1.
South Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)
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South Norfolk is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2001 by Richard Bacon, a Conservative. Following the Reform Act 1832 the historic county constituency Norfolk was for the first time split into two, two member, county divisions - East Norfolk and West Norfolk. The Reform Act 1867 led, the year, to the countys redistribution into three, two member, county divisions. The three divisions, from the United Kingdom general election,1868 became this one, the North, the Southern division had its place of election at Norwich. This was the place of election as the abolished Eastern division. In 1868 the same two MPs who had sat for East Norfolk before its end were re-elected from this constituency, under the provisions of the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, single member constituencies became the norm and greater equalisation in electorate occurred. In Norfolk the three, two member, county divisions were changed to six single member seats and these were this constituency, a revived East Norfolk, Mid Norfolk, North Norfolk, North West Norfolk and South West Norfolk. In the 1885 redistribution this constituency consisted of the Sessional Divisions of Depwade, Diss, Earsham, Loddon and Clavering, the Southern division was very agricultural in character. The largest town was Diss, which had a population of fewer than 4,000 people in 1900, 1950-1974, The Municipal Borough of Thetford, the Urban Districts of Diss and Wymondham, and the Rural Districts of Depwade, Loddon, and Wayland. These areas combined to produce a more urban constituency than before. 1974-1983, The Municipal Borough of Thetford, the Urban Districts of Diss and Wymondham, and the Rural Districts of Depwade, Forehoe and Henstead, Loddon and this was the last redistribution before a major reorganisation of local government, which amalgamated many of the smaller local authorities. 1983-1997, A further reduction of area in the 1983 redistribution meant that the seat now consisted of the entire District of South Norfolk, the other part of the old seat was transferred to the redrawn Norfolk South West constituency. 1997-2010, Continuing population growth led to reduction in the constituencys territory. It comprised the District of South Norfolk except the wards of Cringleford and Colney, 2010-present, The Boundary Commission for England reduced the wide part of the District of South Norfolk comprising the constituency, eight wards became part of other seats. Notes, - a Cozens-Hardy stood at the United Kingdom general election,1918 as a Liberal without the Coalition coupon, B Baker was expelled from the House of Commons in 1954 after being convicted of fraud, forgery and uttering and sentenced to seven years imprisonment. List of Parliamentary constituencies in Norfolk Notes References Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, craig British Parliamentary Constituencies, A Statistical Compendium, by Ivor Crewe and Anthony Fox British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, compiled and edited by F. W. S, craig British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig British Parliamentary Election Results 1950-1973, compiled and edited by F. W. S, craig Social Geography of British Elections 1885-1910
2.
Non-metropolitan district
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Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially shire districts, are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties in a two-tier arrangement, in the 1990s, several non-metropolitan counties were created that are unitary authorities and also have non-metropolitan district status. A third category is the districts of Berkshire, which are districts that are unitary authorities. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have a structure of local government. Most non-metropolitan counties have a county council, and also have several districts, many districts have borough status, which means the local council is called a Borough Council instead of District Council and gives them the right to appoint a Mayor. Borough status is granted by charter and, in many cases, continues a style enjoyed by a predecessor authority. Some districts such as Oxford or Exeter have city status, granted by letters patent, by 1899, England had been divided at district level into rural districts, urban districts, municipal boroughs, county boroughs and metropolitan boroughs. This system was abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972, non-metropolitan districts were created by this act in 1974 when England outside of Greater London was divided into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties were sub-divided into metropolitan districts and the counties were sub-divided into non-metropolitan districts. The metropolitan districts had more powers than their non-metropolitan counterparts, initially, there were 296 non-metropolitan districts in the two-tier structure, but reforms in the 1990s and 2009 reduced their number to 201. A further 55 non-metropolitan districts are now unitary authorities, which combine the functions of county, in Wales, an almost identical two-tier system of local government existed between 1974 and 1996. In 1996, this was abolished and replaced with a unitary system of local government. Since the areas for Wales and England had been enacted separately and there were no Welsh metropolitan areas, a similar system existed in Scotland, which in 1975 was divided into regions and districts, this was also abolished in 1996 and replaced with a fully unitary system. In England 200 out of the 201 non-metropolitan district councils are represented by the District Councils Network, special interest group which sits within the Local Government Association. The network’s purpose is to “act as an informed and representative advocate for districts to government and other bodies, based on their unique position to deliver for ‘local’ people. ”This is a list of non-metropolitan counties. Some non-metropolitan districts are coterminous with non-metropolitan counties, making them unitary authorities and these are excluded from this list as is Berkshire which has no county council. For a full list of districts of all types including unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs and this is a list of former two-tier districts in England which have been abolished, by local government reorganizations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. It does not include districts that still exist after becoming an authority or those that transferred from one county to another
3.
Norfolk
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Norfolk /ˈnɔːrfək/ is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the west and north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and, to the north-west, The Wash. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, of the countys population, 40% live in four major built up areas, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Kings Lynn and Thetford. The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county, the area is not a National Park although it is marketed as such. It has similar status to a park, and is protected by the Broads Authority. Norfolk was settled in times, with camps along the higher land in the west. A Brythonic tribe, the Iceni, inhabited the county from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD, the Iceni revolted against the Roman invasion in AD47, and again in 60 led by Boudica. The crushing of the second opened the county to the Romans. During the Roman era roads and ports were constructed throughout the county, situated on the east coast, Norfolk was vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe, and forts were built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. Norfolk, Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, the influence of the Early English settlers can be seen in the many place names ending in -ton and -ham. Endings such as -by and -thorpe are also common, indicating Danish place names, in the 9th century the region came under attack. In the centuries before the Norman Conquest the wetlands of the east of the county began to be converted to farmland, and settlements grew in these areas. Migration into East Anglia must have high, by the time of the Domesday Book survey it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles. During the high and late Middle Ages the county developed arable agriculture, the economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death, which dramatically reduced the population in 1349. During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian, the economy and agriculture of the region declined somewhat. During the Industrial Revolution Norfolk developed little industry except in Norwich which was an addition to the railway network. In the 20th century the county developed a role in aviation, during the Second World War agriculture rapidly intensified, and it has remained very intensive since, with the establishment of large fields for growing cereals and oilseed rape. Norfolks low-lying land and easily eroded cliffs, many of which are chalk and clay, make it vulnerable to the sea, the low-lying section of coast between Kelling and Lowestoft Ness in Suffolk is currently managed by the Environment Agency to protect the Broads from sea flooding
4.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
5.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
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East of England
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The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 and it includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. Essex has the highest population in the region and its population at the 2011 census was 5,847,000. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford, the southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt. The region has the lowest elevation range in the UK, North Cambridgeshire and the Essex Coast have most of the around 5% of the region which is below 10 metres above sea level. The Fens are partly in North Cambridgeshire which is notable for the lowest point in the country in the land of the village of Holme 2.75 metres below sea level which was once Whittlesey Mere. The highest point is at Clipper Down at 817 ft, in the far corner of the region in the Ivinghoe Hills. In the late 1960s, the Roskill Commission considered Thurleigh in Bedfordshire, Nuthampstead in Hertfordshire, the East of England succeeded the standard statistical region East Anglia. The East of England civil defence region was identical to todays region, England between the Wash and Thames Estuary has since post-Roman times been and continues to be known as East Anglia, including the county traversing the west of this line, Cambridgeshire. Essex, despite meaning East-Saxons, previously formed part of the South East England, as did Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, the earliest use of the term is from 1695. Charles Davenant, in An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war, wrote, The Eleven Home Counties, then cited a list including these four. The term does not appear to have used in taxation since the 18th century. East Anglia is one of the driest parts of the United Kingdom with average rainfall ranging from 450 mm to 750 mm. This is usually because low pressure systems and weather fronts from the Atlantic have lost a lot of their moisture over land by the time they reach Eastern England, however the Fens in Cambridgeshire are prone to flooding should a strong system affect the area. Northerly winds can also be cold but are not usually as cold as easterly winds, westerly winds bring milder and, typically, wetter weather. Southerly winds usually bring mild air but chill if coming from further east than Spain, spring is a transitional season that can be chilly to start with but is usually warm by late-April/May. The weather at this time is often changeable and occasionally showery, summer is usually warm and continental air from mainland Europe or the Azores High usually leads to at least a few weeks of hot, balmy weather with prolonged warm to hot weather. The number of storms from the Atlantic, such as the remnants of a tropical storm usually coincides with the location of the jet stream
7.
