1.
Historical period drama
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The term, historical period drama refers to a work set in an earlier time period, usually used in the context of film and television. It is an informal term that can apply to several genres and is often heard in the context of historical fiction and romances, adventure films. A period piece may be as long and general as the ages or as limited as one decade, for example. Historical drama film stories are based upon events and famous people. A period film is a film that attempts to depict a specific time period. Examples include movies like Cinderella Man, Schindler’s List, Les Misérables or Lincoln, the most common type of period piece is the historical period piece, both on stage and in movies. This category includes Robin Hood, Barry Lyndon, Amadeus, The Young Victoria, films that are set in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Last Man Standing, can also be placed in this category. Other examples include Marie Antoinette, Middle march, and Pride, many highly successful television series have been known as period pieces. Notable examples include The Tudors, Mad Men, Boardwalk Empire, Call the Midwife, Downton Abbey, Deadwood, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, and Little House on the Prairie
2.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
3.
Chroma key
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Chroma key compositing, or chroma keying, is a visual effects / post-production technique for compositing two images or video streams together based on color hues. The technique has been used heavily in many fields to remove a background from the subject of a photo or video – particularly the newscasting, motion picture and videogame industries. A color range in the footage is made transparent, allowing separately filmed background footage or a static image to be inserted into the scene. The chroma keying technique is used in video production and post-production. No part of the subject being filmed or photographed may duplicate the color used as the backing, when using a blue screen, different weather maps are added on the parts of the image where the color is blue. If the news presenter wears blue clothes, his or her clothes will also be replaced with the background video, chroma keying is also common in the entertainment industry for visual effects in movies and videogames. Prior to the introduction of travelling mattes and optical printing, double exposure was used to introduce elements into a scene which werent present in the initial exposure and this was done using black draping where a green screen would be used today. George Albert Smith first used this approach in 1898, in 1903, The Great Train Robbery by Edwin S. Porter used double exposure to add background scenes to windows which were black when filmed on set, using a garbage matte to expose only the window areas. In 1918 Frank Williams patented a travelling matte technique, again based on using a black background and this was used in many films, such as The Invisible Man. In the 1920s, Walt Disney used a backdrop to include human actors with cartoon characters. The blue screen method was developed in the 1930s at RKO Radio Pictures, at RKO, Linwood Dunn used an early version of the travelling matte to create wipes – where there were transitions like a windshield wiper in films such as Flying Down to Rio. In 1950, Warner Brothers employee and ex-Kodak researcher Arthur Widmer began working on a travelling matte process. He also began developing techniques, one of the first films to use them was the 1958 adaptation of the Ernest Hemingway novella, The Old Man. Petro Vlahos was awarded an Academy Award for his refinement of techniques in 1964. His technique exploits the fact that most objects in real-world scenes have a color whose blue-color component is similar in intensity to their green-color component, zbigniew Rybczyński also contributed to bluescreen technology. An optical printer with two projectors, a camera and a beam splitter, was used to combine the actor in front of a blue screen together with the background footage. In the early 1970s, American and British television networks began using green backdrops instead of blue for their newscasts, during the 1980s, minicomputers were used to control the optical printer. For the film The Empire Strikes Back, Richard Edlund created an optical printer that accelerated the process considerably
4.
Post-production
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Post-production, or postproduction, is part of the process of filmmaking, video production, and photography. It occurs in the making of pictures, television programs, radio programs, advertising, audio recordings, photography. It is a term for all stages of production occurring after shooting or recording individual program segments, traditional post-production has been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system. Post-production is many different processes grouped under one name and these typically include, Video editing the picture of a television program using an edit decision list Writing, recording, and editing the soundtrack. Adding visual special effects - mainly computer-generated imagery and digital copy from which release prints will be made, sound design, sound effects, ADR, foley, and music, culminating in a process known as sound re-recording or mixing with professional audio equipment. Transfer of colour motion picture film to video or DPX with a telecine, the process of editing a movie is also seen as the second directing because through post-production it is possible to change the intention of the movie. Furthermore, through the use of color grading tools and the addition of music and sound, for instance, a blue-tinted movie is associated with a cold atmosphere and the choice of music and sound increases the effect of the shown scenes to the audience. Post-production was named a dying industry by Phil Izzo, the once exclusive service offered by high-end post-production facilities have been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system. As such, traditional services are being surpassed by digital. In television, the phases of post-production include, editing, video editing, sound editing, animation and visual effects insertions, viewing and it is imperative that post-production executes and oversees the preparation until the final product is completely ready. Professional post-producers usually apply a certain range of image editing operations to the raw image format provided by a photographer or an image-bank, there is a range of proprietary and free and open-source software, running on a range of operating systems available to do this work. The first stage of post-production usually requires loading the RAW images into the post-production software, if there is more than one image, and they belong to a set, ideally post-producers try to equalize the images before loading them. After that, if necessary, the step would be to cut the objects in the images with the Pen Tool for a perfect. The next stage would be cleaning the image using tools such as the tool, clone tool. The next stages depend on what the client ordered, if its a photo-montage, the post-producers would usually start assembling the different images into the final document, and start to integrate the images with the background. In advertising, it usually requires assembling several images together in a photo-composition, types of work usually done, Advertising that requires one background and one or more models. Fashion photography that usually requires a really heavy post-production for editorial and/or advertising, techniques used in music post-production include comping, timing and pitch correction, and adding effects. This process is referred to as mixing and can also involve equalization
5.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
6.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
7.
Theatre
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The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
8.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
9.
Simulation
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Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation of the system over time, Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance optimization, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and video games. Often, computer experiments are used to study simulation models, Simulation is also used with scientific modelling of natural systems or human systems to gain insight into their functioning, as in economics. Simulation can be used to show the real effects of alternative conditions. Physical simulation refers to simulation in which objects are substituted for the real thing. These physical objects are chosen because they are smaller or cheaper than the actual object or system. Simulation Fidelity is used to describe the accuracy of a simulation, Fidelity is broadly classified as 1 of 3 categories, low, medium, and high. Simulation in failure analysis refers to simulation in which we create environment/conditions to identify the cause of equipment failure and this was the best and fastest method to identify the failure cause. A computer simulation is an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works, by changing variables in the simulation, predictions may be made about the behaviour of the system. It is a tool to investigate the behaviour of the system under study. A good example of the usefulness of using computers to simulate can be found in the field of network traffic simulation, in such simulations, the model behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment. Computer simulation is used as an adjunct to, or substitution for. Several software packages exist for running computer-based simulation modeling that makes all the modeling almost effortless, modern usage of the term computer simulation may encompass virtually any computer-based representation. The computer simulates the subject machine, accordingly, in theoretical computer science the term simulation is a relation between state transition systems, useful in the study of operational semantics. Less theoretically, an application of computer simulation is to simulate computers using computers. For example, simulators have been used to debug a microprogram or sometimes commercial application programs, simulators may also be used to interpret fault trees, or test VLSI logic designs before they are constructed. Symbolic simulation uses variables to stand for unknown values, in the field of optimization, simulations of physical processes are often used in conjunction with evolutionary computation to optimize control strategies. Simulation is extensively used for educational purposes and it is frequently used by way of adaptive hypermedia
10.
Virtual world
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These avatars can be textual, two or three-dimensional graphical representations, or live video avatars with auditory and touch sensations. In general, virtual worlds allow for multiple users, the user accesses a computer-simulated world which presents perceptual stimuli to the user, who in turn can manipulate elements of the modeled world and thus experience a degree of presence. Such modeled worlds and their rules may draw from the reality or fantasy worlds, example rules are gravity, topography, locomotion, real-time actions, and communication. Communication between users can range from text, graphical icons, visual gesture, sound, and rarely, forms using touch, voice command, and balance senses. Massively multiplayer online games depict a range of worlds, including those based on science fiction, the real world, super heroes, sports, horror. The most common form of games are fantasy worlds, whereas those based on the real world are relatively rare. Most MMORPGs have real-time actions and communication, players create a character who travels between buildings, towns, and worlds to carry out business or leisure activities. Communication is usually textual, but real-time voice communication is also possible, the form of communication used can substantially affect the experience of players in the game. Virtual worlds are not limited to games but, depending on the degree of immediacy presented, can encompass computer conferencing, sometimes, emoticons or smilies are available to show feeling or facial expression. Emoticons often have a keyboard shortcut, edward Castronova is an economist who has argued that synthetic worlds is a better term for these cyberspaces, but this term has not been widely adopted. The concept of virtual worlds significantly predates computers, the Roman naturalist, Pliny the Elder, expressed an interest in perceptual illusion. Such devices are characterized by bulky headsets and other types of sensory input simulation, contemporary virtual worlds, in particular the multi-user online environments, emerged mostly independently of this research, fueled instead by the gaming industry but drawing on similar inspiration. Maze War was the first networked, 3D multi-user first person shooter game, maze introduced the concept of online players in 1973–1974 as eyeball avatars chasing each other around in a maze. It was played on ARPANET, or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, the initial game could only be played on an Imlac, as it was specifically designed for this type of computer. The first virtual worlds presented on the Internet were communities and chat rooms, some of which evolved into MUDs, the first MUD, known as MUD1, was released in 1978. The acronym originally stood for Multi-User Dungeon, but later came to mean Multi-User Dimension. A MUD is a world with many players interacting in real time. The early versions were text-based, offering only limited graphical representation, users interact in role-playing or competitive games by typing commands and can read or view descriptions of the world and other players
11.
