1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Hong Kong First Division League
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The Hong Kong First Division League is the second-highest division in the Hong Kong football league system. Established in 1908, it is the oldest in Asia, the league was formerly the highest division in Hong Kong until the formation of the Hong Kong Premier League in 2014. Since 1908, a total of 29 clubs have been crowned champions of the Hong Kong football system, South China are the most successful club, having won 41 times since their first participation in 1941. Each team plays the other teams in the division twice, one home, the ticket profits go to the home team. If there are two matches in the stadium on the day, the profits are shared between the two home teams. The top two teams in the league are offered promotion to the Premier League while the two are relegated to the Hong Kong Second Division. There were two teams, The Army and The Police, that are not required to be relegated, the league explained that soldiers in The Army team were frequently redeployed to another country and hence it was very difficult to establish teamwork. The Police team were not required to be relegated as they supply the venue Police Sports, another relegation exception was made to South China Athletic Association during the 2006/07 season. The Hong Kong Football Association approved a request from South China to remain in the first division on 14 June 2006, the reason for exception was not disclosed. Another reason is that football clubs rely on the large fan base of South China to generate revenues. Relegation would have resulted in a situation for all sides. References, Since 1945, there are 4 teams which have remained throughout the whole season. Navy B 1945–46 There were 10 teams in the First Division, navy B finished as 4th with a result of 5 wins,4 draws and 0 losses. Navy B became the first team to go unbeaten in all league, South China 1977–78 There were 12 teams in the First Division. South China finished as the Champions with a magnificent result of 20 wins,2 draws and 0 losses, South China became the first team in the League to go unbeaten in a season. The two drawn matches were against Eastern and Tung Sing, in 1985–86 there were 2 unbeaten teams in the league. Both South China and Happy Valley topped the league with 10 wins and 8 draws, South China won the league with a goal difference of +21 five goals better than the +16 held by Happy Valley. South China became the first team to hold a record of 2 unbeaten seasons, Seiko 1978–79 In the season immediately after South China becoming the first unbeaten team, Seiko became the second team which achieved this result
3.
Kit (association football)
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In association football, kit is the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The sports Laws of the Game specify the minimum kit which a player must use, footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. Professional clubs also usually display players surnames or nicknames on their shirts, Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. The Laws of the Game set out the equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4. Five separate items are specified, shirt, shorts, socks, footwear, goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts. While most players wear studded football boots, the Laws do not specify that these are required, shirts must have sleeves, and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the colour as the shorts themselves. Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings, be made of rubber, plastic or a similar material, and provide a reasonable degree of protection. The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player. In the event of a match between teams who would wear identical or similar colours the away team must change to a different colour. The England national team plays in red shirts even when it is not required. Many professional clubs also have a kit, ostensibly to be used if both their first-choice and away colours are deemed too similar to those of an opponent. Most professional clubs have retained the basic colour scheme for several decades. Teams representing countries in international competition generally wear national colours in common with other sporting teams of the same nation, shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre. Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logos may be displayed, competitions such as the Premier League may also require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition. The captain of team is usually required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify him as the captain to the referee. Most current players wear specialist football boots, which can be either of leather or a synthetic material. Modern boots are cut slightly below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former times, studs may be either moulded directly to the sole or be detachable, normally by means of a screw thread
4.
Away colours
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Away colours are a choice of coloured clothing used in team sports. They are required to be worn by one team during a game between teams that would wear the same colours as each other, or similar colours. This change prevents confusion for officials, players, and spectators, in most sports it is the visiting team that must change – second-choice kits are commonly known as away kits or change kits in British English, and road uniforms in American English. Some sports leagues mandate that teams must always wear an alternative kit. In some sports, conventionally the home team has changed its kit, in most cases, a team wears its away kit only when its primary kit would clash with the colours of the home team. However, sometimes teams wear away colours by choice, occasionally even in a home game, at some clubs, the away kit has become more popular than the home version. Replica home and away kits are available for fans to buy. Some teams also have produced third-choice kits, or even old-fashioned throwback uniforms, in American sports, road teams usually wear a change uniform regardless of a potential colour clash. Further, almost all road uniforms are white in American football, in the National Basketball Association, home uniforms are white or yellow, and visiting teams wear a darker colour. In the United States, color vs. color games are a rarity, most teams choose to wear their color jerseys at home, with the road team changing to white in most cases. White road uniforms gained prominence with the rise of television in the 1950s, a white vs. color game was easier to follow in black-and-white. According to Phil Hecken, until the mid 1950′s, not only was color versus color common in the NFL, even long after the advent of color television, the use of white jerseys has remained in almost every game. The NFLs current rules require that a home jerseys must be either white or official team color throughout the season. If a team insists on wearing its home uniforms on the road, the road team might instead wear a third jersey, such as the Seattle Seahawks Wolf Grey alternate. According to the Gridiron Uniform Database, the Cleveland Browns wore white for home game of the 1955 season. The only times they wore brown was for games at Philadelphia and the New York Giants, in 1964 the Baltimore Colts, Browns, Vikings and Rams wore white regularly for their home games according to Tim Brulias research. The St. Louis Cardinals wore white for several of their home games, until 1964 Dallas had worn blue at home, but it was not an official rule that teams should wear their colored jerseys at home. The use of white jerseys was instigated by general manager Tex Schramm, the Cowboys still wear white at home today
5.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
6.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
7.
