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Fort Fuentes, built by the Spanish to intimidate the Three Leagues into reopening the eastern route through the Valtellina.
Fort Fuentes, built by the Spanish to intimidate the Three Leagues into reopening the eastern route through the Valtellina.
The Battle of the Downs. The closure of the Spanish Road obliged Spain to send reinforcements to the Low Countries by sea instead.
The Battle of the Downs. The closure of the Spanish Road obliged Spain to send reinforcements to the Low Countries by sea instead.
Louis XIII, King of France from 1610 to 1643
Louis XIII, King of France from 1610 to 1643
Philip IV of Spain, ruler from 1621 to 1665
Philip IV of Spain, ruler from 1621 to 1665
The Battle of Rocroi in 1643 can be seen as the end of the battlefield supremacy of the tercios.
The Battle of Rocroi in 1643 can be seen as the end of the battlefield supremacy of the tercios.
The Spanish retake Naples, April 1648
The Spanish retake Naples, April 1648