Practical effect
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A practical effect is a special effect produced physically, without computer-generated imagery or other post production techniques. In some contexts, special effect is used as a synonym of practical effect, many of the staples of action movies are practical effects. Gunfire, bullet wounds, rain, wind, fire, non-human characters and creatures produced with make-up, prosthetics, masks, and puppets – in contrast to computer-generated images – are also examples of practical effects. The use of makeup, animatronics, puppetry, or creature suits to create the appearance of living creatures. Miniature effects, which is the use of models which are photographed in a way that they appear full sized. Mechanical effects, such as aerial rigging to simulate flight, stage mounted gimbals to make the ground move, pyrotechnics for the appearance of fire and explosions. Weather effects such as systems to create rain and fog machines to create smoke. Squibs to create the illusion of gunshot wounds, special effects Computer-generated imagery Visual effects Optics
12.
Theatrical property
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A prop, formally known as property, is an object used on stage or on screen by actors during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes, consumable food items appearing in the production are also considered props. The earliest known use of the properties in English to refer to stage accessories is in the 1425 CE Morality play. The Oxford English Dictionary finds the first usage of props in 1841, during the Renaissance in Europe, small acting troupes functioned as cooperatives, pooling resources and dividing any income. Many performers provided their own costumes, but special items—stage weapons, furniture or other hand-held devices—were considered company property, some experts however seem to think that the term comes from the idea that stage or screen objects belong to whoever uses them on stage. There is no difference between props in different media, such as theatre, film, or television, bland Wade, a properties director, says, A coffee cup onstage is a coffee cup on television, is a coffee cup on the big screen. He adds, There are definitely different responsibilities and different vocabulary, the term theatrical property originated to describe an object used in a stage play and similar entertainments to further the action. Technically, a prop is any object that gives the scenery, actors, or performance space specific period, place, props in a production originate from off stage unless they have been preset on the stage before the production begins. Props are stored on a prop table backstage near the entrance during production then generally locked in a storage area between performances. The term has readily transferred to television, motion picture and video game production, in recent years, the increasing popularity of movie memorabilia has added new meaning to the term prop, broadening its existence to include a valuable after-life as a prized collectors item. Typically not available until after a premiere, movie props appearing on-screen are called screen-used. However, a prop must read well from the house or on-screen, in some cases, a prop is designed to behave differently from how the real object would, often for the sake of safety. A mop, representing a string mop, but built out of a shape covered with fabric. A prop weapon that reads well but lacks the intentional harmfulness of the real weapon. In the theater, prop weapons are almost always either non-operable replicas, guns fire caps or noisy blanks, swords are dulled, and knives are often made of plastic or rubber. In film production, fully functional weapons are used. Real cartridges with bullets removed are still dangerously charged which has caused several instances when used on stage or film. The safety and proper handling of weapons used as movie props is the premiere responsibility of the prop master
13.
Scale model
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This enables it to demonstrate some behavior or property of the original object without examining the original object itself. The most familiar scale models represent the appearance of an object in miniature. Scale models are used in fields including engineering, architecture, film making, military command, salesmanship. While each field may use a model for a different purpose, all scale models are based on the same principles. The detail requirements vary depending on the needs of the modeler, in general a scale model must be designed and built primarily considering similitude theory. However, other requirements concerning practical issues must also be considered, similitude is the theory and art of predicting prototype performance from scale model observations. The main requirement of similitude is all dimensionless quantities must be equal for both the model and the prototype under the conditions the modeler desires to make observations. Dimensionless quantities are generally referred to as Pi terms, or π terms, in many fields the π terms are well established. For example, in dynamics, a well known dimensionless number called the Reynolds number comes up frequently in scale model tests with fluid in motion relative to a stationary surface. An example of the Reynolds number and its use in similitude theory satisfaction can be observed in the scale model testing of fluid flow in a horizontal pipe, one method to determine the dimensionless quantities of concern for a given problem is to use dimensional analysis. Practical concerns include the cost to construct the model, available test facilities to condition and observe the model, the availability of certain materials, and even who will build it. Practical requirements are very diverse depending on the purpose of the scale model. As an example, perhaps an aerospace company needs to test a new wing shape, however, if a facility such as this one cant be used, perhaps due to cost constraints, the similitude requirements must be relaxed or the test redesigned to accommodate the limitation. In this case, concessions must be made for reasons to the similitude requirements. An example of this from fluid dynamics is flow of a liquid in a horizontal pipe, possible π terms to consider in this situation are Reynolds number, Weber number, Froude number, and Mach number. For this flow configuration, however, no tension is involved. Also, compression of the fluid is not applicable, so the Mach number can be disregarded, finally, gravity is not responsible for the flow, so the Froude number can also be disregarded. This leaves the modeler with only the Reynolds number to worry about in terms of equating its values for the scale model, in general, scale models can be classified into three classes depending on the degree of similitude satisfaction they exhibit
14.
Animatronics
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Animatronics refers to the use of robotic devices to emulate a human or an animal, or bring lifelike characteristics to an otherwise inanimate object. A robot designed to be an imitation of a human is more specifically labeled as an android. Modern animatronics have found applications in movie special effects and theme parks and have, since their inception. Animatronics is a field which integrates anatomy, robots, mechatronics. Animatronic figures are often powered by pneumatics, hydraulics, and/or by electrical means, motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions in limbs. Animatronics is portmanteau of animate and electronics The term audio-animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment, Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids. 1515, Leonardo da Vinci designed and built the Automata Lion,1738, The construction of automata begins in Grenoble, France by Jacques de Vaucanson. 1770, Pierre Jaquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis Jaquet-Droz, both Swiss watchmakers, start making automata for European royalty, once completed, they had created three dolls. One doll was able to write, the other play music,1801, Joseph Jacquard builds a loom that is controlled autonomously with punched cards. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the 1939 Worlds Fair,1939 New York Worlds Fair 1961, Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand. 1961, Walt Disney coins the term audio-animatronics and begins developing modern animatronic technology,1963, The first animatronics, called Audio-Animatronics, created by Disney were the Enchanted Tiki Birds. Disneyland 1964, In the film Mary Poppins, animatronic birds are the first animatronics to be featured in a motion picture,1965, The first animatronics figure of a person is created by Disney and is Abraham Lincoln. 1968, The first animatronic character at a restaurant is created, goes by the name Golden Mario and was built by Team Built in 1968. 1977, Chuck E. Cheeses opens its doors, as the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction,1980, ShowBiz Pizza Place opens with the Rock-afire Explosion 1982, Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs. 1989, The first A-100 animatronic is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at the Disney-MGM Studios to represent The Wicked Witch of the West,1993, The largest animatronic figure ever built is the T. rex for the movie, Jurassic Park. 1998, Tiger Electronics begins selling Furby, a pet with over 800 English phrases or Furbish. Vernon Hills, Illinois May 11,1999, Sony releases the AIBO animatronics pet, tokyo, Japan 2008, Mr. Potato Head at the Toy Story exhibit features lips with superior range of movement to any other animatronic figure previously. Disneys Hollywood Studios October 31,2008 –July 1,2009, the Hall of Presidents September 28,2009, Disney develops Otto, the first interactive figure that can hear, see and sense actions in the room
15.
