1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
El Salvador
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El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. El Salvadors capital and largest city is San Salvador, as of 2015, the country had a population of approximately 6.38 million, consisting largely of Mestizos of European and Indigenous American descent. El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations, especially the Cuzcatlecs, as well as the Lenca, in the early 16th century, the Spanish Empire conquered the territory, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City. In 1821, the country achieved independence from Spain as part of the First Mexican Empire, from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups, revolts, and a succession of authoritarian rulers. The conflict ended with a settlement that established a multiparty constitutional republic. El Salvador has since reduced its dependence on coffee and embarked on diversifying the economy by opening up trade and financial links, the colón, the official currency of El Salvador since 1892, was replaced by the U. S. dollar in 2001. As of 2010, El Salvador ranks 12th among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index, however, the country continues to struggle with high rates of poverty, inequality, and crime. Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado named the new province for Jesus Christ – El Salvador, the full name was Provincia De Nuestro Señor Jesus Cristo, El Salvador Del Mundo, which was subsequently abbreviated to El Salvador. Tomayate is a site located on the banks of the river of the same name in the municipality of Apopa. The site has produced abundant Salvadoran megafauna fossils belonging to the Pleistocene epoch, at the same time, it is considered the richest vertebrate paleontological site in Central America and one of the largest accumulations of proboscideans in the Americas. Sophisticated civilization in El Salvador dates to its settlement by the indigenous Lenca people, theirs was the first, the Lenca were succeeded by the Olmecs, who eventually also disappeared, leaving their monumental architecture in the form of the pyramids still extant in western El Salvador. The Maya arrived and settled in place of the Olmecs, the Pipil were the last indigenous people to arrive in El Salvador. They called their territory Kuskatan, a Pipil word meaning The Place of Precious Jewels, backformed into Classical Nahuatl Cōzcatlān, the people of El Salvador today are referred to as Salvadoran, while the term Cuzcatleco is commonly used to identify someone of Salvadoran heritage. In pre-Columbian times, the country was inhabited by various other indigenous peoples, including the Lenca. Cuzcatlan was the domain until the Spanish conquest. Since El Salvador resided on the edge of the Maya Civilization. However, it is agreed that Mayas likely occupied the areas around Lago de Guija. Other ruins such as Tazumal, Joya de Cerén and San Andrés may have built by the Pipil or the Maya or possibly both
3.
Sonsonate, El Salvador
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Sonsonate, the capital of the department of Sonsonate, El Salvador, on the Sensunapan River and the railway from San Salvador to the Pacific port of Acajutla,21 km south. Historically, the area was a producer of cotton, most of the cotton produced, as of 1850, was retained for local use. Today, tobacco farming, cattle ranching and tourism are important industries and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sonsonate. Media related to Sonsonate at Wikimedia Commons
4.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
5.
Theobroma cacao
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Its seeds, cocoa beans, are used to make cocoa mass, cocoa powder, confectionery, ganache and chocolate. Leaves are alternate, entire, unlobed, 10–40 cm long, the flowers are produced in clusters directly on the trunk and older branches, this is known as cauliflory. The flowers are small, 1–2 cm diameter, with pink calyx, the floral formula is ✶ K5 C5 A G. While many of the flowers are pollinated by bees or butterflies/moths, cacao flowers are pollinated by tiny flies. Having the natural pollinator Forcipomyia midges for Theobroma cacao was shown to have more fruit production than using artificial pollinators. The fruit, called a pod, is ovoid, 15–30 cm long and 8–10 cm wide, ripening yellow to orange. The pod contains 20 to 60 seeds, usually called beans, the seeds are the main ingredient of chocolate, while the pulp is used in some countries to prepare refreshing juice, smoothies, jelly, and nata. The fermented pulp, until recently discarded in Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, each seed contains a significant amount of fat as cocoa butter. Their most noted active constituent is theobromine, a similar to caffeine. Small amounts of cocoa flavanol, a natural nutrient found in cocoa, has found to increase oxygen flow to the cerebral. Compounds found in Theobroma cacao have also found to have other substances that are beneficial for health such as proanthocyanidins. Proanthocyanidin is a compound made by the plant that is not needed directly for growth, but it has been found to promote antiviral, antibacterial. Pectin is a field of study that many land plants grow including Theobroma cacao. Pectin from Theobroma cacao has antimicrobial effects and has the potential to be used in the pharmaceutical, nutritional, pectin can be extracted from Theobroma cacao with a variety ways but two ways involve using aqueous nitric acid or boiling water. Cacao belongs to the genus Theobroma classified under the subfamily Sterculioidea of the mallow family Malvaceae, Cacao is one of 22 species of Theobroma. The generic name is derived from the Greek for food of the gods, from θεός, meaning god, the specific name cacao is derived from the native name of the plant in indigenous Mesoamerican languages. The cacao was known as kakaw in Tzeltal, K’iche’ and Classic Maya, kagaw in Sayula Popoluca, cupuaçu, Theobroma grandiflorum, is a closely related species found in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. Like cacao, it is also the source for a kind of known as cupulate or cupuaçu chocolate
6.
