1.
Rapid City, South Dakota
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Rapid City is the second-largest city in South Dakota and the county seat of Pennington County. Named after Rapid Creek, on which the city is established, the population was 67,956 as of the 2010 Census. Known as the Gateway to the Black Hills and the City of Presidents, Ellsworth Air Force Base is located on the outskirts of the city. Camp Rapid, a part of the South Dakota Army National Guard, is located in the part of the city. The historic Old West town of Deadwood is nearby, in the neighboring Black Hills are the popular tourist attractions of Mount Rushmore, the Crazy Horse Memorial, Custer State Park, and Wind Cave National Park. The public discovery of gold in 1874 by the Black Hills Expedition brought an influx of settlers into the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Rapid City was founded, and originally known as Hay Camp, in 1876 by a group of disappointed miners, who promoted their new city as the Gateway to the Black Hills. John Richard Brennan and Samuel Scott, with a group of men, laid out the site of the present Rapid City in February 1876. A square mile was measured off and the six blocks in the center were designated as a business section, committees were appointed to bring in prospective merchants and their families to locate in the new settlement. The city soon began selling supplies to miners and pioneers and its location on the edge of the Plains and Hills and its large river valley made it the natural hub of railroads arriving in the late 1880s from both the south and east. By 1900, Rapid City had survived a boom and bust and was establishing itself as an important regional center for the upper midwest. The work was halted due to leading to the US entry into World War II. The city benefited greatly from the opening of Rapid City Army Air Base, later Ellsworth Air Force Base, as a result, the population of the area nearly doubled between 1940 and 1948, from almost 14,000 to nearly 27,000 people. Military families and civilian personnel soon took every available living space in town, Rapid City businesses profited from the military payroll. During the Cold War, missile installations proliferated in the area, in the early 60s the construction of three Titan missile launch sites containing a total of nine Titan I missiles in the general vicinity of Rapid City took place. A construction boom continued into the 1950s, growth slowed in the 1960s, but the worst natural disaster in South Dakota history, the Black Hills Flood, led to another building boom a decade later. On June 9,1972, heavy rains caused flooding of the Rapid Creek. More than 250 people lost their lives and more than $100 million in property was destroyed, new homes and businesses were constructed to replace those that had been destroyed
2.
South Dakota Air National Guard
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The South Dakota Air National Guard is the air force militia of the State of South Dakota, United States of America. It is, along with the South Dakota Army National Guard, as state militia units, the units in the South Dakota Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of South Dakota though the office of the South Dakota Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The South Dakota Air National Guard is headquartered in Sioux Falls, under the Total Force concept, South Dakota Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components of the United States Air Force. South Dakota ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of public services. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units, the War Department authorized the establishment of Air National Guard Squadrons, Groups and Wings in 48 States. Squadrons of the Air Force, each with 34 planes of various types, were located in Sioux Falls, at Sioux City and Des Moines, Air Guardsmen under Col. Gray were trained to throw 102 planes into battle within 12 days. Lt. Col. Ted Arndt assistant to the Adjutant General surveyed local air field facilities, making note of buildings, the South Dakota Air National Guard 175th Fighter Squadron, with Thirteen officers, was approved by Col. E. A. Beckwith, Adjutant General, Rapid City, South Dakota on 20 September,1946, the 175th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 132d Fighter Wing, Des Moines, Iowa. The unit was equipped with the F-51D Mustang, and several types of support aircraft, the 175th was reassigned to the 133rd Fighter Interceptor Wing along with units from Fargo, Duluth and Minneapolis in November 1950. The unit was returned to control and reorganized on 1 December 1952. Two Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star trainers were assigned to the unit in July 1954 to start the transition of the pilots into jet aircraft, the first jet assigned was the F-94A/B Starfire. On 16 April 1956, the 175th Fighter Interceptor Squadron became part of the newly constituted 114th Fighter Interceptor Group, in May 1956, the first F-94C Starfire was received and in 1958, the F-94s were retired for the more powerful and longer range Northrop F-89 Scorpion. After two years this plane was replaced by the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger. In 1960, the received the F-102As and was placed under the direct supervision of the Aerospace Defense Command. The 114th FIG was assigned to the 132d Fighter Wing, a significant change was encountered in May 1970 when the 114th Fighter Group, Aerospace Defense Command, was redesignated to the 114th Tactical Fighter Group, Tactical Air Command. The F-102s were replaced with the F-100D Super Sabre, the mission became that of controlling the combat skies from enemy use and to reinforce the combat forces on the ground
3.
