1.
Theotokos
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Theotokos is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translations, Dei Genetrix or Deipara, are translated as Mother of God or God-bearer, the Council of Ephesus decreed in 431 that Mary is the Theotokos because her son Jesus is both God and man, one divine person with two natures intimately and hypostatically united. Similar to this is the title of Mother of God, Mother of God is most often used in English, largely due to the lack of a satisfactory equivalent of Greek τόκος / Latin genetrix. The title has been in use since the 3rd century, in the Syriac tradition in the Liturgy of Mari and Addai, Theotokos is an adjectival compound of two the Greek words Θεός God and τόκος childbirth, parturition, offspring. A close paraphrase would be whose offspring is God or who gave birth to one who was God, the usual English translation is simply Mother of God, Latin uses Deipara or Dei Genetrix. The Church Slavonic translation is Bogoroditsa, in an abbreviated form, ΜΡ ΘΥ, it often is found on Eastern icons, where it is used to identify Mary. The Russian term is Матерь Божия, variant forms are the compounds Θεομήτωρ and Μητρόθεος, which are found in patristic and liturgical texts. The theological dispute over the term concerned the term Θεός God vs. Χριστός Christ, and not τόκος vs. μήτηρ, to make it explicit, it is sometimes translated Mother of God Incarnate. This decree created the Nestorian Schism, Cyril of Alexandria wrote, I am amazed that there are some who are entirely in doubt as to whether the holy Virgin should be called Theotokos or not. For if our Lord Jesus Christ is God, how is the holy Virgin who gave birth, not. But the argument of Nestorius was that divine and human natures of Christ were distinct, at issue is the interpretation of the Incarnation, and the nature of the hypostatic union of Christs human and divine natures between Christs conception and birth. Within the Orthodox doctrinal teaching on the economy of salvation, Marys identity, role, for this reason, it is formally defined as official dogma. The only other Mariological teaching so defined is that of her virginity, both of these teachings have a bearing on the identity of Jesus Christ. The term was certainly in use by the 3rd century, athanasius of Alexandria in 330, Gregory the Theologian in 370, John Chrysostom in 400, and Augustine all used theotokos. Origen is often cited as the earliest author to use theotokos for Mary, although this testimony is uncertain, the term was used c.250 by Dionysius of Alexandria, in an epistle to Paul of Samosata. The Greek version of the hymn Sub tuum praesidium contains the term, in the vocative, the oldest record of this hymn is a papyrus found in Egypt, mostly dated to after 450. But according to a suggestion by de Villiers possibly older, dating to the mid-3rd century, the use of Theotokos was formally affirmed at the Third Ecumenical Council held at Ephesus in 431. Nestorius opponents, led by Cyril of Alexandria, viewed this as dividing Jesus into two persons, the human who was Son of Mary, and the divine who was not
2.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
3.
Holy Wisdom
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Sophia is a central idea in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, Platonism, Gnosticism, orthodox Christianity, Esoteric Christianity, and Christian mysticism. Sophiology is a concept regarding wisdom, as well as a theological concept regarding the wisdom of the biblical God. Sophia is honored as a goddess of wisdom by Gnostics, as well as by some Neopagan, New Age, plato, following his teacher, Socrates, understands philosophy as φιλοσοφία. This understanding of philosophia permeates Platos dialogues, especially the Republic, in that work, the leaders of the proposed utopia are to be philosopher kings, rulers who are friends of sophia or Wisdom. Sophia is one of the four cardinal virtues in Platos Protagoras, the Pythian Oracle reportedly answered the question of who is the wisest man of Greece. Socrates defends this verdict in his Apology to the effect that he, at least and this contrasted with the attitude of contemporaneous Greek Sophists, who claimed to be wise and offered to teach wisdom for pay. The Greek noun sophia is the translation of wisdom in the Greek Septuagint for Hebrew חכמות Ḥokmot, Wisdom is a central topic in the sapiential books, i. e. In Christian theology, wisdom describes an aspect of God, or the theological concept regarding the wisdom of God. Jesus directly mentions Wisdom in the Gospel of Matthew, The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, but wisdom is justified by her deeds. St. Paul refers to the concept, notably in 1 Corinthians, where is the disputer of this world. Hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world, Paul sets worldly wisdom against a higher wisdom of God, But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory. The Epistle of James distinguishes between two kinds of wisdom, one is a false wisdom, which is characterized as earthly, sensual, devilish and is associated with strife and contention. In Eastern Orthodoxy humility is the highest wisdom and is to be more than any other virtue. Not only does humility cultivate the Holy Wisdom, but it is the quality that grants people salvation. The Hagia Sophia or Holy Wisdom church in Constantinople was the center of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly a thousand years. In the Divine Liturgy of the Orthodox Church, the exclamation Sophia, or in English Wisdom. will be proclaimed by the deacon or priest at certain moments, especially before the reading of scripture, to draw the congregations attention to sacred teaching. The concept of Sophia has been championed as a key part of the Godhead by some Eastern Orthodox religious thinkers and these included Vladimir Solovyov, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev, and Sergei Bulgakov whose book Sophia, The Wisdom of God is in many ways the apotheosis of Sophiology. For Bulgakov, the Sophia is co-existent with the Trinity, operating as the aspect of God in concert with the three masculine principles of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
4.
Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)
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Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov was a Russian philosopher, theologian, poet, pamphleteer and literary critic. He played a significant role in the development of Russian philosophy and poetry at the end of the 19th century, the son of the historian Sergey Mikhaylovich Solovyov, and the brother of historical novelist Vsevolod Solovyov, he was born in Moscow. His mother Polyxena Vladimirovna belonged to a Polish origin family and had, among her ancestors, in his teens, Solovyov renounced Eastern Orthodoxy for nihilism, but later, his disapproval of positivism saw him begin to express views that were line with those of the Orthodox Church. Solovyov studied at the University of Moscow, and his professor was Pamfil Yurkevich. In his The Crisis of Western Philosophy, Against the Positivists, Solovyov discredited the positivists rejection of Aristotles essentialism, in Against the Postivists, he took the position of intuitive noetic comprehension, or insight. He saw consciousness as integral and requiring both phenomenon and noumenon validated intuitively, positivism, according to Solovyov, validates only the phenomenon of an object, denying the intuitive reality that people experience as part of their consciousness. Soloyvev was partially attempting to reconcile the dualism found in German idealism, Vladimir Solovyov became a friend and confidant of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. In opposition to his friend, Solovyov was sympathetic to the Roman Catholic Church and he favored the healing of the schism between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. However, on February the 18th 1896, He was received into the Catholic Church, the Europe which was white, Christian and completely good. After the victories of the Japanese during the First Sino-Japanese war in 1894-95, countless as locusts And as ravenous, Shielded by an unearthly power The tribes move north. Forget your former glory, The two-headed eagle is ravaged, And your tattered banners passed Like toys among yellow children and he who neglects love’s legacy, Will be overcome by trembling fear. And the third Rome will fall to dust, Nor will there ever be a fourth. The Third Rome of the poem was Russia, which claimed to be the successor of the Eastern Roman Empire whose emblem of a black eagle was also adopted as the symbol of the Russian state. The Rus were the Viking tribe that founded the first Russian state in the 9th century, Solovyov began his story with the epigraph, Pan Mongolism. The name is monstrous Yet it caresses my ear As if filled with the portent Of a grand divine fate, Solovyov insisted that Russia was a European power that should side with its traditional archenemy Britain against what he claimed was the menace of China. Solovyov expressed absolute agreement with Wilhelm, arguing that in face of the Yellow Peril, Solovyov never married or had children, but he pursued idealized relationships as immortalized in his spiritual love poetry, including with two women named Sophia. He rebuffed the advances of mystic Anna Schmidt, who claimed to be his divine partner and it is widely held that Solovyov was one of the sources for Dostoyevskys characters Alyosha Karamazov and Ivan Karamazov in The Brothers Karamazov. Solovyovs influence can also be seen in the writings of the Symbolist and Neo-Idealist writers of the later Russian Soviet era and his book The Meaning of Love can be seen as one of the philosophical sources of Leo Tolstoys The Kreutzer Sonata
5.
