1.
Television advertisement
–
A television advertisement is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertisers and marketeers may refer to television commercials as TVCs, Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately-owned television networks. As of 2016 the vast majority of television advertisements consist of advertising spots. Advertisements of this sort have promoted a variety of goods, services. The effects of television advertising upon the public have been the subject of philosophical discourse by such luminaries as Marshall McLuhan. In many countries, including the United States, television advertisements are considered indispensable for a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00, displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase Bulova Watch Time, appeared in the lower quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. The first TV ad broadcast in the UK went to air on ITV on September 22,1955, the first TV ad broadcast in Asia appeared on Nippon Television in Tokyo on August 28,1953, advertising Seikosha, it also displayed a clock with the current time. To accomplish the first step means different things in different parts of the world depending on the regulation in place, in the UK for example, clearance must be given by the body Clearcast. Another example is Venezuela where clearance is governed by a body called CNAC, the clearance provides guarantee to the broadcasters that the content of the advertisement meets legal guidelines. Because of this, special extended clearance sometimes applies to food, after the advent of cheap video software and consumer cameras, numerous individuals have offered video production services on the internet. Some of these ad jingles or catch-phrases may take on lives of their own, spawning gags that appear in films, television shows, magazines, comics, or literature. These long-lasting advertising elements may be said to have taken a place in the pop culture history of the demographic to whom they appeared. An example is the phrase, Winston tastes good like a cigarette should. Variations of this dialogue and direct references to it appeared as long as two decades after the advertising campaign expired, another example is Wheres the Beef. which grew so popular it was used in the 1984 presidential election by Walter Mondale. Another popular catch-phrase is Ive fallen and I cant get up, Advertising agencies often use humor as a tool in their creative marketing campaigns
Television advertisement
–
Television was still in its experimental phase in 1928, but the medium's potential to sell goods was already predicted.
Television advertisement
–
A still from an animated TV advertisement
Television advertisement
–
Television commercial in 1948
Television advertisement
–
Filming a movie ad
2.
Theater
–
The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
Theater
–
Sarah Bernhardt as
Hamlet, in 1899
Theater
–
A master (right) and his slave (left) in a
Greek phlyax play, circa 350/340 BCE
Theater
–
Mosaic depicting masked actors in a play: two women consult a "witch"
Theater
–
Performer playing
Sugriva in the
Koodiyattam form of
Sanskrit theatre.
3.
Television
–
Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
Television
–
Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store
Television
–
The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)
Television
–
Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)
Television
–
Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939
4.
Film
–
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
Film
–
A vintage Fox movietone motion picture camera
Film
–
The
Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first
cinema ever, with a short film presented by the
Skladanowsky brothers on 1 November 1895. The image depicts a July 1940
variety show.
Film
–
A shot from
Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
Film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
5.
Special effects
–
Special effects are illusions or visual tricks used in the film, television, theatre, video game, and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world. Special effects are divided into the categories of optical effects. Mechanical effects are usually accomplished during the live-action shooting and this includes the use of mechanized props, scenery, scale models, animatronics, pyrotechnics and atmospheric effects, creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, etc. Making a car appear to drive by itself and blowing up a building are examples of mechanical effects, mechanical effects are often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, a set may be built with doors or walls to enhance a fight scene. An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background, since the 1990s, computer generated imagery has come to the forefront of special effects technologies. It gives filmmakers greater control, and allows many effects to be accomplished safely and convincingly and—as technology improves—at lower costs. As a result, many optical and mechanical effects techniques have been superseded by CGI, in 1857, Oscar Rejlander created the worlds first special effects movie by combining different sections of 30 negatives into a single image. In 1895, Alfred Clark created what is accepted as the first-ever motion picture special effect. While filming a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, as the executioner brought the axe above his head, Clark stopped the camera, had all of the actors freeze, and had the person playing Mary step off the set. He placed a Mary dummy in the place, restarted filming. Techniques like these would dominate the production of special effects for a century and it wasnt only the first use of trickery in cinema, it was also the first type of photographic trickery only possible in a motion picture, i. e. the stop trick. Georges Méliès accidentally discovered the same stop trick, according to Méliès, his camera jammed while filming a street scene in Paris. When he screened the film, he found that the trick had caused a truck to turn into a hearse, pedestrians to change direction. Because of his ability to manipulate and transform reality with the cinematograph. From 1910 to 1920, the innovations in special effects were the improvements on the matte shot by Norman Dawn. With the original matte shot, pieces of cardboard were placed to block the exposure of the film, Dawn combined this technique with the glass shot. Rather than using cardboard to block certain areas of the film exposure, from the partially exposed film, a single frame is then projected onto an easel, where the matte is then drawn
Special effects
–
Bluescreens are commonly used in
chroma key special effects.
Special effects
–
A methane bubble bursting
6.
Practical effect
–
A practical effect is a special effect produced physically, without computer-generated imagery or other post production techniques. In some contexts, special effect is used as a synonym of practical effect, many of the staples of action movies are practical effects. Gunfire, bullet wounds, rain, wind, fire, non-human characters and creatures produced with make-up, prosthetics, masks, and puppets – in contrast to computer-generated images – are also examples of practical effects. The use of makeup, animatronics, puppetry, or creature suits to create the appearance of living creatures. Miniature effects, which is the use of models which are photographed in a way that they appear full sized. Mechanical effects, such as aerial rigging to simulate flight, stage mounted gimbals to make the ground move, pyrotechnics for the appearance of fire and explosions. Weather effects such as systems to create rain and fog machines to create smoke. Squibs to create the illusion of gunshot wounds, special effects Computer-generated imagery Visual effects Optics
Practical effect
–
A
location shot for
The Black Dahlia with a rainmaking rig, a sprinkler system used to create the appearance of rain—a common practical effect
7.
Theatrical property
–
A prop, formally known as property, is an object used on stage or on screen by actors during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes, consumable food items appearing in the production are also considered props. The earliest known use of the properties in English to refer to stage accessories is in the 1425 CE Morality play. The Oxford English Dictionary finds the first usage of props in 1841, during the Renaissance in Europe, small acting troupes functioned as cooperatives, pooling resources and dividing any income. Many performers provided their own costumes, but special items—stage weapons, furniture or other hand-held devices—were considered company property, some experts however seem to think that the term comes from the idea that stage or screen objects belong to whoever uses them on stage. There is no difference between props in different media, such as theatre, film, or television, bland Wade, a properties director, says, A coffee cup onstage is a coffee cup on television, is a coffee cup on the big screen. He adds, There are definitely different responsibilities and different vocabulary, the term theatrical property originated to describe an object used in a stage play and similar entertainments to further the action. Technically, a prop is any object that gives the scenery, actors, or performance space specific period, place, props in a production originate from off stage unless they have been preset on the stage before the production begins. Props are stored on a prop table backstage near the entrance during production then generally locked in a storage area between performances. The term has readily transferred to television, motion picture and video game production, in recent years, the increasing popularity of movie memorabilia has added new meaning to the term prop, broadening its existence to include a valuable after-life as a prized collectors item. Typically not available until after a premiere, movie props appearing on-screen are called screen-used. However, a prop must read well from the house or on-screen, in some cases, a prop is designed to behave differently from how the real object would, often for the sake of safety. A mop, representing a string mop, but built out of a shape covered with fabric. A prop weapon that reads well but lacks the intentional harmfulness of the real weapon. In the theater, prop weapons are almost always either non-operable replicas, guns fire caps or noisy blanks, swords are dulled, and knives are often made of plastic or rubber. In film production, fully functional weapons are used. Real cartridges with bullets removed are still dangerously charged which has caused several instances when used on stage or film. The safety and proper handling of weapons used as movie props is the premiere responsibility of the prop master
Theatrical property
–
A prop table backstage for the musical number "
Food, Glorious Food " in the musical production,
Oliver!
Theatrical property
–
Props storage room of the National Theatre, Mannheim, Germany
8.
Theatrical scenery
–
Theatrical scenery is that which is used as a setting for a theatrical production. The history of theatrical scenery is as old as the theatre itself, what we tend to think of as traditional scenery, i. e. By the Shakespearean era, the painted backdrop or theatrical prop was in evidence. However, this means that todays set designers must be much more careful. Our more modern notion of scenery, which dates back to the 19th century, finds its origins in the spectacle of opera buffa. Its elaborate settings were appropriated by the straight, or dramatic, theatre, through their use in comic operettas, burlesques, pantomimes and the like. Everything came together in the 1980s and 1990s and, continuing to today, until there is no established style of scenic production, modern stagecraft has grown so complex as to require the highly specialized skills of hundreds of artists and craftspeople to mount a single production. The construction of scenery is frequently one of the most time-consuming tasks when preparing for a show. As a result, many theatres have a place for storing scenery so that it can be used for multiple shows, since future shows typically are not known far in advance, theatres will often construct stock scenery that can be easily adapted to fit a variety of shows. Common stock scenery types include, Curtains Flats Platforms Scenery wagons Production sets Scenic design Set construction Scenography
Theatrical scenery
–
Modern-day rotating set for the play
Noises Off.
Theatrical scenery
–
1895 set design model by Marcel Jambon for Act I of
Giuseppe Verdi 's
Otello for a production in Paris.
Theatrical scenery
–
Scenic Barn Wall by Glenn Davis
Theatrical scenery
–
Realistic hospital scene with the help of props
9.