Irma Dimas
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Irma Dimas, born Irma Marina Dimas Pineda, in San Salvador, El Salvador,9 August 1986, is a Salvadoran former model who was crowned Miss El Salvador on 27 February 2005. She made headlines recently for her foray into the politics of El Salvador, Dimas was born in San Salvador, El Salvador. Before becoming a personality she led a normal family life and was devoted to her studies. She won the contest and represented El Salvador in the Miss Universe 2005 pageant in Bangkok, Thailand, Dimas studied law at the Jose Simeon Canas Central American University, but prior to the Miss Universe competition left school temporarily to begin a four-month intensive training regimen. In 2004, Channel 12 TV launched a call for women to enter a reality show in which the representative for El Salvador in the Miss Universe pageant would be chosen in a national contest. The contest lasted five months and involved twenty-eight contestants, dimass participation came about by coincidence when she accompanied a childhood friend who was signing up. She was seen by the president of the Miss El Salvador organization, Dimas also won other additional prizes from sponsors like Avon in categories such as best mouth, best legs, best face, and Miss Internet. On 31 May 2005, Dimas participated in the Miss Universe contest after months of preparation, on 23 October 2005, Dimas took part in the Miss Earth pageant held in Quezon City, Philippines, where she placed in the top sixteen finalists. This was the first time a contestant from El Salvador reached the finals, in December of the same year Dimas participated in the Miss Piel Dorada pageant held in Costa Rica. Dimas won a car and a contract to pose for the Calendario Piel Dorada in the 2006 edition, Dimas is the thirty-fourth woman to win the title of Miss El Salvador. After her stint in beauty pageants, Dimas has worked as a model and she was the official face of the former cable company AMNET from 2007 to 2009 and has appeared on national magazine covers. She has participated in several fashion shows, wearing clothes by local designers. She went into politics on the Christian Democratic Party of El Salvador ticket, and sits on the partys political commission
7.
