1.
Spencer O. Fisher
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Spencer Oliver Fisher, was a politician from the U. S. state of Michigan. Fisher was born in Camden, Michigan, where he attended the public schools and he also attended Albion College and Hillsdale College. He engaged in lumbering and banking in West Bay City, where he was mayor and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1888, being defeated by Frank W. Wheeler, and resumed his former business pursuits in Bay City. Fisher was a candidate for Governor of Michigan in 1894, but was defeated by the Republican incumbent John Tyler Rich and he died twenty-five years later at the age of seventy-six in Bay City and is interred there in Elmlawn Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
2.
Cashiers, North Carolina
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Cashiers is a census-designated place and unincorporated village located in southern Jackson County, North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the community had a population of 157. Cashiers is pronounced locally as if it were spelled cashers, and is one of several communities in the popular with tourists. The town is served by U. S.64 to Highlands and Rosman, the village is centered on the crossroads of the two. It was apparently the issue of taxes that caused the referendum to be turned down. Instead, the county created zoning for Cashiers, which does not exist for most of the county, the zoning council for Cashiers is run by the county, therefore there are no extra local taxes supporting it. Cashiers has a charter as a town from 1927, but this is now inactive as it has had no actual government for some time, since this has never been repealed, it is unclear why it could not be reactivated instead. The new village would have had a council-manager government, Cashiers is located at 35°6′43″N 83°5′58″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the community has an area of 1.1 square miles. The land values in the area are high, making it difficult for people to live there. Cashiers is surrounded by views, waterfalls and Nantahala National Forest lands. Visitors and vacation home owners from all over the southeast enjoy hiking, mountain biking, golf, the Chattooga River also rises near Cashiers. Cashiers receives an average of 87.57 inches of precipitation annually, over 7.25 inches a month and it is also one of the coolest places in the mountains, with an average daily July temperature of 78 degrees. As of the census of 2000, there were 196 people,96 households, the population density was 182.0 people per square mile. There were 182 housing units at a density of 169.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the community was 98. 98% White, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 51% of the population. 39. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.76. In the community, the population was out with 14. 3% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,24. 0% from 25 to 44,36. 7% from 45 to 64
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Americans
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Americans are citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity. See Names for United States citizens. S, virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century. It also includes influences of African-American culture, westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements, immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics, in addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, the United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically. Some other race is also an option in the census and other surveys, people of European descent, or White Americans, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72. 4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census. They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the peoples of Europe, the Middle East. Of those reporting to be White American,7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial, with largest combination being white, additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states, there are four minority-majority states, California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority, the state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine. The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora, the Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race
5.
Davenport, Iowa
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Davenport was founded on May 14,1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend, George Davenport, a colonel during the Black Hawk War stationed at nearby Fort Armstrong. According to the 2010 census, the city had a population of 99,685, located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines, Davenport is on the border of Iowa and Illinois. The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River, there are two main universities, Saint Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic, which is where the first chiropractic adjustment took place. Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport, including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival, The Mississippi Valley Fair, an internationally known 7-mile foot race called the Bix 7 is run during the festival. The city has a Class A minor league team, the Quad Cities River Bandits. Davenport has 50 plus parks and facilities, as well as over 20 miles of paths for biking or walking. Four interstates and two major United States Highways serve the city, Davenport has seen steady population growth since its incorporation, with an exception being the 1980s, when the population decreased due to job loss. The Quad Cities was ranked as the most affordable metropolitan area in 2010 by Forbes, in 2007, Davenport, along with neighboring Rock Island, won the City Livability Award in the small-city category from the U. S. In 2012, Davenport as well as the Quad Cities Metropolitan Area was ranked among the areas in the nation in the growth of high-tech jobs. The current mayor of Davenport is Frank Klipsch, the land was originally owned by the Sauk people, Meskwaki, and Ho-Chunk – indigenous peoples of the Americas. In 1803 France sold it to the United States under the Louisiana Purchase, lieutenant Zebulon Pike was the first United States representative to officially visit the Upper Mississippi River area. On August 27,1805, Pike camped on the present day site of Davenport, in 1832, a group of Sauk, Meskwaki, and Kickapoo people were defeated by the United States in the Black Hawk War. The United States government then concluded the Black Hawk Purchase, sometimes called the Forty-Mile Strip or Scotts Purchase, the purchase was made for $640,000 on September 21,1832 and contained an area of some 6 million acres, at a price equivalent to 11 cents/acre. Although named after the defeated chief Black Hawk, he was being held prisoner at the time, the purchase was therefore agreed to by Sauk chief Keokuk, who had remained neutral in the war. It was made on the site of present-day Davenport, army General Winfield Scott and Governor of Illinois, John Reynolds, acted on behalf of the United States, with the future Davenport founder, half-Native, Antoine Le Claire serving as translator. Chief Keokuk gave a portion of land to Antoine Le Claires wife, Marguerite. Antoine built their home on the spot where the agreement was signed. Antoine did so, finishing the Treaty House in the spring of 1833, Davenport was established on May 14,1836 by Le Claire, and named after his friend Colonel George Davenport, who was stationed at Fort Armstrong during the war
6.
Mixed martial arts
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Mixed martial arts is a full-contact combat sport that allows both striking and grappling, both standing and on the ground, using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts. The first documented use of the mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993. The term gained popularity when newfullcontact. com, then one of the largest websites covering the sport, the question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate. During the early 20th century, various mixed-style contests took place throughout Japan, in 1980 CV Productions, Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States, named Tough Guy Contest, later renamed Battle of the Superfighters. The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania, however, in 1983 the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill prohibiting the sport. In 1993, the Gracie family brought vale tudo, developed in Brazil from the 1920s, later, individual fighters employed multiple martial arts into their style. MMA promoters were pressured to adopt additional rules to increase safety, to comply with sport regulations. Following these changes, the sport has increased popularity with a pay-per-view business that rivals boxing. In Ancient Greece there was a sport called pankration, which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills similar to found in modern MMA. Pankration was formed by a combination of the already established wrestling and boxing traditions and, in Olympic terms, All strikes and holds were allowed with the exception of biting and gouging, which were banned. Fighters, also known as pankratists, fought until a fighter submitted, according to E. Norman Gardiner, No branch of athletics was more popular than the pankration. From its origins in Ancient Greece, pankration was later passed on to the Romans, the mid nineteenth century saw the prominence of the new sport savate in the combat sports circle. At that time, French fighters wanted to test out the sport against the traditional styles of its time. However, the English team still won the four other match-ups during the contest, since then other similar contest also occurred by the late 19th to mid-20th century between French Savateurs and other combat styles. The next publicized encounter occurred in the late 1890s when future heavyweight boxing champion Bob Fitzsimmons took on European Greco-Roman Wrestling champion Ernest Roeber. In September 1901, Frank Paddy Slavin, who had been a contender for Sullivans boxing title, knocked out future world wrestling champion Frank Gotch in Dawson City, Canada. The judo-practitioner Ren-nierand who gained fame after defeating George Dubois, would again in another similar contest against Ukrainian wrestler Ivan Poddubny. Another early example of mixed martial arts was Bartitsu, which Edward William Barton-Wright founded in London in 1899, merikan contests were fought under a variety of rules, including points decision, best of three throws or knockdowns, and victory via knockout or submission
7.