Administrative counties of England
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Administrative counties were a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government from 1889 to 1974. They were created by the Local Government Act 1888 as the areas for which county councils were elected, some large counties were divided into several administrative counties, each with its own county council. The administrative counties were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 and were replaced by the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England, the administrative counties did not exist prior to 1889, see historic counties of England for the history of the English counties before then. In 1888 the government, led by the Tory prime minister Lord Salisbury established county councils throughout England and Wales, many larger towns and cities were given the status of county borough, with similar powers and independent of county council control. Under the Act, each county borough was a county of itself. Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk, Sussex, and Yorkshire were split up for administrative purposes, additionally there was a County of London which covered the area today known as Inner London. The Isle of Wight was originally included under the county of Hampshire. The structure was once the County of London was divided into metropolitan boroughs in 1900. Some exclaves had been untouched by the 1844 Act, but in 1894 county councils were given the power to adjust county boundaries. For example, the Measham area of Derbyshire was transferred to Leicestershire in 1897, the map shows the counties and the county boroughs. When a county borough expanded into territory of a county that was not the one it came from, monmouthshire, not shown on the map, was reckoned for some legal purposes among the English counties for most of this period. The 1888 Act did not contain a list of counties, it was not until 1933. Unlike the 1888 Act, the 1933 Act did not include county boroughs as administrative counties, in the case of Lancashire and Cheshire the councils were officially the county council of the palatine county. Shropshire was always officially entitled the county of Salop, the right of Berkshire to be described as a royal county was recognised by the monarch in 1958. On 1 April 1959 the administrative county of Southampton was renamed as Hampshire and this system was the basis of the ceremonial counties used for Lieutenancy – except that Cambridgeshire, Hampshire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk and Sussex were not split for Lieutenancy. The table lists the area and population of administrative county at the censuses of 1891 and 1961. Several county councils had administrative headquarters outside of their area and this was usually because the traditional county town was a county borough. The headquarters of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire county councils were moved from the county boroughs to locations within their respective administrative counties, the boundaries of the administrative counties changed considerably over time
8.
Local Government Act 1972
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The Local Government Act 1972 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974. In Wales, too, the Act established a pattern of counties and districts. Elections were held to the new authorities in 1973, and they acted as shadow authorities until the handover date, elections to county councils were held on 12 April, for metropolitan and Welsh districts on 10 May, and for non-metropolitan district councils on 7 June. Elected county councils had established in England and Wales for the first time in 1888. Some large towns, known as county boroughs, were independent from the counties in which they were physically situated. The county areas were two-tier, with many municipal borough, urban district and rural districts within them, however, most of the Commissions recommendations, such as its proposals to abolish Rutland or to reorganise Tyneside, were ignored in favour of the status quo. It was generally agreed that there were significant problems with the structure of local government, the Local Government Commission was wound up in 1966, and replaced with a Royal Commission. The new government made Peter Walker and Graham Page the ministers and they invited comments from interested parties regarding the previous governments proposals. The Association of Municipal Corporations put forward a scheme with 13 provincial councils and 132 main councils, the incoming governments proposals for England were presented in a White Paper published in February 1971. The White Paper substantially trimmed the metropolitan areas, and proposed a structure for the rest of the country. Many of the new boundaries proposed by the Redcliffe-Maud report were retained in the White Paper, the proposals were in large part based on ideas of the County Councils Association, the Urban District Councils Association and the Rural District Councils Association. The White Paper set out the division of functions between districts and counties, and also suggested a minimum population of 40,000 for districts. The government aimed to introduce a Bill in the 1971/72 session of Parliament for elections in 1973, the White Paper made no commitments on regional or provincial government, since the Conservative government preferred to wait for the Crowther Commission to report. The proposals were substantially changed with the introduction of the Bill into Parliament in November 1971, Area 4 would have had a border with area 2, seaham and Easington were to be part of the Sunderland district. Humberside did not exist in the White Paper, the East Riding was split between area 5 and an area 8. Area 33 to include Brackley and Brackley Rural District from Northamptonshire, Area 39 to include Henley-on-Thames and Henley Rural District from Oxfordshire Area 40 to include Aldershot, Farnborough, Fleet and area from Hampshire. The latter was removed from the Bill before it became law, proposals from Plymouth for a Tamarside county were rejected. The Bill also provided names for the new counties for the first time, on 6 July 1972, a government amendment added Lymington to Dorset, which would have had the effect of having the entire Bournemouth conurbation in one county
9.