Football in Hong Kong
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Tracing back to early 20th century, the football league in Hong Kong is probably the oldest professional league in Asia. While most records before the Second World War have been lost, hence, not many people can remember the old glory of Hong Kongs professional football. Professional league, Premier League Amateur leagues, First Division Second Division Third Division All the leagues are organised by the HKFA. FA Cup, Level 1-4 League Cup, Level 1 Community Shield, Level 1 Senior Shield, Level 1 Junior Challenge Shield, among them the HKFA Cup and Silver Shield are probably the oldest professional football competitions in Asia - even earlier than the league. South China Kitchee Happy Valley Sun Hei Eastern AA Hong Kong Football Club Instant Dict, seiko List of football clubs in Hong Kong HKFA official site - English version Hong Kong Football -
8.
Hong Kong FA Cup
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Hong Kong FA Cup is a knockout cup competition in Hong Kong football, run by and named after The Hong Kong Football Association. The first edition of the competition was held in 1975, before then the cup was known as the Golden Jubilee Cup, the current season is the 33rd edition of the event. Until now,11 teams have won the cup with 10-time champions South China being the most successful, in the first three years, the semi-finals and the finals were two-legged event. If the aggregate result was drawn, there would be extra time after the second leg, drawn ties after extra time would be settled by a replay. However, this practice was abandoned in 1977, since 1978, all matches have become one-legged, draws are settled by extra time and penalty shootouts. Moreover, teams from the Second Division and Third Division were allowed to enter the competition before, however, due to the huge difference in playing level between the First Division and the inferior levels below it, the cup has been limited to top-flight teams since 1981. The current HKFA Cup holders are Hong Kong Pegasus who defeated Yuen Long 1–1 in the 2016 final played on 15 May 2016, teams shown in italics are no longer in existence. The Hong Kong Football Association Hong Kong First Division League FA Cup, Hong Kong Football RSSSF. com Hongkong - List of FA Cup Winners
9.
Shaolin Monastery
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The Shaolin Monastery, also known as the Shaolin Temple, is a Chan Buddhist temple in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, China. Dating back 1,500 years when founded by Fang Lu-Hao, Shaolin Monastery and its Pagoda Forest were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010 as part of the Historic Monuments of Dengfeng. The name refers to the forests of Shaoshi mountain, one of the seven peaks of Song mountains, the first Shaolin Monastery abbot was Batuo, a dhyāna master who came to China from India or from Greco-Buddhist Central Asia in 464 AD to spread Buddhist teachings. Yang Xuanzhi, in the Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty was a supporter of Shaolin Temple, and he wrote the calligraphic inscriptions that still hang over the Heavenly King Hall and the Buddha Hall today. Traditionally Bodhidharma is credited as founder of the arts at the Shaolin Temple. However, martial arts historians have shown this legend stems from a 17th-century qigong manual known as the Yijin Jing, the authenticity of the Yi Jin Jing has been discredited by some historians including Tang Hao, Xu Zhen and Ryuchi Matsuda. Tiantai, and falsely attributed to Bodhidharma, forged prefaces, attributed to the Tang general Li Jing and the Southern Song general Niu Gao were written. The Shaolin monks have made some fame for themselves through their fighting skill, based on this, Bodhidharma was claimed to be the ancestor of Shaolin martial arts. This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities and fantastic claims, the oldest available copy was published in 1827. The composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624. d and this story first appeared in a popular novel, The Travels of Lao T’san, published as a series in a literary magazine in 1907. As a result, it has enjoyed vast oral circulation and is one of the most “sacred” of the narratives shared within Chinese, other scholars see an earlier connection between Da Mo and the Shaolin Monastery. Scholars generally accept the historicity of Da Mo who arrived in China from his country India around 480, Da Mo and his disciples are said to have lived a spot about a mile from the Shaolin Temple that is now a small nunnery. In the 6th century, around 547, The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries says Da Mo visited the area near Mount Song, in 645 The Continuation of the Biographies of Eminent Monks describes him as being active in the Mount Song region. Around 710 Da Mo is identified specifically with the Shaolin Temple and it also speaks of Huikes many trials in his efforts to receive instruction from Da Mo. In the 11th century a work embellishes Da Mo legends with great detail, a stele inscription at the Shaolin Monastery dated 728 reveals Da Mo residing on Mount Song. Another stele in 798 speaks of Huike seeking instruction from Da Mo, another engraving dated 1209 depicts the barefoot saint holding a shoe according to the ancient legend of Da Mo. A plethora of 13th- and 14th-century steles feature Da Mo in Various roles, one 13th-century image shows him riding a fragile stalk across the Yangtze River. In 1125 a special temple was constructed in his honor at the Shaolin Monastery, the monastery has been destroyed and rebuilt many times
10.