Sherdog
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Sherdog is an American website devoted to the sport of mixed martial arts. The site is a member of the Crave Online network and provides MMA related content for ESPN. com, Sherdog was created by photographer Jeff Sherwood in 1997 and was later refined with the help of Garrett Poe. Sherdog is also home to the Sherdog Radio Network, a sports talk network featuring Sherdog writers and staffers. Until recently, the schedule included Beatdown on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, Its Time on Tuesdays, Cheap Seats on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Also included for big events were SRN Roundtables providing previews and Beatdown After the Bell for post-fight recaps, as of April 8,2016, the SRN was rebuilt after Jeff Sherwood and his namesake website parted ways. The current lineup of programming includes Cheap Seats with Jordan Breen and Greg Savage on Mondays and Wednesdays which was cancelled after the organization, TJ & The Tooth with TJ De Santis and Nick The Tooth Gullo on Tuesdays, and The Neutral Corner hosted by MMA veteran Yves Edwards. Still standard for high-profile events are Jack Encarnacaos SRN Roundtables providing previews, while not officially a part of the Sherdog Radio Network, the SRN feed also inclues Press Row audio blogs starring Jordan Breen and various guests in the world of MMA media. Sherdog has also affiliated with ESPN to provide extensive MMA content for their site, the deal includes ESPN sharing Sherdogs extensive Fight Finder database. The deal would include the Sherdog Radio Network being part of ESPNs podcast center. The website also has a forum section composed of more than 60 thousand members from all over the world. The site hosts free live streams of mixed martial arts events from organizations such as Palace Fighting Championships, Wargods, ESPN Inside MMA HDNet List of Internet forums Official website
8.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
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The Ultimate Fighting Championship is an American mixed martial arts promotion company, a subsidiary of the parent company William Morris Endeavor, based in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the largest MMA promoter in the world and features most of the fighters in the sport. Based in the United States, the UFC produces events worldwide that showcase ten weight divisions, the UFC has held over 300 events to date. Dana White serves as the president of the UFC, the first Ultimate Fighting Championship event was held on November 12,1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado. In 2016, it was sold to William Morris Endeavor for $4 billion, MMA journalists and fans have criticized the UFC for putting on too many shows and thus diluting the quality of their product. Art Davie proposed to John Milius and Rorion Gracie an eight-man single-elimination tournament called War of the Worlds, Milius, a noted film director and screenwriter, as well as a Gracie student, agreed to act as the events creative director. Davie drafted the plan and twenty-eight investors contributed the initial capital to start WOW Promotions with the intent to develop the tournament into a television franchise. In 1993, WOW Promotions sought a partner and approached pay-per-view producers TVKO, SET. SEG contacted video and film art director Jason Cusson to design the trademarked Octagon, Cusson remained the Production Designer through UFC27. SEG devised the name for the show as The Ultimate Fighting Championship, WOW Promotions and SEG produced the first event, later called UFC1, at McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado on November 12,1993. Art Davie functioned as the booker and matchmaker. The show proposed to find an answer for sports fans questions such as, as with most martial arts at the time, fighters typically had skills in just one discipline and had little experience against opponents with different skills. The show proved successful with 86,592 television subscribers on pay-per-view. Its disputed whether the intended for the event to become a precursor to a series of future events. That show was supposed to be a one-off, eventual UFC president Dana White said. It did so well on pay-per-view they decided to do another, never in a million years did these guys think they were creating a sport. Art Davie, in his 2014 book Is This Legal, an account of the creation of the first UFC event, disputes the perception that the UFC was seen by WOW Promotions and SEG as a one-off, since SEG offered a five-year joint development deal to WOW. He says, Clearly, both Campbell and Meyrowitz shared my unwavering belief that War of the Worlds would be a series of fighting tournaments—a franchise
9.
Professional wrestling
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Professional wrestling is a dramatized athletic performance that portrays a combat sport. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used, the content – including match outcomes – is scripted and choreographed, and the combative actions and reactions are performed to appear violent without injuring the wrestlers. Before the 1980s, these facts were considered trade secrets, in the mid-90s, the presentation of scripted events as legitimate is known as kayfabe. Although the combative content is staged and communicated between the wrestlers, there are physical hazards involved - including permanent injury and death. While it has declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, unlike in Europe, show wrestling has become especially prominent in Japan and in North America. In Brazil, there was a popular wrestling television program from the 1960s to the early 1980s called Telecatch. High-profile figures in the sport have become celebrities or cultural icons in their native or adopted home countries, although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise, pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc, home video sales dominate the Billboard charts Recreational Sports DVD sales, with wrestling holding anywhere from 3 to 9 of the top 10 spots every week. Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, there have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling, the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke. Because actual events are often co-opted by writers for incorporation into storylines for the performers, special care must be taken when talking about people who perform under their own name. The actions of the character should be considered fictional events, wholly separate from the life of the performer and this is similar to other entertainers who perform with a persona that shares their own name. Some wrestlers will incorporate elements of their real-life personalities into their characters, even if they and those who participated felt that it was necessary that spectators should be kept in a constant and complete illusion of a real competition to keep audience interest. For decades, up until the mid-1980s, wrestlers lived their lives as though they were their characters. Wrestlers, bookers and promoters all rigorously enforced the illusion and very few were allowed into the society of professional wrestling to maintain suspension of disbelief. The practice of keeping the illusion, and the methods used to do so, came to be known as kayfabe within wrestling circles. An entire lexicon of slang jargon and euphemism developed to allow performers to communicate without outsiders knowledge of what was being said, occasionally a performer will deviate from the intended sequence of events
10.