Long Stratton
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Long Stratton is a civil parish in South Norfolk, in the East of England, UK. It consists of two villages, the larger, Stratton St. Mary, is to the south, and it is home to a substantial population of 4,424. The village is situated halfway between the capital, Norwich and the market town of Diss, along the Roman built road. Long Stratton borders five other parishes, Tharston and Hapton, Tasburgh, Morning Thorpe, Pulham Market, the Blennerhasett family, later prominent in the Plantation of Ulster, were Lords of the Manor in the sixteenth century. The church contains an example of a Sextons wheel. The only other example in the country is claimed to be at Yaxley, Long Stratton has two Church of England churches, as well as a Methodist church. The church of Long Stratton St Mary is one of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk. According to the 2001 United Kingdom Census, Long Stratton CP is home to 3,701 people, who reside in a total of 1,598 dwellings, and have a mean age of 38.63. The statistics further confirm that Long Stratton is used as a commuter village, Long Stratton is part of the electoral ward of Stratton. This ward had a population of 5,519 at the 2011 census, there has been cause for the building of a bypass around Long Stratton for over 60 years. 2006 was supposed to bring about the construction of the new bypass by Norfolk County Council, who had assumed responsibility for the A140 from the Highways Agency in 2001. There was considerable opposition to the bypass on either side of the A140, by residents of the village of Tharston to the west, eventually, it was decided that a bypass to the east would have less environmental impact. The total cost of the three miles stretch of carriageway, with a roundabout at either end, was estimated to be £21. 8m – compared to earlier estimates of £6m to £16m. This led local resident Jason Bunn to establish an online petition on the Prime Ministers website calling for the funding to be available immediately. Local MP Richard Bacon also joined in the campaign, lobbying Transport Secretary Alistair Darling, the village accommodates three schools first known as, Manor Field First School, St. Marys Middle School, and Long Stratton High School. However, in September 2006, Manor Field First school became Manor Field Infant school, shopping facilities are located along the main street which runs through the village, as well as in two small shopping centres. A coop supermarket is located in the centre of the village, in August 2015, a Subway sandwich shop opened inside the supermarket. There are also two public houses, Long Stratton also has a Doctors surgery, as well as a Leisure centre operated by South Norfolk District Council
10.
Local government in England
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The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. England has, since 1994 been subdivided into nine regions, below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. These councils are elected in separate elections, some areas have only one level of local government. Most of Greater London is governed by London borough councils, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are sui generis authorities, pre-dating recent reforms of local government. There are 57 single tier authorities,55 unitary authorities The City of London Corporation The Council of the Isles of Scilly There are 34 upper tier authorities, the Inner Temple and Middle Temple are also local authorities for some purposes. Below the district level, a district may be divided into civil parishes. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks and they also have a consultative role in planning. Local councils tend not to exist in metropolitan areas but there is nothing to stop their establishment, for example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley. Parishes have not existed in Greater London since 1965, but from 2007 they could legally be created, in addition, among the rural parishes, two share a joint parish council and two have no council but are governed by an annual parish meeting. The current arrangement of local government in England is the result of a range of measures which have their origins in the municipal reform of the 19th century. During the 20th century, the structure of government was reformed and rationalised, with local government areas becoming fewer and larger. The way local authorities are funded has also been subject to periodic, Councils have historically had no split between executive and legislature. Functions are vested in the council itself, and then exercised usually by committees or subcommittees of the council, the post of leader was recognised, and leaders typically chair several important committees, but had no special authority. The chair of the council itself is a position with no real power. This pattern was based on that established for municipal boroughs by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, There was a small exception to this whereby smaller district councils can adopt a modified committee system. In 2012, principle councils began returning to Committee systems, under the Localism Act 2011, There are now 16 directly elected mayors, in districts where a referendum was in favour of them. Several of the mayors originally elected were independents, since May 2002, only a handful of referendums have been held, and they have mostly been negative, with only a few exceptions. The decision to have elected mayors in Hartlepool and Stoke-on-Trent were subsequently reversed when further referendums were held
11.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
12.
Richard Bacon (politician)
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Richard Michael Bacon is a British Conservative Party politician who has been Member of Parliament for South Norfolk since 2001. Bacon was educated at The Kings School, Worcester and at the London School of Economics and Political Science and he was also executive editor of the student newspaper, The Beaver. He worked variously in investment banking, financial journalism and public relations consultancy, Bacon joined the Conservative Party in 1978. He contested the safe Labour seat of Vauxhall at the 1997 general election, Bacon was selected for the very safe Conservative seat of South Norfolk on the retirement of its veteran MP and former Cabinet Minister, John MacGregor. He won the seat at the 2001 general election, and was returned again at the 2005 general election with an increased majority, in the 2011 district council elections his constituency lost a single Conservative seat to the Liberal Democrats resulting in a majority of 30 seats. In the 2015 general election, Bacon increased his majority for a third time, though he rarely rebels against the party line, he has consistently rebelled in votes on military action in the Middle East. In March 2003 he was one of only 15 Conservative MPs to vote against the 2003 invasion of Iraq and he stated at the time that I do not believe war is always wrong. If I had, I would not have served in the Territorial Army, prior to the vote he said, After bombing the Middle East for much of the past twenty five years, we should have realised by now that we are making things worse. In May 2009 Bacon was one of the 15 MPs to sign the Motion of No Confidence in Speaker Martin. He has also voted against the laws, top-up fees, foundation hospitals, and the ban on fox hunting. He is also sceptical about aspects of the climate change debate, having opposed plans to new wind turbines in South Norfolk. Bacon was in favour of Brexit prior to the 2016 referendum, however, Bacon was not actually himself in favour of the sacking of Clarke, a fellow Norfolk MP, declaring that he had always liked him, and that his questioning had been business, not pleasure. Bacon was married to Victoria Panton in 2006 at St Margarets Church, Westminster, and has two children
13.
George Freeman (politician)
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George William Freeman is a British Conservative Party politician and the current Member of Parliament for Mid Norfolk. He was first elected at the 2010 general election, replacing the previous incumbent, Keith Simpson. Freeman was appointed chair of the Prime Ministers Policy Board in July 2016 and he is a founder of 2020 Conservatives group and a member of Bright Blues advisory board. He was educated at Radley College and Girton College, Cambridge, before entering Parliament, Freeman had a 15-year career in biomedical venture capital. He spent most of his career in and around the Cambridge cluster supporting high-tech growth businesses, for the seven years prior to being elected he was Founder and Chairman of the specialist translational medicine consultancy 4D Biomedical Ltd. Prior to that he was CEO of Cambridge start-up Amedis Pharmaceuticals, straight after university, Freeman worked in Westminster as a lobbyist for the National Farmers Union. In 2005, he was added to the Conservative A-List and was selected for Mid Norfolk in October 2006, shortly after entering Parliament George Freeman was elected Chairman of the All Party Group on Science and Technology in Agriculture. He was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister for Climate Change, Greg Barker MP, in July 2011 the Prime Minister, David Cameron and the Minister for Universities and Science, David Willetts, appointed Freeman as Government Life Science Advisor. In 2014, he was appointed Minister for Life Sciences at the Department of Health, Freeman is a co-founder of the 2020 Group of Conservative MPs, where he chairs the Innovation Economy Commission. He has spoken and written widely on the potential of UK science, technology, George Freeman is married to Eleanor and has two children. He also claimed that Having experienced myself traumatic anxiety as a child living with alcohol, I know all too well the pain anxiety
14.