196th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 196th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the United States Army National Guard. It traces its lineage to units which have been both infantry and engineers, parent unit organized 1884-1885 as 2d Regiment, Dakota Territory. The organized militia of South Dakota was redesignated South Dakota National Guard 6 March 1893, redesignated 9 September 1893 as the 1st Regiment, South Dakota National Guard. Reorganize and redesignated 11 April 1901 as the 1st Regiment, South Dakota State Guard, 2d Regiment, South Dakota State Guard, organized August 1901- August 1902. 1st and 2d Regiments redesignated 17 March 1903 as 2d and 3d Regiments, South Dakota National Guard, consolidated and redesignated 16 May 1905 as the 4th Infantry, South Dakota National Guard. Mustered into federal service 30 June 1916 for Mexican Border and stationed at San Benito, Texas, mustered out 3 March 1917 at Fort Crook, mustered into federal service 15 July 1917 at Aberdeen, drafted into federal service 5 August 1917. Converted and redesignated as the 147th Field Artillery and assigned to the 41st Infantry Division 3 October 1917, relieved from the 41st Division and demobilized 23 May 1919 at Camp Dodge, Iowa. Inducted into federal service 10 February 1941 at Rapid City, 1st Battalion relieved from the 34th Infantry Division and redesignated as 1st Battalion, 132d Engineers 1 February 1942. Redesignated 1st Battalion, 132d Engineer Combat Regiment 1 August 1942, reorganized and redesignated 5 April 1943 as the 132d Engineer Combat Battalion. Inactivated 31 January 1946 at Matsayama, Japan, redesignated as the 196th Infantry, allotted to the South Dakota National Guard and assigned to the 196th Regimental Combat Team 24 June 1946. Organized and federally recognized 1 September 1947 with headquarters at Aberdeen, ordered to active federal service 1 September 1950 at Aberdeen. Released from active service and to state control 10 October 1954. The unit was inactivated on 14 September 1956, attached below the shield is a Silver scroll inscribed NUNC ET SEMPER in Red. This arrangement indicates descent from all organizations, using the colors of the Engineer Corps representing original approval of the design as an Engineer unit, the motto translates to Now And Always. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 132d Engineer Regiment on 3 October 1942. It was redesignated for the 132d Engineer Combat Battalion on 31 July 1943 and it was redesignated for the 196th Infantry Regiment on 18 January 1951. The insignia was rescinded on 3 August 1961 and it was reinstated and redesignated for the 196th Regiment with the description and symbolism revised on 24 February 1997. Shield Gules, in chief a fleur-de-lis, in base an eagle’s head erased Argent, crest That for the regiments and separate battalions of the South Dakota Army National Guard, From a wreath Argent and Gules, a coyote statant, Proper
4.
Charmaine White Face
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Charmaine White Face, or Zumila Wobaga, is an Oglala Tetuwan from the Oceti Sakowin in North America. She also works at the level in support of recognition of human rights of indigenous peoples all over the world. She is the spokesperson for the Teton Sioux Nation Treaty Council and she has worked to preserve Bear Butte, on monitoring of abandoned uranium mines, on environmental remediation of hazardous waste ponds, and in the anti-nuclear power movement. 2013, she raised concerns about exposure of South Dakota Army National Guard soldiers in the Buffalo Gap National Grassland. The Black Hills are Still Sacred
5.