Martial arts
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Although the term martial art has become associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it originally referred to the combat systems of Europe as early as the 1550s. The term is derived from Latin, and means arts of Mars, Martial arts may be categorized along a variety of criteria, including, Traditional or historical arts vs. contemporary styles of folk wrestling and modern hybrid martial arts. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons as part of their curriculum. Similarly, modern Western martial arts and sports include fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de combat or singlestick. Combat-oriented Health-oriented Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices and this is particularly prevalent in traditional Asian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, herbalism, and other aspects of traditional medicine. Spirituality-oriented Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality, numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns. Throughout Asia, meditation may be incorporated as part of training, in those countries influenced by Hindu-Buddhist philosophy, the art itself may be used as an aid to attaining enlightenment. Japanese styles, when concerning non-physical qualities of the combat, are strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like empty mind and beginners mind are recurrent, aikido, for instance, can have a strong philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace fostering, as idealised by its founder Morihei Ueshiba. Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the spiritual and philosophical development. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as taekkyeon and taekwondo, is the value of peace in a practitioner. The Koreans believe that the use of force is only justified through defense. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms, the oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are cave paintings from Spain dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows. Chinese martial arts originated during the Xia Dynasty more than 4000 years ago and it is said the Yellow Emperor Huangdi introduced the earliest fighting systems to China. The Yellow Emperor is described as a general who, before becoming Chinas leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology. One of his opponents was Chi You who was credited as the creator of jiao di. The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese, during the Warring States period of Chinese history extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War. Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from India during the early 5th century AD, with the figure of Bodhidharma, to China
11.
Shotokan
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Shotokan is a style of karate, developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi and his son Gigo Funakoshi. Funakoshi had many students at the university clubs and outside dojos, as the most widely practiced style, Shotokan is considered a traditional and influential form of karate do. Shotokan was the name of the first official dojo built by Gichin Funakoshi, in 1936 at Mejiro, shoto, meaning pine-waves, was Funakoshis pen-name, which he used in his poetic and philosophical writings and messages to his students. The Japanese kan means house or hall, in honour of their sensei, Funakoshis students created a sign reading shōtō-kan, which they placed above the entrance of the hall where Funakoshi taught. Gichin Funakoshi never gave his system a name, just calling it karate, Shotokan training is usually divided into three parts, kihon, kata, and kumite. Techniques in kihon and kata are characterised by deep, long stances that provide stability, enable powerful movements, Shotokan is regarded as a dynamic martial art as it develops anaerobic, powerful techniques as well as developing speed. Initially strength and power are demonstrated instead of slower, more flowing motions, kumite techniques are practised in the kihon and kata and developed from basic to advanced levels with an opponent. Gichin Funakoshi laid out the Twenty Precepts of Karate, which form the foundations of the art, within these twenty principles, based heavily on Bushido and Zen, lies the philosophy of Shotokan. The principles allude to notions of humility, respect, compassion, patience and it was Funakoshis belief that through karate practice and observation of these 20 principles, the karateka would improve their person. The Dojo kun lists five philosophical rules for training in the dojo, seek perfection of character, be faithful, endeavor to excel, respect others and these rules are called the Five Maxims of Karate. The Dojo kun is usually posted on a wall in the dojo, and some shotokan clubs recite the Dojo kun at the beginning and/or end of class to provide motivation. Funakoshi also wrote, The ultimate aim of Karate lies not in victory or defeat, many terms used in karate stem from Japanese culture. While many are names, others are exclusive to martial arts, many terms are seldom used in daily life, such as zenkutsu dachi, while others appear routinely, such as rei. The Japanese form is retained in schools outside Japan to preserve the Okinawan culture. However, many schools of JKA affiliated Shotokan Karate used the full terminology on a daily basis, for example, the KUI, utilises the full and proper Japanese name for each move and kata in training, grading and competition. Rank is used in karate to indicate experience, expertise, and to a lesser degree, as with many martial arts, Shotokan uses a system of coloured belts to indicate rank. Most Shotokan schools use the kyū / dan system but have added other belt colours, the order of colours varies widely from school to school, but kyu belts are denoted with colours that in some schools become darker as a student approaches shodan. Dan level belts are black, with some schools using stripes to denote various ranks of black belt
12.
Jeet Kune Do
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Jeet Kune Do, abbreviated JKD, is an eclectic and hybrid martial art heavily influenced by the philosophy of martial artist Bruce Lee. Lee, who founded the system on July 9,1967, referred to it as non-classical, suggesting that JKD is a form of Chinese Kung Fu, unlike more traditional martial arts, Jeet Kune Do is not fixed or patterned, and is a philosophy with guiding thoughts. It was named for the Wing Chun concept of interception or attacking while ones opponent is about to attack, Jeet Kune Do practitioners believe in minimal movement with maximum effect. In the screenplay of the 1973 Warner Brothers film, Enter the Dragon, Lee replied, My style. You can call it the art of fighting without fighting. The name Jeet Kune Do was often said by Lee to be just a name, through his studies Lee came to believe that styles had become too rigid and unrealistic. He called martial art competitions of the day dry land swimming and he believed real combat was spontaneous, and a martial artist cannot predict it, but only react to it, and a good martial artist should be like water—move fluidly without hesitation. On January 10-11,1996, the Bruce Lee Foundation decided to use the name Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do to refer to the martial arts system which Lee founded, originally, when Lee began researching various fighting styles, he called it Jun Fan Gung Fu. It is the result of the martial arts development process Lee went through. Lee stated his concept does not add more and more things on top of each other to form a system, but rather selects the best thereof. The metaphor Lee borrowed from Chan Buddhism was of constantly filling a cup with water, the dominant or strongest hand should be in the lead because it would perform a greater percentage of the work. Lee minimized the use of other stances except when circumstances warranted such actions, although the On-Guard position is a formidable overall stance, it is by no means the only one. He acknowledged there were times when other positions should be used, Lee felt the dynamic property of JKD was what enabled its practitioners to adapt to the constant changes and fluctuations of live combat. Lee believed that combat was alive and dynamic. Circumstances in a change from millisecond to millisecond. Thus, pre-arranged patterns and techniques are not adequate in dealing with such a changing situation, as an antidote to this line of thought, Lee once wrote an epitaph which read, In memory of a once fluid man, crammed and distorted by the classical mess. The classical mess in this instance was what Lee thought of the not too alive way of the kung fu styles. The following are principles that Lee incorporated into Jeet Kune Do, Lee felt these were universal combat truths that were self-evident, and would lead to combat success if followed. Familiarity with each of the Four ranges of combat, in particular, is thought to be instrumental in becoming a total martial artist, JKD teaches that the best defense is a strong offense, hence the principle of an intercepting fist
13.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
14.