Hong Kong Red Cross
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The Hong Kong Red Cross is the national Red Cross society of Hong Kong as part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It was established officially on 12 July 1950 as a branch of the British Red Cross Society in Hong Kong. Unlike other Red Cross and Red Crescent societies worldwide, which are notable for their humanitarian effort and this may be due to a few disasters threatening and political turmoils in the territory, also its long history of service from 1952. The blood transfusion service runs under the Hospital Authority, in the case of disasters in neighbouring regions, the society raises funding and sends relief forces. In occasional floods in eastern China, earthquakes in China, Indian Ocean tsunami, in the early height of incoming Vietnamese refugees, the society also set up services for them in 1980s. On 12 July 1950, the Hong Kong Red Cross was established as a branch of the British Red Cross Society, in the same year, the first group of lady volunteers was formed. It started to provide blood collection service in 1952, established its first hospital school in 1954,1962 Inauguration of the Princess Alexandra Red Cross Childrens Residential School. 1965 Inauguration of the Hong Kong Red Cross Headquarters at Harcourt Road,1968 The Red Cross Holiday Camp was opened at Shek Pik, Lantau Island. 1975 Medical Equipment Loan Service was introduced,1977 Started to offer first aid training courses to the public and the industrial workers. 1979 Assumed management of North Kai Tak Transit Centre,1984 Opening of the Blood Transfusion Service Centre at Kings Park. 1991 Hong Kong Red Cross rose over HK$144 million to provide relief for victims in Eastern provinces of Peoples Republic of China. 1992 The first uniformed Elderly Volunteers Unit was set up, in 1997, the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to The Peoples Republic of China on 1 July 1997, but Hong Kong Red Cross autonomy remained unchanged. Under the framework of the declaration, Humanitarian aid activity is part of the way of life in Hong Kong, with humanitarian aid activity being protected under this declaration, Hong Kong Red Cross remains a full national member of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement today. 2000 The Golden Jubilee of the Hong Kong Red Cross,2001 The former Youth & Welfare Department was split into Youth & Volunteer Department and Health & Care Service Department. 2003 Prompt response to the outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong was made by the Hong Kong Red Cross. 2006 The Golden Jubilee of Red Cross Youth, Hong Kong. Patron, Mr Leung Chun-ying Vice Patron, Sir Run Run Shaw, Betty H P Tung President, Sir Yang Ti-liang Chairman, for its development, the society organises both uniformed and non-uniformed units for volunteers of all ages. These uniformed units are attached to schools, youth centres and Hong Kong Red Cross Divisional Headquarters
11.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
12.
