1.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
2.
Table Mountain
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Table Mountain is a flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa. It is a significant tourist attraction, with visitors using the cableway or hiking to the top. The mountain forms part of the Table Mountain National Park, the main feature of Table Mountain is the level plateau approximately 3 kilometres from side to side, edged by impressive cliffs. The plateau, flanked by Devils Peak to the east and by Lions Head to the west and this broad sweep of mountainous heights, together with Signal Hill, forms the natural amphitheatre of the City Bowl and Table Bay harbour. The highest point on Table Mountain is towards the end of the plateau and is marked by Maclears Beacon. It is 1,086 metres above sea level, nou en about 19 metres higher than the station at the western end of the plateau. Legend attributes this phenomenon to a smoking contest between the Devil and a pirate called Van Hunks. When the table cloth is seen, it symbolizes the contest, immediately to the south of Table Mountain is a rugged plateau at a somewhat lower elevation than the Table Mountain Plateau, called the Back Table. The Back Table extends southwards for approximately 6 km to the Constantia Nek-Hout Bay valley, the Atlantic side of the Back Table, is known as the Twelve Apostles, which extends from Kloof Nek to Hout Bay. It is better known by the names of the areas on its the lower slopes, Groote Schuur Estate, Newlands Forest, Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, Cecilia Forest. The upper approximately 600 m portion of the 1 km high table-topped mountain, or mesa, the Graafwater rocks can best be seen just above the contour path on the front of Table Mountain, and around Devils Peak. They can also seen in the cutting along Chapmans Peak Drive. These rocks are believed to have originated in shallow tidal flats, in which a few Ordovician fossils, the overlying TMS probably arose in deeper water, either as a result of subsidence, or a rise in the sea level. The Graafwater rocks rest on the basement consisting of Cape Granite, Devils Peak, Signal Hill, the City Bowl and much of the Cape Flats, however, rest on heavily folded and altered phyllites and hornfelses known informally as the Malmesbury shales. The Cape Granite and Malmesbury shales form the lower, gentler slopes of the Table Mountain range on the Cape Peninsula and they are of late Precambrian age, pre-dating the Graafwater rocks by at least 40 million years. The basement rocks are not nearly as resistant to weathering as the TMS, but significant outcrops of the Cape Granite are visible on the side of Lions Head. The weathered granite soil of the slopes of the Peninsula Mountain range are more fertile than the nutrient-poor soils derived from TMS. Most of the vineyards found on the Cape Peninsula are therefore found on granitic slopes of the Table Mountain range
3.
Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
4.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
5.
Controlled-access highway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
6.
Kensington, New South Wales
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Kensington is a suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 6 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district, in the government area of the City of Randwick. Colloquially, Kensington is referred to as Kenso, Kensington lies to the immediate south of Moore Park and west of Randwick Racecourse. The principal landmarks of the suburb are the campus of the University of New South Wales, National Institute of Dramatic Art. Kensington is also a suburb close to the Sydney CBD. There is a mixture of high and medium-density housing, and free-standing homes for its 11,000 residents, prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by the Cadigal people, one of the salt-water clans of the Darug language group. The Cadigal people were known for their skills and often travelled in canoes. The 1828 census showed some 50–60 clans of Cadigal people living by the Lachlan swamps of Kensington, swamps provided fruit, nectar, roots and tubers. Very few Aboriginals live in Kensington today, the suburb now known as Kensington was once called the Lachlan Mills Estate, Stannumville and then Epsom. It became Kensington in the late 1880s, starting life as an industrial suburb, samuel Terry, the convict who became Australias first millionaire, received a land grant in 1819. Daniel Cooper, also an ex-convict acquired land here in 1825 with his partner Solomon Levey, coopers nephew Daniel planned to subdivide but in 1865 all developments was forbidden. Residential land was issued in the late 1880s and Kensington was to be the equivalent of Londons distinguished suburb, Kensington Racecourse opened in 1893 on the site of the current University of New South Wales. It did not compete with nearby Randwick Racecourse because it held meetings, pony racing. The course was used to house troops and horses during the Boer War, World War I and World War II. The land was resumed in 1950 to construct Sydneys second university, wills tobacco factory opened in Todman Avenue in 1902. The factory site also featured the Raleigh Park Social Club, a sporting complex named after Sir Walter Raleigh who first introduced tobacco from North America to Europe. The factory closed in 1989 and was converted into a high density residential neighbourhood by the Mirvac Group. The building used by the company is a brick building in the Georgian Revival style
7.