Kickboxing
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Kickboxing is a group of stand-up combat sports based on kicking and punching, historically developed from Karate, Muay Thai, Kun Khmer, and Boxing. Kickboxing is practiced for self-defense, general fitness, or as a contact sport, Japanese kickboxing originated in the 1960s, with competitions held since then. American kickboxing originated in the 1970s and was brought to prominence in September 1974, historically, kickboxing can be considered a hybrid martial art formed from the combination of elements of various traditional styles. There is no international governing body. Consequently, there is no single kickboxing world championship, and champion titles are issued by individual promotions, such as K-1, Glory, SUPERKOMBAT, Lumpinee Boxing Stadium, among others. Bouts organized under different governing bodies apply different rules, such as allowing the use of knees or clinching, the term kickboxing can be used in a narrow and in a wide sense. The narrow use is restricted to the styles that self-identify as kickboxing, i. e. Japanese Kickboxing, Dutch Kickboxing, and American Kickboxing. In the wider sense, it includes all combat sports that allow both punching and kicking, including Muay Thai, Kun Khmer, Savate, Adithada, Lethwei, Sanda. The term was also adopted by the American variant. Arts labeled as kickboxing in the general sense include, The Indochinese family of kickboxing sports including, Thai Muay Boran – Predecessor of Muay Thai, allows the use of headbutts. Thai kickboxing or Muay Thai – the modern Thai martial art with emphasis on knee. Burmese Lethwei, a traditional Burmese martial art of which has now grown into a popular kickboxing event with strong emphasis on knee, elbow strikes, any part of the body may be used to strike and be struck. It is also known as Bando kickboxing, Laotian Muay Lao – Laotian boxing which is similar to Muay Thai Filipino Yaw-Yan – Sayaw ng Kamatayan is the proper name for Yaw-Yan, a Filipino martial art developed by Napoleon Fernandez. The art resembles Muay Thai in a sense, but differs in the hip torquing motion as well as downward-cutting nature of its kicks, indian Musti yuddha and Adithada, a form of kickboxing that uses knee, elbow and forehead strikes in Southern kalaripayattu. French Savate, a sport which developed in the 19th century. Any style of Full contact Karate Sanda – The applicable component of wushu/kung fu of which takedowns, shoot boxing – A Japanese form of kickboxing which allows throwing and submission while standing, similar to Sanda. Since kickboxing is a term that can be used both in a wide and narrow sense, this can make understanding the history somewhat difficult. Some of the earliest forms of kickboxing included the various Indochinese martial arts especially muay boran, however, in terms of modern competition, it was during the 1950s that a Japanese karateka named Tatsuo Yamada first established an outline of a new sport that combined karate and muay thai
15.
UFC 58
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UFC58, USA vs. Canada was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on March 4,2006. It was held at the Mandalay Bay Events Center on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, in keeping with the theme of the card, most of the fights featured an American fighter against a Canadian fighter. Five of the seven Canadian fighters featured, Icho Larenas, Sam Stout, Mark Hominick, Georges St-Pierre, the show drew a live gate of $1,758,450. The disclosed fighter payroll for UFC58 was $207,000. The final scorecard for United States vs. Canada was United States 5, Canada 3. tv, March 5,2006, retrieved March 5,2006 UFC PPV Buys Explode in 2006 UFC Fighter Salaries for 2006
16.
Kenny Florian
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Kenneth Alan Florian is a retired American mixed martial artist who formerly competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Throughout his MMA career, he was able to defeat legendary fighters, hence, he has never held a belt in any MMA organization. He currently serves as the UFC on Fox analyst and color commentator for UFC Fight Night, Florian has a background in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai. He is known for his approach to the sport based on his meticulous game plans. Florian is recognized for his tendency to finish his opponents, having earned stoppages in twelve of his fourteen career victories. He is also one of two fighters in history to compete in four different weight divisions in the UFC, Middleweight, Welterweight, Lightweight and Featherweight the other being Diego Sanchez. He is also a current commentator for the ABC series Battlebots, Florian defeated Chris Leben on the inaugural season of The Ultimate Fighter reality show, but succumbed in the finale against Diego Sanchez. Florian is the fourth of six born to Peruvian parents, Agustin, a thoracic surgeon. His ethnic background includes, Armenian, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Florian was born in Westwood, Massachusetts and grew up in neighboring Dover, Massachusetts where he was a standout soccer player for Dover-Sherborn Regional High School. He attended Boston College where he played for the varsity soccer team and he also holds dual citizenship in the United States and Peru. After college, his interests turned towards mixed martial arts and he earned a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu from Prof. Roberto Maia of Boston Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Kenny is known for his elbow strikes, which Joe Rogan describes as razor sharp. Florian made his MMA debut in January 2003 at Mass Destruction 10, Florian made another appearance in the Mass Destruction Promotion at MD –15 and scored a victory over Bobby McAndrews by submission. Following those victories, Kenny suffered his first loss to UFC regular Drew Fickett via decision at Combat Zone 7 – Gravel Pit on July 10,2004, Kenny went on to compete on the first season of The Ultimate Fighter as a middleweight. He made it to the finals by beating Chris Leben via cut stoppage, following his loss to Sanchez, Florian returned at the first Ultimate Fight Night to defeat fellow TUF1 competitor Alex Karalexis by delivering a vicious cut across the nose with a right elbow. Karalexis was arguably winning the fight up until the cut, Florian famously danced and cheered immediately after the strike landed and the cut opened up. Picking up momentum, Kenny went on to face Muay Thai competitor Kit Cope, Florian earned a title shot after defeating Canadian TKO Major League MMA Lightweight champion Sam Stout at The Ultimate Fighter 3 Finale, Florian won in the first round by rear naked choke. On October 14,2006, Florian fought Sean Sherk for the UFC Lightweight championship title at UFC64, Unstoppable, Sherk completely dominated the fight despite being cut severely by one of Florians elbows. The judges scored it 50–45 and 49–46 twice for Sherk, in doing so, Sherk became the new UFC lightweight champion
17.