Pavel Florensky
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Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky was a Russian Orthodox theologian, priest, philosopher, mathematician, physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, polymath and neomartyr. Pavel Aleksandrovich Florensky was born on January 21,1882, into the family of an engineer, Aleksandr Florensky. His father came from a family of Russian Orthodox priests while his mother Olga Saparova was of the Tbilisi Armenian nobility and his maternal grandmother Sofia Paatova was from Sighnaghi, Georgia. Florensky always searched for the roots of his Armenian family and noted that they came from Karabakh and he decided to construct his own solution by developing theories that would reconcile the spiritual and the scientific visions on the basis of mathematics. He entered the department of mathematics of Moscow State University and studied under Nikolai Bugaev, and became friends with his son and he was particularly drawn to Georg Cantors set theory. He also took courses on ancient philosophy, during his theological studies there, he came into contact with Elder Isidore on a visit to Gethsemane Hermitage, and Isidore was to become his spiritual guide and father. Subsequently he was arrested for membership in society in 1906, however. During his studies at the Ecclesiastical Academy, Florenskys interests included philosophy, religion, art and he became a prominent member of the Russian Symbolism movement, together with his friend Andrei Bely and published works in the magazines New Way and Libra. He also started his main work, The Pillar and Ground of the Truth. The complete book was published only in 1914 but most of it was finished at the time of his graduation from the academy in 1908. According to Princeton University Press, The book is a series of letters to a brother or friend. Central to Florenskys work is an exploration of the meanings of Christian love. He describes the ancient Christian rites of the adelphopoiesis, which joins male friends in chaste bonds of love. In addition, Florensky was one of the first thinkers in the century to develop the idea of the Divine Sophia. Recent research by Michael Hagemeister has authenticated that antisemitic material, written under a pseudonym, is in Florenskys hand. After graduating from the academy, he married Anna Giatsintova, the sister of a friend, in August 1910 and he continued to teach philosophy and lived at Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra until 1919. In 1911 he was ordained into the priesthood, in 1914 he wrote his dissertation, About Spiritual Truth. He published works on philosophy, theology, art theory, mathematics and electrodynamics, between 1911 and 1917 he was the chief editor of the most authoritative Orthodox theological publication of that time, Bogoslovskiy Vestnik
6.
Sergei Bulgakov
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Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov was a Russian Orthodox Christian theologian, philosopher, and economist. Sergei Nicolaevich Bulgakov was born on 16 July 1871 to the family of an Orthodox priest in the town of Livny, Oryol guberniya and he studied at Orel seminary, then at Yelets gimnasium. In 1894 he graduated from the Law School of Moscow University, during his study at the seminary Bulgakov became interested in Marxism and took part in the Legal Marxism movement. Under the influence of works of Russian religious thinkers, in the course of his meetings and he wrote a book about his evolution. Such an evolution was common for the Russian intelligentsia of the time and he was a leader of the publisher Way, where he printed many important works of contemporary Orthodox theology. In 1907 he was elected as an independent Christian Socialist to the Second Duma, in 1918, having returned to the Orthodox Church, he was ordained to the priesthood, and rose to prominence in church circles. He took part in the All-Russia Sobor of the Russian Orthodox Church that elected patriarch Tikhon of Moscow, Bulgakov rejected the October revolution and responded with On the Feast of the Gods, a book similar to the Three Talks of Vladimir Solovyov. During the Russian Civil War he was in Crimea, where he worked in the field of philosophy and he wrote books Philosophy of the Name and Tragedy of Philosophy in which he revised his views about the relation of Philosophy to Dogmatism. He concluded that the Christian views can be expressed only by dogmatic theology, thereafter his works were devoted to dogmatic theology. On 30 December 1922 the Bolshevik government expelled some 160 prominent intellectuals on the so-called Philosophers ship, Bulgakov, Nikolai Berdyaev, in May 1923 he became professor of Church Law and Theology at the school of law of the Russian Research Institute in Prague. In 1925 he helped found St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute, in Paris and he was the head of this institute and Professor of Dogmatic Theology until his death from throat cancer on 12 July 1944. His last work was devoted to the Apocalypse, Bulgakov’s teaching on sophiology is highly controversial. The attempt to understand it properly is hindered by the political controversy surrounding it in the 1930s. By 1931, there were three separate Russian Orthodox jurisdictions in Europe, the Russian Church Abroad/Sremski Karlovtsy Synod, under Met, anthony, Patriarchal Church, answering ultimately to Met. Sergius I of Moscow and had the young Vladimir Lossky as a member, Evlogy, under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople, in 1934, Met. Evlogy was privately reconciled to Met, anthony, and in 1935, he went to Karlovtsy for a special reunion conference at which time the schism between him and ROCOR was healed. Evlogy again cut his ties with ROCOR, quite possibly because of the controversy over Sophianism, in the Decree on Sophianism, an ukaz of 24 August 1935 of Met. Sergius, Bulgakov’s teaching on ‘Sophia’ was described as ‘alien’ to the Orthodox faith and this ukaz was largely based on the epistolary reports of Alexis Stavrovsky
7.