Scale model
–
This enables it to demonstrate some behavior or property of the original object without examining the original object itself. The most familiar scale models represent the appearance of an object in miniature. Scale models are used in fields including engineering, architecture, film making, military command, salesmanship. While each field may use a model for a different purpose, all scale models are based on the same principles. The detail requirements vary depending on the needs of the modeler, in general a scale model must be designed and built primarily considering similitude theory. However, other requirements concerning practical issues must also be considered, similitude is the theory and art of predicting prototype performance from scale model observations. The main requirement of similitude is all dimensionless quantities must be equal for both the model and the prototype under the conditions the modeler desires to make observations. Dimensionless quantities are generally referred to as Pi terms, or π terms, in many fields the π terms are well established. For example, in dynamics, a well known dimensionless number called the Reynolds number comes up frequently in scale model tests with fluid in motion relative to a stationary surface. An example of the Reynolds number and its use in similitude theory satisfaction can be observed in the scale model testing of fluid flow in a horizontal pipe, one method to determine the dimensionless quantities of concern for a given problem is to use dimensional analysis. Practical concerns include the cost to construct the model, available test facilities to condition and observe the model, the availability of certain materials, and even who will build it. Practical requirements are very diverse depending on the purpose of the scale model. As an example, perhaps an aerospace company needs to test a new wing shape, however, if a facility such as this one cant be used, perhaps due to cost constraints, the similitude requirements must be relaxed or the test redesigned to accommodate the limitation. In this case, concessions must be made for reasons to the similitude requirements. An example of this from fluid dynamics is flow of a liquid in a horizontal pipe, possible π terms to consider in this situation are Reynolds number, Weber number, Froude number, and Mach number. For this flow configuration, however, no tension is involved. Also, compression of the fluid is not applicable, so the Mach number can be disregarded, finally, gravity is not responsible for the flow, so the Froude number can also be disregarded. This leaves the modeler with only the Reynolds number to worry about in terms of equating its values for the scale model, in general, scale models can be classified into three classes depending on the degree of similitude satisfaction they exhibit
Scale model
–
A scale model of the
Tower of London. This model can be found inside the tower.
Scale model
–
Scale model of water powered turbine
Scale model
–
L to R with 12 inch ruler at bottom: 1:64
Matchbox Chevrolet Tahoe, 1:43
Ford F-100, 1:25 Revell Monogram 1999 Ford Mustang Cobra, 1:18
Bburago 1987
Ferrari F40
Scale model
–
Model ships and castle
10.
Pyrotechnics
–
Pyrotechnics is the science of using materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound. Its etymology stems from the Greek words pyro and tekhnikos, individuals responsible for the safe storage, handling, and functioning of pyrotechnic devices are referred to as pyrotechnicians. Proximate refers to the devices location relative to an audience. In the majority of jurisdictions, special training and licensing must be obtained from local authorities to legally prepare, many musical groups use pyrotechnics to enhance their live shows. Pink Floyd were without a doubt the innovators of pyrotechnic use in concerts, for instance, at the climax of their song Careful with That Axe, Eugene, a blast of smoke was set off at the back of the stage. Bands such as The Who, KISS and Queen, soon followed use of pyrotechnics in their shows, michael Jackson attempted using pyrotechnics in a 1984 Pepsi advertisement, where a stray spark caused a small fire in his hair. German industrial metal band Rammstein are renowned for their variety of pyrotechnics. Nightwish, Lordi and Green Day are also known for their vivid pyrotechnics in concert, many professional wrestlers have also used pyrotechnics as part of their entrances to the ring. Modern pyrotechnics are, in general, divided into categories based upon the type of effect produced or manufacturing method, the most common categories are, Airburst - Hanging charges designed to burst into spheres of sparks. Binary powders - Kits divided into separate oxidizer and fuel, intended to be mixed on site, comet - Brightly colored burning pellets resembling shooting stars. Mine - Tubes containing a lift charge intended to project stars, sparks, preloaded Smoke Pot - Cartridges designed to release a mushroom cloud of smoke. Concussion - Device designed to create a loud report, falls - Propellant with titanium burning in an open ended tube creating a falling spark effect. Fireballs / Mortar Hits - Short barreled device projecting smoky rolling ball of flame, flame Projector - Tube containing nitrocellulose granules that burn in pillars of colored flame. Flare - Short, high intensity flames or various colours, flash Cotton - Nitrated cotton string. Flashpaper - Sheets of nitrated paper resembling tissue paper, flash Pot - Short metal pot used with binary powders creating flash, smoke or sparks. Flash Tray - A long tube slit down one side to project a sheet of flash, gerb - A fountain of sparks. Lance - A Small colored flare tube used in making points of light lancework or pictures in fire, line Rockets - Whistling or colored rocket devices that travel along guide cables. Multi-Tube Article - Multiple effects chained together, pre-Mixed Powder - Powders intended to create various effects
Pyrotechnics
–
Pyrotechnics
gerbs used in the entertainment industry
Pyrotechnics
–
Rammstein uses pyrotechnics numerous times in their shows, such as this performance of
Feuer Frei.
Pyrotechnics
–
Pyrotechnics
stunt exhibition by "Giant Auto Rodéo",
Ciney,
Belgium
Pyrotechnics
–
A basic pyrotechnic device.
11.
Computer-generated imagery
–
The term CGI animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments, Computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for films, etc. Availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, the evolution of CGI led to the emergence of virtual cinematography in the 1990s where runs of the simulated camera are not constrained by the laws of physics. Not only do animated images form part of computer-generated imagery, natural looking landscapes are generated via computer algorithms. A simple way to generate fractal surfaces is to use an extension of the triangular mesh method, relying on the construction of special case of a de Rham curve. The creation of a Brownian surface may be achieved not only by adding noise as new nodes are created, thus a topographical map with varying levels of height can be created using relatively straightforward fractal algorithms. Some typical, easy-to-program fractals used in CGI are the plasma fractal, modern architects use services from computer graphic firms to create 3-dimensional models for both customers and builders. These computer generated models can be accurate than traditional drawings. Architectural animation can also be used to see the relationship a building will have in relation to the environment. The rendering of architectural spaces without the use of paper and pencil tools is now an accepted practice with a number of computer-assisted architectural design systems. Architectural modeling tools allow an architect to visualize a space and perform walk-throughs in an interactive manner, Architectural modeling tools have now become increasingly internet-based. However, the quality of internet-based systems still lags behind those of sophisticated in-house modeling systems, in some applications, computer-generated images are used to reverse engineer historical buildings. Computer generated models used in animation are not always anatomically correct. However, organizations such as the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute have developed anatomically correct computer-based models, Computer generated anatomical models can be used both for instructional and operational purposes. To date, a body of artist produced medical images continue to be used by medical students, such as images by Frank H. Netter. However, a number of anatomical models are becoming available. A single patient X-ray is not a computer generated image, even if digitized, however, in applications which involve CT scans a three-dimensional model is automatically produced from a large number of single slice x-rays, producing computer generated image
Computer-generated imagery
–
Fractal landscape
Computer-generated imagery
–
A computer generated image featuring a house, made in
Blender.
Computer-generated imagery
–
A
CT pulmonary angiogram image generated by a computer from a collection of x-rays.
Computer-generated imagery
–
Computer-generated wet fur
12.
Post-production
–
Post-production, or postproduction, is part of the process of filmmaking, video production, and photography. It occurs in the making of pictures, television programs, radio programs, advertising, audio recordings, photography. It is a term for all stages of production occurring after shooting or recording individual program segments, traditional post-production has been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system. Post-production is many different processes grouped under one name and these typically include, Video editing the picture of a television program using an edit decision list Writing, recording, and editing the soundtrack. Adding visual special effects - mainly computer-generated imagery and digital copy from which release prints will be made, sound design, sound effects, ADR, foley, and music, culminating in a process known as sound re-recording or mixing with professional audio equipment. Transfer of colour motion picture film to video or DPX with a telecine, the process of editing a movie is also seen as the second directing because through post-production it is possible to change the intention of the movie. Furthermore, through the use of color grading tools and the addition of music and sound, for instance, a blue-tinted movie is associated with a cold atmosphere and the choice of music and sound increases the effect of the shown scenes to the audience. Post-production was named a dying industry by Phil Izzo, the once exclusive service offered by high-end post-production facilities have been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system. As such, traditional services are being surpassed by digital. In television, the phases of post-production include, editing, video editing, sound editing, animation and visual effects insertions, viewing and it is imperative that post-production executes and oversees the preparation until the final product is completely ready. Professional post-producers usually apply a certain range of image editing operations to the raw image format provided by a photographer or an image-bank, there is a range of proprietary and free and open-source software, running on a range of operating systems available to do this work. The first stage of post-production usually requires loading the RAW images into the post-production software, if there is more than one image, and they belong to a set, ideally post-producers try to equalize the images before loading them. After that, if necessary, the step would be to cut the objects in the images with the Pen Tool for a perfect. The next stage would be cleaning the image using tools such as the tool, clone tool. The next stages depend on what the client ordered, if its a photo-montage, the post-producers would usually start assembling the different images into the final document, and start to integrate the images with the background. In advertising, it usually requires assembling several images together in a photo-composition, types of work usually done, Advertising that requires one background and one or more models. Fashion photography that usually requires a really heavy post-production for editorial and/or advertising, techniques used in music post-production include comping, timing and pitch correction, and adding effects. This process is referred to as mixing and can also involve equalization
Post-production
–
A video editing suite
Post-production
–
A modern digital sound control room at Tainted Blue Studios, 2010
13.