Clive Lewis (politician)
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Lewis was born in London but grew up on a council estate in Northampton. He studied economics at the University of Bradford before being elected to various student union roles, Lewis then worked as a TV reporter for BBC News, becoming BBC Look Easts chief political correspondent. He was also one of the Labour governments National Black Role Models, in 2006, he passed out of Sandhurst as an infantry officer with the Territorial Army, and he served a three-month tour of duty in Afghanistan in 2009. Selected as a candidate for Norwich South in 2011, Lewis often broke the party line on issues including nuclear weapons, tuition fees, describing himself as a proud socialist, he was elected by a comfortable margin as an MP for Norwich South. He was subsequently appointed as the Chair of the Humanist APPG, during the 2015 Labour leadership election, he was one of 36 MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn, and has remained a strong supporter of him. He left the Shadow Cabinet on 8 February 2017 in protest over the Labour Partys decision to whip its MPs into voting to trigger Article 50, born in London, Lewis grew up on a council estate in Northampton, the son of a single father. In November 1995, he was a signatory to a letter that argued for the abolition of student loans, Lewis was suspended as vice-president in 1996 by then-president Jim Murphy for attending a debate on free education organised by the Campaign for Free Education. Murphys actions were condemned in an early day motion authored by Ken Livingstone which received the backing of 13 MPs, running on a campaign of a return to full grants and free education, Lewis ran as the CFE candidate for president of the National Union of Students in 1996. He lost the election to Douglas Trainer, the Labour Students candidate by 586 to 458 votes, Lewis first job was at the BBC, as a security guard at BBC World News in London. After completing a diploma in journalism, he worked on local newspapers in Northampton and Milton Keynes before being accepted into the BBCs News Trainee Scheme. He went on to work as a broadcast journalist in Nottingham, Norwich and he then became a senior broadcast journalist and the main reporter on the BBCs Politics Show East. He is a governor of Thorpe St Andrew School and was one of the previous Labour Governments National Black Role Models. Lewis joined the Territorial Army, passing out of Sandhurst Military Academy in 2006 as an officer with 7th Rifles. In 2009, he served a tour of duty in Afghanistan. Shortly after returning from his tour of duty, he faced depression, however, he recovered after receiving counselling from the Ministry of Defence. Lewis was selected as the Labour Partys prospective parliamentary candidate for Norwich South at the hustings in November 2011. Norwich South had been won by Liberal Democrat Simon Wright in the 2010 general election by a margin of just over 300 votes, defeating former Home Secretary and he subsequently apologised for the remark, saying he was sincerely sorry if anyone had been offended by the comment. On 7 May 2015, Lewis was elected MP for Norwich South, winning 19,033 votes,39. 3% of the total vote, giving him a 15. 8% majority of 7,654
15.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
16.
Greenwich Mean Time
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans
17.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
18.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
19.
Diss
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Diss is a market town and electoral ward in Norfolk, England, close to the border with the neighbouring East Anglian county of Suffolk, with a population of 7,572. Diss railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line, which runs from London to Norwich, the town lies in the valley of the River Waveney, around a mere that covers 6 acres. The mere is up to 18 feet deep, although there is another 51 feet of mud, the town takes its name from dic an Anglo-Saxon word meaning either ditch or embankment. Diss has a number of buildings, including an early 14th century parish church. At the time of Edward the Confessor, Diss was part of the Hartismere hundred of Suffolk and it is recorded as being in the kings possession as demesne of the Crown, there being at that time a church and a glebe of 24 acres. This was considered to be worth £15 per annum, which had doubled by the time of William the Conqueror, it being then estimated at £30 with the benefit of the hundred and half. It was then found to be a long, around 3 miles and half this distance broad. This was afterwards called Walcote, and includes part of Heywode, as appears from its joining to Burston, Diss was granted by King Henry I to Richard de Lucy, prior to 1135. The Testa de Neville states that it was not known whether Diss was rendered unto Richard de Lucy as an inheritance or for his service, Richard de Lucy become Chief Justiciar to King Stephen and Henry II. After Richard de Lucy’s death in 1179, the inheritance of the two parts of the hundred of Diss passed to his daughter Maud, who married Walter FitzRobert. A grant made in 1298 to William Partekyn of Prilleston granted, for homage and half a mark of silver and this came on the express condition that the gross dye should be washed off first. It seems as if the church of Diss was built by the same Lord, shortly afterwards, the estate was acquired by the Ratcliffe family, who inherited the title of Baron FitzWalter. The Ratcliffe family owned the land until at least 1732, styling themselves Viscounts FitzWalter, opposite the 14th-century parish church of St. Mary the Virgin stands a 16th-century building known as the Dolphin House. This was one of the most important buildings in the town and its impressive dressed-oak beams denote it as an important building, possibly a wool merchants house. Formerly a pub, the Dolphin, from the 1800s to the 1960s, adjacent to Dolphin House is the towns market place, the geographical and social centre of the town. The market is held every Friday, a variety of traders sell fresh fruit and vegetables, meat, fish. The market was first granted a charter by Richard the Lionheart, the towns post office and main shopping street are also located by the marketplace. Early in 1871, substantial alterations were made to a house in Mount Street, the workmen were removing the brick flooring of one of the ground floor rooms and excavating the soil beneath, to insert the joists of a boarded floor, when they discovered a hoard of coins
20.
Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)
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In England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an urban district council, which shared local government responsibilities with a county council. In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 as subdivisions of administrative counties and they replaced the earlier system of urban and rural sanitary districts the functions of which were taken over by the district councils. The district councils also had powers over local matters such as parks, cemeteries. An urban district contained a single parish, while a rural district might contain many. Urban districts were considered to have problems with public health than rural areas. Urban districts usually covered smaller towns, usually with populations of less than 30,000, originally there were 1013 urban districts. Under the Local Government Act 1929206 urban districts were abolished, many were merged with surrounding rural districts, and so many urban districts often covered some rural areas as well. Larger towns became municipal boroughs which had a higher status. Many parish councils in England were created for towns previously covered by urban districts, in Wales, all urban and rural areas are now covered by communities. In Ireland urban districts were created in 1898 by the Local Government Act 1898 based on the sanitary districts created in 1878. Urban districts had powers greater than towns with town commissioners but less than the municipal boroughs preserved by the Municipal Corporations Act 1840 or created subsequently, a few places were promoted or demoted between these three categories in subsequent decades. After the partition of Ireland in 1920–22 urban districts continued in both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, the rural and urban districts in Northern Ireland were abolished in 1973, and replaced with a system of unitary districts. In the Republic, while rural districts were abolished in 1925 and 1930, urban districts continued to exist but were renamed simply towns under the Local Government Act 2001
21.