Heresy
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Heresy /hār ə sē/ is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs, the term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, the word heresy is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a movement is called a heresiarch. Heresiology is the study of heresy, according to Titus 3,10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase divisive person became a term in the early Church for a type of heretic who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called not only because it builds up the faith. The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy and they saw deviations from orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. The use of the word heresy was given currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses to describe. He described the beliefs and doctrines as orthodox and the Gnostics teachings as heretical. He also pointed out the concept of succession to support his arguments. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority. The first known usage of the term in a context was in AD380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as heresy, by this edict the states authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities and this reinforcement of the Churchs authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical. The edict of Theodosius II provided severe punishments for those who had or spread writings of Nestorius and those who possessed writings of Arius were sentenced to death. For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were known to execute those they considered heretics
8.
Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
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The Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus, also known as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, is the official title of the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is often preceded by the honorific His Holiness, the patriarchate was established in Moscow in 1589, the first patriarch was St. Job. Abolished in 1721 by Peter the Great, the patriarchate was restored on October 28,1917, Patriarch Kirill acceded to this position on 1 February 2009. Different variations of the title Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Patriarch of Moscow and all the great and small, the modern form, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus, was initially used in 1589 through 1721. In the subsequent period, the Synod of Church authorities and public administration in Russia, the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church was restored by decision of the All-Russian Local Council on October 28,1917. The first patriarch elected after restoration was Saint Tikhon, Metropolitan of Moscow, between terms, Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church elects the chair from among its permanent members of the locum tenens of the Patriarchal throne. Not later than six months after the release of locum tenens of the throne. Shall convene to elect a new Patriarch of Moscow and All the Rus, the candidate for the patriarchs must be a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, not younger than 40 years old, have a higher theological education, the expertise of the diocesan administration. The procedure for the election of the patriarch of the charter was not detailed, Kirill I was elected on 27 January 2009 by the ROC Local Council as Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, with 508 votes out of 700. He was enthroned on 1 February 2009, the Patriarch enters the dignity during a special ceremony of enthronement, which is held a few days after the election. List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow
9.
Ordinary (officer)
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An ordinary is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws. Such officers are found in hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have a legal system. For example, diocesan bishops are ordinaries in the Roman Catholic church, in Eastern Christianity, a corresponding officer is called a hierarch. In canon law, the power to govern the church is divided into the power to make laws, enforce the laws, and to judge based on the law. A person exercises power to either because the person holds an office to which the law grants governing power or because someone with governing power has delegated it to the person. Ordinary power is the former, while the latter is delegated power, the office with ordinary power could possess the governing power itself or instead it could have the ordinary power of agency, the inherent power to exercise someone elses power. Thus, in the Catholic Church, the office of successor of Simon Peter, many officers possess ordinary power but, due to their lack of ordinary executive power, are not called ordinaries. The best example of this phenomenon is the office of judicial vicar, the judicial vicar only has authority through his office to exercise the diocesan bishops power to judge cases. Though the vicar has vicarious ordinary judicial power, he is not an ordinary because he lacks ordinary executive power, a vicar general, however, has authority through his office to exercise the diocesan bishops executive power. He is therefore an ordinary because of this vicarious ordinary executive power, local ordinaries exercise ordinary power and are ordinaries in particular churches. The following clerics are local ordinaries, The Bishop of Rome is ordinary for the whole Catholic Church, in Eastern Catholic Churches, Patriarchs, major archbishops, and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches. Diocesan/eparchial bishops/eparchs Other prelates who head, even if only temporarily, Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law lists five Latin-Rite jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese. A Military Ordinary A Personal Prelate, in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography, apart from certain limitations of nature and law, he has, on a caretaker basis, the same obligations and powers as a diocesan bishop. Occasionally an Apostolic Administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese, the violation of this rule is called eispēdēsis, and is uncanonical. Ultimately, all bishops in the Church are equal, regardless of any title they may enjoy, the role of the bishop in the Orthodox Church is both hierarchical and sacramental. This pattern of governance dates back to the earliest centuries of Christianity, as witnessed by the writings of Ignatius of Antioch, let no one do any of the things which concern the Church without the bishop. Wherever the bishop appears, there let the people be, just as wherever Jesus Christ is, and it is the bishops primary and distinctive task to celebrate the Eucharist, the medicine of immortality. Saint Cyprian of Carthage wrote, The episcopate is a single whole, so is the Church a single whole, though it spreads far and wide into a multitude of churches and its fertility increases
10.