Pyrotechnics
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Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound. Its etymology stems from the Greek words pyro and tekhnikos, individuals responsible for the safe storage, handling, and functioning of pyrotechnic devices are referred to as pyrotechnicians. Proximate refers to the devices location relative to an audience. In the majority of jurisdictions, special training and licensing must be obtained from local authorities to legally prepare, many musical groups use pyrotechnics to enhance their live shows. Pink Floyd were without a doubt the innovators of pyrotechnic use in concerts, for instance, at the climax of their song Careful with That Axe, Eugene, a blast of smoke was set off at the back of the stage. Bands such as The Who, KISS and Queen, soon followed use of pyrotechnics in their shows, michael Jackson attempted using pyrotechnics in a 1984 Pepsi advertisement, where a stray spark caused a small fire in his hair. German industrial metal band Rammstein are renowned for their variety of pyrotechnics. Nightwish, Lordi and Green Day are also known for their vivid pyrotechnics in concert, many professional wrestlers have also used pyrotechnics as part of their entrances to the ring. Modern pyrotechnics are, in general, divided into categories based upon the type of effect produced or manufacturing method, the most common categories are, Airburst - Hanging charges designed to burst into spheres of sparks. Binary powders - Kits divided into separate oxidizer and fuel, intended to be mixed on site, comet - Brightly colored burning pellets resembling shooting stars. Mine - Tubes containing a lift charge intended to project stars, sparks, preloaded Smoke Pot - Cartridges designed to release a mushroom cloud of smoke. Concussion - Device designed to create a loud report, falls - Propellant with titanium burning in an open ended tube creating a falling spark effect. Fireballs / Mortar Hits - Short barreled device projecting smoky rolling ball of flame, flame Projector - Tube containing nitrocellulose granules that burn in pillars of colored flame. Flare - Short, high intensity flames or various colours, flash Cotton - Nitrated cotton string. Flashpaper - Sheets of nitrated paper resembling tissue paper, flash Pot - Short metal pot used with binary powders creating flash, smoke or sparks. Flash Tray - A long tube slit down one side to project a sheet of flash, gerb - A fountain of sparks. Lance - A Small colored flare tube used in making points of light lancework or pictures in fire, line Rockets - Whistling or colored rocket devices that travel along guide cables. Multi-Tube Article - Multiple effects chained together, pre-Mixed Powder - Powders intended to create various effects
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Prosthetic makeup
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Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by John Chambers in such films as Planet of the Apes, the process of creating a prosthetic appliance begins with lifecasting, the process of taking a mold of a body part to use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe silicone rubber and this initial mold is relatively weak and flexible. A hard mother mold, typically made of plaster or fiberglass bandages is created overtop the initial mold to provide support, once a negative mold has been created, it is promptly filled with gypsum cement, most commonly a brand called Ultracal-30, to make a positive mold. The form of the prosthetic is sculpted in clay on top of the positive, the edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible, for the clay is a stand-in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece. Along the edges of the mold, keys or mold points are sculpted or carved into the lifecast, once sculpting is completed, a second mold is made. This gives two or more pieces of a mold - a positive of the face, and one or more negative mold pieces of the face with prosthetic sculpted in, all clay is carefully removed and the prosthetic material is cast into the mold cavity. The prosthetic material can be foam latex, gelatin, silicone or other similar materials, the prosthetic is cured within the two part mold - thus creating the beginning of a makeup effect. One of the hardest parts of prosthetic make-up is keeping the edges as thin as possible and they should be tissue thin so they are easy to blend and cover giving a flawless look. The use of makeup to create wounds or trauma is called moulage and is used by the military and medical schools to educate. Samantha Fox, Race Swap and makeup process, julie Goodyear, Age Swap and makeup application. Tommy Lee Jones, Harvey Dent/Two-Face in Batman Forever, rebecca Loos, Gender Swap and makeup application. James McAvoy among others in The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch, rik Mayall, Drop Dead Fred Larissa Meek, Average Joe Hawaii Melinda Messenger, Celebrity Swap. Jack Nicholson, Jack Napier/The Joker in Batman, ron Perlman, several times in his career, but most notably as Hellboy Brad Pitt, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Katie Price, Jordan Gets Even and makeup application. Melena Scantlin, The completed makeup and the scene and the makeup process. Arnold Schwarzenegger, as iterations of the Terminator in The Terminator and its sequels Terminator 2, Judgment Day and Terminator 3, carol Smillie, Gender Swap and makeup application. Lea Thompson, A Will Of Their Own, Back To The Future Part II, many actors in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, notably John Rhys Davies and various actors/stuntmen portraying orcs. Make-up artist Special effect Animatronics Facial prosthetic Prosthetic Makeup, truffle Forager and Food Make-Up Artist
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Multiple exposure
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The exposure values may or may not be identical to each other. Ordinarily, cameras have a sensitivity to light that is a function of time, for example, a one-second exposure is an exposure in which the camera image is equally responsive to light over the exposure time of one second. The criterion for determining that something is an exposure is that the sensitivity goes up. The simplest example of an exposure is a double exposure without flash. Some single exposures, such as flash and blur use a combination of electronic flash and this effect can be approximated by a Dirac delta measure and a constant finite rectangular window, in combination. For example, a sensitivity window comprising a Dirac comb combined with a pulse, is considered a multiple exposure. In photography and cinematography, multiple exposure is a technique in which the shutter is opened more than once to expose the film multiple times. The resulting image contains the subsequent image/s superimposed over the original, the technique is sometimes used as an artistic visual effect and can be used to create ghostly images or to add people and objects to a scene that were not originally there. It is frequently used in photographic hoaxes and it is considered easiest to have a manual winding camera for double exposures. On automatic winding cameras, as soon as a picture is taken the film is wound to the next frame. Some more advanced automatic winding cameras have the option for multiple exposures, manual winding cameras with a multiple exposure feature can be set to double-expose after making the first exposure. Since shooting multiple exposures will expose the same frame multiple times, for example, to expose the frame twice with correct exposure, a −1 EV compensation have to be done, and −2 EV for exposing four times. This may not be necessary when photographing a lit subject in two different positions against a dark background, as the background area will be essentially unexposed. Medium to low light is ideal for double exposures, a tripod may not be necessary if combining different scenes in one shot. In some conditions, for example, recording the progress of a lunar eclipse in multiple exposures. More than two exposures can be combined, with not to overexpose the film. Digital technology enables images to be superimposed over each other by using a photo editor. These enable the opacity of the images to be altered and for an image to be overlaid over another and they also can set the layers to multiply mode, which adds the colors together rather than making the colors of either image pale and translucent
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Optical printer
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An optical printer is a device consisting of one or more film projectors mechanically linked to a movie camera. It allows filmmakers to re-photograph one or more strips of film, the optical printer is used for making special effects for motion pictures, or for copying and restoring old film material. Common optical effects include fade outs and fade ins, dissolves, slow motion, fast motion, more complicated work can involve dozens of elements, all combined into a single scene. The first, simple optical printers were constructed early in the 1920s, development continued well into the 1980s, when the printers were controlled with minicomputers. Prime examples of optical printing work include the work in Star Wars. In the late 1980s, digital compositing began to supplant optical effects, by the mid-nineties, computer graphics had evolved to rival and surpass what was possible with optical printers, and many now consider optical printing all but obsolete. Improvements in film scanners and recorders allow for a feature film to be processed by computers, have special effects applied. Today, optical printing is used as an artistic tool by experimental film makers, for educational purposes. As a technique, it is useful for making copies of hand painted or physically manipulated film. As in any process, every re-printing degrades the picture. Properly performed contact printing generally creates less degradation provided that the contact between the negative and the print film is perfect, optical printing can emphasize the grain structure and any imperfections in the negative. Also, since a new, different piece of film was exposed and printed, usually the printer work was limited to only the parts of a dissolve needing the effect. The original footage was spliced mid-shot with the optically-printed portion, often resulting in a change in image quality when the transition occurs. Other problematic artifacts depend on the attempted, most often alignment inaccuracies in matte work. For this reason, shots intended to be manipulated via optical printer were often shot on film formats than the rest of the project. Scratches, abrasions, cinch marks caused by rewinding a film too tightly, in the normal process of duplicating a film in an optical printer, collimated light passes through the film base on its way to illuminate the emulsion. Any scratches, abrasions, etc. in the film base cause the light to bend such that the film ends up with bright or dark copies of the scratches. This bending of the light is being caused by the difference in the index of the substrate
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Computer-generated imagery