Wymondham
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Wymondham /ˈwɪndəm/ is a historic market town and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It lies 9.5 miles to the south west of the city of Norwich, the parish includes large rural areas to the north and south of the town itself. It is the fourth largest civil parish in Norfolk, moot Hill The earthworks of what was probably a large, medieval ringwork survive to some considerable height, they have been subject to ground survey and are partially visible on aerial photographs. The ringwork, which is located in a part of the Stanfield estate, is thought by some to have been built by the DAlbinis between 1088 and 1139. The feature measures approximately 150m by 130m, with a bank and water-filled ditch. It is thought that a ring of Katherine Bigot, wife of Roger Fitz-Ortet who held Stanfield Manor in AD1306, was also recovered from this area. Wymondhams most famous inhabitant was Robert Kett, who led a rebellion in 1549 of peasants and he took a force of almost unarmed men and fought for and held the City of Norwich for six weeks until defeated by the Kings forces. He was hanged from Norwich Castle, ketts Oak, said to be the rallying point for the rebellion, can still be seen today on the B1172 road between Wymondham and Hethersett, part of the former main road to London. The Great Fire of Wymondham broke out on Sunday 11 June 1615, two areas of the town were affected, implying there were two separate fires. One area was in Vicar Street and Middleton Street and the other in the Market Place, including Bridewell Street, about 300 properties were destroyed in the fire. Important buildings destroyed included, the Market Cross, dating from 1286, the vicarage in Vicar Street, the Town Hall on the corner of Middleton Street and Vicar Street, and the schoolhouse. However, many such as the Green Dragon pub did survive and many of the houses in Damgate Street date back to 1400. The fire was started by three Gypsies – William Flodder, John Flodder and Ellen Pendleton – and a local person, the register of St Andrews Church in Norwich records that John Flodder and others were executed on 2 December 1615 for the burning of Wymondham. Rebuilding of the buildings was quick in some cases and slower in others. A new Market Cross, extant 2016, was started and completed in 1617, however, by 1621 there were still about 15 properties not yet rebuilt. Economic conditions in the 1620s could have been a factor to the delay in rebuilding. Ketts Rebellion was evidence of an undercurrent of ferment in 16th-century Wymondham, in 1785, a prison was built using the ideas of John Howard, the prison reformer. It was the first prison to be built in England with separate cells for the prisoners and was widely copied both in the United Kingdom and the United States, the collapse of the woollen industry in the mid-19th century led to great poverty in Wymondham
22.
Loddon, Norfolk
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Loddon is a small market town and electoral ward about 12 miles southeast of Norwich on the River Chet, a tributary of the River Yare within The Broads in Norfolk, England. The name Loddon is thought to mean river in Celtic in reference to the Chet. The earliest written mention of Loddon is in the will of Ælfric Modercope written in 1042 or 1043, in the will Ælfric split his land holdings in Loddon, Bergh Apton and Barton between the Bishops of Bury, Ely and St Benet of Holme. Ælfric held 450 acres of land in Loddon and was by far the biggest landowner and his manor house is believed to have been close by the church overlooking the river and the fields are known as Manor Yards. The Parish Council adopted Ælfric for Loddons town sign in 1961, although Loddon and Chedgrave have been flooded many times through history, the worst or at least the best documented occasions were in August 1912 and September 1968. At about midnight on 27 August 1912 a portion of the roadway was washed away, the footbridge across the river between the two industrial sites disappeared downstream. The mill was in jeopardy and forty men worked hard to preserve as much of the road as possible. The piling and the banks of the Chet were washed away, on 12 September 1968 a great storm followed a very wet summer, so when the heavy rain came that night the ground was too waterlogged to let the rain drain away. According to the Eastern Daily Press it had been Norfolks wettest ever September day, the torrential rain was accompanied by thunder and lightning and many roads were inches deep in water. Run by South Norfolk Council and the Broads Authority with local representation carried out by the Loddon Parish Council, the current local councillors are Lady Kate Hartland, Mr. Adrian Gunson and Mr. Colin Gould. Loddon has many buildings, from the 15th-century parish church of Holy Trinity, through the 18th-century Loddon House, to Farthing Green House. There is also a baptismal font set high on three steps, however despite its shaft and bowl were originally carved and painted, they were defaced during periods of iconoclasm. The church is said to have replaced an earlier Norman church. There was a mill mentioned at Loddon in the Domesday Book and a watermill at Chedgrave in the early 1330s, the present mill, Loddon watermill near the town centre which is no longer functioning, was built in the 18th century with the river diverted to run underneath it. Loddon watermill was sometimes known as Chedgrave mill and is one of the earliest recorded buildings in the town and it was built of weatherboard with a pantiled roof and was situated quite close to the centre of the town. The mill pool was never very big, but was apparently a widened and deepened Y shaped section of river up stream of the mill and this produced adequate power for the miller to meet the needs of the local farmers and villagers. The mill still retains 19th-century milling equipment, when the mill was built it was found that the best position for it involved diverting the river Chet to the south of its natural course. This involved considerable effort and expense and in times of flood the river attempts to revert to its original channel
23.
Liberal Democrats (UK)
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The Liberal Democrats are a liberal political party in the United Kingdom. The party was formed in 1988 as a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party, at the 2015 general election, the party was reduced to eight MPs. Nick Clegg resigned as leader and Tim Farron won the subsequent leadership election, the party currently has nine MPs, following the Richmond Park by-election. The Alliance was led by David Steel and Roy Jenkins, Jenkins was replaced by David Owen, the two parties had their own policies and emphases, but produced a joint manifesto for the 1983 and 1987 general elections. Following disappointing results in the 1987 election, Steel proposed to merge the two parties, although opposed by Owen, it was supported by a majority of members of both parties, and they formally merged in March 1988, with Steel and Robert Maclennan as joint interim leaders. The new party was initially named Social and Liberal Democrats with the short form The Democrats being used from September 1988. The name was changed to Liberal Democrats in October 1989. The new party logo, the Bird of Liberty, was adopted in 1989, the party is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and Liberal International. The then-serving Liberal MP Paddy Ashdown was elected leader in July 1988, at the 1989 European Elections, the party received only 6% of the vote, putting them in fourth place after the Green Party. They failed to gain a single Member of the European Parliament at this election, over the next three years, the party recovered under Ashdowns leadership. They performed better at the 1990 local elections and in by-elections—including at Eastbourne in 1990, Ribble Valley in 1991, the Lib Dems did not reach the share of national votes in the 1990s that the Alliance had achieved in the 1980s. At their first election in 1992, they won 17. 8% of the vote, in the 1994 European Elections, the party gained its first two Members of European Parliament. The election was, however, something of a point for the Liberal Democrats. Ashdown retired as leader in 1999 and the party elected Charles Kennedy as his replacement, the party improved on their 1997 results at the 2001 general election, increasing their number of seats to 52 and their share of the vote to 18. 3%. The party won seats from Labour in by-elections in Brent East in 2003 and Leicester South in 2004, under Kennedys leadership the majority of Pro-Euro Conservatives, a group of former members of the Conservatives, joined the Liberal Democrats on 10 December 2001. At the 2005 general election, the Lib Dems gained their highest share of the vote since the SDP–Liberal Alliance and won 62 seats. Many had anticipated that this election would be the Lib Dems breakthrough at Westminster, party activists hoped to better the 25% support of the 1983 election, or to reach 100 MPs. Much of the apparent lack of success resulted from the first-past-the-post electoral system, controversy became associated with the campaign when it became known that Michael Brown had donated £2.4 million to the Liberal Democrats
24.