Thomas Merton
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Thomas Merton, O. C. S. O. was an American Catholic writer, theologian and mystic. A Trappist monk of the Abbey of Gethsemani, Kentucky, he was a poet, social activist, in 1949, he was ordained to the priesthood and given the name Father Louis. Merton wrote more than 70 books, mostly on spirituality, social justice, Merton was a keen proponent of interfaith understanding. In the years since his death, Merton has been the subject of several biographies and he was baptized in the Church of England, in accordance with his fathers wishes. Mertons father was absent during his sons upbringing. During World War I, in August 1915, the Merton family left France for the United States and they settled first with Ruths parents on Long Island, New York, and then near them in Douglaston, New York. In 1917, the moved into an old house in Flushing, New York. The family was considering returning to France when Ruth was diagnosed with cancer, from which she died on October 21,1921. In 1922, Owen Merton and Thomas traveled briefly to Bermuda, where Owen fell in love with the American novelist Evelyn Scott, still grieving for his mother, Thomas never quite warmed to Scott. Happy to get away from Scott, Thomas returned to Douglaston in 1923 to live with his mothers family, Owen Merton, Scott, and her husband sailed to Europe and traveled through France, Italy, England and Algeria. During the winter of 1924, while in Algeria, Owen Merton became ill and was thought to be near death, the news of his fathers illness weighed heavily on Thomas Merton. The prospect of losing his sole surviving parent filled him with anxiety, by March 1925, Owen Merton was well enough to organize a show of his paintings at the Leicester Galleries in London. He then returned to New York and took Thomas to live with him in Saint-Antonin, Thomas returned to France with mixed feelings, as he had lived with his grandparents for the last two years and had become attached to them. During their travels, Mertons father and Scott had discussed marriage on occasion, after the trip to New York, Owen Merton realized that Thomas would not be reconciled to Scott and broke off his relationship with her. In 1926, when Merton was eleven, his father enrolled him in a boarding school in Montauban. The stay brought up feelings of loneliness and depression for Merton, during his initial months of schooling, Merton begged his father to remove him. As time passed, however, he became more comfortable with his surroundings there. He made friends with a circle of young and aspiring writers at the Lycée, Sundays at the Lycée offered a nearby Catholic Mass, but Merton never attended, instead often taking an early train home
11.
