices are rising. Bubbles are often said to be based on the greater fool theory, as with the Ponzi scheme, the price exceeds the intrinsic value of the item, but unlike the Ponzi scheme, there is no single person misrepresenting the intrinsic value
Ponzi scheme
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1920 photo of
Charles Ponzi, the namesake of the scheme, while still working as a businessman in his office in Boston
26.
Military Order of the Stars and Bars
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Its headquarters is in White House, Tennessee. Members may join local chapters as well as societies or be a national at-large member. The group is related to the Sons of Confederate Veterans, an American lineage society for all descendants of Confederate veterans. Founded in 1938 in Columbia, South Carolina, during the Great Depression, the first meeting was convened by 17 former Confederate officers, with 47 male descendants of Confederate officers in attendance. They voted to begin a new CSA veterans society, with a commitment to annual meetings. The OSB was unique in its understanding that as the original Confederate officers died, in 1976 the organization changed its name to The Military Order of the Stars & Bars at the 39th General Convention held in Memphis, Tennessee. They adopted the Confederate battle flag as the insignia of the order. The leader would be called the general of the Military Order of the Stars and Bars. Today the fraternal Military Order of the Stars and Bars is a non-profit 5013, non-political educational, historical, patriotic and it has added programs to recognize outstanding contributions in the fields of American history, as well as the fine arts that emphasize Southern culture. It offers college scholarships and awards for the study and communication of Confederate and it awards literary prizes to authors and publishing houses, and recognizes journalists who practice ethical reporting of local and Southern history. It erects monuments to the memory of the CSA soldiers, the organization emphasizes American patriotism and the honoring of all American military veterans of all wars. The order emphasizes family and tradition, and encourages its membership to preserve their familys Confederate history for posterity, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans United Confederate Veterans Official website
Military Order of the Stars and Bars
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Logo of Military Order of the Stars and Bars
27.
General officers in the Confederate States Army
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The general officers of the Confederate States Army were the senior military leaders of the Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army prior to the Civil War, most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U. S. armed forces. Much of the design of the Confederate States Army was based on the structure, the Confederate Army was composed of three parts, the Army of the Confederate States of America, the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, and the various Southern state militias. Graduates from West Point and Mexican War veterans were highly sought after by Jefferson Davis for military service, like their Federal counterparts, the Confederate Army had both professional and political generals within it. Ranks throughout the CSA were roughly based on the U. S. Army in design and seniority. On February 27,1861, a staff for the army was authorized, consisting of four positions, an adjutant general, a quartermaster general, a commissary general. Initially the last of these was to be a staff officer only, the post of adjutant general was filled by Samuel Cooper and he held it throughout the Civil War, as well as the armys inspector general. As officers were appointed to the grades of general by Jefferson Davis. The dates of rank, as well as seniority of officers appointed to the grade on the same day, were determined by Davis usually following the guidelines established for the prewar U. S. Army. These generals were most often infantry or cavalry brigade commanders, aides to other higher ranking generals, and War Department staff officers. By wars end the Confederacy had at least 383 different men who held this rank in the PACS, the organization of regiments into brigades was authorized by the Congress on March 6,1861. Brigadier generals would command them, and these generals were to be nominated by Davis and these generals also often led sub-districts within military departments, with command over soldiers in their sub-district. These generals outranked Confederate Army colonels, who commonly led infantry regiments and this rank is equivalent to brigadier general in the modern U. S. army. These generals were most commonly infantry division commanders, aides to other higher ranking generals and they also led the districts that made up military departments, and had command over the troops in their districts. By wars end, the Confederacy had at least 88 different men who had held this rank, divisions were authorized by the Congress on March 6,1861, and major generals would command them. These generals were to be nominated by Davis and confirmed by the Senate, Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers. This rank was not synonymous with the Unions use of it, as Northern major generals led divisions, corps and this rank is equivalent in most respects to major general in the modern U. S. Army. All of the Confederacys lieutenant generals were in the PACS, the Congress legalized the creation of army corps on September 18,1862, and directed that lieutenant generals lead them
General officers in the Confederate States Army
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Robert E. Lee, the best known CSA general. Lee is shown with the insignia of a Confederate colonel, which he chose to wear throughout the war.
General officers in the Confederate States Army
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CSA general collar insignia.
General officers in the Confederate States Army
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P.G.T. Beauregard, the Confederacy's first brigadier general, later the fifth-ranking general
General officers in the Confederate States Army
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Maj. Gen.
Benjamin Huger, CSA
28.
Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Nathan Bedford Forrest, called Bedford Forrest in his lifetime, was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. A cavalry and military commander in the war, Forrest is one of the wars most unusual figures, although less educated than many of his fellow officers, before the war Forrest had already amassed a fortune as a planter, real estate investor, and slave trader. He was one of the few officers in either army to enlist as a private and be promoted to general officer and he created and established new doctrines for mobile forces, earning the nickname The Wizard of the Saddle. In their postwar writings, Confederate President Jefferson Davis and General Robert E. Lee both expressed their belief that the Confederate high command had failed to fully use Forrests talents, Ulysses S. Grant called him that devil Forrest. Another Union general, William Tecumseh Sherman, it is reported, considered him the most remarkable man our civil war produced on either side and he was unquestionably one of the Civil Wars most brilliant tacticians. Without military education or training, he became the scourge of Grant, Sherman, Forrest fought by simple rules, he maintained that war means fighting and fighting means killing and that the way to win was to get there first with the most men. He played pivotal roles at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the capture of Murfreesboro, the Nashville campaign, Brices Cross Roads, and in pursuit and capture of Streights Raiders. Forrest was notoriously accused of war crimes at the Battle of Fort Pillow for allowing forces under his command to massacre hundreds of black Union Army, however, Sherman investigated the allegations and did not charge Forrest with any improprieties. He was a delegate from Tennessee to the New York Democratic national convention of 4 July 1868. Forrest was an member of the Ku Klux Klan. Nathan Bedford Forrest was born to a poor Scotch-Irish American family in Bedford County and he and his twin sister, Fanny, were the two eldest of blacksmith William Forrests 12 children with wife Miriam Beck. After the deaths of his father and Fanny to scarlet fever, in 1841, Forrest went into business with his uncle Jonathan Forrest in Hernando, Mississippi. His uncle was killed there in 1845 during an argument with the Matlock brothers, in retaliation, Forrest shot and killed two of them with his two-shot pistol and wounded two others with a knife which had been thrown to him. One of the wounded Matlock men survived and served under Forrest during the Civil War, Forrest became a businessman, planter, and slaveholder. He owned several plantations in the Delta region of West Tennessee. He was also a trader, at a time when demand was booming in the Deep South. In 1858, Forrest, was elected a Memphis city alderman, Forrest supported his mother and put his younger brothers through college. By the time the American Civil War started in 1861, he had become a millionaire and one of the richest men in the South, before the Civil War, Forrest was well known as a Memphis speculator and Mississippi gambler
Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Forrest's raid into Memphis
Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Cannon in front of the Nature Center and Veteran's Memorial in
Covington, Tennessee: The marker in the background cites Nathan Bedford Forrest's last speech. (2007)
29.
Joe Arpaio
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Joseph Michael Joe Arpaio is a former American law enforcement officer and was the elected Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona for 24 years from 1993 through 2016. Arpaio styled himself as Americas Toughest Sheriff, starting in 2005, he took an outspoken stance against illegal immigration. In 2010, he became a flashpoint for opposition to Arizonas SB1070 anti-illegal immigrant law, Arpaio is also known for his investigation of U. S. President Barack Obamas birth certificate, and his continuing claim that it is forged. A Federal court monitor was appointed to oversee his offices operations because of complaints of racial profiling. The U. S. Department of Justice concluded that Arpaio oversaw the worst pattern of racial profiling in U. S. history, on November 8,2016, Arpaio lost re-election to Democrat Paul Penzone, who succeeded him as sheriff on January 1,2017. Arpaio was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on June 14,1932, to Italian parents, Arpaios mother died while giving birth to him, and he was raised by his father. Arpaio completed high school and worked in his fathers business until age 18 when he enlisted in the United States Army and he served in the Army from 1950 to 1954 in the Medical Department and was stationed in France for part of the time as a military policeman. Following his discharge in 1954, Arpaio moved to Washington, D. C. and became an officer, moving in 1957 to Las Vegas. During his 25-year tenure with the DEA, he was stationed in Argentina, Turkey and Mexico, after leaving the DEA, Arpaio became involved in a travel venture through his wifes travel agency Starworld Travel Agency, based out of Scottsdale. Although he claimed in 1988 that the first 19 flights of the Phoenix E were booked, Arpaio was first elected as sheriff in 1992. He was re-elected in 1996,2000,2004,2008 and 2012, Arpaio married his wife Ava in 1958. They have two children and four grandchildren and they currently reside in Fountain Hills, Arizona. Arpaio has, throughout his tenure as sheriff, sought out media coverage and he has been featured and profiled by worldwide news media, and claims to average 200 television appearances per month. In late 2008 and early 2009, Arpaio appeared in Smile. Youre Under Arrest, a three-episode Fox Reality Channel series in which persons with outstanding warrants were tricked into presenting themselves for arrest. Arpaios jail detention practices include serving inmates edibles recovered from food rescue and he has also banned inmates from possessing sexually explicit material including Playboy magazine, after female officers complained that inmates openly masturbated while viewing the articles. The ban was challenged on First Amendment grounds, but was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in February 2007, Arpaio instituted an in-house radio station he calls KJOE. Arpaios radio station broadcasts classical music, opera, Frank Sinatra hits, patriotic music and it operates five days a week, four hours each day. In an ongoing case, federal judge Neil V, wake ruled in 2008 and 2010 that the Maricopa County jails violated the constitutional rights of inmates in medical and other care related issues
Joe Arpaio
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Arpaio speaking in Phoenix in February 2011.
Joe Arpaio
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Signature
30.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
Texas
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Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
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Flag
Texas
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Texas Hill Country
Texas
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Big Bend National Park.