Nuestra Belleza El Salvador
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Nuestra Belleza Mundo El Salvador is a national beauty pageant in El Salvador. The winner represents El Salvador at Miss World, between 2006 -2015, the winner was given the title of Nuestra Belleza Universo and competed at Miss Universe. Miss El Salvador was the organization in charge of choosing the representative to Miss Universe, the format of the competition was based on a representative from each of the 14 departments in the country. During the 1980s due to the Salvadorian Civil War situation, thanks to the permission granted by The Miss Universe Organization. This continued till 1995 when they resumed the national competition, in 2005, the organization had problems renewing the franchise and lost it. In 2004, Telecorporacion Salvadorena acquired the franchise for Miss World, the pageant was renamed Nuestra Belleza El Salvador and held two separate pageants to select the delegates to Miss Universe and Miss World. In 2010, the changed as in that year they decided to select the two representatives in just one pageant. The pageant is open to any girls throughout the whole country and they choose the finalists via casting specials and the contestants are not required to have won a department title, which was the traditional way until 2005. In 2017, the licensee of Miss Universe was given to Reinado de El Salvador, the following women have represented El Salvador in three of the Big Four major international beauty pageants for women. These are Miss World, Miss Universe, Miss International with exception of Miss Earth which has a national franchise in El Salvador. Color key The official winner of Nuestra Belleza El Salvador competed at the Miss Universe pageant between 2006 -2017, on occasion, when the winner did not qualify for either contest, a runner-up was sent. In 1954 and 1955 the representatives were handpicked, with the exception in 1981, since 2010, two titleholders were crowned at the same event. But in 2017, the gave up the franchise license of Miss Universe. 2011, Due to personal accident, Alejandra Ochoa was replaced by Mayra Aldana, idubina Rivas was appointed as Miss Universe El Salvador 2015 by National Director of Miss Universe in El Salvador. She was the winner of Reinado de El Salvador 2014, in 1975 the second title of Miss El Salvador will be competing at Miss World pageant. In 1978 and 1979, the winner of Miss El Salvador competed at both Miss Universe and Miss World pageants, since 2006, the representative for Miss World and Miss Universe were crowned at the same event. But in 2017, only one titleholder would be crown, since the company lost the Miss Universe franchise, marcela Santamaria was appointed as Miss World El Salvador 2015 She was the winner of Reinado de El Salvador 2011. 2016, Ana Cortez was appointed to represent El Salvador at Miss World 2016, in 1992 the third title of Miss El Salvador will be competing at Miss International pageant
8.
Acajutla
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Acajutla is a seaport and municipality in Sonsonate Department, El Salvador. As a municipality, Acajutla is one of seventeen districts in Sonsonate. As of 1992, the population of the town was 18,008, spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, under the command of Hernán Cortés, had conquered Mexico and Guatemala before coming to the vicinity of Acajutla. There he met resistance, but defeated the indigenous people in 1524. Following the complete independence of El Salvador in 1838, the economy of the nation became increasinging dependent on the export of coffee, during the twelve-year Salvadoran civil war, the oil refinery at Acajutla, was a target for anti-government rebels. The port of Acajutla was built in its initial phase at a cost of 25 million colones, the wave breaker of 338 meters inaugurated its operations in August 1961, and is managed by the Executive Commission of Autonomous Port. As with all the Pacific Coast of Central America, the climate at Acajutla is continuously hot, daytime high temperatures are usually in the 32°C - 34°C range. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Aw, acajutlas deepwater harbor is the principal port, and for some types of shipping, there are two operational ports in El Salvador. Its port cargo loading facilities allow the shipment of a large portion of its major exports of coffee, sugar. Its oil refinery is the nations largest and it mainly refines petroleum imported from Venezuela and they celebrate their traditional parties between the last days of May and 2 June as the main day. One of the most important celebration is made between March and April when they celebrate the passion of Christ. On 24 October they make celebrations of the fishermen, in honor of San Rafael Arcangel, new York Times,29 January 1858. Meislin, Richard J.5 Key Leaders of the Opposition Reported Kidnapped in Salvador, trade with Central America and with the States of the South Pacific, via Isthmus of Panama
9.