Matt Wiman
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Matthew Charles Wiman is an American mixed martial artist who competes as a lightweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Wiman graduated from Broken Arrow High School in 2002, Matt began training mixed martial arts with UFC fighter, Mikey Burnett, at the Lions Den in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Wimans initiation into professional fighting came on August 14,2004, a relatively unknown fighter at the time, Matt entered the Extreme Fight Night tournament organized by kickboxer, Dale Cook. Matt won 3 fights that night to become the Extreme Fighting League Middleweight Champion and he defeated Joseph Garza and Greg Bossler, each by unanimous decision, before finishing Venn Johns by triangle choke for the championship belt. Matts first title came on November 13,2004, when he defeated David Franks by armbar 42 seconds into the first round. He defended the title again on February 5,2005, with a 20-second KO of D. J, Wiman first gained national attention at FFC 15-Fiesta Las Vegas on September 15,2005 against fellow rising star Roger Huerta. It was a back and forth fight, with both fighters nearly finishing on several occasions, as a result of their impressive performances, Wiman and Huerta both caught the eyes of Dana White and UFC matchmaker, Joe Silva. Wiman defended his Extreme Fight League championship belt for a third, Matt won by referee stoppage in the 1st round due to multiple cuts sustained by Grissom. Wimans next fight was at MFC-Boardwalk Blitz on March 14,2006 in Atlantic City, New Jersey against UFC veteran, when an injury forced Leonard Garcia out of his scheduled fight with Spencer Fisher at UFC60, Wiman agreed to replace Garcia on short notice. On May 27,2006, Wiman he lost to Fisher by KO in the second round, Wiman was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 5. He was the pick for B. J. Penns team. His preliminary fight was against Marlon Sims, Wiman landed a devastating overhand right in the opening seconds of the fight, climbed on the back of Sims and choked him unconscious. Wiman was defeated by eventual finalist Manvel Gamburyan of Team Pulver in the quarterfinals by decision. Gamburyan and Wiman exchanged takedowns, but Gamburyan was on top most of the fight and got the victory, Wiman fought Brian Geraghty on June 23,2007 at the The Ultimate Fighter 5 Finale. He took his opponent down early and worked a ground and pound attack, Wiman landed strikes in Geraghtys guard and passed to full mount, where he unloaded with punches, causing referee Yves Lavigne to stop the fight due to unanswered strikes at 2,09 of round 1. Wimans next fight was against Japanese judoka Michihiro Omigawa at UFC76, Wiman controlled the fight with takedowns and ground control, and won a unanimous decision. His next fight was against Justin Buchholz at UFC Fight Night 12 on January 23,2008, Wiman scored a takedown in the opening moments of the fight and worked quickly to the mount position. He landed an elbow below the eye of Buchholz causing a cut
18.
UFC 64
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UFC64, Unstoppable was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on Saturday, October 14,2006. The event took place at the Mandalay Bay Events Center, on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada and was broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States, the card centered on a UFC Middleweight Championship defense by Rich Franklin against highly touted Anderson Silva. It was also Franklins first defense in 7 months, the card also featured a UFC Lightweight Championship bout between The Ultimate Fighter alumnus Kenny Florian and longtime UFC veteran Sean Sherk. It was the first Lightweight Championship bout since UFC41 in 2003, a planned match between Keith Jardine and Mike Nickels was cancelled a day before the event when Nickels reaggravated a previous back injury sustained during training. A replacement could not be found on short notice, clay Guida made his UFC debut at this event. Fight of the Night, Sean Sherk vs
19.
Knockout
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A full knockout is considered any legal strike or combination thereof that renders an opponent unable to continue fighting. The term is associated with a sudden traumatic loss of consciousness caused by a physical blow. Single powerful blows to the head can produce a cerebral concussion or a carotid sinus reflex with syncope and cause a sudden, body blows, particularly the liver punch, can cause progressive, debilitating pain that can also result in a KO. For example, if a boxer is knocked down and is unable to continue the fight within a count, they are counted as having been knocked out. In mixed martial arts competitions, no time count is given after a knockdown, if a fighter loses consciousness as a result of legal strikes it is declared a KO. Even if the fighter loses consciousness for a moment and wakes up again to continue to fight. As many MMA fights can take place on the mat rather than standing, it is possible to score a KO via ground and pound, a technical knockout, or stoppage, is declared when the referee or official ring physician decide that a fighter cannot safely continue the match. The referee can stop the fight at any time if they feel a fighter cannot safely continue, for if a fighter has been down once. In boxing, if a fighter is knocked down and the stops the bout without a count. However, TKO can only occur when the fight is stopped by the referee, in both boxing and MMA the referee declares TKO when a fighter is not intelligently defending himself while being repeatedly struck. In amateur boxing, a knockout is scored as referee stopped contest, types of technical knockouts, Doctors stoppage/injury, The fighter has suffered an injury and cannot continue the match safely. In some cases, an injury, once a match becomes official is grounds for the fight being declared finished. Corner stoppage/retirement, The fighter is being battered, to the point where it is too dangerous for him to continue. In some cases, the fighter may have been injured, the fighters corner decides to surrender on the fighters behalf to prevent unnecessary damage or potential injury. Stoppage because of strikes, The fighter is overwhelmed by strikes, the referee intervenes to avoid unnecessary damage or potential injury. Multiple knockdowns, The fighter is knocked down three times during a round, or in some sanctioning bodies, four in a fight. A technical knockout goes down as a knockout in a boxers record, little is known about what exactly causes one to be knocked unconscious, but many agree it is related to trauma to the brain stem. This usually happens when the head rotates sharply, often as a result of a strike, a basic principle of boxing and other combat sports is to defend against this vulnerability by keeping both hands raised about the face and the chin tucked in
20.