South Norfolk District Council election, 2015
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The 2015 South Norfolk District Council election was held on Thursday 7 May 2015 to elect the whole council as part of United Kingdom local elections,2015 coinciding with the general election. The governing groups numbers were augmented by two councillors at the expense of that opposition group, three defecting-from-majority independent councillors lost their council seats. After the 2011 election,38 councillors were Conservatives and 8 were Liberal Democrats, since then, three Conservative councillors have left the partys grouping. Two of them now form the South Norfolk Independent Group, while the third sits as an independent, South Norfolk has 36 wards, providing for 46 candidates. In this election, there are a total of 144 candidates standing, the two parties with incumbent councillors are the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. The Conservatives are standing in all wards, with a total of 44 candidates, the Liberal Democrats are standing 35 candidates in 32 wards. Out of the parties standing, Labour have 39 candidates in 32 wards, UKIP have 13 candidates in 13 wards. There is one independent candidate, Jackie Bircham, standing in Chedgrave, South Norfolk council is made up of 46 councillors elected in 36 different wards. 27 wards elect one councillor,8 wards elect two councillors, and one ward elects three councillors,29 incumbent councillors are re-standing in the wards they represented before this election. Jacky Sutton stood as the Liberal Democrat candidate in Hethersett in 2011 and her vote-share here is compared with the performance of the Labour candidate in 2011. Linden Parker stood as a Liberal Democrat candidate in Stratton in 2011
25.
Green Party of England and Wales
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The Green Party of England and Wales is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales. Headquartered in London, since 2 September 2016 its Co-Leaders are Caroline Lucas, the Green Party has one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons, one representative in the House of Lords, and three Members of the European Parliament. It has various councillors in UK local government and two members of the London Assembly and it also takes a progressive approach to social policies such as civil liberties, animal rights, LGBT rights and drug policy reform. The party also believes strongly in nonviolence, basic income, a living wage, the party comprises various regional divisions, including the semi-autonomous Wales Green Party. Internationally, the party is affiliated to the Global Greens and the European Green Party, experiencing centralising reforms spearheaded by the Green 2000 group in the early 1990s, the party sought to emphasise growth in local governance, doing so throughout the 1990s. In 2010, the party gained its first MP in Caroline Lucas, the Green Party of England and Wales has its origins in the PEOPLE Party, which was founded in Coventry in 1973. PEOPLE was renamed The Ecology Party in 1975, and in 1985 changed again to the Green Party, the Green Party of England and Wales is registered with the Electoral Commission as simply the Green Party. In the 1989 European Parliament elections, the Green Party of England and Wales polled 15% of the vote with 2.3 million votes, the best ever performance of a Green party in a nationwide election. This success has been attributed to both the increased respectability of environmentalism and the effects of the development boom in southern England in the late 1980s. Many party members opposed the reforms, believing that they would undermine the internal party democracy, although Green 2000 proposals were defeated at the partys 1990 conference, they were overwhelmingly carried at their 1991 conference, resulting in an internal restructuring of the party. The party fielded more candidates than it had ever done before in the 1992 general election but was deemed to have performed poorly. In 1993, the party adopted its Basis for Renewal program in an attempt to bring together conflicting factions and thus save the party from bankruptcy, the party sought to escape their reputation as an environmentalist single-issue party by placing greater emphasis on social policies. In 1993, future party leader and MP Caroline Lucas gained a seat on Oxfordshire County Council, the Greens sought to build alliances with other parties in the hope of gaining representation at the parliamentary level. In Wales, the Greens endorsed Plaid Cymru candidate Cynog Dafis in the 1992 general election, in April 1995 the Green National Executive ruled that the party should withdraw from this alliance due to ideological differences. As the Labour Party shifted to the centre under the leadership of Tony Blair and his New Labour project. At the 2001 general election they polled 0. 63% of the vote, at the 2004 European Parliamentary elections the party returned 2 MEPS the same as in 1999, overall, the Party polled 1,033,093 votes. In the 2005 general election the party gained over 1% of the vote for the first time and this growth has been attributed to the increasing public visibility of the party as well as a general growth in support for smaller parties in the UK. In September 2008, the party elected its first leader, Caroline Lucas
26.
UK Independence Party
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The UK Independence Party is a Eurosceptic and right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Newton Abbot, Devon, and currently led by Paul Nuttall, at Westminster, UKIP has no Members of Parliament in the House of Commons and three representatives in the House of Lords. It has 20 Members of the European Parliament, making it jointly the largest UK party in that Parliament and it has five Assembly Members in the National Assembly for Wales and has 438 councillors in UK local government. Ideologically positioned on the wing of British politics, UKIP has been characterised as part of a broader European radical right by political scientists. It promotes a British unionist and British nationalist agenda, although its claim that the latter is a form of civic nationalism has been disputed. UKIPs primary emphasis has been on Euroscepticism, calling for the UKs exit from the European Union and it has also placed strong emphasis on lowering immigration, opposing multiculturalism, and encouraging a unitary British identity. On social issues like LGBT rights and education policy it favours traditional values, influenced by Thatcherism and classical liberalism, it describes itself as economically libertarian and promotes liberal economic policies. Having an ideological heritage stemming from the wing of the Conservative Party. UKIP originated as the Anti-Federalist League, a single-issue Eurosceptic party established by the historian Alan Sked in 1991 and it was renamed UKIP in 1993 but its growth remained slow, it was largely eclipsed by the Eurosceptic Referendum Party until the latters 1997 dissolution. Sked was then ousted by a led by Nigel Farage. Under Farages leadership, from 2009 the party adopted a policy platform and capitalised on concerns about rising immigration. This resulted in significant breakthroughs at the 2013 local elections,2014 European elections, the pressure UKIP exerted on the government is widely regarded as the main reason for the 2016 referendum which led to the decision to withdraw from the European Union. Governed by its leader and National Executive Committee, UKIP is divided into regional groups. UKIP began as the Anti-Federalist League, a Eurosceptic political party established in 1991 by the historian Alan Sked, the League opposed the recently signed Maastricht Treaty and sought to sway the governing Conservative Party toward removing the United Kingdom from the European Union. A former Liberal Party candidate, member of the Bruges Group, under the Anti-Federalist Leagues banner, Sked stood as a prospective Member of Parliament in Bath at the 1992 general election, gaining 0. 2% of the vote. UKIP contested the 1994 European Parliament election with little financing and much infighting, securing itself as the fifth largest party in that election with 1% of the vote. During this period, UKIP was viewed as a typical single-issue party by commentators, following the election, UKIP lost much support to the Referendum Party, founded by the multi-millionaire James Goldsmith in 1994, it shared UKIPs Eurosceptic approach but was far better funded. UKIP was beaten by the Referendum Party in 163 of the 165 seats in which stood against each other
27.
