1.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
Sony
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Sony Headquarters at
Sony City in
Minato, Tokyo
Sony
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Sony Store in
Markville Shopping Centre in 2014
Sony
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Sony at
Westfield Riccarton shopping centre in
Christchurch, New Zealand
Sony
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Sony Pictures Plaza, next to the main studio lot of
Sony Pictures Entertainment in
Culver City
2.
Compact disc player
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A CD player is an electronic device that plays audio compact discs, which are a digital optical disc data storage format. CD players were first sold to consumers in 1982, CDs typically contain recordings of audio material such as music. CD players are often a part of home systems, car audio systems. With the exception of CD boomboxes, most CD players do not produce sound by themselves, most CD players only produce an output signal via a headphone jack and/or RCA jacks. To listen to using a CD player with a headphone output jack. To use a CD player in a stereo system, the user connects an RCA cable to the RCA jacks or other outputs and connects it to a hi-fi. They are also manufactured as portable devices, which are battery powered, modern units can play other formats in addition to PCM audio coding used in CDs, such as MP3, AAC and WMA. DJs playing dance music at clubs often use specialized players with a playback speed to alter the pitch. Audio engineers using CD players to play music for an event through a reinforcement system use professional audio-grade CD players. CD playback functionality is also valuable on CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive equipped computers as well as on DVD players, American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
Compact disc player
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Sony CDP-101 from 1982, one of the earliest
CD players affordable to
consumers.
Compact disc player
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The Red book Digital Audio logo is present in all discs and players ensuring compatibility
Compact disc player
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A 1980s-era
Denon CD player
Compact disc player
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Philips CD100 Player
3.
Vacuum fluorescent display
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A vacuum fluorescent display is a display device used commonly on consumer-electronics equipment such as video cassette recorders, car radios, and microwave ovens. Sometimes named as ice tube indicator, a VFD operates on the principle of cathodoluminescence, roughly similar to a cathode ray tube, but operating at much lower voltages. Each tube in a VFD has a phosphor coated anode that is bombarded by electrons emitted from the cathode filament, in fact, each tube in VFD is a triode vacuum tube because it also has a mesh control grid. Unlike liquid crystal displays, a VFD emits a bright light with high contrast. Cadmium was commonly used in VFDs in the past, but the current RoHS-compliant VFDs have eliminated this metal from their construction, VFDs can display seven-segment numerals, multi-segment alpha-numeric characters or can be made in a dot-matrix to display different alphanumeric characters and symbols. In practice, there is little limit to the shape of the image that can be displayed, the first VFD was the single indication DM160 by Philips in 1959. The first multi-segment VFD was the 1962 Japanese single-digit, seven-segment device, the displays became common on calculators and other consumer electronics devices. In the late 1980s hundreds of millions of units were made yearly, the device consists of a hot cathode, anodes and grids encased in a glass envelope under a high vacuum condition. The cathode is made up of fine wires, coated by alkaline earth metal oxides. These electrons are controlled and diffused by the grids, which are made up of thin metal, if electrons impinge on the phosphor-coated plates, they fluoresce, emitting light. Unlike the orange-glowing cathodes of traditional vacuum tubes, VFD cathodes are efficient emitters at much lower temperatures, the principle of operation is identical to that of a vacuum tube triode. Electrons can only reach a given plate element if both the grid and the plate are at a potential with respect to the cathode. This allows the displays to be organized as multiplexed displays where the grids and plates form a matrix. In the example of the VCR display shown to the right, all of the similar plates in all of the digits are connected in parallel. One by one, the microprocessor driving the display enables a digit by placing a positive voltage on that digits grid, electrons flow through that digits grid and strike those plates that are at a positive potential. The microprocessor cycles through illuminating the digits in this way at a high enough to create the illusion of all digits glowing at once via persistence of vision. Several amateurs have experimented with the possibilities of using VFDs as triodes, the extra indicators are arranged as if they were segments of an additional digit or two or extra segments of existing digits and are scanned using the same multiplexed strategy as the real digits. Some of these extra indicators may use a phosphor that emits a different colour of light, for example, orange
Vacuum fluorescent display
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A full view of a typical vacuum fluorescent display used in a
videocassette recorder
Vacuum fluorescent display
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VFD display. All segments are visible due to external ultraviolet illumination.
Vacuum fluorescent display
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A digital dashboard cluster in an American automobile.
4.