Captain (association football)
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The team captain is usually identified by the wearing of an armband. The only official responsibility of a captain specified by the Laws of the Game is to participate in the toss prior to kick-off. Contrary to what is said, captains have no special authority under the Laws to challenge a decision by the referee. However, referees may talk to the captain of a side about the general behaviour when necessary. At an award-giving ceremony after a fixture like a cup competition final, any trophy won by a team will be received by the captain who will also be the first one to hoist it. The captain also generally leads the teams out of the room at the start of the match. The captain generally provides a point for the team, if morale is low. Captains may join the manager in deciding the first team for a certain game, in youth or recreational football, the captain often takes on duties, that would, at a higher level, be delegated to the manager. A club captain is usually appointed for a season, if he is unavailable or not selected for a particular game, then the club vice-captain will be appointed to perform a similar role. The match captain is the first player to lift a trophy should the team win one, a good example of this was in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final when match captain Peter Schmeichel lifted the trophy for Manchester United as club captain Roy Keane was suspended. In the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, match captain Frank Lampard jointly lifted the trophy for Chelsea with club captain John Terry, a club may appoint two distinct roles, a club captain to represent the players in a public relations role, and correspondent on the pitch. After Neville retired in 2011, regular starter Nemanja Vidić was named as club captain, são Paulos Rogério Ceni is the player who has worn the captains armband the most times. A vice-captain is a player that is expected to captain the side when the captain is not included in the starting eleven, or if, during a game. Examples include Manuel Neuer succeeding Philipp Lahm at Bayern Munich, Marcelo attaining from Sergio Ramos at Real Madrid C. F, gary Cahill being the understudy of John Terry at Chelsea FC and Lionel Messi taking over from Andrés Iniesta at FC Barcelona. Similarly, some clubs also name a 3rd captain to take the role of captain when both the captain and vice-captain are unavailable, during the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Germany had three captains. Michael Ballack had skippered the team since 2004, including the successful qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup. Lahm ended up becoming the permanent captain of Germany, as Ballack was never called up for the national team
13.
China national football team
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The Chinese national football team, recognized as China PR by FIFA, is the national association football team of the Peoples Republic of China and is governed by the Chinese Football Association. The team is referred to as Team China, the National Team or Guózú. The team was founded in 1924 by the Republic of China, following the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Football Association was reformed by the newly founded Peoples Republic of China. They remained affiliated with FIFA until 1958, when they withdrew, China has won the EAFF East Asian Cup twice in 2005 and 2010 and have been runners-up at the AFC Asian Cup twice in 1984 and 2004. He invited China to participate in the inaugural 1913 Far Eastern Championship Games held in the Philippines, which included association football within the schedule. To represent them it was decided that the winner of the football at the Chinese National Games in 1910 should have the honour to represent the country, once again South China Football Club, now known as South China Athletic Association won the right to represent the nation. This time in a two legged play-off against the Philippines, China won the first game 1–0 and then drew the second 0–0 to win their first ever tournament, the Chinese Football Association was founded in 1924 and then was first affiliated with FIFA in 1931. At the tournament China were knocked out within their first game at the Round of sixteen when they were beaten by Great Britain Olympic football team 2–0 on 6 August 1936. The tournament would be cancelled while Japan held their own tournament called the Anniversary of the Japanese Empire. None of games during the Second Sino-Japanese War are officially recgonized, on 2 August 1948 China competed in the Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics where they were once again knocked out in the last sixteen, this time by Turkey national football team in a 4–0 defeat. China, under the newly instated Peoples Republic of China reformed the Chinese Football Association before having FIFA acknowledge their 1931 membership on 14 June 1952. Finland who were one of the first nations to hold diplomatic relations with Chinas new government invited the country to take part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. China would soon enter their first Fifa competition when they entered the 1958 FIFA World Cup qualification process and were knocked out by Indonesia, on 7 June 1958 China stopped participating within any FIFA recognised football events when FIFA officially started to recognise Republic of China as a different country. This sparked an argument that had already seen China withdraw from the 1956 Summer Olympics for the same reasons. On 25 October 1971 the United Nations would recognise the country as the heir to the China name in their General Assembly Resolution 2758 act. In 1973 the team, which had been using the name Republic of China would rename themselves as Chinese Taipei and these acts would see China rejoin the international sporting community, first by becoming a member of the Asian Football Confederation in 1974 and by rejoining FIFA again in 1979. The 1974 Asian Games reintroduced the Chinese football team back into football while the 1976 AFC Asian Cup saw them have a relatively successful campaign where they came third. The Chinese national league restarted after being affected by the political turmoil
14.