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The term CGI animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments, Computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for films, etc. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, the evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in the 1990s where runs of the simulated camera are not constrained by the laws of physics. Not only do animated images form part of computer-generated imagery, natural looking landscapes are generated via computer algorithms. A simple way to generate fractal surfaces is to use an extension of the triangular mesh method, relying on the construction of special case of a de Rham curve. The creation of a Brownian surface may be achieved not only by adding noise as new nodes are created, thus a topographical map with varying levels of height can be created using relatively straightforward fractal algorithms. Some typical, easy-to-program fractals used in CGI are the plasma fractal, modern architects use services from computer graphic firms to create 3-dimensional models for both customers and builders. These computer generated models can be accurate than traditional drawings. Architectural animation can also be used to see the relationship a building will have in relation to the environment. The rendering of architectural spaces without the use of paper and pencil tools is now an accepted practice with a number of computer-assisted architectural design systems. Architectural modeling tools allow an architect to visualize a space and perform walk-throughs in an interactive manner, Architectural modeling tools have now become increasingly internet-based. However, the quality of internet-based systems still lags behind those of sophisticated in-house modeling systems, in some applications, computer-generated images are used to reverse engineer historical buildings. Computer generated models used in animation are not always anatomically correct. However, organizations such as the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute have developed anatomically correct computer-based models, Computer generated anatomical models can be used both for instructional and operational purposes. To date, a body of artist produced medical images continue to be used by medical students, such as images by Frank H. Netter. However, a number of anatomical models are becoming available. A single patient X-ray is not a computer generated image, even if digitized, however, in applications which involve CT scans a three-dimensional model is automatically produced from a large number of single slice x-rays, producing computer generated image
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Oscar Gustave Rejlander
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Oscar Gustave Rejlander was a pioneering Victorian art photographer and an expert in photomontage. His collaboration with Charles Darwin on The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals has assured him a position in the history of behavioural science and his exact date of birth is uncertain, but was probably 1813. He was the son of Carl Gustaf Rejlander, a stonemason and he studied art in Rome where he saw photographs of the sights, and then initially settled in Lincoln, England. He abandoned his profession as a painter and portrait miniaturist. Other accounts say he was inspired by one of Fox Talbots assistants and he set up as a portraitist in the industrial Midlands town of Wolverhampton, probably around 1846. Around 1850 he learned the wet-collodion and waxed-paper processes at great speed with Nicholas Henneman in London and he undertook genre work and portraiture. He also created erotic work, using as models the circus girls of Mme Wharton, street children, Rejlander undertook many experiments to perfect his photography, including combination printing from around 1853, which it is possible he may have invented. He had articles feature in the Wolverhampton Chronicle, on 15 November 1854 an article called Improvement in Calotypes, Rejlander, of Wolverhampton it suggests that by 1854 he was experimenting with combination printing from several negatives. He was a friend of photographer Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who collected Rejlanders early child work, Rejlander later created one of the best known & most revealing portraits of Dodgson. His early work only slightly sullied his later reputation, and he participated in the Paris Exhibition of 1855, in 1857 he made his best-known allegorical work, The Two Ways of Life. This was a seamlessly montaged combination print made of images in about six weeks. First exhibited at the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, the shows two youths being offered guidance by a patriarch. Each youth looks toward a section of a stage-like tableaux vivant - one youth is shown the virtuous pleasures, the images partial nudity was deemed indecent by some - and those familiar with Rejlanders more commercial work might also suspect that prostitutes had been used as cheap models. But the indecency faded when Queen Victoria ordered a 10-guinea copy to give to Prince Albert and they objected to the picture being shown with one half of it concealed by drapes. The picture was shown at the Birmingham Photographic Society with no such furore or censorship. However the Photographic Society of Scotland later made amends and invited Rejlander to a dinner in his honour in 1866. The success of The Two Ways of Life, and membership of the Royal Photographic Society of London and he moved his studio to Malden Road, London around 1862 and further experimented with double exposure, photomontage, photographic manipulation and retouching. He became an expert in photographic techniques, lecturing and publishing widely
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Photomontage
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Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. Sometimes the resulting image is photographed so that a final image may appear as a seamless photographic print. A similar method, although one that does not use film, is realized today through image-editing software and this latter technique is referred to by professionals as compositing, and in casual usage is often called photoshopping. A composite of related photographs to extend a view of a scene or subject would not be labeled as a montage. Such environments as dioramas were made of composited images, the first and most famous mid-Victorian photomontage was The Two Ways of Life by Oscar Rejlander, followed shortly thereafter by the images of photographer Henry Peach Robinson such as Fading Away. These works actively set out to challenge the then-dominant painting and theatrical tableau vivants, fantasy photomontage postcards were popular in the Victorian and Edwardian periods. The preeminent producer in this period was the Bamforh Company, in Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, many of the early examples of fine-art photomontage consist of photographed elements superimposed on watercolours, a combination returned to by George Grosz in about 1915. In 1916, John Heartfield and George Grosz experimented with pasting pictures together, as so often happens in life, we had stumbled across a vein of gold without knowing it. ”John Heartfield and George Grosz were members of Berlin Club Dada. The German Dadists were instrumental in making montage into a modern art-form, the term photomontage” became widely known at the end of World War I, around 1918 or 1919. Heartfield used photomontage extensively in his innovative book dust jackets for the Berlin publishing house Malik-Verlag and he revolutionized the look of these book covers. Heartfield was the first to use photomontage to tell a “story” from the front cover of the book to the back cover and he also employed groundbreaking typography to enhance the effect. From 1930-1938, John Heartfield used photomontage to create 240 “Photomontages of The Nazi Period” to use art as a weapon against fascism, continuing to produce anti-fascist art in Czechoslovakia until 1938, Heartfield’s political photomontages earned him the number five position on the Gestapo’s Most Wanted List. Other major artists who were members of Berlin Club Dada and major exponents of photomontage were Hannah Höch, Kurt Schwitters, Raoul Hausmann, Photomontage survived Dada and was a technique inherited and used by European Surrealists such as Salvador Dalí. Its influence also spread to Japan where avant-garde painter Harue Koga produced photomontage-style paintings based on images culled from magazines, the worlds first retrospective show of photomontage was held in Germany in 1931. A later term coined in Europe was, photocollage, which referred to large and ambitious works that added typography, brushwork. In the education sphere, media arts director Rene Acevedo and Adrian Brannan have left their mark on art classrooms the world over and his contemporary, Lola Alvarez Bravo, experimented with photomontage on life and social issues in Mexican cities. In Argentina during the late 1940s, the German exile, Grete Stern, began to contribute work on the theme of Sueños, as part of a regular psychoanalytical article in the magazine. The pioneering techniques of early photomontage artists were co-opted by the industry from the late 1920s onward
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Combination printing
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Combination printing is the photography technique of using the negatives of two or more photographic images in conjunction with one another to create a single image. Similar to dual-negative landscape photography, combination printing was technically more complex. The concept of combination printing stemmed from the desire to more of a fine art within photography. Combination printing was popular in the century due to the limitations of the negatives light sensitivity. For example, the long exposures required at the time to create an image would properly expose the subject, such as a building. The sky would then lack detail, usually appearing as solid white, the technique was also used to create new, original compositions and provided new ways for photographers to be more creative with their work. Later on, the technique paved the way for yet another artistic process, in combination printing, you use two or more negatives to make one good print. Combination printing required a lot of work to plan out the concept of what the final image was desired to look like. It was also a task of great skill and patience, in actually exposing the negatives to combine them, the photographer must control the exposure of the portion of the initial photo that they will be adding to or replacing. Therefore, for adding clouds into the sky, the photographer would have to back light from the sky area. Then, when printing the negative of the clouds, do the opposite and only expose the cloud, after this, they would be able to combine the two negatives by blending them together. Photographers such as William Frederick Lake Price and Oscar Rejlander are famous for using combination printing, starting as early as the mid-19th century, new methods such as the combination printing, began to change the way people looked at different photographic techniques. Controversy broke out in the community about the use of combination printing. Photographs originally had been regarded as truth and that the camera never lied, however, with the newfound ability to manipulate the final product, the notion that photographs depicted truth was soon shattered. Henry Peach Robinson, considered to be one of the pioneers of combination printing, was not only an artist, but also an author. He then published a book in 1869 entitled Pictorial Effect in Photography, in pointing this out, he is saying that it is often necessary to add artistic techniques to photographs. His writings show his knowledge and his passion for creating new content in his photos using this process. During the Victorian Era, another proponent of the technique of printing was Queen Victoria herself