UFC Fight Night: Thomas vs. Florian
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UFC Fight Night, Thomas vs. Florian was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on Wednesday, September 19,2007 at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was broadcast live in the United States and Canada on Spike TV as a lead-in to the debut of The Ultimate Fighter 6, the main event was originally expected to be a rematch between The Ultimate Fighter 1 contestants Chris Leben and Mike Swick. Leben, however, chose to decline the fight offer, Swick was to be featured on the main card in a match against Canadian fighter Jonathan Goulet, who confirmed the bout on July 18 to The Fight Network. Reports indicate that veteran UFC fighter Chris Lytle was also considered for the bout, however, Swick pulled out of the bout on September 2,2007 due to a rib injury. The card was rescheduled to feature a main event bout between Din Thomas and Spencer Fisher. However, on August 7, Fisher announced via his MySpace page that he was withdrawing from the event due to an infection in his knee. Former title challenger Kenny Florian replaced Fisher in the main event, Chris Leben remained on the fight card, he appeared in a middleweight match with Terry Martin. Fight of the Night, Cole Miller vs
21.
Frankie Edgar
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Frank James Frankie Edgar is an American mixed martial artist from New Jersey who competes as a Featherweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship and is a former UFC Lightweight Champion. He holds notable victories over world champions Sean Sherk, Hermes França, B. J. Penn, Urijah Faber. As of August 31,2016, Edgar is ranked as the #2 featherweight fighter in the world on the official UFC rankings, Edgar is the oldest of 3 children, Edgar went on to compete in the NHSCA Senior Nationals and placed second before he finished high school. He continued wrestling at Clarion University of Pennsylvania, where he qualified for the all four years there. Edgar is also an assistant coach for the Rutgers University wrestling team, Frankie is of predominantly Italian descent with an Italian mother, but he also has some German ancestry on his biological fathers side. Edgar entered his first mixed martial arts fight only a few weeks of training outside of his wrestling background. Edgar originally trained with Rob Guarino of Rhino Fight Team, but today he is part of the Gracie system under Ricardo Almeida in Hamilton, NJ, since seventh grade Edgar has wrestled with Steve Rivera at Elite Wrestling NJ in Jackson, NJ. His boxing trainer is Mark Henry of Millstone, NJ. Edgar amassed a 5–0 record before trying out for five of The Ultimate Fighter. Edgar tried out in front of Ultimate Fighting Championship president Dana White and matchmaker Joe Silva, however, a month later the UFC contacted Edgar and asked if he would accept a fight with fellow undefeated fighter Tyson Griffin at UFC67. Griffin caught Edgar in a kneebar at the end of the fight. The fight has been frequently rebroadcast on UFC Unleashed, Edgar followed up with a first-round TKO victory over Mark Bocek at UFC73. He made his main card debut at UFC78 against veteran fighter Spencer Fisher, Edgar suffered his first loss at UFC Fight Night 13 against Gray Maynard. This fight marked the first bout of a series, Maynard used his size and wrestling skill to overpower Edgar en route to a unanimous decision. Edgar rebounded with another Fight of the Night victory against Hermes França at UFC, Edgar then defeated former UFC lightweight champion Sean Sherk, outworking him all three rounds to earn the unanimous decision victory over the stronger and heavier fighter. Edgar was expected to face Kurt Pellegrino on December 5,2009 on The Ultimate Fighter 10 finale, matt Veach was named as Pellegrinos replacement, moving up from an undercard bout. At UFC112, Edgar was matched against lightweight champion BJ Penn, after a long, back-and-forth, predominantly standing fight, the judges scorecards were called on for a decision. The scores were 50–45, 49–46 and 48–47, all for Edgar, the unanimous decision win awarded him the UFC Lightweight Championship. 8 of 9 media outlets scored the bout in favor of Penn, on June 24,2010, ESPN announced Edgar as a nominee for Best Upset of the Year at the 2010 ESPY Awards
22.
UFC 78
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UFC78, Validation was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship, that took place on November 17,2007 at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey. Validation was the first UFC event held in New Jersey since June 4, 2005s UFC53 and this was the 100th event in UFCs history. The main event featured TUF2 Heavyweight winner Rashad Evans against TUF3 Light Heavyweight winner Michael Bisping in a light heavyweight contest and this was Bispings last fight before dropping to Middleweight. However, Ortizs commitments to filming Celebrity Apprentice forced his fight with Evans to be cancelled, PRIDE veteran and Cuban judoka Hector Lombard was also scheduled to debut on the event but did not participate due to visa issues. Lombard ended up signing after UFC145, lombards original opponent Karo Parisyan instead faced Ryo Chonan, while Chonans previous opponent Thiago Alves fought Chris Lytle. Additionally, PRIDE veterans Ryo Chonan and Akihiro Gono both made their UFC debuts, both fighters fought at 183 pounds in Japan, but with the UFCs inclusion of the 170 pound division each fighter moved down to fight at welterweight. At the end of event, $55,000 was awarded to each of the fighters who received one of these three awards. Fight of the Night, Thiago Alves vs. com Official UFC78 website
23.
UFC Fight Night: Florian vs. Lauzon
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UFC Fight Night, Florian vs. Lauzon was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on April 2,2008 at the Broomfield Event Center in Broomfield, Colorado. The event was a lead-in to the premiere of The Ultimate Fighter 7 on Spike, Fight Night 13 was the first UFC event to be held in Colorado since The Ultimate Ultimate was held in Denver on December 16,1995. Stephan Bonnar was originally slated to take on Matt Hamill, but was forced to withdraw when he suffered a tear of his left collateral knee ligament during training. He was replaced by Tim Boetsch, who took the fight on ten days notice. A planned bout between lightweights Spencer Fisher and Marcus Aurélio was cancelled due to a shoulder injury Fisher suffered during training. On March 20,2008, the UFC website announced that newcomer Ryan Roberts was to make his debut on short notice to face Marcus Aurélio as a replacement for the injured Spencer Fisher. This event also marked the first bout of a series of fights between Frankie Edgar and Gray Maynard, at the end of this event, $20,000 was awarded to each of the fighters who received one of these three awards
24.