Animation
–
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
Animation
–
A
phenakistoscope disc by
Eadweard Muybridge (1893)
Animation
–
The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these six frames.
Animation
–
A clay animation scene from a
Finnish television commercial
Animation
–
Toy Story zoetrope at
Disney California Adventure creates illusion of motion using figures, rather than static pictures.
14.
Computer science
–
Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. An alternate, more succinct definition of science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems and its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory, are highly abstract, other fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation. Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, the earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, further, algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623, in 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons and he started developing this machine in 1834, and in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer. A crucial step was the adoption of a card system derived from the Jacquard loom making it infinitely programmable. Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information, when the machine was finished, some hailed it as Babbages dream come true. During the 1940s, as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, as it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as an academic discipline in the 1950s. The worlds first computer science program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science. The first computer science program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962. Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own rights and it is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM released the IBM704 and later the IBM709 computers, still, working with the IBM was frustrating if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again. During the late 1950s, the science discipline was very much in its developmental stages. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computing technology, modern society has seen a significant shift in the users of computer technology, from usage only by experts and professionals, to a near-ubiquitous user base
Computer science
–
Ada Lovelace is credited with writing the first
algorithm intended for processing on a computer.
Computer science
Computer science
–
The
German military used the
Enigma machine (shown here) during
World War II for communications they wanted kept secret. The large-scale decryption of Enigma traffic at
Bletchley Park was an important factor that contributed to Allied victory in WWII.
Computer science
–
Digital logic
15.
Industrial design
–
Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through techniques of mass production. This distinguishes industrial design from craft-based design, where the form of the product is determined by the creator at the time of its creation. The role of a designer is to create and execute design solutions for problems of form, function, usability, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development, sustainability. The division of labour that underlies the practice of design did have precedents in the pre-industrial era. The use of drawing to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by architects and shipwrights during the Italian Renaissance. The emergence of industrial design is linked to the growth of industrialisation and mechanisation that began with the industrial revolution in Great Britain in the mid 18th century. The first use of the industrial design is often attributed to the industrial designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919. Christopher Dresser is considered among the first independent industrial designers, Industrial designs origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. The earliest use of the term may have been in The Art Union, the Practical Draughtsmans Book of Industrial Design by Jacques-Eugène Armengaud was printed in 1853. The subtitle of the work explains, that it wants to offer a course of mechanical, engineering. The study of those types of drawing, according to Armengaud. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the drawing education in France, the United Kingdom. Robert Lepper helped to establish one of the countrys first industrial design programs at Carnegie Institute of Technology. Product design and industrial design overlap in the fields of user interface design, information design, except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, educational programs in the U. S. Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a school or university. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study, the study results in a Bachelor of Industrial Design, Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Fine Arts. Afterwards, the programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as Master of Design, Master of Fine Arts. Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment, generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships
Industrial design
–
An
iPod, an industrially designed product.
Industrial design
–
KitchenAid 5 qt. Stand Mixer, designed in 1937 by Egmont Arens, remains very successful today
Industrial design
–
Western Electric
Model 302 telephone, found throughout the United States from 1937 until the introduction of touch-tone dialing.
Industrial design
–
Calculator Olivetti Divisumma 24 designed in 1956 by Marcello Nizzoli
16.
Fine art
–
Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and dance. Today, the fine arts commonly include additional forms, such as film, photography, video production/editing, design, sequential art, conceptual art, and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums, fine art, in that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the applied arts. The word fine does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question and this definition originally excluded the applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. According to some writers the concept of a category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art, A Cultural History locates the invention in the 18th century, There was a traditional “system of the arts” in the West before the eighteenth century. ”Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton, though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance. The separation of arts and crafts that often exists in Europe, in Japanese aesthetics the activities of everyday life are depicted by integrating not only art with craft but man-made with nature. Traditional Chinese art distinguished within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting. A high status was given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving. Drawing is a form of expression and is one of the major forms of the visual arts. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning. Mosaics are images formed with pieces of stone or glass. They can be decorative or functional, an artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper, except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy, the reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another work of art in a different medium — for instance, a painting — but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression, prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. But there are other kinds, discussed below. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition, in modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a limited edition
Fine art
–
Self-Portrait with Two Circles, oil on canvas,
Rembrandt, c. 1665–1669.
Fine art
–
Black Square, oil on canvas,
Kazimir Malevich, 1923–29
Fine art
–
History of art
Fine art
–
Mosaic of
Christ Pantocrator from
Hagia Sophia
17.
Illustration
–
The origin of the word “illustration” is late Middle English, via Old French from Latin illustratio, from the verb illustrate. Contemporary illustration uses a range of styles and techniques, including drawing, painting, printmaking, collage, montage, digital design, multimedia. Most illustrators work on a freelance basis, depending on the purpose, illustration may be expressive, stylised, realistic or highly technical. This may include exploded views, cutaways, fly-throughs, reconstructions, instructional images, component designs, in contemporary illustration practice, 2D and 3D software is often used to create accurate representations that can be updated easily, and reused in a variety of contexts. In the art world, illustration has at times been considered of less importance than graphic design, original illustration art has been known to attract high prices at auction. The US artist Norman Rockwells painting Breaking Home Ties sold in a 2006 Sothebys auction for USD15.4 million, many other illustration genres are equally valued, with pinup artists such as Gil Elvgren and Alberto Vargas, for example, also attracting high prices. Historically, the art of illustration is closely linked to the processes of printing and publishing. The illustrations of medieval codices were known as illuminations, and were hand drawn. With the invention of the press during the 15th century, books became more widely distributed. Subjects included traditional folk tales, popular figures and every day life, hokusai’s The Great Wave of Kanazawa is a famous image of the time. During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, the main reproduction processes for illustration were engraving and etching, in 18th Century England, a notable illustrator was William Blake, who used relief etching. By the early 19th century, the introduction of lithography substantially improved reproduction quality, in Europe, notable figures of the early 19th Century were John Leech, George Cruikshank, Dickens illustrator Hablot Knight Browne, and, in France, Honoré Daumier. All contributed to both satirical and “serious” publications, at this time, there was a great demand for caricature drawings encapsulating social mores, types and classes. Although all fine art trained, their reputations were gained primarily as illustrators, in common with similar magazines such as the Parisian Le Voleur, Punch realised good illustration sold as well as good text. With publication continuing into the 21st Century, Punch chronicles a gradual shift in popular illustration, from the early 1800s newspapers, mass market magazines, and illustrated books had become the dominant consumer media in Europe and the New World. By the 19th Century, improvements in printing technology freed illustrators to experiment with color, in America, this led to a golden age of illustration from before the 1880s until the early 20th Century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time
Illustration
–
Illustration by
Jessie Willcox Smith
Illustration
–
People strolling by the banks of the River Thames.
Illustration
–
Illustration beats explanation. Western Engraving & Colortype Co.
Illustration
–
John Bauer, Swedish illustrator, Troll and Princess Tuvstarr
18.
Chemistry
–
Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is sometimes called the science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics, the history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to a set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism. An alchemist was called a chemist in popular speech, and later the suffix -ry was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as chemistry, the modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā. In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία and this may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία, meaning cast together, in retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term chymistry, in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, in 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word chemistry to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of chemistry to mean the study of matter, early civilizations, such as the Egyptians Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didnt develop a systematic theory. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura, unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. He formulated Boyles law, rejected the four elements and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms. Before his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, the Scottish chemist Joseph Black and the Dutchman J. B. English scientist John Dalton proposed the theory of atoms, that all substances are composed of indivisible atoms of matter. Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current, british William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table. Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhlers synthesis of urea which proved that organisms were, in theory
Chemistry
–
Solutions of substances in reagent bottles, including
ammonium hydroxide and
nitric acid, illuminated in different colors
Chemistry
–
Democritus ' atomist philosophy was later adopted by
Epicurus (341–270 BCE).
Chemistry
–
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is considered the "Father of Modern Chemistry".
Chemistry
–
Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry,
University of Cologne.
19.
Physics
–
Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
Physics
–
Further information:
Outline of physics
Physics
–
Ancient
Egyptian astronomy is evident in monuments like the
ceiling of Senemut's tomb from the
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
Physics
–
Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), whose
laws of motion and
universal gravitation were major milestones in classical physics
Physics
–
Albert Einstein (1879–1955), whose work on the
photoelectric effect and the
theory of relativity led to a revolution in 20th century physics
20.
Biology
–
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain unifying concepts within it that consolidate it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable, the term biology is derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, life and the suffix -λογία, -logia, study of. The Latin-language form of the term first appeared in 1736 when Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus used biologi in his Bibliotheca botanica, the first German use, Biologie, was in a 1771 translation of Linnaeus work. In 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose used the term in the preface of a book, karl Friedrich Burdach used the term in 1800 in a more restricted sense of the study of human beings from a morphological, physiological and psychological perspective. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the biology or the doctrine of life. Although modern biology is a recent development, sciences related to. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, however, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece. While the formal study of medicine back to Hippocrates, it was Aristotle who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life. Aristotles successor at the Lyceum, Theophrastus, wrote a series of books on botany that survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to the plant sciences, even into the Middle Ages. Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz, Al-Dīnawarī, who wrote on botany, biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoeks dramatic improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria, investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining. Advances in microscopy also had a impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the importance of the cell. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians
Biology
Biology
Biology
Biology
21.