Far Eastern Championship Games
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The Far Eastern Championship Games was an Asian multi-sport event considered to be a precursor to the Asian Games. In 1913, Elwood Brown, president of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Association and Manila Carnival Games, proposed the creation of the Far Eastern Olympic Games to China and it was at that time that Governor-General William Cameron Forbes was the president of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation from 1911-1913. Governor-General Forbes formed the Far Eastern Olympic Association, the first event was held on the Manila Carnival grounds in Malate, Manila, Philippines on February 4,1913 and was known as the First Oriental Olympic Games. Forbes was also the one who formally declare the games open, in 1915, the name changed to Far Eastern Championship Games and the association to Far Eastern Athletic Association when the event was held at Hongkou Park in Shanghai, China. They were held again in 1921. The games were held two years except in 1929 when Japan decided to delay the project to 1930. The FEAA decided to change the table to four years. Dutch East Indies joined in the 1934 FECG, the 1934 edition was held in a period of dispute between China and Japan, following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. Inclusion of people from this region in the games caused controversy between the two nations, which resulted in the break-up of the Far Eastern Athletic Association. In September 1937, Japan invaded China with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and started the Second Sino-Japanese War, a total of nine different sports were contested over the lifetime of the competition. Eight of the featured on each programmes of the games, with the ninth sport – cycling – being held once only. Asian Games East Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games Morris, marrow of the Nation, A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China
15.
Causeway Bay
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Causeway Bay is a heavily built-up area of Hong Kong, located on Hong Kong Island, and covering parts of Wan Chai District. The Cantonese name is romanized as Tung Lo Wan as in Tung Lo Wan Road. The rent in the areas of Causeway Bay was ranked as the worlds most expensive for the second year in a row. Causeway Bay borders the Eastern District, since 1982, two sub-districts of Causeway Bay had been grouped into the Eastern District of district board elections, whilst Causeway Bay Middle was grouped with the Wan Chai District to the west. However, local government decisions—other than electoral demarcations—still affect the region as a whole, since 1994, Hong Kong district board elections have further been sub-divided into smaller districts. The northern sector consists of the area around Victoria Park, the middle sector coincides with the business district. To cope with change, the constituency boundary between Wan Chai District and Eastern District was changed in the new year day of 2016. As a result, the Victoria Park and Tin Hau became a part of Wan Chai District starting from that day, as a consequence, the whole of Causeway Bay is now part of Wan Chai District. The typhoon shelter of Causeway Bay and the Tin Hau Temple reveal that the area was once a fishing village, before urban development and massive land reclamation, Causeway Bay was a heavily silted bay. Its former shape can be found on maps by tracing Tung Lo Wan Road, in the early stage of development a causeway was built, which is the present-day Causeway Road. In the 1950s, the coastline was pushed forward when the remains of the bay was reclaimed for the Victoria Park. The statue had been away during the Second World War from Statue Square at Chater Road. Kellett Island off the coast of Causeway Bay has disappeared and connected as a result of the land reclamation. The names of Yee Wo Street, Jardines Bazaar and Jardines Crescent reveal that the land in area was sold by the British colonial government to Jardines in the early 19th century. The area was therefore named East Point, after a place on the coastline. The present-day Causeway Bay is usually confused with East Point, the former having assimilated the latter, the original Causeway Bay is near the present-day Tin Hau MTR station, whereas the Causeway Bay MTR station is at East Point. The present-day concept of the Causeway Bay area covers all the way until Canal Road, or the Canal Road district or in Chinese Ngo Keng Kiu, East Point is now regarded as part of Causeway Bay as result of assimilation of the geographical name. An East Point Road can still be found, which reveals the pointed coastline in the early days, Causeway Bay or East Point is one of Hong Kongs major shopping districts
16.
Hong Kong 1967 leftist riots
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The Hong Kong 1967 leftist riots were large-scale riots between pro-communists and their sympathisers, and the establishment. While originating as a labour dispute, the tensions later grew into large scale demonstrations against British colonial rule. Demonstrators clashed violently with the Hong Kong Police Force, the unions that took up the cause were all members of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions with strong ties to Beijing. The political climate was tense in Hong Kong in the spring of 1967, to the north of the British colonys border, the PRC was in turmoil. Red Guards carried out purges and engaged in infighting, while sponsored by pro-Communist leftists erupted in the Portuguese colony of Macau, to the west of Hong Kong. The tension in Hong Kong was heightened by the ongoing Cultural Revolution to the north, up to 31 protests were held. In May, a dispute broke out in an artificial flower factory in San Po Kong. This was owned by Li Ka-shing, picketing workers clashed with management, and riot police were called in on 6 May. In violent clashes between the police and the workers,21 workers were arrested, many more were injured. Representatives from the union protested at police stations, but were also arrested. The next day, large-scale demonstrations erupted on the streets of Hong Kong, many of the pro-communist demonstrators carried Little Red Books in their left hands and shouted communist slogans. The Hong Kong Police Force engaged with the demonstrators and arrested another 127 people, a curfew was imposed and all police forces were called into duty. In the PRC, newspapers praised the leftists activities, calling the British colonial governments actions fascist atrocities. On 22 August in Beijing, thousands of people demonstrated outside the office of the British chargé daffaires, before Red Guards attacked and ransacked the main building, students distributed newspapers carrying information about the disturbances and pro-communist rhetoric to the public. On 16 May, the formed the Hong Kong and Kowloon Committee for Anti-Hong Kong British Persecution Struggle. Yeung Kwong of the Federation of Trade Unions was appointed as its chairman, the Committee organised and coordinated a series of large demonstrations. Hundreds of supporters from 17 different leftist organisations demonstrated outside Government House, at the same time, many workers took strike action, with Hong Kongs transport services being particularly badly disrupted. More violence erupted on 22 May, with another 167 people being arrested, the Peoples Daily in Beijing ran editorials supporting the leftist struggle in Hong Kong, rumours that the PRC was preparing to take over control of the colony began to circulate
17.