RCA connector
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An RCA connector, sometimes called a phono connector or Cinch connector, is a type of electrical connector commonly used to carry audio and video signals. The connectors are sometimes casually referred to as A/V jacks. The name RCA derives from the Radio Corporation of America, which introduced the design by the early 1940s for internal connection of the pickup to the chassis in home radio-phonograph consoles. It was originally a low-cost, simple design, intended only for mating, refinement came with later designs, although they remained compatible. However, quarter-inch phone connectors are common in professional audio. The connections plug is called an RCA plug or phono plug, the name phono plug is sometimes confused with a phone plug which may refer to a quarter-inch phone plug – Tip/Sleeve or Tip/Ring/Sleeve connector – or to a 4P4C connector used for a telephone. In the most normal use, cables have a plug on each end, consisting of a central male connector. The ring is often segmented for flexibility, devices mount the socket, consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal around it. The ring is smaller in diameter and longer than the ring on the plug. The jack has an area between the outer and inner rings which is filled with an insulator, typically plastic. Its use as a connector for video signals is extremely common. RCA connectors and cable are commonly used to carry S/PDIF-formatted digital audio. Connections are made by pushing the cables plug into the jack on the device. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out of the jack, breaking ground connection, some variants of the plug, especially cheaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground sheaths due to their lack of flexibility. They are often color-coded, yellow for composite video, red for the audio channel. This trio of jacks can be found on the back of almost all audio, one or more sets are often found on TV sets to facilitate connection of camcorders, other portable video sources and video game consoles. Varying cable quality means that a cheap line-level audio cable might not successfully transfer component video, cables should meet the S/PDIF specification as defined by the international standard IEC 60958-3 for assured performance. The male plug has a pin which is 3.175 mm in diameter
RCA connector
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RCA Plugs for
composite video (yellow) and
stereo audio (white and red)
RCA connector
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RCA sockets, or jacks, here used for
YPbPr video output.
RCA connector
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Composite video cable for the
Xbox 360.
RCA connector
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"Bullet plug" variation – Note the hollow center conductor and the pin point for the return signal.
5.
Digital-to-analogue converter
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In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter is a device that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter performs the reverse function, there are several DAC architectures, the suitability of a DAC for a particular application is determined by three main parameters, resolution, maximum sampling frequency and accuracy. Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components, all, digital-to-analog conversion can degrade a signal, so a DAC should be specified that has insignificant errors in terms of the application. DACs are commonly used in players to convert digital data streams into analog audio signals. They are also used in televisions and mobile phones to digital video data into analog video signals which connect to the screen drivers to display monochrome or color images. These two applications use DACs at opposite ends of the speed/resolution trade-off, the audio DAC is a low speed high resolution type while the video DAC is a high speed low to medium resolution type. Discrete DACs would typically be extremely high speed low resolution power hungry types, very high speed test equipment, especially sampling oscilloscopes, may also use discrete DACs. A DAC converts an abstract finite-precision number into a physical quantity, in particular, DACs are often used to convert finite-precision time series data to a continually varying physical signal. A conventional practical DAC converts the numbers into a constant function made up of a sequence of rectangular functions that is modeled with the zero-order hold. Other DAC methods produce a pulse-density modulated output that can be filtered to produce a smoothly varying signal. As per the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, a DAC can reconstruct the signal from the sampled data provided that its bandwidth meets certain requirements. Digital sampling introduces quantization error that manifests as low-level noise added to the reconstructed signal, instead of impulses, a conventional practical DAC updates the analog voltage at uniform sampling intervals, which is then interpolated via a reconstruction filter to continuously varied levels. The effect of this is that the voltage is held in time at the current value until the next input number is latched. This is equivalent to a zero-order hold operation and has an effect on the response of the reconstructed signal. The fact that DACs output a sequence of piecewise constant values or rectangular pulses causes multiple harmonics above the Nyquist frequency, usually, these are removed with a low pass filter acting as a reconstruction filter in applications that require it. Other DAC methods produce a pulse-density modulated signal that can then be filtered in a way to produce a smoothly varying signal. DACs and ADCs are part of a technology that has contributed greatly to the digital revolution. To illustrate, consider a typical long-distance telephone call, the callers voice is converted into an analog electrical signal by a microphone, which is converted to a digital stream by an ADC
Digital-to-analogue converter
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8-channel digital-to-analog converter
Cirrus Logic CS4382 as used in a soundcard.
Digital-to-analogue converter
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Top-loading CD player and external digital-to-analog converter.