English Democrats
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The English Democrats is a fringe, right-wing to far-right English nationalist political party in England. The party proposes a devolved English Parliament, and has suggested that England should become an independent country and it presents itself as an English equivalent to the Scottish National Party, though the Scottish National Party is considered to be much further left than the English Democrats. The party has had limited electoral success, at the English local elections in June 2009, the partys candidate Peter Davies won the mayoral election for the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. However, he announced his resignation from the party on 5 February 2013, in December 2015 Winston McKenzie announced that he had joined the English Democrats, along with confirmation that he had been selected as a London Mayoral Candidate for the 2016 London Elections. His nomination was deemed invalid and he did not contest the mayoral election, in 1998, in response to calls for the devolution of power to Scotland and Wales, Robin Tilbrook aimed at reforming the defunct English National Party, which had ceased operating in 1981. This project included members of the Campaign for an English Parliament, the party was relaunched as the English Democrats in September 2002, after merging with several other smaller political parties. In October 2004 the party merged with the Reform UK Party, the New England Party merged with the English Democrats in February 2007. The English Democrats were co-founders of the English Constitutional Convention, now defunct, in December 2004, it was rumoured that Robert Kilroy-Silk, the former UKIP MEP had entered into negotiation to join the English Democrats. In 2007, the columnist and TV medical doctor Vernon Coleman announced he had joined the English Democrats, the partys most significant electoral success came when Peter Davies, its candidate for Mayor of Doncaster, was elected. However, Davies announced his resignation from the party on 5 February 2013 citing a big influx of new members joining from the British National Party, the English Democrats lost their remaining councillors in the 2015 local elections. On 18 September 2015, Veritas merged into the English Democrats, the party claimed a total membership of 1,011 at the end of 2004, and 1,202 at the end of 2005. Cowd was an member of the English Democrats and a National Council member. He left the party in 2006, at the 2004 Birmingham Hodge Hill by-election the English Democrat candidate received 277 votes, or 1. 4% of the votes cast. The partys slogan for the 2005 general election was The English Democrats – Putting England First, in total, the English Democrats fielded 25 candidates for the May 2005 general election, including Staffordshire South where the election was delayed until June due to the death of a candidate. The party withdrew its candidate in North Norfolk and endorsed the Conservative Party candidate, Iain Dale, bushells 1,216 votes beat the UKIP candidate, Stan Gain, who secured 709 votes, this was the partys best result for the election though still a fifth-place performance. In June 2005 Bushell also stood in Staffordshire South, where he received 643 votes coming fifth out of eight candidates, in 2011, Bushell announced that he would, in future, be supporting UKIP. The English Democrats fielded Joanne Robinson as their candidate in the by-election forced by the resignation of former shadow home secretary David Davis from the House of Commons, Joanne Robinson came third, with 1,714 votes,44 votes fewer than the Green candidate received in second place. Of the 26 candidates she was one of three to win back her deposit
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Civil parish
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In England, a civil parish is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. It is a parish, in contrast to an ecclesiastical parish. A civil parish can range in size from a town with a population of around 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants. In a limited number of cases a parish might include a city where city status has been granted by the Monarch. Reflecting this diverse nature, a parish may be known as a town, village. Approximately 35% of the English population live in a civil parish, as of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England. On 1 April 2014, Queens Park became the first civil parish in Greater London, before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London borough. The division of land into ancient parishes was linked to the system, parishes. The manor was the unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy. Later the church replaced the court as the rural administrative centre. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to levy a rate to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the authorities by the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601. Both before and after this optional social change, local charities are well-documented, the parish authorities were known as vestries and consisted of all the ratepayers of the parish. As the number of ratepayers of some parishes grew, it increasingly difficult to convene meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the body of ratepayers. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite, by the 18th century, religious membership was becoming more fractured in some places, due for instance to the progress of Methodism. The legitimacy of the parish came into question and the perceived inefficiency. Sanitary districts covered England in 1875 and Ireland three years later, the replacement boards were each entitled to levy their own rate in the parish. The church rate ceased to be levied in many parishes and became voluntary from 1868, the ancient parishes diverged into two distinct systems of parishes during the 19th century
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Pulham St Mary
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Pulham St Mary is a village in Norfolk, approximately 7 miles east of Diss and 18 miles south of Norwich. It covers an area of 12.26 km2 and had a population of 866 in 365 households as of the 2001 census and it is a small village and part of The Pulhams which also includes Pulham Market. The church, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, is believed to date from around 1258, the name Pulham is thought to mean the farmhouse or enclosure by the pools or streams. The earliest recorded spelling is Polleham, the Romans may have had a settlement in Pulham St Mary as pieces of Roman tile, coin and oyster shells have been found in the area. Pulham St Mary railway station was a stop on the Waveney Valley Line which closed in 1953, in 1670 William Pennoyer, a puritan merchant, left money to pay for a schoolmaster to teach poor children in the village. The school was expanded in the Victorian period. When the school closed in 1988, it was the longest-running free elementary school in the country. Most primary-age children in the village now attend the school in neighbouring Pulham Market, the Victorian frontage of the building concealed a listed medieval Guild Chapel dating from 1401, making it an expensive proposition for renovation and alternative use. Pennoyers thus lay unused for almost two decades, in 1912 under conditions of secrecy a large base, RNAS Pulham, was constructed for the operation of airships. The airships were given the nickname of Pulham Pigs. RNAS Pulham operated as a Royal Navy base until 1918 when it was transferred to the new Royal Air Force, in 1917 two large steel-framed sheds were erected and in 1919 a 120-foot -high mooring mast joined them. Following its historic both-way Atlantic crossing the R34 returned to Pulham Market, the large rigid airships R33, R36 and R38 also visited. Its airship hangar was dismantled in 1928 and re-erected at Cardington, in the early 1920s there was a radio Direction finding station was located here, that helped give accurate position reports to aircraft operating into Croydon airport. The base became disused in the early 1930s after the crash of the R101 when all work stopped in Britain on airships, during World War II it was a dump for crashed aircraft from all over the east of England, parts were salvaged for reuse. Munitions testing was conducted on the site. The village church is of flint construction with parts that date back to the thirteenth century, the church is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, which gives the village the St Mary in its name. Pennoyers Village Centre site including Pulham St Mary local & airship history Restoration Village project Pulham St Mary Parish Council
30.