Citizen AA
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The Citizen Athletic Association, simply known as Citizen or TCAA, is a Hong Kong athletic club, based in Tsing Yi. Its football team plays in Hong Kong First Division League and is the holder of the Hong Kong FA Cup in 2007–08, Citizen won the 2007-08 Hong Kong FA Cup. The club beat Tai Po FC in the final by 2,0, due to Mong Kok Stadiums renovation, Citizen used the Siu Sai Wan Sports Ground in the 2009-10 Hong Kong First Division League season for its home games. Former South China striker Detinho joined the club, Citizen won the 2010-11 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield by beating South China AA in the final after penalty kicks, thus earning the club the right to represent Hong Kong in the 2012 AFC Cup. To celebrate this victory, the club announced a fund of HK$800,000, an iPhone 4 for every player. The club moved from the remote Siu Sai Wan Sports Ground to the renovated Mong Kok Stadium for the 2011-12 Hong Kong First Division League season. Citizen is spending an unprecedented HK$400,000 on the teams 12 days pre-season training camp in Vancouver, Canada, the club announced on 7 September that Rasonic has become its new shirt sponsor for the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons. The sponsorship is worth HK$1 million, the club moved from Mong Kok Stadium to Tsing Yi Sports Ground, which Citizen will share with Sun Hei SC as their common home ground. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality, players with multiple nationality, Festus Baise Detinho Boris Si Jorginho Chu Kwok Kuen Citizen AA at HKFA. com Hong Kong Football Citizenfc. com Official website
18.
Hong Kong Football Association
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The Hong Kong Football Association Limited, often abbreviated to the HKFA, is the governing body of association football in Hong Kong. Its current chairman is Brian Leung Hung-Tak and its Chief Executive Officer is Mark Sutcliffe, British people introduced modern football to Hong Kong in the 18th Century. In 1954, HKFA joined FIFA, and was one of twelve founding associations of the Asian Football Confederation. Despite being a part of the British Empire, and, more part of the Peoples Republic of China. HKFA is also responsible for operating the Hong Kong national football team, hKFAs president is Timothy Fok SBS JP. The association is led by chairman Brian Leung Hung-tak. Project Phoenix is a government-supported project and it is a strategy and action plan to reform Hong Kong football from top to bottom. On 21 November 2011, HKFA named Gordon McKie as its Chief Executive Officer, Gordon, the former Chairman of the Scottish Rugby Union, had served HKFA for only ten months and resign from his post in September 2012 with personal reasons. On 17 December 2011, HKFA appointed Ernie Merrick as the National Head Coach of Hong Kong Football Team, Merrick told to media that he felt honor to have an opportunity to participate the development and growing of Hong Kong football. Merrick won two titles in six season for Melbourne Victory and he started his new role on 9 January 2012. On 23 December 2011, Kim Pan-Gon named National Academy Coach, Coach Kim will be wholly responsible for the identification, development and coaching of all players aged 18 and below. On 17 April 2012, Australian Steve OConnor was appointed as the new technical director and he will also oversee the implementation of elite player development pathways from grassroots football to senior international level. On 17 September 2012, HKFA appointed Mark Sutcliffe to replace Gordon Mckie as the CEO of HKFA, on 28 May 2013, HKFA promoted Korean coach Kim Pan-Gon to replace Ernie Merrick as the head coach of Hong Kong national team. In June 2015, The Government turned green light to build a training centre in Tseung Kwan O. The budget of construction will be supported by the Hong Kong Jockey Club. The centre will be operated by HKFA in 2017, Hong Kong national football team Hong Kong Premier League Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield Hong Kong FA Cup Hong Kong League Cup Official Site Hong Kong at FIFA site Hong Kong at AFC site
19.