Douglas Trumbull
–
Douglas Huntley Trumbull is an American film director, special effects supervisor, and inventor. Douglas was born in Los Angeles and he is the son of Donald Trumbull who created visual effects for the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz as well as later movies including Silent Running and Star Wars. Douglas Trumbulls early work was at Graphic Films in Los Angeles, the small animation and graphic arts studio produced a film called To the Moon and Beyond about spaceflight for the 1964 New York Worlds Fair. Trumbull, the son of an engineer and an artist, worked at Graphic Films as an illustrator. The spaceflight film caught the attention of director Stanley Kubrick, Kubrick hired director Con Pederson from Graphic Films, and Trumbull then cold-called Kubrick after obtaining the directors home phone number from Pederson. Kubrick hired Trumbull for the production of 2001, A Space Odyssey, Trumbulls first task was to create the dozens of animations seen in the data display screens in the Aries moon shuttle and the Discovery. They looked like computer graphics, but they were created by photographing and animating reproductions of charts, Trumbull initially created the shots using a number of Rube Goldberg-like contraptions he built with gears and motors ordered from a scientific equipment supply house. Kubrick gave the effects technician creative freedom and encouragement, He would say. What do you need to do it, and I would have complete carte blanche, which was wild as a young guy, Trumbull recalled. I was 23–24 when I started the movie, and was 25 by the time I was doing the Star Gate and he would say, What do you need. And Id say, Well, I need to go into town and buy some weird bearings and some stuff and he would send me off to town in his Bentley, with a driver, I just happened to be in the right place at the right time. We were struggling with the Star Gate, although Trumbulls association with Kubrick was a huge boost for his career, he swore afterwards that he would never work for someone else again, in part because Kubrick was a hell of a taskmaster. His level of quality-control bordered on perfectionism, Trumbull was often incorrectly credited in print as being the sole special-effects creator for 2001. Whenever this happened, he received a call shortly thereafter from an irritated Kubrick. Though this created a relationship for many years, Trumbull said after Kubricks death that Kubrick was a genius. In 1969 Trumbull was filming the annual Flying Saucer Convention in Giant Rock California and this evolved into a full length project initially called Giant Rock, Rutabaga Deluxe, and then Saturation 70, An Ecological Horror Fantasy. The star of the film was a five year old Jason Jones, some footage includes a battle with a Green Beret and a Viet Cong in a supermarket. Trumbulls partner on the film was Anthony Foutz, a company called Dimension V took over backing of the film
Douglas Trumbull
–
Trumbull at the annual FMX Conference in 2012
Douglas Trumbull
–
Trumbull discussing frame rates with Ray Feeney (left) and Bill Desowitz at FMX 2012
22.
Film crew
–
A film crew is a group of people hired by a production company for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. The crew is distinguished from the cast as the cast are understood to be the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew is also separate from the producers as the producers are the ones who own a portion of either the company or the films intellectual property rights. A film crew is divided into different departments, each of which specializes in an aspect of the production. Motion picture projects have three stages, development, production and distribution. Television crew positions are derived from those of film crew, the director is considered to be a separate entity, not within the film crews departmental structure. Though directors wield a great deal of power, they are subordinate to the films producer or producers. Some directors, especially more established ones, take on many of the roles of a producer, second unit director The second unit director is responsible for overseeing the photography assigned to the second unit, which can range from minor insert shots to large stunt sequences. The second unit director position is filled by a member of the production. Music director In India-based movie productions, many of which are musicals, the role involves supervising the arrangement, recording and mastering of film music along with conducting and orchestration. Writer Person or persons who write a film script, either an original script or adapted from another written work, in which case the original work and author may also be credited. Production is generally not considered a department as such, but rather as a series of functional groups, producer A film producer creates the conditions for film-making. The producer initiates, coordinates, supervises, and controls matters such as raising, hiring key personnel. The producer is involved throughout all phases of the making process from development to completion of a project. There may be producers on a film who may take a role in a number of areas, such as development. Today, however, the title has become ambiguous, particularly in feature films, since the 1980s, it has become increasingly common for the line producer to be given the title of executive producer, while the initiating producer takes the produced by credit. On other projects, the reverse happens, with the producer taking the produced by credit. So the two credits have become effectively interchangeable, with no precise definition, line producer The line producer is the liaison between the studio or producer and the production manager, responsible for managing the production budget
Film crew
–
Film crew and equipment on a location shoot
Film crew
–
A
Camera operator filming a scene from the 1950 Hollywood film
Julius Caesar starring
Charlton Heston
23.
Filmmaking
–
Filmmaking is the process of making a film. Filmmaking takes place in places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts. Typically, it involves a number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete. Film production consists of five stages, Development, The first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought etc. Financing for the project has to be sought and greenlit, pre-production, Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. Production, The raw elements for the film are recorded during the film shoot, post-production, The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited. Distribution, The finished film is distributed and screened in cinemas and released to home video. In this stage, the project producer selects a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, true story, video game, comic book, graphic novel, or an original idea, etc. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the works with writers to prepare a synopsis. Next they produce an outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Then, they prepare a treatment, a 25-to-30-page description of the story, its mood and this usually has little dialogue and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Another way is to produce a scriptment once a synopsis is produced, next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, however, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. A film distributor may be contacted at a stage to assess the likely market. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience, not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment and they will also pitch the film to actors and directors in order to attach them to the project. Many projects fail to move beyond this stage and enter so-called development hell, if a pitch succeeds, a film receives a green light, meaning someone offers financial backing, typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor. The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts, once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period
Filmmaking
–
Steven Spielberg with Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka
Filmmaking
–
Sound recordist Curtis Choy (left) on location for "Dim Sum: a Little Bit of Heart," an indie film by Wayne Wang on Clement Street, San Francisco, California 1983
24.
Actor
–
Anyone who meets the eligibility requirements may apply for aid, which could vary from medical assistance, paying rent, or finding employment. Heros benefits are not meant to be a permanent crutch for needy creators, any granted aid is kept confidential. The Hero Initiative has two boards of directors, the Executive Board and the Fund Disbursement Board, former board members include founders Pat McCallum, editor-in-chief of Wizard Magazine, and Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics. They are George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Charlie Novinskie, Dennis ONeil, John Romita Sr. the charity is currently supported by Dark Horse Comics, Dynamic Forces, Image Comics, Marvel Entertainment, Top Cow Productions, and Wizard Entertainment. The Hero Initiative utilizes many methods of fundraising, foremost is their annual art auction, auctioning donated original comics art-work at fan conventions. Year-long, they sell donated art and special edition comics at conventions, artists, writers, and publishers are invited to donate work, and fans are invited to donate money directly to the fund. ACTOR also sells a green Excelsior, wrist-band similar in design to the Livestrong wristband. The Hero Initiative was formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR, while the original name of the organization reflected the charitys goal, the acronym that resulted, ACTOR, more often confused people unfamiliar with the organization. 2006, George Pérez, John Romita, Sr.2007, Joe Kubert 2008, Nick Cardy 2009, Neal Adams 2010, Walt Simonson 2011, Stan Lee 2012, John Romita, Jr. The award recognizes one person in each year who demonstrates particular generosity and integrity in support of the overall comic book community. It debuted at the 2010 Harvey Awards ceremony held at the Baltimore Comic-Con
Actor
–
The Hero Initiative
Actor
25.
Movie star
–
A movie star is a celebrity who is well-known, or famous, for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term may apply to an actor or actress who is recognized as a marketable commodity. The most widely known, prominent or successful actors are sometimes called superstars by writers, when a small number of suppliers dominate a market those suppliers become superstars. According to a dictionary, a movie star is an actor or actress who is famous for playing leading roles in movies. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors, however, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By 1909, actresses such as Florence Lawrence and Mary Pickford were already widely recognized, Lawrence was referred to as the “Biograph Girl” because she worked for D. W. Griffiths Biograph Studios, while Pickford was Little Mary. In 1910, Lawrence switched to the Independent Moving Pictures Company, began appearing under her own name, Pickford began appearing under her own name in 1911. The Independent Moving Pictures Company promoted their picture personalities, including Florence Lawrence and King Baggot, by giving them billing, credits and a marquee. Promotion in advertising led to the release of stories about these personalities to newspapers and fan magazines as part of a strategy to brand loyalty for their companys actors. By the 1920s, Hollywood film company promoters had developed an industrial enterprise that. peddled a new intangible—fame. Publicists thus created the images and public perceptions of screen legends such as Judy Garland, Rock Hudson, Marilyn Monroe. The development of this system made fame something that could be fabricated purposely. However, regardless of how. strenuously the star and their media handlers, try to monitor and shape it, the media and the public always play a substantial part in the image-making process. According to Madow, fame is a phenomenon, something that is conferred by others. A person can, within the limits of his natural talents, but he cannot, in this same sense, make himself famous, any more than he can make himself loved. Madow goes on to point out fame is often conferred or withheld, just as love is, for reasons and on grounds other than merit. According to Sofia Johansson the canonical texts on stardom include articles by Boorstin, Alberoni and Dyer that examined the representations of stars, Johansson writes that more recent analyses within media and cultural studies have instead dealt with the idea of a pervasive, contemporary, celebrity culture. In the 1980s and 1990s, entertainment companies began using stars for a range of publicity tactics including press releases, movie junkets and these promotional efforts are targeted and designed using market research, to increase the predictability of success of their media ventures
Movie star
–
Poster advertising a 1916 film with
Mary Pickford, one of the first movie stars
Movie star
–
Two movie stars,
Sophie Marceau and
Zhang Ziyi, respectively from
France and
China, at the
Cabourg Film Festival in June 2014.