Nahuizalco
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Nahuizalco is a municipality in the Sonsonate department of El Salvador. It lies on the route,9 km from Sonsonate and 74 km from San Salvador. Per the population and housing census of 2007, Nahuizalco has 49,081 residents and its name in Nahuatl language means place of four Izalcos, by tradition, it was founded by four families from the nearby town of Izalco. It is famous for its wicker and tule handcrafts, tule is processed in two different varieties, the water kind, brought from the Pacific coast, and the dark one used for making petates. Nahuizalco is also famous for its night market, the streets are lit only by candles and the products made of wicker and tule are sold until 10pm. The colonial church was damaged during the earthquake of 2001. The church honors John the Baptist every June 20–25 and it is a birthplace of poets Alfredo Alvarado, Carlos Arturo Imendia and a very outstanding nurse Julia Torres. Nauhizalco is a village of pre-Hispanic origin and it was originally inhabited by the pipil people, and in colonial times, the region was part of the Izalco providence. A chronicle in 1586 estimated that there were less than 200 people living in Nahuizalco, in 1771, a letter from Pedro Cortés y Larraz, archbishop of the Guatemalan diocese, Nahuizalco is named as the head of the parish of Nahuisalco. The parish joined three churches, namely Santa Catharina Masahuat, San Pedro Putxla, and Santo Domingo Huitzampam, in the same document a description is given of the people of Nahuizalco. There was a population of 2,790 Indians divided into 825 families, from 1821 to 1823, Nahuizalco was part of the state of Guatemala, and in 1824 it became part of the department of Sonsonate. The people of Nahuizalco were known for the support that they offered to the campaigns of Francisco Morazán during the years of the Federal Republic of Central America. In 1856, a report recorded the population as 4,983 people. In 1932, peasant uprisings damaged the town, years later, in 1955, Nahuizalco was given the title of city. This ordinance, recognizing the rights of peoples, was the first of its kind in the history of El Salvador. Diccionario Geográfico de El Salvador, Tomo II, L-Z, San Salvador, Talleres Litográficos del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. El Salvador, historia de sus pueblos, villas y ciudades
10.
Prudencia Ayala
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Prudencia Ayala, Salvadoran writer and social activist who fought for womens rights in El Salvador. She came from an indigenous family, her parents were Aurelia Ayala. When she was ten years old, her moved to Santa Ana City. She never finished her studies due to the lack of resources in her family. She learned to sew and worked as a seamstress along with her future activities and she assured she had the capacity of predicting the future through messages she received from mysterious voices. This allowed her to gain some relevance among her relatives, making her gain fame. This statement also provoked criticism and mockery from some social groups and her predictions were published in Santa Anas newspapers, where shes referred to as la sibila santaneca. In 1914, she predicted the fall of Germanys Kaiser and the involvement of the United States in the war, from then on, her name would take relevance because of her feminist approaches and her esoteric character. Also she published poems in many newspapers of El Salvador, in 1921 she published her book Escrible. Adventures of a trip to Guatemala, in which she narrated her trip to Guatemala during the last months under the dictatorship of Manuel Estrada Cabrera, in addition she published the books Immortal, Amores de Loca y Fumada Mota. During the final of the 1920s, she funded and ran the newspaper Rendencion Femenina, in 1930, she intended to run as a candidate for the presidency of the Republic, even though the Salvadoran legislation did not recognize womens right to vote. She started a debate of legal and political arguments in favor. Her government program is not inferior in justification, practical sense and simplicity, Prudencia Ayala passed away on July 11,1936, away from the political arena, but close to the masses and social movements. There is no proof of her participation of the uprising in 1932. In the middle of San Salvador, close to the Metropolitan Cathedral, in this site there is a plaque that states, Prudencia Alaya, Salvadoran of Indigenous blood, precursor of the fight for womens human rights. There are various organizations that exist to honor her name, such as the Concertación Feminista Prudencia Ayala, in March 2009, to celebrate Womens Day, and in tribute to Prudencia Alaya, the play Prudencia en tiempos de brujería was staged
11.