Tottenham Hotspur
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Tottenham Hotspur Football Club /ˈtɒtnəm, -tənəm/, commonly referred to as Spurs, is an English football club located in Tottenham, Haringey, London, that competes in the Premier League. The clubs home stadium is White Hart Lane and their newly developed training ground is in Bulls Cross on the northern borders of the London Borough of Enfield. Founded in 1882, Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901, Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double, winning both competitions in the 1960–61 season. After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962, in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition – the European Cup Winners Cup, in 1967, Spurs won the FA Cup for a third time in the 1960s. In the 1970s Tottenham won the League Cup on two occasions and were the winner of the UEFA Cup in 1972, becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies. In the 1980s Spurs won several trophies, the FA Cup twice, FA Community Shield, in the 1990s the club won the FA Cup and the League Cup. When they won the League Cup once more in 2008, it meant that they had won a trophy in each of the last six decades – an achievement only matched by Manchester United. The clubs Latin motto is Audere est Facere, and its emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football, the club has a long-standing rivalry with nearby neighbours Arsenal, with head-to-head fixtures known as the North London derby. The club was formed in 1882, as Hotspur F. C. and played in the Southern League from 1896 until 1908, when they were elected into the Football League Second Division. Before this promotion Tottenham had won the FA Cup in 1901, since then, Tottenham have won the FA Cup a further seven times, the Football League twice, the Football League Cup four times, the UEFA Cup twice and also the UEFA Cup Winners Cup. The Cup Winners Cup victory in 1963 made Tottenham the first English team to win a UEFA competition, in 1960–61 they became the first team to complete The Double in the 20th century. Tottenham played their first matches at Tottenham Marshes on the public pitches. It was at this ground that Spurs first played archrivals Arsenal, there were occasions on which fights would break out on the marshes in dispute of the teams that were allowed to use the best pitches. Crowd sizes were regularly increasing and a new site was becoming needed to accommodate these supporters, in 1898 the club moved from the marshes to Northumberland Park and charged an admission fee of 3d. They only remained at this ground for a year as in April 1899,14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. The ground was no able to cope with the larger crowds and Spurs were forced to move to a new larger site 100 yards down the road. The White Hart Lane ground was originally a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons, the landlord spotted the increased income he could enjoy if Tottenham played their matches behind his pub and in 1899 the club moved in. They brought with them the stand they used at Northumberland Park which gave shelter to 2,500 fans, notts County were the first visitors to the Lane in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and provided in £115 in receipts, Spurs won 4–1
20.
Nicky Butt
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Nicholas Nicky Butt is an English football coach and former player who is the head of coaching at the Manchester United youth academy. He is also a co-owner of Salford City and he played professional football as a midfielder from 1992 to 2011. He spent one season on loan to Birmingham City in 2005–06 and he is also a former England international, he won 39 caps in a seven-year England career. He finished his career abroad, playing for South China, born in Gorton, Manchester, Butt began his career at Manchester United as an important part of their youth team before turning professional in 1993. One of his first appearances for the first team came in the FA Cup semi-final on 10 April 1994, also against Oldham as a substitute, United won the replay 4–1 at Maine Road but he was not included in the squad. 1994–95 saw Butt play 35 games in all competitions, scoring one goal and featuring in the starting eleven for the FA Cup final, which United lost to Everton. With the departure of Paul Ince to Internazionale in the 1995 close season, Butt was part of a notable batch of Manchester United young talent dubbed Fergies Fledglings, who had all been unleashed into the first team in 1995 having won the FA Youth Cup in 1992. However, Keane returned and after forward Paul Scholes was re-deployed as a midfielder around the end of the 1990s, Butts first-team chances started to become increasingly limited. By the time of his departure from Old Trafford, Butt had gained six Premier League title winners medals and he had also collected an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1995. Butt handed in a transfer request in January 2004, but turned down a move to Birmingham City during the January transfer window. Butt had a disappointing and injury-marred 2004–05 season, prompting the then Newcastle manager Graeme Souness to sign Senegalese midfielder Amdy Faye in January 2005, despite a promising start, the fans turned on Butt after the 4–1 defeat against Manchester United in the FA Cup semi-final. The acquisition of Scott Parker and Emre in the summer of 2005 pushed Butt further down the pecking order, after Birmingham were relegated from the Premier League, Butt returned to Newcastle who were being managed by Glenn Roeder. Although not an instant fan favourite at St. James Park, there was some speculation that newly appointed Sunderland manager Roy Keane would try to sign his former Manchester United midfield partner. However, due to the lack of back-up midfielders at Newcastle and his good pre-season form, during the 2006–07 season, Butt was much more involved in the first team at Newcastle, playing in the holding role which allowed the likes of Parker and Emre to go forward. On 14 January 2007, Butt scored his first Newcastle goal in over 2 years when he scored the winner against Tottenham Hotspur in a 3–2 victory at White Hart Lane. Butts return to form was encapsulated when he captained Newcastle in a UEFA Cup match against Zulte Waregem on 15 February when Parker was injured and his good form that season continued, as on 9 April, Butt won the man of the match award for his performance against Arsenal. He continued to captain Newcastle whenever Parker was injured, and by the end of the season it was considered that he had won over the Newcastle fans. With Parker having moved to West Ham United, Butt continued to play a big part in Newcastles 2007–08 campaign, on 21 December, he penned a new contract keeping him at the club until the end of next season
21.
