Sophie Germain
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Marie-Sophie Germain was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her f
Sketch of Germain based upon a bust by Zacharie Astruc
Entrance to the historic building of the École Polytechnique
1840 painting of Carl Friedrich Gauss; by Gottlieb Biermann after Christian Albrecht Jensen
Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni
Carl Friedrich Gauss
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Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist, who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science. His mathematical contributions spanned the bran
Sophie Germain
…including ones by Euler, and from correspondence under the pseudonym of Monsieur Le Blanc with famous mathematicians, such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's…
Portrait by Christian Albrecht Jensen, 1840 (copy from Gottlieb Biermann, 1887)
Birthplace in Brunswick (destroyed in World War II)
Gauss's home as student in Göttingen
Old Göttingen observatory, c. 1800