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Mary, Queen of Scots
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Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary, the surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents and he ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561, four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnleys death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, on 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of James VI, her one-year-old son by Darnley. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 and was beheaded the following year. Mary was born on 7 or 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife and she was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him. She was the great-niece of King Henry VIII of England, as her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was Henry VIIIs sister. A popular legend, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, It cam wi a lass and it will gang wi a lass. His House of Stewart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, the crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, but through her descendant Queen Anne, Mary was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born. As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two claims to the Regency, one from Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran, Beatons claim was based on a version of the late kings will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery. Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Marys mother managed to remove and succeed him. King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son, Prince Edward, hoping for a union of Scotland and England. The treaty provided that the two countries would remain separate and that if the couple should fail to have children the temporary union would dissolve
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Time-lapse photography
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Time-lapse photography is a technique whereby the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than that used to view the sequence. When played at speed, time appears to be moving faster. For example, an image of a scene may be captured once every second, then played back at 30 frames per second, time-lapse photography can be considered the opposite of high speed photography or slow motion. Processes that would normally appear subtle to the eye, e. g. the motion of the sun and stars in the sky. Time-lapse is the version of the cinematography technique of undercranking. The effect of photographing a subject that changes slowly, creates a smooth impression of motion. A subject that changes quickly is transformed into an onslaught of activity, the first use of time-lapse photography in a feature film was in Georges Méliès motion picture Carrefour De LOpera. F. Percy Smith pioneered the use of time-lapse in nature photography with his 1910 film The Birth of a Flower, the first use of Lapse-Time to record the movement of flowers took place in Yosemite in late 1911–1912 by Arthur C. Pillsbury, who built a camera for this purpose and recorded the movements of flowers through their life cycle. Pillsbury owned the Studio of the Three Arrows in the Valley, the Cavalry, then in charge of Yosemite, were mowing the meadows to produce fodder for their horses. Pillsbury showed his first film to Superintendents for the National Parks during a conference held for them in Yosemite from October 14–16,1912, the result was a unanimous agreement by the Superintendents to cease cutting the meadows and begin preservation. Pillsbury made lapse-time movies for 500 of the 1,500 varieties of wildflowers in Yosemite over the next years and his films were shown during his lectures, which were scheduled first at garden clubs around California and then at most of the major universities across the country. Pillsbury also showed his films and lectured to town hall forums, pillsbury had been invited to present the films by Secretary of the Interior Herbert Work. Time-lapse photography of biological phenomena was pioneered by Jean Comandon in collaboration with Pathé Frères from 1909, by F. Percy Smith in 1910 and Roman Vishniac from 1915 to 1918. Time-lapse photography was pioneered in the 1920s via a series of feature films called Bergfilme by Arnold Fanck, including Das Wolkenphänomen in Maloja. Otts initial day-job career was that of a banker, with time-lapse movie photography, mostly of plants and he time-lapsed his entire greenhouse of plants and cameras as they worked – a virtual symphony of time-lapse movement. His work was featured on a late 1950s episode of the request TV show, Ott discovered that the movement of plants could be manipulated by varying the amount of water the plants were given, and varying the color-temperature of the lights in the studio. Some colors caused the plants to flower, and other colors caused the plants to bear fruit, Ott discovered ways to change the sex of plants merely by varying the light source color-temperature
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Dissolve (filmmaking)
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In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. The terms fade-out and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and this is in contrast to a cut where there is no such transition. A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect, usually at the end of one scene and the beginning of the next, but may be used in montage sequences also. Generally, but not always, the use of a dissolve is held to indicate that a period of time has passed between the two scenes, in film, this effect is usually created with an optical printer by controlled double exposure from frame to frame. In linear video editing or a television production, the same effect is created by interpolating voltages of the video signal. In non-linear video editing, a dissolve is done using software, the audio track optionally cross-fades between the soundtracks. Cuts and dissolves are used differently, a camera cut changes the perspective from which a scene is portrayed. It is as if the viewer suddenly and instantly moved to a different place, fades and dissolves typically have a duration of 1 to 2 seconds, though this may vary according to the preference of the director and editor. Short dissolves may be used to soften obvious hard cuts which may startle the viewer, in narrative terms, the length of the dissolve is dictated by the mood or pacing the director or editor wishes to create. For instance, in the sequence of Citizen Kane, the dissolves between the master shots are slow because of the pervading sense of morbidity Welles and his collaborators wished to create. Dissolves are most common in cinema, but are now less often used. It is also held that the effect was best utilised in monochrome cinematography. The impact of television news reporting may also have resulted in the device losing any pretense of having a contemporary feel, dissolves are usually kept to a minimum in most films. This is due mainly to stylistic taste and it is very rare to see a shot which both begins and ends with a dissolve. Crossfading – sound transition Wipe Georges Méliès Blend_modes#Dissolve Fielding, Raymond, the Technique of Special Effects Cinematography
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Cinematograph
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A cinematograph is a motion picture film camera, which also serves as a film projector and printer. It was invented in the 1890s, the device was first invented and patented as the Cinématographe Léon Bouly by French inventor Léon Bouly on February 12,1892. Bouly coined the term “cinematograph”, from the Greek for “writing in movement”, due to a lack of money, Bouly was unable to develop his ideas properly and maintain his patent fees, so he sold his rights to the device and its name to the Lumière Brothers. In 1895, they applied the name to a device that was largely their own creation and they made their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, that same year. The film was screened at LEden, the worlds first and oldest cinéma, located in La Ciotat in southeastern France. The first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films happened in Paris on 28 December 1895 and was organised by the Lumière brothers, the cinematograph was also exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1900. At the Exposition, films made by the Lumière Brothers were projected onto a screen measuring 16 by 21 meters. Louis Lumière worked with his brother Auguste to create a motion-picture camera superior to Thomas Edisons kinetograph, the Lumières endeavored to correct the flaws they perceived in the kinetograph and the kinetoscope, to develop a machine with both sharper images and better illumination. The Cinématographe weighed only 16 lbs. which allowed for ease of transportation, as well, the Cinématographe was manually operated by a hand-crank, as opposed to Edisons electrically powered camera, which was not readily portable. In 1897, the Lumières further added to their invention by using a flask of water as the condenser to concentrate the light onto the film frame. The flask also acted as a safety feature, as the light would no longer focus on the film if the glass were to break due to overheating or accident. The cinematograph became an attraction for people all over the world. The Lumière Brothers took their machine as far as China and India and it was enjoyed by people of all classes, the cinematograph was used to show films in nickelodeons, where even the poorest classes could pay the entry fee. It was exhibited at fairs and used as entertainment in vaudeville houses in both Europe and the United States, while vaudeville is typically associated with the middle class, the machine also found its way into more sophisticated venues, where it appealed to the artistic tastes of high society. The Lumières held their first private screening of projected motion pictures on March 22,1895 and their first public screening of films at which admission was charged was held on December 28,1895, at Salon Indien du Grand Café in Paris. This history-making presentation featured ten short films, including their first film, each film is 17 meters long, which, when hand cranked through a projector, runs approximately 50 seconds. Bioscop Biograph Electrotachyscope Film Image Kinetoscope List of film formats Panoptikon Pleograph Praxinoscope Vitascope Zoopraxiscope Adventures in Cybersound Cinematograph
27.