UFC 90
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UFC90, Silva vs. Côté was a mixed martial arts pay-per-view event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on October 25,2008 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. The main event featured UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva vs. number #1 contender Patrick Côté, silvas original opponent was rumored to be Yushin Okami, but the fight was cancelled after Okami suffered a hand injury. A scheduled bout between Thales Leites and Goran Reljic was scratched from the due to an injury suffered by Reljic. Drew McFedries was chosen as Reljics replacement, diego Sanchez suffered an injury while preparing for his bout against Thiago Alves and was forced to pull out. Josh Koscheck stepped in to fight instead, melvin Guillard was slated to fight Spencer Fisher, but was replaced by Shannon Gugerty. Ricardo Almeida was replaced by Dan Miller due to an injury, marcus Aurélio replaced injured Gleison Tibau. Future UFC Heavyweight Champion Junior dos Santos made his UFC debut at this event, all fighters were awarded an extra $65,000. Fight of the Night, Sean Sherk vs
25.
UFC 99
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UFC99, The Comeback was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on June 13,2009 in Cologne, Germany. This event was the first UFC event held in Germany, as well as the first in mainland Europe, on Monday, June 1, the UFC announced that Mirko Filipović would be returning to the promotion to face Mostapha Al-turk at UFC99. It was Filipovićs first fight in the UFC since his loss to Cheick Kongo at UFC75 in 2007. An announced bout between Heath Herring and Cain Velasquez was cancelled due to an illness that Herring was suffering, on May 20,2009, Cheick Kongo was announced as the replacement
26.
Joe Stevenson
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Joseph Christopher Stevenson is an American mixed martial artist fighting out of Hesperia, California. Coached by Matt Hughes, Stevenson rose to prominence by becoming The Ultimate Fighter 2 Welterweight Tournament Winner. J, Penn at UFC80, Rapid Fire. Stevenson fought most of his career as a Lightweight and made his Featherweight debut at UFC Live and he is the former King of the Cage Lightweight Champion. Stevenson began wrestling at the age of 11 and Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the age of 13 and he moved to Las Vegas in 2004, and began training at Marc Laimons Cobra Kai in Las Vegas. In March 2008, Stevenson opened his own school in his hometown of Victorville, Joe Stevensons Cobra Kai teaches MMA as well as boxing, kickboxing, wrestling, and jiu-jitsu. On November 8,2008, Stevenson earned his Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt under Robert Drysdale, after his loss to Diego Sanchez, Stevenson got a call from Rashad Evans for an invite to check out his camp at Jacksons Submission Fighting. After being reluctant at first, he finally joined Greg Jacksons camp in April 2009, Stevenson was one of the more experienced fighters participating in The Ultimate Fighter 2. He had a record of 23-6-0 and held the 155 lb. championship at King of the Cage. On April 6,2006, in his first fight after winning The Ultimate Fighter 2, he was upset by Josh Neer at Ultimate Fight Night 4, following the loss, Stevenson announced that he would drop down to the Lightweight division for future bouts. On July 8,2006, at UFC61, Stevenson won his 155-pound debut against Yves Edwards, after opening up a deep cut on Edwards from the top position, the doctors were forced to pull Edwards from the match. Stevenson returned to the Octagon at UFC65, defeating Japanese fighter Dokonjonosuke Mishima by guillotine choke in the first round, next, Stevenson was booked for the main event at UFC Fight Night 9 against fellow Season 2 contestant Melvin Guillard. At UFC74, Stevenson defeated Kurt Pellegrino by unanimous decision, after the fight doctors determined that during the course of the fight Stevensons nose had been fractured. With his string of victories at 155, Stevenson established himself as one of the top contenders in the UFCs very competitive Lightweight division, Stevenson was set to fight BJ Penn for the UFC Interim Lightweight Championship at UFC80 due to ongoing litigation regarding Sean Sherks steroid use. On December 4,2007, the California State Athletic Commission upheld a reduced suspension for Sherk, UFC President Dana White then confirmed that Stevenson and Penns match would be to fill the vacant lightweight championship, but the winner of that fight would face Sherk at the next opportunity. Just seconds after the start of the fight, Penn knocked Stevenson down with a right uppercut, from the top position, Penn landed a strong elbow to the head of Stevenson—causing a serious cut on Stevensons hairline. In the second round, Stevenson fought more aggressively but was unable to threaten Penn. After taking Stevensons back, Penn secured a rear naked choke at 4,02 of the second round. At UFC86, Stevenson returned to the Octagon and defeated Gleison Tibau by guillotine choke submission after pulling guard, Tibau tapped quickly at 2,57 in the second round
27.
UFC 104
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UFC104, Machida vs. Shogun was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on October 24,2009 in Los Angeles, California. As with UFC103, the UFC announced a portion of the card would air live. Chase Gormley, who was slated to face Ben Rothwell, instead faced Stefan Struve after Rothwells opponent was changed to Cain Velasquez, an injured Sean Sherk was replaced by Josh Neer against Gleison Tibau. Fight of the Night, Antoni Hardonk vs, Pat Barry Knockout of the Night, Pat Barry Submission of the Night, Stefan Struve The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the California State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money or locker room bonuses often given by the UFC, mauricio Rua, ^ Cain Velasquez, def. Yoshiyuki Yoshida, ^ Ryan Bader, def, chase Gormley, ^ Anthony Johnson was reportedly fined 20 percent of his purse for failing to make the 170-pound welterweight limit. The CSACs initial report did not include information on the penalty, ^ Due to the controversy surrounding the main event Rua received his full pay including his win bonus. Ultimate Fighting Championship List of UFC champions List of UFC events 2009 in UFC Official website
28.