1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre
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The Salvadoran army, being vastly superior in terms of weapons and soldiers, executed those who stood against it. The rebellion was a mixture of protest and insurrection and ended in ethnocide, social unrest in El Salvador had begun to grow in the 1920s, primarily because of the perceived abuses of the political class, and the broad social inequality between the landowners and the peasants. The policies of the latifundia had left 90 percent of the land in the hands of 14 families, los catorce. The unrest was only strengthened by the drop in the price of the coffee bean during the Great Depression accompanied by growing unemployment rates. By World War I, the presidency rotated effectively between the Meléndez and Quiñónez families in quasi-dynastic succession, however, this period of pluralist democracy was not to last. In December 1931, with the collapse of prices, the militarys dissatisfaction peaked. A group of officers, led by vice president Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, staged a coup. Araujo fled the country and Martínez assumed power, though Martínezs rule may have satisfied the military, popular discontent continued to build and the governments opponents continued to agitate. Within weeks, communists, believing the country was ready for a peasant rebellion, were plotting an insurrection against Martínez, however, the government learned of the plot and arrested most of the ringleaders. Nonetheless, actual fighting broke out on January 22,1932, within three days, they had succeeded in taking control of several towns, disrupting supply lines to many of the country’s towns and villages, and attacking a military garrison. With their superior training and technology, the government troops needed only a few days to defeat the rebels, while the rebels killed fewer than 100 people, the military retaliated with great force. The government responded to the uprising with great brutality with between 10,000 and 40,000 peasants, including Martí dying in the uprising, the towns of Nahuizalco, Juayua, Apaneca and Izalco were assaulted by the army. Feliciano Ama, an Indian leader, was hanged and this event was shown on postage stamps of the time, following the Matanza, from 1932 to 1979, military officers held the presidency, with some presidents using more repression than others. To Rise in Darkness, Revolution, Repression, and Memory in El Salvador, 1920–1932, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-4228-1 Alegría, willimantic, CT, New York, NY, Curbstone Press, Distributed to the trade by the Talman Co. Ministerio de Educación de la República de El Salvador, historia de El Salvador, tomo II. San Salvador, MINED. de Bry, John, review of 1932 – Scars of Memory, A film by Jeffrey Gould and Carlos Henriquez Consalvi. Archived from the original on July 21,2006
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Claudia Lars
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Claudia Lars, born in Armenia, El Salvador on December 20,1899 as Margarita del Carmen Brannon Vega, was a Salvadoran poet. She died in San Salvador in 1974 and she was the daughter of Peter Patrick Brannon and Carmen Vega Zelayandía. Her parents were Peter Patrick Brannon and Carmen Brannon Vega Zelayandía, during her early years, she was friends with Consuelo Suncín, the future wife of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. She started her education at home, and later studied at the Colegio La Asunción de Santa Ana as a teenager, general Juan José Cañas, who got a booklet of poems written by her, published the book, without Claudias authorization, under the title of Triste Mirajes. In 1919, Claudia started a relationship with Nicaraguan poet Salomón de la Selva, in the United States Claudia met her first husband, Leroy F. Claudia worked as a Spanish Teacher at the famous Berlitz School in Brooklyn, Claudia returned to El Salvador with her husband in 1927, after Leroy was appointed United States consul, the same year she gave birth to her only son Roy Beers Brannon. Claudia became friends with poets and writers in El Salvador, among those were Salarrué, Alberto Guerra Trigueros, Serafin Quiteño. In 1933 she began using the pseudonym Claudia Lars, in 1934 her first book was published, Stars in the Well At the beginning of the next decade, Claudia Lars won second place in the 1941 Floral Games in Guatemala thanks to her work Sonnets of Michael. Then came The Glass House, Romances of North and South, City under my Voice *, Claudia was appointed as cultural attaché to the Embassy of El Salvador in Guatemala. She went to Guatemala in 1948, where she met her second husband Carlos Samayoa Chinchilla, back in Canada, she worked at the editorial department of the Ministry of Culture where she led the Culture magazine. Some of her books of this include, Where the Steps Arrive, School of birds, Tale of a truth. She wrote other books among them, About the Angel & Man, of a Fine Dawn shared the first prize at the Floral Games in Quetzaltenango in 1965. Also, a collection of her work was produced by poet Matilde Elena Lopez for Claudias Complete Poetry, before her death, Claudia received a Degree Honoris Causa from the Universidad Centroamericana Jose Simeon Cañas, besides, she was awarded the Order of José Matías Delgado. David Escobar Galindo selected her best poems, edited by the Publications Department in 1976, in 1999, in commemoration of the centenary of her birth, the National Council for Culture and the Arts published two volumes of her Complete Poetry, compiled by Carmen González Huguet. Claudia produced 19 books of poetry and a memoir, cancion Redonda Romances de Norte y Sur. Tierra de Infancia, tr. as Land of Childhood, Writers Club Press, sobre el Angel y el Hombre