26.
Cameo appearance
–
A cameo role or cameo appearance is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts, typically unnamed or appearing as themselves. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common, a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well, such as Alfred Hitchcocks frequently performed cameos. Originally cameo role meant a character part that stands out from the other minor parts. The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning a short literary sketch or portrait, which is based on the meaning of cameo. More recently, cameo has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself, such as the examples below. Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a mismatch between the celebritys stature and the film or TV show in which he or she is appearing. Others are acknowledgments of a contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of TV series. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, possibly the best-known series of cameos was by the director Alfred Hitchcock, who made very brief appearances in most of his films. Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works, “Literary cameos” usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine, a cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal signature on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance, quentin Tarantino provides cameos or small roles in at least 10 of his movies. Likewise, Peter Jackson has made cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length movie Bad Taste in which he plays a main character. For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug, a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers, director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Whos That Knocking at My Door, he appears as one of the gangsters, he is a crew man in After Hours. He opens up his 1986 film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, in a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholsons nose with the blade of his clasp knife. Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films, mike Todds film Around the World in 80 Days was filled with cameo roles, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, among the many cameos featured in the film Maverick, actor Danny Glover appears as the lead bank robber
Cameo appearance
–
Alfred Hitchcock (left) in
Notorious
27.
Film director
–
A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
Film director
–
American director
Steven Spielberg with Sri Lankan film maker
Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka
Film director
–
The film director gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, while filming a
costume drama on location in
London.
Film director
–
Director
Pedro Almodóvar and actress
Penélope Cruz
Film director
–
Fritz Lang directing a movie
28.
Screenwriter
–
One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
Screenwriter
–
A page of a screenplay
29.
Film producer
–
Film producers fill a variety of roles depending upon the type of producer. During the discovery stage, the producer has to find and acknowledge promising material, then, unless the film is supposed to be based on an original script, the producer has to find an appropriate screenwriter. For various reasons, producers cannot always supervise all of the production, in this case, the main producer may appoint executive producers, line producers, or unit production managers who represent the main producers interests. The producer has the last word on whether sounds or music have to be changed and they are in charge of selling the film or arranging distribution rights as well. The producers role can vary significantly from project to project, based on the circumstances and they generally are in charge of things like hiring staff, creating filming schedules, checking and approving locations, and much more. Producers are present in every genre of television and film. Although each genre might be different from each other, a producers role and job is the same throughout each. A producer from a program can be compared to a producer of a filmmaker despite how different each genre can be. Although the primary role of the producer can be compared to that of a filmmaker, the roles are very wide ranging, due to the fact that this occupation has gone through an enormous amount of stages and phases as time went on. Today, in most cases the roles range from supervising the editing process to hiring the main staff. The producer has an amount of power in every single aspect of the production process. They are never left out and are involved in every single stage of the production. There are times when a producer can try and find promising material to either a feature film or a television program. If a producer decides to do this, it is usually done in the discovery stage, the discovery stage is when a producer is actively looking for a variety of ideas, concepts, and/or promising scripts that he/she could make into a show and/or film. In this stage, a power may even stretch to gathering workers for the selected project. Even though a producer today can have a range of roles within the field. Within the industry, there are different types of producers who are only designated to specific roles such as controlling the staff. For example, to oversee and manage all aspects of production the role may be filled by the line producer
Film producer
–
George Lucas is known for producing the
Star Wars and
Indiana Jones movies.
30.
Casting (performing arts)
–
The casting process involves a series of auditions before a casting panel, composed of individuals such as the producer, director and/or choreographer. In the early stages of the process, performers often may present prepared audition pieces such as monologues or songs and these audition pieces are usually video taped, attached with resumes, and head shots and then shared with producers, directors and studio representatives. Depending on the prestige of the role, casting calls may go out to the public at large, in the production of film and television, a similar process is followed. Character breakdowns, part of the breakdown, are often provided to auditioners. An actor may go through casting calls before receiving a part. Independent casting studios are used for casting calls so that the castings can take place in various locations. For some major productions, the process of selecting actors for sometimes hundreds of parts may require specialized staff. While the last word remains with the people in charge, artistic and production, a casting director is sometimes assisted by a casting associate, productions with large numbers of extras may have their own extras casting director. The CD remains as a liaison between director, actors and their agents/managers and the studio/network to get the characters in the script cast, at least in the early stages and for extras, casting may be decentralized geographically, often in conjunction with actual shooting planned in different locations. Another reason may be tapping into each home market in the case of an international co-production, the resulting list of actors filling the parts is called a cast list
Casting (performing arts)
–
Casting call for
black cats, Los Angeles, 1961. The studio was seeking cats for the
Roger Corman movie
Tales of Terror.
31.
Location manager
–
They are also the public face of the production, and responsible for addressing issues that arise due to the productions impact on the community. Historically, the duties of the Location Manager were the responsibility of the Assistant Director, as the film industry grew, a need was identified for greater oversight, to allow ADs to focus on the internal aspects of the set. A dedicated person focusing on external influences was first seen in the 1950s on large studio features, the first job of a location manager is managing the location scouting of a project, usually supervising several scouts and assistant managers during the course of a show. The manager is responsible for public relations at the locations used. An experienced location scout will take into account all the necessary for the production to function. Good location managers are well-poised and able to think on their feet as they are moving, usually preceding production at a location. They are the first and last people the public sees that represent the production, in New York Commercials, they are represented by Teamsters Local 817. In Georgia, location managers are represented by the Teamsters Local 728, Location Managers are commonly associated with production as being part of the management of a show and as such, are generally paid a weekly salary as opposed to an hourly wage. The average salary can vary depending on the experience of the individual, Location Managers Guild International, a guild representing location managers around the world Location library, a listing of locations available for film and TV shoots. Location Managers Guild International Association of Location Scouts and Managers ALSAM Guild of Location Managers United Kingdom Crossroads United Locations Department Workers
Location manager
–
Film shooting on location in Downtown Los Angeles
Location manager
–
Large lighting equipment must be stored between shoots. For
The Sorcerer's Apprentice, the storage spot was lower
Broadway in Manhattan
32.
Storyboard
–
Many large budget silent films were storyboarded, but most of this material has been lost during the reduction of the studio archives during the 1970s and 1980s. Special effects pioneer Georges Méliès is known to have been among the first filmmakers to use storyboards, however, storyboarding in the form widely known today was developed at the Walt Disney studio during the early 1930s. In the biography of her father, The Story of Walt Disney, the second studio to switch from story sketches to storyboards was Walter Lantz Productions in early 1935, by 1936 Harman-Ising and Leon Schlesinger Productions also followed suit. By 1937 or 1938, all American animation studios were using storyboards, gone with the Wind was one of the first live action films to be completely storyboarded. William Cameron Menzies, the production designer, was hired by producer David O. Selznick to design every shot of the film. Storyboarding became popular in film production during the early 1940s. Storyboards are now a part of the creative process. A film storyboard is essentially a series of frames, with drawings of the sequence of events in a film and it helps film directors, cinematographers and television commercial advertising clients visualize the scenes and find potential problems before they occur. Besides this, storyboards also help estimate the cost of the overall production, often storyboards include arrows or instructions that indicate movement. In creating a picture with any degree of fidelity to a script. And in the case of media, it is the layout. In the storyboarding process, most technical details involved in crafting a film or interactive media project can be described either in picture or in additional text. A common misconception is that storyboards are not used in theatre, directors and playwrights frequently use storyboards as special tools to understand the layout of the scene. The great Russian theatre practitioner Stanislavski developed storyboards in his production plans for his Moscow Art Theatre performances. The German director and dramatist Bertolt Brecht developed detailed storyboards as part of his method of fabels. This allows the animators and directors to work out any screenplay, camera positioning, shot list, the storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed with the director until the storyboard is perfected. Editing the film at the stage can avoid animation of scenes that would be edited out of the film. Often storyboards are animated with simple zooms and pans to simulate camera movement and these animations can be combined with available animatics, sound effects, and dialog to create a presentation of how a film could be shot and cut together
Storyboard
–
A storyboard for
The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd episode #408
Storyboard
–
A storyboard template.
Storyboard
–
A storyboard for an eight-minute
animated cartoon.
33.