Starston
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Starston is a small village in Norfolk. It covers an area of 9.02 km2 and had a population of 321 in 123 households at the 2001 census, the population increasing to 331 at the 2011 Census. The Starston sign features a pump that was used to transport water from the Beck river up to Starston Place. The wind pump can still be seen from the roadside, between 1856 and 1866, it had its own railway station on the Waveney Valley Line before it was shut to passenger trains through lack of usage. Freight and passenger trains continued until the Beeching axe fell in the 1960s. The village had a pub called The Gate until the 1950s and this was turned into a shop, which closed in 1984. The pub sign still exists and is owned by local residents, the village school closed in 1968. Most village children now attend schools in the town of Harleston, in 2010, Starston villagers purchased Glebe Meadow in the heart of the village and converted it into a public space with attractive views of the church. David Knopfler of Dire Straits was once a resident of Starston, the village publishes a monthly magazine called The Pigeon Post. Media related to Starston at Wikimedia Commons
31.
Bressingham
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Bressingham is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It covers an area of 15.77 km2 and had a population of 751 in 305 households as of the 2001 census, for the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of South Norfolk. This town of Bressingham was given by Osulph le Sire, by the time of Edward the Confessor, the abbey owned slightly more than half the town, the rest being owned by Almar, the Bishop of Elmham. Almars part was also a manor, and held in William the Conquerors time by Roger Bigod, the town was then two miles long, and a mile and a half broad, it extended at that time into Shimpling, Fersfield, Shelfhanger, and Roydon. Bressingham forms a part of the ward called Bessingham and Burston. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 2,810, media related to Bressingham at Wikimedia Commons
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Fersfield
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Fersfield is a village in the English county of Norfolk. It was the parish of Francis Blomefield, whose History of Norfolk documents the history of much of South Norfolk. The population of the village is included in the parish of Banham. Fersfield is bounded on the east and south by the village of Bressingham, to the west are South Lopham and North Lopham, historically, the parish marked the boundary of the hundred of Diss. Fersfield has been recorded as Fersevella, Fervessella, Ferefeud, Fairfeud, Fairvill. The village was recorded in the Domesday book under Fersfield, however, the church is dedicated to Saint Andrew, and dates back, at least in part, to the 12th century. It holds a plain Norman font and a wooden effigy of Robert du Bois. Media related to Fersfield at Wikimedia Commons
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Burston and Shimpling
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Burston and Shimpling are small villages and form a united parish in the county of Norfolk, England. The parish covers an area of 9.17 km2 and had a population of 538 in 206 households at the 2001 census, the Church of St George, Shimpling, is one of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk. It is in care of the Churches Conservation Trust, historically, Shimpling was bounded on the east by Dickleburgh, on the west by Burston, on the south by Thelton, and on the north by Gissing, absorbing Burston only much later. Website with photos of Shimpling St George
34.
Gissing, Norfolk
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Gissing /ˈɡɪsɪŋ/ is a village and civil parish in Norfolk, England, about six miles north of Diss. It covers an area of 8.11 km2 and had a population of 254 in 95 households at the 2001 census, the village is the location of Gissing Hall, a fifteenth-century mansion which is now operated as a hotel. The church, St Mary, is one of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk and it is a Grade I listed building. The monument to Sir John Kemp is by the London sculptor Charles Regnart, on 29 January 1944, two United States Army Air Forces, Consolidated B-24 Liberator collided in mid-air on an assembly mission to Frankfurt from RAF Tibenham, and both aircraft crashed near Gissing. The collision killed 25 crew on both aircraft, website with photos of Gissing St Mary Welcome to the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Gissing http, //www. heartofgissing. org. uk/
35.
Shelfanger
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Shelfanger is a village situated about 3 miles from the town of Diss in Norfolk, England. There is a church and a hall in the village. It covers an area of 6.99 km2 and had a population of 362 in 150 households at the 2001 census, in years gone by there were a school, a post office, a pub, three shops and a blacksmiths. These have all now closed down, but there is a garage run by a family of brothers called Bowman. Josh Kirby, an artist lived there and this village has been previously recorded as Scelvangra, Schelfangyll, Shelfangles, Shelfhangre and Shelfhanger, though the significance of its name is largely unknown. In 1603, it had 142 communicants and in 1736 had nearly 40 dwellinghouses, Diss Express - villages local newspaper website shelfanger. com - villages local website, managed by the Parish Council
36.
Winfarthing
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Winfarthing is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is located 6 km north of the town of Diss,20 km east of the town of Thetford, and 30 km south of the city of Norwich. The civil parish has an area of 10.8 km2 and in the 2001 census had a population of 403 in 162 households, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of South Norfolk. The village is an example of a linear village, being strung out along the B1077 road between Diss and Attleborough for around 2 km/1. 25m. It is home to the Fighting Cocks public house, All Saints Church of England Primary School, until the early 1990s it had a small Royal Mail Post Office and shop. There is still a red post box at the site of the old Post Office with regular collections, farming is the primary local business, with several dairy, arable and pig farms in the surrounding area. King Henry VIII is known to have visited the area, the parish was a demesne of the King until c.1189 the reign of Henry II, when it was sold off to a private land owner. In 1600, there were 189 communicants, and by 1739, there were 50 dwelling-houses, Diss Express - villages local newspaper website Map sources for Winfarthing. Information from Genuki Norfolk on Winfarthing
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Bergh Apton
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Bergh Apton is a village and civil parish in the South Norfolk district of Norfolk, England,7 miles south-east of Norwich just south of the A146 between Yelverton and Thurton. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 428 in 186 households, originally, Bergh Apton was two separate villages, Apton to the north-west and Bergh to the south-east, each with its own church. Apton was served by the church of St. Martin which lay near the present day Church Farm on Dodgers Lane, its last recorded use being in 1555 and the remains being finally cleared in 1834. Bergh was served by the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul which stands on a low hill overlooking the River Chet which marks the boundary of the now combined parish. The church appears to have reconstructed in the 14th century, with local flint with ashlar. The village school was closed in 1981 and the transferred to Alpington. The village shop and Post Office closed on 31 December 2012, in August 2015 the Post Office reopened its Bergh Apton branch within the Green Pastures Plant Centre and Farm Shop on Mill Road. The village hall, opened on the day of Queen Elizabeths coronation on 2 June 1953 was totally refurbished in 2013 and reopened in November of that year with new facilities and all-ability access. The hall is used by village societies, the Parish Council. Bergh Apton is served by bus route 570 operated by Anglian Coaches providing five services a day into Norwich and out to Seething, the trails were organised by Bergh Apton Community Arts Trust and became significant South Norfolk tourist attractions. In the years 2005,2008 and 2011, they drew over 10,000 visitors over three weekends in late May/early June, during the 2011 Sculpture Trail, the village, with assistance from the Bishop of Norwich, performed “A Mighty Water”. This Mystery Play, based on the story of Noah, was commissioned from internationally renowned story teller, Bergh Apton Anglo-Saxon cemetery Ordnance Survey Pathfinder map of Bergh Apton Bergh Apton website 2002/5 Sculpture Trail on Flickr
South Norfolk