Ionizing radiation
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Ionizing radiation is radiation that carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds. The boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation that occurs in the ultraviolet is not sharply defined, since different molecules, conventional definition places the boundary at a photon energy between 10 eV and 33 eV in the ultraviolet. Typical ionizing subatomic particles from radioactivity include alpha particles, beta particles, almost all products of radioactive decay are ionizing because the energy of radioactive decay is typically far higher than that required to ionize. Cosmic rays are generated by stars and certain events such as supernova explosions. Cosmic rays may also produce radioisotopes on Earth, which in turn decay, cosmic rays and the decay of radioactive isotopes are the primary sources of natural ionizing radiation on Earth referred to as background radiation. Ionizing radiation can also be generated artificially using X-ray tubes, particle accelerators, ionizing radiation is invisible and not directly detectable by human senses, so radiation detection instruments such as Geiger counters are required to detect it. However, it can cause emission of light upon interaction with matter, such as in Cherenkov radiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation damage to living tissue, and can result in mutation, radiation sickness, cancer. Ionizing radiation is categorized by the nature of the particles or electromagnetic waves that create the ionizing effect and these have different ionization mechanisms, and may be grouped as directly or indirectly ionizing. Any charged massive particle can ionize atoms directly by fundamental interaction through the Coulomb force if it carries sufficient kinetic energy and this includes atomic nuclei, electrons, muons, charged pions, protons, and energetic charged nuclei stripped of their electrons. When moving at relativistic speeds these particles have enough energy to be ionizing. For example, an alpha particle is ionizing, but moves at about 5% c. Natural cosmic rays are made up primarily of protons but also include heavier atomic nuclei like helium ions. Pions can also be produced in large amounts in particle accelerators, alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. Alpha particle emissions are produced in the process of alpha decay. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, the symbol for the alpha particle is α or α2+. Because they are identical to helium nuclei, they are sometimes written as He2+ or 4 2He2+ indicating a Helium ion with a +2 charge
6.
Buffalo Gap National Grassland
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Buffalo Gap National Grassland is a National Grassland located primarily in southwestern South Dakota, United States. It is also the second largest National Grassland, after Little Missouri National Grassland in North Dakota, characteristics of the grasslands include mixed prairie and chalky badlands. The grassland is managed by the U. S. Forest Service and is a division of Nebraska National Forest, in descending order of land area it is located in parts of Fall River, Pennington, Jackson, and Custer counties. There are local district offices located in Hot Springs and Wall. It also surrounds Badlands National Park and Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, the act would allow the continuation of grazing and hunting on the land and would create the first national grassland wilderness in the country. 2013, Charmaine White Face raised concerns about exposure of South Dakota Army National Guard soldiers in the Buffalo Gap National Grassland. The National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota is part of the Buffalo Gap National Grassland – Wall Ranger District, the center features exhibits about grassland wildlife and plants, grazing management and the history of the Great Plains. There is also a theater with a video about the grasslands, restrooms, media related to Buffalo Gap National Grassland at Wikimedia Commons Buffalo Gap National Grassland – Nebraska National Forests and Grasslands National Grasslands Visitor Center
7.
114th Fighter Wing
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The 114th Fighter Wing is a unit of the South Dakota Air National Guard, stationed at Joe Foss Field Air National Guard Station, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. If activated to service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command. The 175th FIS becoming the flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 114th Headquarters, 114th Material Squadron, 114th Combat Support Squadron, during the 1950s and 1960s, the unit was upgraded by ADC as newer interceptors became available to the Air National Guard. F-89 Scorpions were received in 1958 and F-102A Delta Dagger supersonic aircraft in 1960, in 1970, Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the CONUS interceptor force, as the chances of a bomber attack by the Soviet Union seemed remote in the age of Intercontinental ballistic missiles. The Group was transferred to Tactical Air Command on 23 May 1970 and was re-designated as the 114th Tactical Fighter Group, the 175th Tactical Fighter Squadron began receiving F-100 Super Sabre tactical fighters that were being withdrawn from service in the Vietnam War. News was received in March 1976 of the replacement of the units F-100D aircraft with A-7D Corsair II jets, the last Super Sabres left Joe Foss Field in June 1977. In 1979, the unit began a 12-year era of participation in Operation Coronet Cove at Howard AFB providing for defense of the Panama Canal, both aircrew and support personnel were extended there in the summer