Costume designer
–
A costume designer is a person who designs costumes for a film, stage production or television. The role of the designer is to create the characters and balance the scenes with texture and colour. The costume designer works alongside the director, scenic, lighting designer, sound designer, the costume designer may also collaborate with hair stylist, wig master, or makeup artist. In European theatre, the role is different, as the theatre designer usually designs both costume and scenic elements. Designers typically seek to enhance a characters personality, and to create a plot of colour, changing social status, or period through the visual design of garments. They may distort or enhance the body—within the boundaries of the directors vision, the designer must ensure that the designs let the actor move as the role requires. The actor must execute the directors blocking of the production without damaging the garments, garments must be durable and washable, especially for plays with extended runs or films with near-real time pacing but whose principal photography phase may stretch across several weeks. The designer must consult not only with the director, but the set, the designer must possess strong artistic capabilities and a thorough knowledge of pattern development, draping, drafting, textiles and fashion history. The designer must understand historical costuming, and the movement style, during the late-19th century, company managers in the US usually selected costumes for a show. Many were pulled from a house, few were designed. Though designers in other disciplines were recognized, few who specialized in costumes were. The few that were included Caroline Siedle, C, wilhelm, Percy Anderson, and Mrs. John Alexander. They sometimes even received credit on the page of a playbill rather than in the back. In the 20th century, film costume designers like Edith Head, later, those working in television like Nolan Miller, Janie Bryant, and Patricia Field became more prominent, some becoming authors and having their own clothing and jewelry lines. Professional costume designers generally fall into three types, freelance, residential, and academic, freelance designers are hired for a specific production by a theatre, dance or opera company, and may or may not actually be local to the theatre they design for. A freelancer is traditionally paid in three instalments, Upon hire, on delivery of final renderings, and opening night of the production, freelancers are not obligated to any exclusivity in what projects they work on, and may design for several productions concurrently. A residential designer is hired by a theatre, dance or opera company for an extended series of productions. This can be as short as a stock contract, or may be for many years
Costume designer
–
Costume designer
Robert Edmond Jones (1887-1954) drawing at a waist high table (c. 1920).
34.
Hairdresser
–
A hairdresser is a person whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a persons image. This is achieved using a combination of hair coloring, haircutting, most hairdressers are professionally licensed as either a hairdresser, a barber or a cosmetologist. Hairdressing as an occupation dates back thousands of years, ancient art drawings and paintings have been discovered depicting people working on another persons hair. Greek writers Aristophanes and Homer both mention hairdressing in their writings, in Africa, it was believed in some cultures that a persons spirit occupied his or her hair, giving hairdressers high status within these communities. The status of hairdressing encouraged many to develop their skills, hours would be spent washing, combing, oiling, styling and ornamenting their hair. Men would work specifically on men, and women on other women, before a master hairdresser died, they would give their combs and tools to a chosen successor during a special ceremony. In ancient Egypt, hairdressers had specially decorated cases to hold their tools, including lotions, scissors, barbers also worked as hairdressers, and wealthy men often had personal barbers within their home. With the standard of wig wearing within the culture, wigmakers were also trained as hairdressers, in ancient Rome and Greece household slaves and servants took on the role of hairdressers, including dyeing and shaving. Men who did not have their own hair or shaving services would visit the local barbershop. Women had their hair maintained and groomed at their homes, historical documentation is lacking regarding hairstylists from the 5th century until the 14th century. Hair care service grew in demand after a decree in 1092 demanded that all Roman Catholic clergymen remove their facial hair. The first appearance of the hairdresser is in 17th century Europe. A wealthy mans hair would often be maintained by a valet and it was in France where men began styling womens hair for the first time, and many of the notable hairdressers of the time were men, a trend that would continue into contemporary times. The first famous male hairdresser was Champagne, who was born in Southern France, upon moving to Paris, he opened his own hair salon and dressed the hair of wealthy Parisian women until his death in 1658. Womens hair grew taller in style during the 17th century, popularized by the hairdresser Madame Martin, the hairstyle, the tower, was the trend with wealthy English and American women, who relied on hairdressers to style their hair as tall as possible. Tall piles of curls were pomaded, powdered and decorated with ribbons, flowers, lace, feathers, the profession of hairdressing was launched as a genuine profession when Legros de Rumigny was declared the first official hairdresser of the French court. In 1765 de Rumigny published his book Art de la Coiffure des Dames, the book was a best seller amongst Frenchwomen, and four years later de Rumigny opened a school for hairdressers, Academie de Coiffure. At the school he taught men and women to cut hair, by 1777, approximately 1,200 hairdressers were working in Paris
Hairdresser
–
Hairdresser washing a woman's hair
Hairdresser
–
A caricature of a French hairdresser at the Académie de Coiffure, working on a large hairstyle, fashionable of the time, in the 18th century.
35.
Make-up artist
–
In the United States as well as the other parts of the globe, professional licenses are required by agencies in order for them to hire the MUA. Fashion makeup Fashion makeup is used in photography as well as on the fashion runway. Avant-garde makeup is also a technique used for projects that require experimental themes. Fashion makeup is also used in television and film ranging for the natural prime look to more sophisticated applications such as color balance. Theatrical makeup Stage makeup is used as a method in conjunction with stage lighting to highlight the faces in order to make expressions visible to the audience from moderate distances. This often includes defining the eyes and lips as well as the highlights and lowlights of the facial bones, special make-up effects The use of special effects techniques enhancing physical features to exhibit metaphysical characteristics as well as fantasy makeup. The use of prosthetics and plaster casting are required for projects that entails non-human appearances. Accents such as blood and ooze are also techniques applicable to this type of makeup. Airbrushing The use of an airbrush which is a small air-operated device that sprays various media including alcohol, liquid foundations that are high in coverage but thin in consistency are applied with the airbrush for full coverage without a heavy build-up of product. Bridal makeup Bridal makeup is a new segment in a makeup artists repertoire, from ethnic, to glamorous, to contemporary, makeup artists are now an important part of wedding planning in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. High definition This is an art which involves the use of light reflectors and this was developed due to the further development of high definition mediums and the cost implications of airbrush makeup. In 1955 the Bollywood group Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers Association created a rule that did not allow women to obtain memberships as makeup artists. However, in 2014 the Supreme Court of India ruled that this rule was in violation of the Indian constitutional guarantees granted under Article 14,19 and Article 21. The Court also found illegal the rule which mandated that for any artist, female or male, to work in the industry, in 2015 it was announced that Charu Khurana had become the first woman to be registered by the Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers Association. The CCMAA and 15 of its members protested on the set as Daniel Bauer was not registered with the Union
Make-up artist
–
Makeup artist backstage at the Lee Matthews show, Spring/Summer 2007 Australia Fashion Week
Make-up artist
–
Michelle Camaclang, an international-certified professional makeup artist
Make-up artist
–
Special effects makeup techniques
Make-up artist
–
Make-up artists often use portable or wearable make-up brushes' bags as shown in this photo
36.
Visual Art
–
The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, literature, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design. Current usage of the visual arts includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts. The increasing tendency to painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes, training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. Visual arts have now become a subject in most education systems. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a variety of tools. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used, the main techniques used in drawing are, line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman, drawing goes back at least 16,000 years to Paleolithic cave representations of animals such as those at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture, drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier, like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet, in shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, in the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost, one of the best remaining representations are the hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages
Visual Art
–
Vincent van Gogh:
The Church at Auvers (1890)
Visual Art
–
Mosaic of Battle of Issus
Visual Art
–
Nefertari with Isis
Visual Art
–
Raphael:
Spasimo (1514-1516)
37.
Matte painting
–
For the technique used in photography and special effects filmmaking to combine two or more image elements into a single, final image, see Matte. A matte painting is a representation of a landscape, set. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used techniques to combine a matte-painted image with live-action footage. At its best, depending on the levels of the artists and technicians. In the scenes the painting part is static and movements are integrated on it, traditionally, matte paintings were made by artists using paints or pastels on large sheets of glass for integrating with the live-action footage. The first known matte painting shot was made in 1907 by Norman Dawn, the first Star Wars documentary ever made mentioned the technique used for the tractor beam scene as being a glass painting. By the mid-1980s, advancements in graphics programs allowed matte painters to work in the digital realm. The first digital matte shot was created by painter Chris Evans in 1985 for Young Sherlock Holmes for a scene featuring an animation of a knight leaping from a stained-glass window. Evans first painted the window in acrylics, then scanned the painting into LucasFilm’s Pixar system for digital manipulation. The computer animation blended perfectly with the matte, which could not have been accomplished using a traditional matte painting. Throughout the 1990s, traditional matte paintings were still in use, die Hard 2 was the first film to use digitally composited live-action footage with a traditional glass matte painting that had been photographed and scanned into a computer. It was for the last scene, which place on an airport runway. Paint has now superseded by digital images created using photo references, 3-D models. Matte painters combine their digitally matte painted textures within computer-generated 3-D environments, lighting algorithms used to simulate lighting sources expanded in scope in 1995, when radiosity rendering was applied to film for the first time in Martin Scorsese’s Casino. Matte World Digital collaborated with LightScape to simulate the indirect effect of millions of neon lights of the 70s-era Las Vegas strip. Lower computer processing times continue to alter and expand matte painting technologies and techniques, the army barracks in All Quiet On The Western Front. Count Draculas castle exteriors in Dracula and other scenes, the view of Skull Island in King Kong. Charlie Chaplin′s blindfold roller-skating beside the illusory drop in Modern Times, the view of Nottingham Castle in The Adventures of Robin Hood
Matte painting
–
The government warehouse in
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) was painted on glass by
Michael Pangrazio at
Industrial Light & Magic, and combined with live-action footage of a government worker, pushing his
cargo up the center aisle.
38.