A Trip to the Moon
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A Trip to the Moon is a 1902 French silent film directed by Georges Méliès. The film was a popular success on its release, and was extensively pirated by other studios. An original hand-colored print was discovered in 1993 and restored in 2011, a Trip to the Moon was named one of the 100 greatest films of the 20th century by The Village Voice, ranked 84th. It is widely regarded as the earliest example of the fiction film genre and, more generally. At a meeting of the Astronomic Club, its president, Professor Barbenfouillis, after addressing some dissent, five other brave astronomers—Nostradamus, Alcofrisbas, Omega, Micromegas, and Parafaragaramus—agree to the plan. They build a space capsule in the shape of a bullet, the astronomers embark and their capsule is fired from the cannon with the help of marines, most of whom are played by a bevy of young women in sailors outfits. The Man in the Moon watches the capsule as it approaches, landing safely on the Moon, the astronomers get out of the capsule and watch the Earth rise in the distance. Exhausted by their journey, they unroll their blankets and sleep, phoebe causes a snowfall that awakens the astronomers, and they seek shelter in a cavern where they discover giant mushrooms. One astronomer opens his umbrella, it promptly takes root and turns into a giant mushroom itself, at this point, a Selenite appears, but it is killed easily by an astronomer, as the creatures explode if they are hit with force. More Selenites appear and it increasingly difficult for the astronomers to destroy them as they are surrounded. The Selenites capture the astronomers and take them to the palace of their king, an astronomer lifts the Selenite King off his throne and throws him to the ground, causing him to explode. The astronomers run back to their capsule while continuing to hit the pursuing Selenites, the sixth astronomer, Barbenfouillis himself, uses a rope to tip the capsule over a ledge on the Moon and into space. A Selenite tries to seize the capsule at the last minute, astronomer, capsule, and Selenite fall through space and land in an ocean on Earth, where they are rescued by a ship and towed ashore. When A Trip to the Moon was made, film actors performed anonymously and no credits were given, nonetheless, the following cast details can be reconstructed from available evidence, Georges Méliès as Professor Barbenfouillis. His extensive involvement in all of his films as director, producer, writer, designer, technician, publicist, editor, and often actor makes him one of the first cinematic auteurs. Speaking about his late in life, Méliès commented, The greatest difficulty in realising my own ideas forced me to sometimes play the leading role in my films. I was a star without knowing I was one, since the term did not yet exist, all told, Méliès took an acting role in at least 300 of his 520 films. Méliès discovered Bernon in the 1890s, when she was performing as a singer at the cabaret LEnfer and she also appeared in his 1899 adaption of Cinderella
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Jules Verne
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Jules Gabriel Verne was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. Verne is generally considered a literary author in France and most of Europe. Verne has been the second most-translated author in the world since 1979 and he has sometimes been called the Father of Science Fiction, a title that has also been given to H. G. Wells and Hugo Gernsback. His parents were Pierre Verne, an originally from Provins, and Sophie Allote de la Fuÿe. In 1829, the Verne family moved some hundred meters away to No.2 Quai Jean-Bart, three sisters, Anna, Mathilde, and Marie, would follow. In 1834, at the age of six, Verne was sent to boarding school at 5 Place du Bouffay in Nantes, the teacher, Mme Sambin, was the widow of a naval captain who had disappeared some 30 years before. Mme Sambin often told the students that her husband was a shipwrecked castaway, the theme of the Robinsonade would stay with Verne throughout his life and appear in many of his novels, including The Mysterious Island, Second Fatherland, and The School for Robinsons. In 1836, Verne went on to École Saint‑Stanislas, a Catholic school suiting the pious religious tastes of his father, Verne quickly distinguished himself in mémoire, geography, Greek, Latin, and singing. In the same year,1836, Pierre Verne bought a house at 29 Rue des Réformés in the village of Chantenay on the Loire River. In his brief memoir Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse, Verne recalled a deep fascination with the river and with the many merchant vessels navigating it. He also took vacations at Brains, in the house of his uncle Prudent Allotte, a retired shipowner, who had gone around the world and served as mayor of Brains from 1828 to 1837. Verne took joy in playing interminable rounds of the Game of the Goose with his uncle, and both the game and his uncles name would be memorialized in two late novels. It is now known that the legend is a tale invented by Vernes first biographer, his niece Marguerite Allotte de la Füye. In 1840, the Vernes moved again to an apartment at No.6 Rue Jean-Jacques-Rousseau. In the same year Verne entered another school, the Petit Séminaire de Saint-Donatien. His unfinished novel Un prêtre en 1839, written in his teens, from 1844 to 1846, Verne and his brother were enrolled in the Lycée Royal in Nantes. After finishing classes in rhetoric and philosophy, he took the baccalauréat at Rennes, however, his father took it for granted that Verne, being the firstborn son of the family, would not attempt to make money in literature but would instead inherit the family law practice. In 1847, Vernes father sent him to Paris, primarily to begin his studies in law school, and secondarily to distance him temporarily from Nantes
29.
From the Earth to the Moon
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From the Earth to the Moon is an 1865 novel by Jules Verne. The character of Michel Ardan, the French member of the party in the novel, was inspired by the real-life photographer Félix Nadar, the story opens some time after the end of the American Civil War. The Gun Club, a society based in Baltimore and dedicated to the design of weapons of all kinds, comes together when Impey Barbicane, its president, hes done some calculations, and believes that they could construct a cannon capable of shooting a projectile to the moon. The first obstacle, the money to construct the cannon, is raised from a number of countries in America, stones Hill in Tampa Town, Florida is chosen as the site for the cannons construction, predating Kennedy Space Centers placement in Florida by almost 100 years. Verne gives the position as 27°7 northern latitude and 5°7 western longitude. During a meeting between Ardan, the Gun Club, and the inhabitants of Florida, Nicholl appears and challenges Barbicane to a duel. The duel is stopped when Ardan—having been warned by J. T. Maston, meanwhile, Barbicane finds the solution to the problem of surviving the incredible acceleration that the explosion would cause. Ardan suggests that Barbicane and Nicholl travel with him in the projectile, in the end, the projectile is successfully launched, but the destinies of the three astronauts are left inconclusive. The sequel, Around the Moon, deals with what happens to the three men in their travel from the earth to the moon, in his 1903 publication on space travel, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky refuted Vernes idea of using a cannon for space travel. He concluded that a gun would have to be impossibly long, the gun in the story would subject the payload to about 22,000 g of acceleration. However, he was inspired by the story and developed the theory of spaceflight. Gerald Bull and the Project HARP proved after 1961 that a cannon can shoot a 180 kg projectile to an altitude of 180 kilometres, additionally, during the Plumbbob nuclear test series, a 900 kg capping plate made of steel was blasted away and never found. It has been speculated that the plate entered outer space because its speed was estimated to be two and six times the escape velocity, but engineers believe it melted in the atmosphere. Jules Verne’s novel is a window to the knowledge of his time and it has several technical errors, which look unusual to the modern eyes, but reflect the knowledge of 1865-1870. Some of the issues are, The projectile is launched using a large gun, of course, the largest issue is the resulting acceleration, which is well above the survivable limit for humans. The space capsule also performs a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean on the return trip, Verne did not consider using a rocket as the main propulsion method although some small retro-rockets were carried onboard to be used to soften the landing on the Moon. Liquid propellants were invented even later and these modern propellants offer much higher specific impulse than black powder. Verne has used a gun perhaps because he ignored that rockets could work in vacuum, the passengers en route to the Moon are described to be subjected to gravitation all the way to the “neutral point” between the Earth and the Moon
30.
Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
31.
Matte painting
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For the technique used in photography and special effects filmmaking to combine two or more image elements into a single, final image, see Matte. A matte painting is a representation of a landscape, set. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used techniques to combine a matte-painted image with live-action footage. At its best, depending on the levels of the artists and technicians. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it, traditionally, matte paintings were made by artists using paints or pastels on large sheets of glass for integrating with the live-action footage. The first known matte painting shot was made in 1907 by Norman Dawn, the first Star Wars documentary ever made mentioned the technique used for the tractor beam scene as being a glass painting. By the mid-1980s, advancements in graphics programs allowed matte painters to work in the digital realm. The first digital matte shot was created by painter Chris Evans in 1985 for Young Sherlock Holmes for a scene featuring an animation of a knight leaping from a stained-glass window. Evans first painted the window in acrylics, then scanned the painting into LucasFilm’s Pixar system for digital manipulation. The computer animation blended perfectly with the matte, which could not have been accomplished using a traditional matte painting. Throughout the 1990s, traditional matte paintings were still in use, die Hard 2 was the first film to use digitally composited live-action footage with a traditional glass matte painting that had been photographed and scanned into a computer. It was for the last scene, which place on an airport runway. Paint has now superseded by digital images created using photo references, 3-D models. Matte painters combine their digitally matte painted textures within computer-generated 3-D environments, lighting algorithms used to simulate lighting sources expanded in scope in 1995, when radiosity rendering was applied to film for the first time in Martin Scorsese’s Casino. Matte World Digital collaborated with LightScape to simulate the indirect effect of millions of neon lights of the 70s-era Las Vegas strip. Lower computer processing times continue to alter and expand matte painting technologies and techniques, the army barracks in All Quiet On The Western Front. Count Draculas castle exteriors in Dracula and other scenes, the view of Skull Island in King Kong. Charlie Chaplin′s blindfold roller-skating beside the illusory drop in Modern Times, the view of Nottingham Castle in The Adventures of Robin Hood
32.