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Municipality
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It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term municipality may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality, a municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French municipalité and Latin municipalis, a municipality can be any political jurisdiction from a sovereign state, such as the Principality of Monaco, or a small village, such as West Hampton Dunes, New York. The power of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state, municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax, property tax, and corporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state. Similar terms include Spanish ayuntamiento, also called municipalidad, Polish gmina, Dutch/Flemish Gemeente, in Australia, the term local government area is used in place of the generic municipality. Here, the LGA Structure covers only incorporated areas of Australia, incorporated areas are legally designated parts of states and territories over which incorporated local governing bodies have responsibility. In Canada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, the Province of Ontario has different tiers of municipalities, including lower, upper, and single tiers. Types of upper tier municipalities in Ontario include counties and regional municipalities, nova Scotia also has regional municipalities, which include cities, counties, districts, or towns as municipal units. In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality is a local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it directly with the state government. Generally, smaller cities and bigger towns have a Nagar Palika. Nagar Palikas are also a form of local self-government entrusted with duties and responsibilities. Such a corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a mayor or provost, since local government reorganisation, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as a district, and in Scotland as a council area. A district may be awarded borough or city status, or can retain its district title, in Jersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12 parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of government in this jurisdiction. In the United States, municipality is usually understood as a city, town, village, or other local government unit, in the Peoples Republic of China, a direct-controlled municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. In Taiwan, a municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei. In Portuguese language usage, there are two words to distinguish the territory and the administrative organ, when referring to the territory, the word concelho is used, when referring to the organ of State, the word município is used
14.
Chalatenango Department
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Chalatenango is a department of El Salvador, located in the northwest of the country. The capital is the city of Chalatenango, the Chalatenango Department encompasses 2,017 km² and contains more than 204,000 inhabitants. Las Matras Archaeological Ruins contains the relics of prehistoric populations and caves in which rock writing is found, the 5 de Noviembre Hydroelectric Dam is found in Chalatenango Department, near the border with Cabañas. The highest point in the country, El Pital with an elevation of 2730.06 m, is located in Chalatenango Department. The most cultivated agricultural products are the grains, henequen, coffee, fruits, orchard plants, and vegetables, horses and cattle. Moreover, plaster, gold, lime, clay lead, silver, around 1790, Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet, Governor of El Salvador, found that the local indigenous population working in Chaletenangos indigo industry had declined greatly. Carondolet responded by bringing poor Spaniards to settle, with the result that many blonde, Chalatenango was made a department on February 14,1855. During the 1980s, the department was the stronghold of the Farabundo Martí Popular Forces of Liberation, atlas Geográfico Universal y de El Salvador. Edición 1995 ISBN 84-494-0135-6 Sitio web del departamento de Chalatenango
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La Libertad Department (El Salvador)