Illustrator
–
An illustrator is an artist who specializes in enhancing writing or elucidating concepts by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. The illustration may be intended to clarify complicated concepts or objects that are difficult to describe textually, illustration is the art of making images that work with something and add to it without needing direct attention and without distracting from the thing they illustrate. The other thing is the focus of the attention, and the role is to add personality. A cartoon illustration can add humor to stories or essays, use reference images to create scenes and characters. This can be as simple as looking at an image to inspire artwork, or creating character sketches. Some traditional illustration techniques include watercolor, pen and ink, airbrush art, oil painting, pastels, wood engraving, and linoleum cuts. Traditional illustration seems to have come full circle, from falling out of favor to photography in the early 1990s to being superseded by CGI, universities and art schools offer specific courses in illustration so this has become a new avenue into the profession. Many illustrators are freelance, commissioned by publishers or advertising agencies, most scientific illustrations and technical illustrations are also known as information graphics. Among the information graphics specialists are medical illustrators who illustrate human anatomy, often requiring years of artistic. A particularly popular medium with illustrators of the 1950s and 1960s was casein, the immediacy and durability of these media suited illustrations demands well. The artwork in both types of paint withstood the rigors of travel to clients and printers without damage, digital illustration is the technique of using a computer to produce original artwork. Digital illustrators use a combination of software and image editing software to create computer art. Digital illustration is not merely the manipulation of images with software, computer illustration or digital illustration is the use of digital tools to produce images under the direct manipulation of the artist, usually through a pointing device such as a tablet or a mouse. Computers dramatically changed the industry and today many cartoonists and illustrators create digital illustrations using computers, graphics tablets, software such as Adobe Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop are now widely used by those professionals
Illustrator
–
Jessie Willcox Smith 's 1923 illustration of the characters in
Alice in Wonderland.
Illustrator
–
A watercolor, by
John Simmons, depicting Hermia and Lysander, from A Midsummer Night's Dream (1870).
39.
Scenic design
–
Scenic design is the creation of theatrical, as well as film or television scenery. Scenic designers come from a variety of backgrounds, but in recent years, are mostly trained professionals. Scenic designers design sets and scenery that aim to fully immerse the viewer in the production, a designer looks at the details searching for evidence through research to produce conceptual ideas that’s best toward supporting the content and values with visual elements. The subject of, “How do we generate creative ideas. ”The most consuming part of expanding our horizons toward scenic concepts is more than witnessing creativity. It starts with us opening our mind to the possibilities, to have an attitude toward learning, seeking, and engaging in creativity and to be willing to be adventurous, inquisitive and curious. Whether outside or inside, colorful trees or concerts, star lit skies or the architecture of a great building, discovering what will best clarify and support the story being told. The scenic designer works with the director and other designers to establish a visual concept for the production. All of these required drawing elements can be created from one accurate 3-D CAD model of the set design. Scenic designers are responsible for creating models of the scenery, renderings, paint elevations. Prague, CZ What is Scenography Article illustrating the differences between US and European theatre design practices Special, WhatLinksHere/Julia Anastasopoulos
Scenic design
–
Scenic design, The 2010 Family Series, by Glenn Davis
Scenic design
–
Set design model by Marcel Jambon for an 1895 Paris production of
Giuseppe Verdi 's
Otello.
Scenic design
–
A set designer works on the set with
carpenters.
Scenic design
–
Scenic designer
Robert Edmond Jones (1887-1954) drawing at a waist high table (c. 1920).
40.
Principal photography
–
Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a star before completing all planned takes. For example, sets are notoriously flammable, and most older studios feature water towers for that reason, furthermore, professional-quality movie cameras are normally rented as needed, and most camera houses will not allow rentals of their equipment without proof of insurance. Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, in these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, learning materials related to Filmmaking at Wikiversity Media related to Filmmaking at Wikimedia Commons
Principal photography
–
Film production on location in
Newark, New Jersey.
41.
Cinematographer
–
The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, in the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge, with the advent of artificial lighting and faster film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. Cinematography was key during the silent movie era, with no sound apart from music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too, there are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. S. C. Defines cinematography as, A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of a work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography
Cinematographer
–
A
camera crew sets up for scenes to be filmed on the flight deck for the motion picture
Stealth with the crew of the
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72).
42.
Camera operator
–
A camera operator, sometimes informally called a cameraman or a camerawoman, is a professional operator of a film or video camera. In filmmaking, the designing the lighting is the cinematographer or director of photography. The camera operator is responsible for operating the camera and maintaining composition. In narrative filmmaking, the operator will collaborate with the director, director of photography, actors and crew to make technical. In this setting, an operator is part of a film crew consisting of the director of photography. In documentary filmmaking and news, the camera is called on to film unfolding. In 2006, there were approximately 27,000 television, video, important camera operator skills include choreographing and framing shots, knowledge of and the ability to select appropriate camera lenses, and other equipment to portray dramatic scenes. The principles of story telling and film editing fundamentals are important skills as well. The camera operator is required to clearly and concisely on sets where time
Camera operator
–
War camera operator (Photo: Patrick-André Perron)
Camera operator
–
A camera operator on top of
Brandenburg Gate in 1926
43.
Focus puller
–
A focus puller, or 1st assistant camera, is a member of a film crew’s camera department whose primary responsibility is to maintain image sharpness on whatever subject or action is being filmed. Pulling focus or rack focusing refers to the act of changing the focus distance setting in correspondence to a moving subject’s physical distance from the focal plane. Additionally, the focus puller may shift focus from one subject to another within the frame, a good focus puller will have an intimate knowledge of cinematographic and optical theory. Depending on the parameters of a shot, there is often very little room for error. One must also consider that an actor may not be able to duplicate his or her best performance in a subsequent take, because of these factors, some production personnel consider the focus puller to have the most difficult job on set. And for configuring the camera and its accessories in multiple ways for different setups, 1st ACs arrive on set or in the studio before the director, director of photography and camera operator, and ensure that the camera and all required lenses are prepared for the days shoot. During shooting, the 1st AC is also responsible for moving the camera to each setup as directed by the Director of Photography, on larger budget productions, the camera is usually mounted on a dolly for most of the day, which is operated by the Dolly Grip. At the end of each shooting day, 1st ACs clean the equipment, if there is a problem with the rushes, the focus puller communicates with the film lab to fix any faults with the camera or film stock. Sharp focus is fundamental to reproducing a realistic, appealing image, when done correctly, good pulling goes mostly unnoticed by the audience. The shooting of a scene begins with a blocking rehearsal. During the rehearsal, the 2nd AC lays tape marks on the floor at all points an actor pauses movement. The actors then leave set to go through hair and makeup, and stand-ins come in to take their places at various positions for the purposes of lighting, framing. These distances are recorded in a series of grease pencil/pen marks on the barrel of the lens. Using the stand-ins or 2nd AC, marks are checked through the viewfinder and/or the onboard monitor for accuracy, marks may be repositioned in order to provide specific framing desired, and the 1st AC must be aware of this and re-measure/re-set his marks accordingly. When the actors return to set, there is usually a rehearsal for camera in which the focus puller and operator will practice the shot and make sure everything has been set up properly. In cases where an obstruction prevents the focus puller from seeing all his marks, traditionally, the focus puller used only his marks and his own well-developed sense of distance estimation to achieve good results. Over the last decade, the use of digital cameras. Professional 1st ACs have many tricks for pulling focus in difficult situations or when accurate measurement is impossible and these reference measurements can be used to quickly establish rough distances between the camera and the subject in chaotic shooting circumstances
Focus puller
–
A focus puller
44.
Clapper loader
–
The specific responsibilities and division of labor within the department will almost always vary depending on the circumstances of the shoot. Clapper loaders have an important role as practically the only people on set who directly and physically oversee the state of the undeveloped negative. The loader - the only person who handles the negative between the manufacturer and the laboratory - thus can easily render an entire days work useless if the film is handled improperly. Furthermore, the loader usually has more to do in addition to these tasks. Noted director of photography Oliver Stapleton has written on his website, The LOADER loads the camera, oddly enough, loading may not sound like much of a job, but in actuality it is very important. When this happens the Loader can become deeply unpopular very quickly, kubrick fired one loader I know on his first day of work for walking across the set holding a magazine upside down. Not Kubrick’s first day of work - the Loaders and this was a trifle harsh, but there is a right way to do the job, and the rules are there for a very good reason. If you screw up the minimum cost is about $20,000 and the max any figure you might care to imagine
Clapper loader
–
Panavision movie camera. The camera magazine is the lighter color unit on top of the camera, the camera magazine can be removed to be reloaded by the clapper loader
Clapper loader
–
A short strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative film, from a roll of film.
Clapper loader
–
A
35 mm Each reel contains roughly 2,000 feet, or 20 minutes of running time at 24
fps in length.
Clapper loader
–
Digital Clapperboard
45.