Kitchee SC
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Kitchee Sports Club is a Hong Kong sports club best known for its footballing team. The football club was founded in 1931 and is currently a member of the Hong Kong Premier League, Kitchee also has the best record among Hong Kong teams against Italian opponents. They defeated A. C. Milan 2–1 on 30 May 2004, Kitchee secured 2nd place in the league, where champions South China had already qualified for ilr AFC Cup as the Hong Kong Senior Shield winner. As a result, Kitchee became one of the two Hong Kong representatives in 2008 AFC Cup, since 2009, the club has been a partner of the Chinese University of Hong Kong in its Injury Prevention and Performance Enhancement program. Kitchee were invited to take part in the 2010 Singapore Cup, the club lost to Etoile FC4,6 over two legs in the quarter final. In 2012, Kitchee Foundation submitted a proposal to The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust for a youth football training centre. The club is to receive over HK$44 million from the trust for the establishment of a centre at Shek Mun, Shatin, New Territories to be called the Jockey Club Kitchee Centre, scheduled to open in 2014. The trust will provide 90% of the costs, with the rest coming in part from the proceeds of the Kitchee vs Arsenal exhibition match. In July 2012, Kitchee played a match against Arsenal FC for The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust Challenge Cup. This was Arsenals first time in Hong Kong for 17 years, in October 2012, Arsenal further donated HK$780,000 to Kitchee Foundation in support of the youth training centre. Kitchee played Manchester United in Hong Kong during the summer of 2013 after Kitchee Foundation received HK$8 million from the Mega Events Fund to host the match, the game took place on 2 August 2013, Manchester United won 2–5. Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Kitchees theme song 2nd version is We Are Kitchee, Kitchee SC Official website Kitchee SC Official Facebook Page Kitchee SC Official Instagram Account Kitchee SC Detailed Info. at HKFA. com
22.
Asian Football Confederation
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The Asian Football Confederation is the governing body of association football in Asia and Australia. Three other states located along the fringe of Asia – Cyprus, Armenia. Hong Kong and Macau, although not independent countries, are members of the AFC. One of FIFAs six continental confederations, the AFC was formed officially on 8 May 1954 in Manila, Philippines, the main headquarters is located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The current president is Sheikh Salman Bin Ibrahim Al-Khalifa of Bahrain, the Asian Football Confederation was founded on 8 May 1954. Afghanistan, Burma, Republic of China, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, the Asian Ladies Football Confederation is the section of the AFC who manage womens football in Asia. The group was founded in April 1968 in a meeting involving Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia. In 1986 the ALFC merged with the AFC, the Asian Ladies Football Confederation helped organise the AFC Womens Asian Cup, first held in 1975, as well as the AFCs AFC U-19 Womens Championship and the AFC U-17 Womens Championship. The AFC has 47 member associations split into five regions, all three competitions are held every four years. The top-ranked AFC competition is the AFC Champions League, which started in the 2002–03 season and gathers the top 1–4 teams of each country, a second, lower-ranked competition is the AFC Cup. This competition was launched by AFC in 2004, a third competition, the AFC Presidents Cup, which had started in 2005, was absorbed into the AFC Cup in 2015. The AFC also runs an annual Asian futsal club competition, the AFC Futsal Club Championship