Elizabeth Johnson (theologian)
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Elizabeth A. Johnson is a Roman Catholic feminist theologian. She is a Distinguished Professor of Theology at Fordham University, a Jesuit institution in New York City and she is a member of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Brentwood. Johnson has served as president of the Catholic Theological Society of America and is one of its most well known members, the New York Times has described Johnson as a highly respected theologian whose books are widely used in theology classes. Johnsons controversial Quest for the Living God was hailed for expounding on new ways to think, the public criticism by the bishops created a substantial boon in sales of Quest, and frayed already strained relations between the church hierarchy and Catholic theologians. Johnson grew up in Brooklyn, New York, the oldest of seven children in an Irish Catholic family, as a young adult she joined the religious order of the Sisters of Saint Joseph whose motherhouse is in Brentwood, Long Island, NY. She received a B. S. from Brentwood College in 1964, in 1981, she became the first woman to earn a Ph. D. in theology at the Catholic University of America. CUA is a university of the Catholic Church and is the only university in the U. S. founded and sponsored by the Americas bishops. Johnson recalls that her experience there was rich, respectful, and collegial, during her studies there in the 1970s Johnson observes, I never had a woman professor, I never read one woman author. There were none to be had and it was a totally male education. CUA attempted to remedy this when Johnson herself was hired into a position in Christology. She became one of the first female allowed to receive a doctorate by the church authorities. Inspired by their example, Johnson and other graduate students formed a group. She has served as head of the Catholic Theological Society of America, Johnson mourned the women, but she redirected her anguish by carrying out their mission in her own field of theology. Johnson notes that leaders of her religious community encouraged her to enter the field of theology, when I applied for tenure at Catholic University, I received the full positive vote of the faculty. But the outcome was in doubt because some bishops were not happy with an article I had written, she says, referring to her article questioning the traditional view of Mary as humble and obedient. Though she contemplated leaving rather than facing the process of interrogation, General Superior Sister John Raymond McGann advised her not to give up. Johnson had taught science and religion at the elementary and high level, then taught theology at St. Josephs College. At Fordham, she was named Distinguished Professor in 1997 and Teacher of the Year in 1998, Johnson believes that the scriptures must be interpreted with an understanding of the cultural and historic setting in which they were written
12.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Edwin Mellen Press
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The Edwin Mellen Press is a scholarly publishing house with offices in Lewiston, NY and Lampeter, Wales. It was founded in 1972 by religious scholar Herbert Richardson, Richardson originally ran the press from the basement of his home, which he shared with his wife and four children. The business was named after Edwin Mellen, Richardsons grandfather who was a lover of books, Richardsons great-grandfather was Isaac Adams, a Massachusetts State Senator and the inventor of the Adams Power Press. The Press soon expanded and began to publish dissertations by scholars outside the University of Toronto, by 1977, The Press had grown large enough to warrant its own space. In 1987, the Edwin Mellen Press founded an office in Lampeter, the Edwin Mellen Press publishes books written at the doctoral reading level, and founder Herbert Richardson has written that The Press values scholar-for-scholar research more than anything. In fact, The Press states that the criterion for publication is that the manuscript must make a contribution to scholarship. This has led to The Press often publishing very detailed research that would otherwise be rejected by larger university presses, the Press has published books on topics as varied as the health problems of migrants living on the border of Thailand and Burma to the role of parrots in fiction. Edwin Mellen books are included in library collections all over the world, including the University of London, which has 4,926 of its books, and Harvard. Since 1993, the Press has attracted publicity for taking action against critics. In 1993, The Press brought a suit against the magazine Lingua Franca. Martha Reineke, a professor of religion at the University of Northern Iowa, initiated a petition demanding The Press drop its lawsuits, on that date, The Press announced that it had discontinued the court case against McMaster and Askey, but it continued a lawsuit against Askey personally. On February 5,2015, Askey stated that The Press had settled its lawsuit against him. On March 21,2013, The Press threatened legal action against The Society for Scholarly Publishing for hosting allegedly libelous blog posts and comments on The Scholarly Kitchen, the Scholarly Kitchen removed the content in question from its website on March 29,2013. It restored the blog post, though not the specific comment alleged to be libellous, a few days later, and published a blog post explaining its actions. In April 2013, The Press threatened to take action against the interim library dean of the University of Utah. The matter was settled, without payment, in February 2015, sociologist Kenneth Westhues studied aspects of this litigation in his book The Envy of Excellence, Administrative Mobbing of High Achieving Professors, a work published by the Edwin Mellen Press. Cameron, Averil, Puttick, Elizabeth, Clarke, Bernard, Desert Mothers, Women Ascetics in Early Christian Egypt, Edwin Mellen Press Current Issues on Theology and Religion in Latin America and Africa. Lewiston, N. Y. and Lampeter, U. K. Edwin Mellen Press,280 + xv pp.2002, a Social History of the Catholic Church in Chile Vol. I, The First Period of the Pinochet Government 1973-1980
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