Mascot, New South Wales
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Mascot is a suburb in south-eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Mascot is located 7 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is one of the centres of the Bayside Council. Mascot is on the north-west side of Botany Bay and contains Sydney Airport, the first land grants in the area were made in 1835, with market gardening being the main land use. Subdivision followed the construction of Botany Road in 1875 and a municipality known as North Botany was formed in 1888, a racecourse operated in this area in 1904 on land that was formerly owned by the Australian Golf Club. The race course was known as Ascot, named after its famous counterpart in England, residents wanted the area to have an individual identity and a referendum was held in 1911 to choose between Ascot, and Booralee. An objection from the authorities to the use of Ascot led the council to alter the name to Mascot. In 1920, Mascot was chosen as the site of a public airfield, nigel Love was leasing 200 acres from the Kensington Race club and in 1921 the Commonwealth Government purchased 161 acres for this purpose. The first regular flights began in 1924, cooks River was diverted away from the area in 1947-52 to provide more land for the airport. Mascot has a mixture of residential, commercial and industrial areas, the main shopping centre is located on Botany Road. The area around Mascot railway station is being redeveloped to contain high-density commercial and residential developments, the Police Headquarters for the local Botany Bay Area Command is on Botany Road and Mascot Ambulance Station is situated directly opposite. Mascot Fire Station is located in Coward Street, beside the City of Botany Bay Council Chambers, Sydney Airport, Sydneys principal airport, takes up a large part of the suburb. The head office of Qantas is the Qantas Centre at 203 Coward Street in Mascot, the regional airline Eastern Australia Airlines has its head office on the grounds of Sydney Airport in Mascot. The airline Impulse Airlines, when it existed, had its office in the airport property. Mascot is serviced by a number of bus routes, which are operated by Sydney Buses, the M20,301,303,309,310,400 and 410 routes travel down Botany Road. The 343 and 418 services travel down Gardeners Road and the 305 route departs from Qantas Centre, the suburb is served by three railway stations on the Airport Line. Mascot railway station is located in the residential and business area of the suburb, the International and Domestic railway stations are situated below the respective terminals of the airport. The Sydenham to Botany branch of the Metropolitan Goods railway line passes through the suburb, recent improvements to Kingsford-Smith Airport have resulted in the creation of a bicycle path between Mascot and the M5 East Freeway at Arncliffe. Other bike paths pass through Mascot to Botany Bay, the University of New South Wales, at the 2011 census, the population of Mascot was 10,179
8.
Pagewood, New South Wales
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Pagewood is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 8 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. It is part of the Bayside Council, Pagewood has a mixture of residential and industrial areas. Pagewood was originally planned as a suburb, similar to neighbouring Daceyville. However, it was developed to provide housing after World War I when there was a shortage of land, the new suburb began developing in 1919 as an estate called Monash Gardens. The suburb was named Pagewood in 1929 to honour Alderman F. J, national Studios was opened in 1935 and for nearly thirty years, Australian and British cinema was produced here. In 1940, the site was bought by General Motors Holden, in 1960, the council considered changing the suburb name to East Botany. Residents battled to retain the name, particularly since Botany was becoming an industrial area, the remainder of the site was sold to W. D. & H. O. Eastgardens, which covers the area around the centre, was officially declared a separate suburb in 1999. Astrolabe Park, in the corner of the suburb, was named after one of the ships commanded by La Perouse. Pagewood Public School is located in Page Street A number of sporting teams represent the local area. Secret Deals Claim On Pagewood Site, The Sydney Morning Herald,15 September 1982
9.
Rosebery, New South Wales
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Rosebery is an inner city suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 6 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the government areas of the City of Sydney. This is happening in the parts of Rosebery and the adjacent Green Square. Rosebery was named after Archibald Phillip Primrose, the fifth Earl of Rosebery, the suburb was named in his honour after his visit to Australia for two months in 1883–84. Rosebery was once the site of Rosebery Racecourse, which first opened as a track in 1906. Race meetings held by the Associated Racing Clubs became as popular as those at Randwick, the track became an army camp during World War II. After the war, it became a track used by the Sydney Turf Club. In 1961, much of the land was purchased by the Rosebery Town Planning Company, the housing commission purchased the remaining acres for high density public housing. The area north of Gardeners Road was developed by Richard Stanton, garden competitions were held in the suburb prior to the 1990s. Houses are predominantly single-storey California bungalows, Federation Bungalows or standard suburban detached homes, the Roseberry tram line opened in 1902 and initially ran via Chalmers and Redfern Streets and south along Elizabeth Street to Zetland via Elizabeth Street. In 1924, the line was extended to Epsom Road in Rosebery, the line was electrified double track throughout. The line was closed in 1957, peter Oxford lived in the suburb from 2003 At the 2011 census, the population of Roseberry was 8,479. The most common ancestries in Rosebery were Australian 12. 0%, Chinese 12. 0%, English 11. 4%, Greek 11. 3%, a small shopping centre is located on Gardeners Road. Commercial and industrial developments are located on and around Botany Road. Gardeners Road Primary School is the school for the area and is located at the junction of Gardeners Road. St Thereses School is a Catholic school next to St Thereses Church, on Rosebery Avenue is the Sydney International Film School. There is a park in the middle of Rosebery called Turruwul Park. A smaller park is Crete Reserve, situated at the bottom of Rosebery Avenue, other small parks are located at Lever Street, where there is a scout hall, and the corner of Harris and Coward Streets
10.