of 1979 during the Nicaraguan crisis. The unit was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Streamer for combat duty as a part of Operation Just Cause during 1989-1990, Tactical Air Command began retiring the A-7D in the late 1980s, with units being transitioned from the A-7D/K to the F-16C/D block 30. The first F-16 to arrive with the 175th Fighter Squadron was on 14 August 1991, in June 1993 the squadron deployed eight aircraft to Brustem AB, Belgium as Coronet DART for the European exercise Central Enterprise 1993. In December 1993 the squadron deployed again, this time for their first combat deployment with the F-16, stationed at Incirlik AB, Turkey the squadron flew missions over Northern Iraq to guard the no-fly zone to protect Kurdish refugees. Combat patrol missions were flown over the northern No Fly zone of Iraq from December 1993 to January 1994, the 114th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 114th Fighter Wing in October 1995. The unit subsequently supported Operation Northern Watch, based out of Turkey in 1995 and 2002, the Fighting Lobos were also deployed to Belgium, Singapore, the Netherlands Antilles and Israel. A new chapter was opened in the history of the Air National Guard with the terrorist attacks on America on September 11,2001, OIF deployments during the 2000s included three to Balad AB, Iraq (October–December 2006, June–September 2008, January–April 2010. Unit members also deployed to the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Cyprus, Pakistan, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Turkey, Spain, France and Germany. The jet suffered more than $930,000 of damage, an accident for a squadron that has enjoyed a tremendous safety record. In 2007, the received the National Guard Bureau’s Winston P. Wilson Trophy. The squadron won the trophy again in 2010, the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure committee recommended that the 175th Fighter Squadron retire its older block 30 F-16s and upgrade to the block 40
8.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
9.
United States Army Center of Military History
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The United States Army Center of Military History is a directorate within the Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army. The center is responsible for the use of history and military records throughout the United States Army. Traditionally, this mission has meant recording the history of the army in both peace and war, while advising the army staff on historical matters. CMH is the organization leading the Army Historical Program. The center traces its lineage back to historians under the Secretary of War who compiled the Official Records of the Rebellion, a similar work on World War I was prepared by the Historical Section of the Army War College. They began publication of the United States Army in World War II series, since then, the Center has produced detailed series on the Armys role in the Korean and Vietnam Wars and has begun a series on the U. S. Army in the Cold War. These works are supplemented by monographs and other publications on a mix of topics and it has expanded its role in the areas of military history education, the management of the armys museum system, and the introduction of automated data-retrieval systems. The centers work with army schools ensures that the study of history is a part of the training of officers, much of this educational work is performed at field historical offices and in army museums. Under the direction of the chief of military history and his principal adviser and those works under way and projected are described in the Army Historical Program, an annual report to the Chief of Staff on the Army’s historical activities. All center publications are listed in the catalog Publications of the United States Army Center of Military History, CMH also serves as a clearinghouse for the oral history programs in the army at all levels of command. It also conducts and preserves its own oral history collections, including those from the Vietnam War, Desert Storm, in addition, the center’s end-of-tour interviews within the Army Secretariat and Staff provide a basis for its annual histories of the Department of the Army. As tangible representations of the mission, military artifacts and art enhance the soldier’s understanding of the profession of arms. CMH manages a system of more than 120 army museums and their holdings, current projects include the establishment of a National Army Museum at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and a complementary Army Heritage and Educational Center at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. The Chief of Military History is responsible for ensuring the use of military history in the teaching of strategy, tactics, logistics. This mission includes a requirement that military leaders at all levels be aware of the value of history in advancing military professionalism, in this effort, the chief of military history is assisted by a historical advisory committee that includes leading academic historians and representatives of the army school system. Staff rides enable military leaders to retrace the course of a battle on the ground, as one of the army’s major teaching devices, staff rides are particularly dependent on a careful knowledge of military history. Center historians lead rides directed by the Secretary of the Army and it administers the army’s Command History Program, to provide historical support to army organizations worldwide. To stimulate interest in history in the army and the nation
196th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade
196th Regiment (Regional Training Institute)
147th Artillery Regiment (United States)