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La Libertad is one of the departments of El Salvador and is located in the southwest of the country. It has area 1,653 km² and a population of more than 747,600 people and it was classified as a department on January 28,1865. The population was settled on the Ulliman Plains, which is where rubber is harvested, the city was called Nueva Ciudad de San Salvador and made the departments capital on the same date as the department was declared. The departments capital was renamed Santa Tecla on December 22,2003, the agricultural products that are cultivated are the basic grains, balsam, sugar cane, coffee, grass, hortenses plants, cocoa, and fruits. They also develop the bovine, equine and pig cattle, the raising of poultry and it also stands out the textile industry and the productions of candles, soaps, furniture, clothes, footwear, dairy products, and many diverse products and liquors. At 12 km. to the west of the capital city, because it is between on the sides of Quezaltepeque or Volcano of San Salvador and a low and picturesque mountain, in poetic language it is designated as “The city of the hills”. The earthquake of April 16,1854, destroyed the city from its foundations. Facing the moving debris, the president José María San Martín settled the governments new headquarters in the plain of Santa Tecla. The decree was emitted the following August 8, but it was not until Christmas Day of the year that the neighbors took possession of the place. It was ascended to the category of departmental head on January 28,1865 and it has modern and old churches, The parish of Concepción and the neo-Gothic Carmen’s Church, built at the end of the past century by the architect, sculptor, and painter Pascacio Gonzales. Also, the cluster of tourism of the port of La Libertad celebrates the Gastronomic Festival that is distinguished annually because each restaurant exposes its best menu for sale, during the Festival, combo music livens up the whole day in the sector of the beaches. This archeological site is considered the most important all over the Mayan world and it was declared “World Heritage” by the UNESCO in 1993. Joya de Cerén was a village that was buried by the eruption of the volcano Loma Caldera in the year 600 AD, the volcanic lava petrified the houses of the residents and it was until 1976 when it was accidentally discovered. To the right side of the Pan-American highway and on the margin of the Rio Sucio,25 km. away from Nueva San Salvador, are located the ruins of the ceremonial center of the Bell of San Andres
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La Paz Department (El Salvador)
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La Paz is a department of El Salvador in the south central area of the country. La Paz has an area of 1,228 km² and a population of more than 328,000, the department was created in 1852. There are various caves containing rock writing, the department has a church in Zacatecoluca where the Independence Hero Dr Jose Simeon Cañas y Villacorta was born. He was known as The Liberator of the Slaves in Central America, in 1833, Anastasio Aquino, an indigenous person, proclaimed himself as The Emperor of the Nonualcos. His parents were Don Pablo Cañas and Dona Ana Lucia Villacorta de Cañas and he studied in the school San Francisco de Borja and later on in San Carlos University, in Guatemala, where he was a rector, philosopher, theologist and humanist. On December 31,1823, he became the first advocate for the first abolition of slavery in the Americas and he was born in the town of Santiago Nonualco on April 15,1792. His parents were Tomás Aquino and María de San Carlos, natives and it was Santiago de Nonaluco that a rebellion began under the leadership of Aquino. Minero was born in Zacatecoluca on May 11,1917 and he began painting at a young age. He showed his works in Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Venezuela, United States and he was professor of the School of plastic arts of the University of El Salvador. From 1964 up to 1972, he was the Dean of the Department of Journalism at UES and he was born in Zacatecoluca on August 16,1889 and died in San Salvador in 1980. Some of his works are the “National Readings of El Salvador”, “This is my earth”, “Schools and teachers from El Salvador”, “Mother earth”, and “Seed”. The dance of The Tiger and the Deer goes back to 1868, however, there was a tiger that devoured the animals. The dance is carried out in the party of May 2 and it consists of four characters, “the old ones” that represent the couple that go with the shotgun and the bow, the tiger and the Lord of the drum that mark the steps of the dance. The spectators watch when the attacks the old ones. The most amusing part is the “repartition” of the portions of the animal, the Ascension Bulls tradition belongs to San Juan Nonualco. It speaks of a character called Isidro Labrador and he fell on his knees, begging forgiveness to God for not having remembered the date. Based on this event, the celebration is kept on Thursday of Ascension like the day dedicated to the bulls, in the six neighborhoods of San Juan Nonualco, the inhabitants manufacture a bull that they walk through the streets. The hermitages are adorned with altars and the Rosario is prayed, when concluding the prayer, the competition or fights of the bulls begin
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San Miguel Department (El Salvador)