Steadicam
–
Steadicam is a brand of camera stabilizer mounts for motion picture cameras invented by Garrett Brown and introduced in 1975 by Tiffen. It mechanically isolates the operators movement, allowing for a smooth shot, before the camera stabilizing system, a director had two choices for moving shots, The camera could be mounted on a dolly, a wheeled mount that rolls on tracks or leveled boards. This procedure is time consuming to set up, and it is impractical in many situations, the camera operator could simply hold the camera. This manual grip allows speed and flexibility, but even the most skilled operator cannot entirely prevent shaking, while these cinematic techniques are still common, the Steadicam has added another dimension to motion picture cinematography and videography. A Steadicam essentially combines the stabilized steady footage of a tripod mount with the fluid motion of a dolly shot. While smoothly following the broad movements, the Steadicams arm absorbs jerks, bumps. The Steadicam was introduced to the industry in 1975 by inventor and cameraman Garrett Brown, after completing the first working prototype, Brown shot a ten-minute demo reel of the revolutionary moves this new device could produce. This reel was seen by numerous directors, including Stanley Kubrick, the Steadicam was subsequently licensed to and manufactured by Cinema Products Corporation, which later diversified the brand into a consumer line for DV cameras. It was then used in running and chase scenes on the streets of New York City in Marathon Man. Rocky was also released before Bound For Glory, Garrett Brown was the Steadicam operator on all of these. The Shining pushed Browns innovations even further, when director Stanley Kubrick requested that the shoot from barely above the floor. This low-mode concept remains the most important extension to the system since its inception, a Steadicam rig was also employed during the filming of Return of the Jedi, in conjunction with two gyroscopes for extra stabilization, to film the background plates for the speeder bike chase. Brown, who operated the shot, walked through a redwood forest. The end result, when projected at 24 frames per second, in the Michael Crichton film Runaway, a Steadicam rig was used to simulate the point of view of a futuristic smart bullet in flight while targeting specific individuals by their heat signature. The operator wears a harness—the Steadicam vest—which is attached to an iso-elastic arm and this is connected by a multiaxis and ultra-low friction gimbal to the Steadicam sled which has the camera mounted at one end and counterbalancing weight at the other. The monitor substitutes for the viewfinder, since the range of motion of the camera relative to the operator makes the cameras own viewfinder unusable. In the film industry the armature and weight are traditionally called the sled, the sled includes the top stage where the camera is attached, the post which in most models can be extended, with the monitor and batteries at the bottom to counterbalance the camera weight. This is how the Steadicam stays upright, by making the bottom slightly heavier than the top
Steadicam
–
A Steadicam and operator in front of a crowd
Steadicam
–
The larger Steadicams are designed to support
35 mm film and
digital cinema cameras (like this
Arri Alexa) and even
IMAX cameras.
Steadicam
–
To film this recreated Victorian London street scene, the cameraman next to the lamp post is using a Steadicam and wearing the harness required to support it.
46.
Grip (job)
–
In the U. S. and Canada, grips are lighting and rigging technicians in the filmmaking and video production industries. They constitute their own department on a set and are directed by a key grip. The first is to work closely with the department to provide camera support, especially if the camera is mounted to a dolly, crane, or in an unusual position. Some grips may specialize in operating camera dollies or camera cranes, the second main function of grips is to work closely with the electrical department to create lighting set-ups necessary for a shot under the direction of the director of photography. Grips responsibility is to build and maintain all the equipment that supports cameras and this equipment, which includes tripods, dollies, tracks, jibs, cranes, and static rigs, is constructed of delicate yet heavy duty parts requiring a high level of experience to operate and move. Every scene in a film is shot using one or more cameras, each mounted on highly complex, extremely expensive. Grips assemble this equipment according to specifications and push, pull. Good Grips perform a role in ensuring that the artifice of film is maintained. Grips are usually requested by the DoP or the camera operator, although the work is physically demanding and the hours are long, the work can be very rewarding. Many Grips work on commercials and features. In the UK, Australia and most parts of Europe, grips are not involved in lighting, in the British System, adopted throughout Europe and the British Commonwealth, a grip is solely responsible for camera mounting and support. The term grip is from the era of the circus. From there it was used in vaudeville and then in film sound stages. Some have suggested the name comes from the 1930s–40s slang term for a bag or grip that these technicians use to carry their tools. Another theory is that in the days of hand-cranked cameras, it was necessary for a few men to hang on to the tripod legs to stop excessive movement of the camera. These men became known as the good grips—as they were constantly being instructed to keep a grip on the tripod. US grips typically belong to the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, canadian grips may also belong to IATSE or to Canadas other professional trade unions including Torontos Nabet 700, or Vancouvers ACFC. British grips usually belong to BECTU, on all union jobs, grips do not touch the lights themselves
Grip (job)
–
Grips working on a
dolly
Grip (job)
–
An
HMI head on a stand
Grip (job)
–
Cameraman and dolly grip filming The Alamo (2004)
Grip (job)
–
Statue of a boom operator on the Avenue of Stars in Hong Kong
47.
Dolly grip
–
In cinematography, the dolly grip is a dedicated technician trained to operate the camera dolly. This technician places, levels, and moves the dolly track, then pushes and pulls the dolly and usually a camera operator, if the dolly has a moveable vertical axis, such as a hydraulic arm, then the dolly grip also operates the boom. If both axes are used simultaneously, this type of shot is known as a compound move. A dolly grip must work closely with the crew to perfect these complex movements during rehearsals. Focusing the lens is critical to capturing an image, so a dolly grip must hit his or her marks in concert with a camera assistant who pulls focus. It is a skill that experience can hone to a point, but the best dolly grips are known for their touch, a dolly grip is also employed when the camera is operated in handheld mode. While the camera operator is moving with the camera, the grip is responsible for the operators safety. The dolly grip silently directs the operator away from walls and other obstacles that the operator cannot see while concentrating on the image in the camera viewfinder, the same is true when the camera is operated with a Steadicam or similar body-mounted stabilization tool. Although dolly grips are hired by and under a key grip, they are paid the same as a best boy grip, dolly grips may also push a wheeled platform holding the microphone and boom operator. Crane operators in the industry are specially trained film crew. Some shots require the camera to move and this can be done several ways, one of which is to use a camera crane. There are many types of cranes, most being a counterbalanced arm on a pivot. Cranes can be used to lift the camera, and often the camera operator and assistant also, the crane operator sets up and operates the camera crane so that the camera arrives at the right spot. This can be difficult since the camera may be a distance from the operator. Wordpress. com, Production Team & Crew Glossary
Dolly grip
–
Camera dolly mounted on track with an
Arriflex D-21 camera
Dolly grip
–
During filming of
The Alamo, a
tracking shot was used during a battle scene
Dolly grip
–
Fisher dolly on track
Dolly grip
–
Tow Dolly
48.
Sound design
–
Sound design is the process of specifying, acquiring, manipulating or generating audio elements. Sound design most commonly involves the manipulation of previously composed or recorded audio, such as sound effects, in some instances it may also involve the composition or manipulation of audio to create a desired effect or mood. A sound designer is one who practices the art of sound design, the use of sound to evoke emotion, reflect mood and underscore actions in plays and dances began in prehistoric times. At its earliest, it was used in religious practices for healing or recreation, in ancient Japan, theatrical events called kagura were performed in Shinto shrines with music and dance. Plays were performed in times in a form of theatre called Commedia dellarte. The use of music and sound in the Elizabethan Theatre followed, in music and sound effects were produced off stage using devices such as bells, whistles. Cues would be written in the script for music and sound effects to be played at the appropriate time, italian composer Luigi Russolo built mechanical sound-making devices, called intonarumori, for futurist theatrical and music performances starting around 1913. These devices were meant to simulate natural and man-made sounds, such as trains, russolos treatise, The Art of Noises, is one of the earliest written documents on the use of abstract noise in the theatre. After his death, his intonarumori were used in more conventional theatre performances to create sound effects. Possibly the first use of recorded sound in the theatre was a phonograph playing a baby’s cry in a London theatre in 1890, sixteen years later, Herbert Beerbohm Tree used recordings in his London production of Stephen Phillips’ tragedy NERO. The article states, “these sounds are all realistically reproduced by the gramophone”, as cited by Bertolt Brecht, there was a play about Rasputin written in by Alexej Tolstoi and directed by Erwin Piscator that included a recording of Lenins voice. A great deal of care and attention was paid to the construction and performance of these effects, but even though the sound designer has basically assumed these roles, time and technology have not ruled out non-sound designers having a hand in sound production. It was subsequently provided to both the ADC and David Goodman at the Florida USA local when they were planning to represent sound designers in the 1990s. MIDI and digital audio technology helped to drive the evolution of sound design during the 1980s and 1990s. These features were incorporated into the MIDI Show Control specification, a communications protocol used to interact with diverse devices. The first show to utilize the MSC specification was the Magic Kingdom Parade at Walt Disney Worlds Magic Kingdom in September,1991. Also, the World Wide Web has greatly enhanced the ability of designers to acquire source material quickly, easily and cheaply. In addition, software innovation has enabled sound designers to take more of a DIY approach
Sound design
–
Karel Dujardins, commedia dell'arte show, 1657
Sound design
–
Modern digital control room at Tainted Blue Studios, 2010
49.
Director of audiography
–
The director of audiography, within Indian-style filmmaking, is the head of the sound department and the person responsible for planning the audiography and managing the audiographers of a film. The title is not used professionally in most of the world, the role of audiographer and the title director of audiography derives from Bollywood-style filmmaking in India, where it is an established title credit. Since the onset of the talkies, a creative and professional conflict has emerged from the tension between the visual and aural dimensions of film. Production sound crews often complain about the lack of consideration given to sound on film productions, having a DA in pre-production helps to exert a powerful presence to defend the dimension of sound in film. In practice, the industry sees both roles as equivalent, the DA should not be confused with a production supervisor or post-production supervisor - both are administrative roles in the production department. In many ways the DoA role is a extension of the more limited post-production role of supervising sound editor. The term director of sound has also proposed as an alternative title to that of DA
Director of audiography
–
Director of Audiography - Lines indicate chains of command. Arrows indicate paths of communication and coordination
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