Freeways in Australia
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This is a list of freeways in Australia, sorted by states and territories and their corresponding routes. This list includes tollways / toll roads such as the CityLink freeway system in Melbourne and this list has over 70 entries. The only jurisdiction in Australia without freeways is the Northern Territory, victoria has the largest and densest freeway network in Australia. Princes Motorway Princes Highway, 16% of which is of freeway or dual carriageway standard, hunter Expressway Federal Highway Hume Motorway Newcastle Inner City Bypass NorthConnex - To be Complete by 2019. WestConnex - To be Complete by 2023, western Sydney Airport Motorway - Currently in Planning Phase. Currently there are three constructed expressways within Adelaide, river Torrens to Torrens Road upgrade of 4km of South Road due to complete by the end of 2018. While the overall quality of Tasmanias highway network has been constructed to a high standard, in the past, Hobart and Launceston have each had comprehensive transport studies conducted, proposing grade separated freeways running through and around them. While some of these roads have been constructed, the majority are limited access featuring at-grade intersections, devonport and Burnie are the only major population centres with freeway standard roads linking each other. There has been repeated proposals in recent years to upgrade the Midland Highway to grade separated freeway standards. This List is limited to Tasmanias freeway-standard roads. Western Freeway Hume Freeway Goulburn Valley Freeway Calder Freeway Princes Highway Duplication - Expected to be Complete by mid 2019, Princes Highway Duplication - Expected to be Complete by mid 2019. Western Distributor - Currently in Planning Phase - Expected to be Complete by 2022, western Highway Duplication - Currently Suspended - Expected to commence construction in early 2017. Perth Freight Link Stage 1 - Construction Currently Suspended - Began Construction in late 2016 and is expected to be complete by mid 2019
11.
Dual carriageway
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A dual carriageway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way
12.
Road pricing
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Road congestion pricing for entering an urban area, or pollution charges levied on vehicles with higher tailpipe emissions are typical schemes implemented to price externalities. Examples of pollution pricing schemes include the London low emission zone, many recent road pricing schemes have proved controversial, with a number of high-profile schemes in the US and the UK being cancelled, delayed or scaled back in response to opposition and protest. Road pricing is a term that may be used for any system where the driver pays directly for use of a particular roadway or road network in a particular city. The Smeed Report, Road Pricing, The Economic and Technical Possibilities, Road pricing was then developed by Maurice Allais and Gabriel Roth in a paper titled The Economics of Road User Charges published by the World Bank in 1968. The first successful implementation of a charge was with the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme in 1976. The Electronic Road Pricing scheme operated as a trial between 1983 and 1985 but was not continued due to public opposition. A number of road tolling schemes were introduced in Norway between 1986 and 1991 in Bergen, Oslo, and the Trondheim Toll Scheme. It was noticed that the Oslo scheme had the effect of reducing traffic by around 5%. The Singapore scheme was expanded in 1995 and converted to use a new electronic tolling system in 1998, the first use of a road toll for access by low-occupancy vehicles to high-occupancy vehicle lane was introduced in the U. S. on California State Route 91 in 1995. Since 2000, other schemes have been introduced, although the New York congestion pricing proposal, in January 2009, variable tolls were implemented at Sydney Harbour Bridge, two weeks after upgrading to 100% free-flow electronic toll collection. The city is dealt with traffic congestion and air pollution through a driving restriction scheme implemented since the 2008 Summer Olympics, as of June 2016, another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place. In early 2010 the city Guangzhou, Guangdong province, opened a discussion on whether to introduce congestion charges. An online survey conducted by two news outlets found that 84. 4% of respondents opposed the charges. The city of Nanjing is also considering the implementation of congestion pricing, in December 2015, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport announced plans to introduce congestion charges in 2016. The Dongcheng and Xicheng are among the districts that are most likely to implement congestion charge. Vehicle emissions account for 31% of the citys smog sources, according to Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau, the local government has implemented already several policies to address air quality and congestion, such as a driving restriction scheme based upon the last digits on their license plates. Also a vehicle quota system was introduced in 2011, awarding new car licenses through a lottery, in May 2016, the Beijing city legislature announced it will consider to start levying traffic congestion charges by 2020 as part of a package of measures to reform the vehicle quota system. As of June 2016, the environmental and transport departments are working together on a congestion pricing proposal
Eastern Distributor / South Dowling Street
Metroad 1 
National Route 1 
State Route 64 
Mill Pond Road to General Holmes Drive – Sydney Airport, Port Botany, La Perouse