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San Miguel is a department in the eastern part of El Salvador. The department is 2,077 km² in area and has a population of over 478,000, before the Spanish conquest of El Salvador, the territory that now consists of the departments of San Miguel, La Unión and Morazán was the Lenca kingdom of Chaparrastique. San Miguel was first known as San Miguel de la Frontera, the city was founded by Luis de Moscoso on May 8,1530, where it is now Santa Elena. On July 11,1812 the city was given the title of Noble y Leal Ciudad and it was made a department on June 12,1824. It is the location of Ciudad Barrios, the birthplace of Archbishop Óscar Romero, the upbringing of bovine, swinish, goat, and mule livestock exists and the upbringing of corral birds and of bees. There are a few beaches in the San Miguel department, for instance in El Cuco
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San Salvador Department
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San Salvador is a department of El Salvador in the west central part of the country. The capital is San Salvador, which is also the national capital, the department has North of the Rio Lempa Valley, the Valle de las Hamacas and a section of Lake Ilopango. Some of the cities that are densely populated are, San Salvador, Ciudad Delgado, Mejicanos, Soyapango, Panchimalco. The department covers an area of 886.2 km² and the last census count in 2007 reported 1,567,156 people and it was classified as a department on June 12,1824. During the time of the colony, the department was the San Salvador Party, from where territory was taken to make the departments of Chalatenago, La Libertad, Cuscatlán and this department produces beans, coffee, sugar cane, etc. The current mayor of the department is Norman Quijano
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San Vicente Department
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San Vicente is a department of El Salvador in the center of the country. On October 4,1834, San Vicente City of Austria, in 1840, it stopped to be the capital of the State of El Salvador but it continues to be of the department. The department was created on June 12,1824, the San Vicente department has 1,184 km² and a population in excess of 174,500. In August 1982, the Salvadoran Army began a campaign in the area, on August 21–22, the Atlacatl Battalion surprised a group of hundreds of refugees at El Calabozo beside the Amatitán river, opening fire at close range. More than two hundred are reported to have died, among infants and elderly, leading the incident to be called El Calabozo massacre. One of the most beautiful and imposing volcanoes of the chain is the Chinchontepec or volcano of San Vicente. Its almost perfect cone, as sugar pile, finishes off in two hill tops and this peculiarity gives origin to its nahuat name “Hill of two tits”, the western summit, smaller at 2,083 meters, exhibits an open crater to the east. To the northeast, at 820 meters in a ravine of 180 meters of longitude, there are fumaroles, fountains of clear, the most important is to the south of the geological fissure. These groups of phenomenon of geological action are called “infiernillos”, in them, the water is at temperatures of 60°C to 98°C and they contain great quantities of water vapor, sulfuric acid, sulfuric hydrogen, and carbonic acid. The Valley of Jiboa expands to the northeast and north of the western summit and it is also called Valley of Millers. Chichontepec Volcano has also in the midst of the valley, an important archeological site called Tehuacan and this was a place of adoration to the aztec gods, and the found structures demonstrates the type of hierarchical organization their tribes had. San Vicente is famous for the variety of typical sweets elaborated with coconut preserves, nance, in San Esteban Catarina, sweets of panela and pilon sugar are manufactured. San Sebastian is very famous for its textile production
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Santa Ana Department
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Santa Ana is a department of El Salvador in the northwest of the country. The capital is Santa Ana, one of the largest cities in El Salvador and it has 2,023 km² and a population of over 572,000. The Santa Ana Volcano is in this department and this department was created on February 8,1855. During Pre-Columbian times, the area now composing Santa Ana was inhabited by Mayan peoples, among the departments major Mayan archaeological sites are Tazumal, many of the regions inhabitants were members of the Poqomam or Chorti Mayan subgroups. Between 1200 and 1400 the department of Santa Ana under Lempa River was conquered by the Pipiles, between 1528 and 1540 the department of Santa Ana was conquered and pacified by the Spaniards. It belonged to the Greater Mayorship of San Salvador and later to the Intendance of San Salvador, being divided in the parties or districts of Santa Ana, from 1824 it belonged to the department of Sonsonate. The department was created in 1855, along with the present department of Ahuachapán, the football club has won 17 national titles, more than any other team, and one CONCACAF Champions Cup. The department of Santa Ana is at an altitude between 500 m and 3000 m, the most important volcanoes are the Ilamatepec or Santa Ana Volcano and the Chingo. Other notable mountains are Green Hill and the Montecristo massif, the main rivers of the department are the Lempa and the Guajoyo rivers. The most important lakes in the department are Lake Güija on the border with Guatemala near Metapán, Santa Ana is divided into 13 municipalities, Directorio Municipal de la Fundación Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo El Salvador at GeoHive
El Salvador