Pepper's ghost
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Peppers ghost is an illusion technique used in theatre, amusement parks, museums, television, and concerts. It is named after John Henry Pepper, a scientist who popularized the effect in a demonstration in 1862. It has a history, dating back into the 19th century. Teleprompters are an implementation of Peppers ghost. An audience views a stage or room with objects in it. On command, ghostly objects appear to fade in or out of existence in the room, or objects in the room magically transform into different objects. The basic trick involves a stage that is arranged into two rooms, one that people can see into or the stage as a whole, and a second that is hidden to the side. A plate of glass is placed somewhere in the room at an angle that reflects the view of the blue room towards the audience. Generally this is arranged with the room to one side of the stage. Care must be taken to make the glass as invisible as possible, normally hiding the lower edge in patterning on the floor, when the lights are bright in the main room and dark in the blue room, the reflected image cannot be seen. A common variation uses two blue rooms, one behind the glass and one to the side, which can be switched visible or invisible by alternating the lighting. The hidden room may be an identical mirror-image of the room, so that its reflected image matches the main rooms. This illusion can also be used to one object or person reflected in the mirror appear to morph into another behind the glass. This is the principle behind the Girl-to-Gorilla trick found in old carnival sideshows, the hidden room may instead be painted black, with only light-colored objects in it. In this case when light is cast on the room, only the objects reflect the light. This can be used to make appear to float in space. Giambattista della Porta was a 16th-century Neapolitan scientist and scholar who is credited with a number of scientific innovations, including the camera obscura. His 1584 work Magia Naturalis includes a description of an illusion, portas description, from the 1658 English language translation, is as follows
33.
Winsor McCay
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Zenas Winsor McCay was an American cartoonist and animator. He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur, for contractual reasons, he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend. From a young age, McCay was a quick, prolific and he started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums, and began illustrating newspapers and magazines in 1898. He joined the New York Herald in 1903, where he created comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze. In 1905, his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted, the strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and mastery of color and linear perspective. McCay experimented with the elements of the comic strip page, arranging and sizing panels to increase impact. McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit. McCay was an animation pioneer, between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films, some of which survive only as fragments. The first three served in his act, Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur. McCay and his assistants worked for months on his most ambitious film, The Sinking of the Lusitania. Lusitania did not enjoy as much success as the earlier films. In his drawing, McCay made bold, prodigious use of perspective, particularly in detailed architecture. He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching, and made color a central element in Little Nemo and his comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators. The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism, smoothness, and scale—was unmatched until Walt Disneys feature films arrived in the 1930s and he pioneered inbetweening, the use of registration marks, cycling, and other animation techniques that were to become standard. McCays paternal grandparents, farmers Donald and Christiana McKay, immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s, McCays father, Robert McKay was born in Woodstock, Upper Canada, the third of six children. McCays maternal grandparents, Peter and Mary Murray, were also Scottish immigrants and their daughter Janet was the third of nine children. Robert was a member of King Solomons No.43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock, in 1862, Robert first traveled to the U. S. Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8,1866, at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church. The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake, Michigan, Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G. Winsor, with whom he had made contact in Canada
34.
Gertie the Dinosaur
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Gertie the Dinosaur is a 1914 animated short film by American cartoonist and animator Winsor McCay. It is the earliest animated film to feature a dinosaur, McCay first used the film before live audiences as an interactive part of his vaudeville act, the frisky, childlike Gertie did tricks at the command of her master. McCays employer William Randolph Hearst later curtailed McCays vaudeville activities, so McCay added an introductory sequence to the film for its theatrical release. McCay abandoned a sequel, Gertie on Tour, after producing about a minute of footage, although Gertie is popularly thought to be the earliest animated film, McCay had earlier made Little Nemo and How a Mosquito Operates. The American J. Gertie was the first film to use techniques such as keyframes, registration marks, tracing paper, the Mutoscope action viewer. It influenced the next generation of such as the Fleischer brothers, Otto Messmer, Paul Terry. John Randolph Bray unsuccessfully tried to patent many of McCays animation techniques and is said to have been behind a plagiarized version of Gertie that appeared a year or two after the original. Gertie is the best preserved of McCays films—some of which have been lost or survive only in fragments—and has been preserved in the US National Film Registry. Winsor McCay had worked prolifically as a commercial artist and cartoonist by the time he started making comic strips such as Dream of the Rarebit Fiend. In 1906, McCay began performing on the circuit, doing chalk talks—performances in which he drew before live audiences. Inspired by the books his son brought home, McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons. He claimed that he was the first man in the world to make animated cartoons, though he was preceded by the American James Stuart Blackton, McCays first film starred his Little Nemo characters and debuted in movie theatres in 1911, he soon incorporated it into his vaudeville act. He followed it in 1912 with How a Mosquito Operates, in which a giant, McCay gave the mosquito a personality and balanced humor with the horror of the nightmare situation. McCay conferred with the American Historical Society in 1912, and announced plans for the presentation of pictures showing the great monsters that used to inhabit the earth and he spoke of the serious and educational work that the animation process could enable. McCay considered a number of names before settling on Gertie, his production notebooks used Jessie the Dinosaurus. in a sweet voice. He thought it was a name, but wanted it to be a girls name instead of a boys. Gertie the Dinosaur is the earliest animated film to feature a dinosaur and its star Gertie does tricks much like a trained elephant. She is animated in a naturalistic style unprecedented for the time, she breathes rhythmically, she shifts her weight as she moves, McCay imbued her with a personality—while friendly, she could be capricious, ignoring or rebelling against her masters commands
35.
Willis H. O'Brien
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Willis OBrien was born in Oakland, California. During this time he competed in rodeos and developed an interest in dinosaurs while working as a guide to palaeontologists in Crater Lake region. During this time he became a professional boxer, winning his first nine bouts. During this time he made models, including a dinosaur and a caveman, San Francisco exhibitor Herman Wobber saw this 90-second test footage and commissioned OBrien to make his first film, The Dinosaur and the Missing Link, A Prehistoric Tragedy for a budget of $5,000. Thomas Edison was impressed by the film and OBrien was hired by the Edison Company to animate a series of films with a prehistoric theme. These films led to a commission from Herbert M. Dawley to write, direct, co-star and produce the effects for another film, The Ghost of Slumber Mountain. The film however did help to secure his position on Harry O. Hoyts The Lost World, the models contained a bladder inside the skeleton model that could be inflated and deflated to give the illusion of breathing. The couple had divorced by 1930 and the two remained with their mother, who had begun to show unbalanced behaviour. By 1931 Hazel had been diagnosed with cancer and tuberculosis, while William also contracted tuberculosis resulting in blindness in one eye, the studios head of production, Merian C. OBrien and the models he had created for the cancelled project were put to work on what was to become his best remembered film. The success of King Kong led to the studio commissioning a hurried sequel Son of Kong, with a limited budget and a short production schedule OBrien chose to leave the animation work to his assistant and asked the studio not to credit him on the project. A few weeks after this visit OBriens ex-wife, Hazel Ruth Collette, shot and killed William, the suicide attempt failed and by draining her tubercular lung actually extended her life by another year. A publicity photo of OBrien taken around this time shows the anguish on his face, Hazel Ruth Collette remained in the Los Angeles General Hospital prison ward until her death in 1934. On November 17 that same year OBrien married his second wife Darlyne Prenett with whom he would remain until his death. OBrien continued to work with Merian C. Cooper at RKO on a number of projects including the epic The Last Days of Pompeii and Dancing Pirate, which was OBriens first Technicolor production. The film Mighty Joe Young, on which OBrien is credited as Technical Creator, credit for the award went to the films producers, RKO Productions, but OBrien was also awarded a statue. OBriens protege, Ray Harryhausen, worked alongside OBrien on this film, OBrien worked with Harryhausen one last time on the acclaimed dinosaur sequence for Irwin Allens nature documentary The Animal World. OBrien also worked with Peterson again on The Black Scorpion and Behemoth, the Sea Monster, but the two subsequently struggled to find work
36.