Duane Ludwig
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Duane Paul Ludwig is a coach, retired American professional kickboxer and mixed martial artist. Ludwig holds the unofficial fastest knockout record in the UFC after his win against Jonathan Goulet at UFC Fight Night 3. Ludwig was regarded as a top lightweight in the world during 2003 and 2004, for his victories over Jens Pulver at UCC12 and Genki Sudo at UFC42, up until a loss to B. J. Penn at K-1 MMA, Romanex. Ludwig has been voted the Coach of the Year in 2013 and 2014, Ludwig was considered the key element in helping Team Alpha Male win Gym of the Year in 2013 by the World MMA Awards. Duane started practicing Muay Thai when he was 15 years old and he would have a successful amateur career winning twelve of his fourteen bouts and picking up three IKF International Kickboxing Federation Muay Thai national and regional titles. He turned professional in 2000 when he defeated Terrance Jones at a Ring of Fire event, at the end of the year Duane won his first pro title by winning the W. K. A. US national title, which he followed with the I. M. T. C and he had his first real challenge in 2001 when he faced world champion Alex Gong for his I. S. K. A. Belt at a K-1 event in Las Vegas, the title went the distance with the young Ludwig being handing his first professional defeat. There was some controversy about the decision as some thought that despite a shaky start Ludwig had shaded it, in 2002 Duane dropped down in weight to 70 kg to take part in a qualifying tournament for the first ever K-1 MAX world final. He won the four man tournament, defeating no.1 ranked I. K. F. fighter Ole Laursen in the final to book his place to Tokyo. He would get shot at K-1 MAX glory the following year in Saitama, Japan and went one better. In 2004 he won his last Muay Thai title where he finally got his hands on a world title, World title, something Ludwig considers one of his proudest ever moments. The title fight was notable as the belt had previously been held by Alex Gong - a rematch between him and Ludwig had been on the card since their bout in 2001 but Gong died in 2003. Duane started practicing Muay Thai when he was 15 years old, Ludwig was trained by Bas Rutten during his early career. Although not a title match, Ludwig nonetheless beat Jens Pulver. Regardless of Pulvers official ranking in the division at the time, he did, in fact, thus, upon his victory over Pulver, Ludwig etched his name in the record books as Lineal Lightweight Champion, thereby adding yet another championship to his resume. This however, remains a point among MMA historians as some hold the view that Ludwig immediately vacated the Lightweight Lineal Title as soon as he moved up to challenge B. J. At UFC Fight Night 3, Ludwig faced Jonathan Goulet, following multiple online campaigns to overturn the timekeeping error, on Christmas Eve 2011, UFC President Dana White informed Ludwig that he was being given the official fastest knockout time
29.
UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones
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UFC Live, Vera vs. Jones was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on March 21,2010 in Broomfield, Colorado, United States at the 1stBank Center. This event was the UFCs debut on Versus, the event was also shown on a large number of international networks including Rogers Sportsnet in Canada, Televisa in Mexico, and ESPN in the UK. Brandon Vera was previously scheduled to fight Antônio Rogério Nogueira at UFC109, a bout between Clay Guida and Sean Sherk was in the works but Sherk suffered an undisclosed injury and was forced to pull out. Shannon Gugerty stepped in as the replacement against Guida, John Howard was originally scheduled to fight Anthony Johnson but Johnson was forced to withdraw from the bout with a knee injury. Daniel Roberts came in as Johnsons replacement, spencer Fisher was set to fight Duane Ludwig but was forced out of the bout due to an undisclosed injury. Darren Elkins stepped in for the injured Fisher, rob Kimmons was forced to pull out of his bout with Mike Pierce from a leg injury. The event drew an estimated 1,240,000 viewers on Versus and it does not include sponsor money or locker room bonuses often given by the UFC and also do not include the UFCs traditional fight night bonuses. Brandon Vera, $60,000 Junior dos Santos, $70,000 def, gabriel Gonzaga, $67,000 Cheick Kongo, $110,000 def. Paul Buentello, $40,000 Alessio Sakara, $42,000 def, james Irvin, $20,000 Clay Guida, $50,000 def. Shannon Gugerty, $9,000 Vladimir Matyushenko, $56,000 def. Eliot Marshall, $10,000 Darren Elkins, $12,000 def, Duane Ludwig, $12,000 John Howard, $26,000 def. Daniel Roberts, $6,000 Brendan Schaub, $20,000 def, chase Gormley, $10,000 Mike Pierce, $16,000 def. Julio Paulino, $6,000 Jason Brilz, $18,000 def, eric Schafer, $13,000 Ultimate Fighting Championship List of UFC champions List of UFC events 2010 in UFC
30.
Darren Elkins
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Darren Keith Elkins is an American mixed martial artist signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship where he fights in the Featherweight division. As of March 7,2017, he is #12 in official UFC Featherweight rankings, Elkins was born in Hobart, Indiana and competed all four years in wrestling for Portage High School. Elkins placed seventh as a freshman, Qualified as a sophomore, third as a junior, darren also won multiple Freestyle State Championships as a youth. Elkins then went to college for two years and wrestled at University of Wisconsin Parkside, but didn’t earn a degree and his next bout took place on the preliminary card of UFC Live, Jones vs. Matyushenko against Charles Oliveira. Elkins took Oliveira down early, but his opponent quickly attempted a triangle choke, Oliveira then transitioned to an armbar, which forced Elkins to submit. Elkins was expected to face touted prospect Edson Barboza on November 20,2010 at UFC123, Elkins made his Featherweight debut against world ranked Michihiro Omigawa on June 11,2011 at UFC131. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Elkins won a decision over Zhang Tiequan on October 8,2011 at UFC136. After several failed attempts from Zhang, Elkins was able to dominate him from top position including at several points mounting him. Elkins defeated TUF14 winner Diego Brandão on May 26,2012 at UFC146, Elkins utilized his top game with ground and pound to win the second and third rounds, earning him the unanimous decision victory. Elkins fought fellow featherweight prospect Steven Siler on November 17,2012 at UFC154, after dominating the fight for three rounds, Elkins was awarded the unanimous decision victory, moving him to 4-0 at featherweight and 5-1 overall in the UFC. Elkins faced Antonio Carvalho on March 16,2013 at UFC158, Elkins won via first round TKO stoppage after landing strikes that rocked Carvalho followed by a knockdown, prompting the referee to intervene. After taking virtually no damage in the fight against Carvalho, Elkins made a return and faced Chad Mendes on April 20,2013 at UFC on Fox 7. He lost the fight by 1st round TKO, Elkins faced Hatsu Hioki on August 28,2013 at UFC Fight Night 27. After getting hurt by a body kick late in the first round, Elkins faced Jeremy Stephens on January 25,2014 at UFC on Fox 10. He lost the fight via unanimous decision, Elkins faced Lucas Martins on October 25,2014 at UFC179. Elkins won the fight via split decision, Elkins faced Hacran Dias on December 20,2014 at UFC Fight Night 58. He lost the fight by unanimous decision, for a third consecutive fight, Elkins appeared on an international card where he faced Robert Whiteford on October 24,2015 at UFC Fight Night 76