The Lost World (1925 film)
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The Lost World is a 1925 silent fantasy monster adventure film adapted from Arthur Conan Doyles 1912 novel of the same name. The movie was produced by First National Pictures, a major Hollywood studio at the time and it was directed by Harry O. Hoyt and featured pioneering stop motion special effects by Willis OBrien, a forerunner of his work on the original King Kong. Doyle, who also created Sherlock Holmes, appears in a frontispiece to the film, in 1998, The Lost World was deemed culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Because of its age the film is in the public domain, from a lost expedition to a plateau in Venezuela, Paula White brings the journal of her father explorer Maple White to the eccentric Professor Challenger in London. The journal features sketches of dinosaurs which is proof for Challenger to publicly announce that dinosaurs still walk the earth. Met with ridicule at a meeting at the Zoological Hall. At their campsite at the base of the plateau, the explorers are shocked when a rock falls. As the crew look up to see their attacker, Challenger spies overhead a Pteranodon killing and eating a young Toxodon which proves that the statements in Maple Whites diary are true. Leaving Zambo and Austin at the camp, they cross a chasm onto the plateau by cutting down a tree and using it as a bridge, the explorers witness various life-and-death struggles between the prehistoric beasts of the plateau. An Allosaurus attacks an Edmontosaurus, and knocks it into a bog, the Allosaurus then attacks, and is driven off by a Triceratops. Eventually, the Allosaurus makes its way to the campsite and attacks the exploration party and it is finally driven off by Ed who tosses a torch into its mouth. Convinced that the camp isnt safe, Ed climbs a tree to look for a new location, Roxton succeeds in shooting the ape-man, but the creature is merely wounded and escapes before he can finish him off. Meanwhile, an Agathaumas is attacked by the Allosaurus, and gores it to death, suddenly, a Tyrannosaurus attacks and kills the Agathaumas, along with an unfortunate Pteranodon. The explorers then make preparations to live on the plateau potentially indefinitely, a catapult is constructed and during a search for Maple White, Roxton finds his remains, confirming his death. It is at time that Ed confesses his love for Paula. Soon afterwards, a volcano erupts causing a stampede among the giant creatures of the lost world. The crew is saved when Paulas pet monkey Jocko climbs up the carrying a rope. The crew use the rope to pull up a rope ladder constructed by Zambo and Austin, as Ed makes his descent, he is again attacked by the ape-man who pulls the rope ladder
37.
King Kong (1933 film)
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King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea conceived by Cooper and it stars Fay Wray, Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong, and opened in New York City on March 2,1933, to rave reviews. It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the greatest horror film of all time, the film tells of a gigantic, prehistoric, island-dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman. King Kong is especially noted for its stop-motion animation by Willis OBrien, in 1991 it was deemed culturally, historically and aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It has been remade twice, in 1976 and 2005, while a reboot, Kong, due to set sail that night, Denham searches the streets of New York for a suitable woman. He meets penniless Ann Darrow and convinces her to him for what he proposes as the adventure of a lifetime. The Venture quickly gets underway and, during the voyage, the surly first mate, Jack Driscoll, after weeks of secrecy, Denham finally tells Englehorn and Driscoll that their destination is Skull Island, an uncharted land shown on a map in Denhams possession. Denham also cryptically alludes to some monstrous creature rumored to dwell on the island, when they find the island and anchor offshore, they see a native village, separated from the rest of the island by an enormous ancient stone wall. A landing party, including the crew and Ann, witnesses a group of natives preparing to sacrifice a young maiden as the bride of Kong. The intruders are spotted and the native chief angrily stops the ceremony, when he sees the blonde Ann, he offers to trade six of his tribal women for the golden woman. They rebuff him and return to the Venture and that night, a band of natives kidnap Ann from the ship and lead her through a huge wooden gate in the wall. Tied to an altar, she is offered to Kong, who turns out to be an enormous gorilla-like ape, Kong carries her off into the jungle as the Venture crew, alerted to Anns abduction, arrive. They open the gate and Denham, Driscoll and some enter the jungle in hopes of rescuing Ann. They soon discover that Kong is far from the giant prehistoric creature on the island when they are charged by a Stegosaurus. After constructing a raft in order to cross a swamp, a Brontosaurus capsizes their supplies, fleeing through the jungle, they soon encounter Kong, who tries to stop them from crossing a ravine by shaking them off a fallen tree that bridges it. Only Driscoll and Denham, on sides, survive. A Tyrannosaurus threatens Ann, but Kong kills it after a colossal battle, Driscoll continues to shadow Kong and Ann while Denham returns to the village for more ammunition. Upon arriving in Kongs lair in a cave, Ann is menaced by a snake-like Elasmosaurus
38.
Fritz Lang
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Friedrich Christian Anton Fritz Lang was an Austrian-German filmmaker, screenwriter, and occasional film producer and actor. One of the best-known émigrés from Germanys school of Expressionism, he was dubbed the Master of Darkness by the British Film Institute. His most famous include the groundbreaking futuristic Metropolis and the also influential M. Lang was born in Vienna as the son of Anton Lang, an architect and construction company manager. He was baptized on December 28,1890, at the Schottenkirche in Vienna, Langs parents were of Moravian descent and practicing Roman Catholics. His parents took their religion seriously and were dedicated to raising Fritz as a Catholic, Lang frequently had Catholic-influenced themes in his films. Late in life, he described himself as born Catholic, after finishing school, Lang briefly attended the Technical University of Vienna, where he studied civil engineering and eventually switched to art. In 1910 he left Vienna to see the world, traveling throughout Europe and Africa and later Asia, in 1913, he studied painting in Paris, France. At the outbreak of World War I, Lang returned to Vienna and volunteered for service in the Austrian army and fought in Russia and Romania. While recovering from his injuries and shell shock in 1916, he wrote some scenarios, Langs writing stint was brief, as he soon started to work as a director at the German film studio Ufa, and later Nero-Film, just as the Expressionist movement was building. In 1920, he met his wife, the writer. Considered by many scholars to be his masterpiece, M is a disturbing story of a child murderer who is hunted down. M remains a work, it was remade in 1951 by Joseph Losey, but this version had little impact on audiences. During the climactic scene in M, Lang allegedly threw Peter Lorre down a flight of stairs in order to give more authenticity to Lorres battered look. Lang, who was known for being hard to work with, epitomized the stereotype of the tyrannical German film director and his wearing a monocle added to the stereotype. At the end of 1932, Lang started filming The Testament of Dr. Mabuse, adolf Hitler came to power in January 1933, and by March 30, the new regime banned it as an incitement to public disorder. Testament is sometimes deemed an anti-Nazi film as Lang had put phrases used by the Nazis into the mouth of the title character. Lang had stated that it was during this meeting that he had decided to leave for Paris –, Lang has stated that he fled that very evening
39.
Metropolis (1927 film)
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Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist epic science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang. He and his wife, Thea von Harbou, wrote the silent film, erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A. G. It is regarded as a work of the science-fiction genre in movies. Filming took place in 1925 at a cost of five million Reichsmarks. The art direction draws influence from Bauhaus, Cubist and Futurist design, Metropolis was met with a mixed reception upon release. Critics found it pictorially beautiful and lauded its complex special effects, the films extensive running time also came in for criticism, as well as its alleged Communist message. Metropolis was cut substantially after its German premiere, removing a portion of Langs original footage. Numerous attempts have been made to restore the film since the 1970s, Music producer Giorgio Moroder released a truncated version with a soundtrack by rock artists such as Freddie Mercury, Loverboy and Adam Ant in 1984. In 2008 a damaged print of Langs original cut of the film was found in a museum in Argentina, after a long restoration process, the film was 95% restored and shown on large screens in Berlin and Frankfurt simultaneously on 12 February 2010. Joh Fredersen is the citys master, Maria and the children are ushered away, but Freder, fascinated, goes to the machine rooms to find her. Witnessing the explosion of a machine that kills and injures several workers. Grot, foreman of the Heart Machine, brings to Fredersen secret maps found on the dead workers, Freder secretly rebels against Fredersen by deciding to help the workers, after seeing his fathers cold indifference towards the harsh conditions they face. Fredersen takes the maps to the inventor Rotwang to learn their meaning, Rotwang had been in love with a woman named Hel, who left him to marry Fredersen and later died giving birth to Freder. Rotwang shows Fredersen a robot he has built to resurrect Hel, the maps show a network of catacombs beneath Metropolis, and the two men go to investigate. They eavesdrop on a gathering of workers, including Freder, Maria addresses them, prophesying the arrival of a mediator who can bring the working and ruling classes together. Freder believes that he could fill the role and declares his love for Maria, Rotwang kidnaps Maria, transfers her likeness to the robot and sends her to Fredersen. Freder finds the two embracing and, believing it is the real Maria, falls into a prolonged delirium, intercut with his hallucinations, the false Maria unleashes chaos throughout Metropolis, driving men to murder and stirring dissent amongst the workers. Freder recovers and returns to the catacombs, finding the false Maria urging the workers to rise up and destroy the machines, Freder accuses her of not being the real Maria
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