1.
2011 Southeast Asian Games
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The 2011 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 26th Southeast Asian Games was a multi-sport event held in Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia. It was Indonesias fourth time to host the Southeast Asian Games, previously, Indonesia also hosted the 1979 games and the 1989 games. Around 4965 athletes from 11 participating nations participated at the games which featured 545 events in 44 sports, the games was held from 11 to 22 November 2011, although several events had commenced from 3 November 2011. The games was opened by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the President of Indonesia and was closed by Boediono, the final medal tally was led by host Indonesia, followed by Thailand and Vietnam. Several games, Asian and national records were broken during the games, Palembang, the capital city of South Sumatra was the main host of the games, while the nations capital Jakarta was the co-host. As the main host, Palembang only held 22 of 44 sports, Palembang also hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. Initially, the government had named four provinces as candidates to host the SEA Games 2011, namely Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, however this idea has been discarded and hosting rights was granted to only two provinces, Jakarta and South Sumatra. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono had suggested that this could simplify hosting, the Indonesia, or INASOC, was the organising body for the games. Indonesian Government Budget of 2010 gave a total of 350 billion rupiahs for the games, the government of South Sumatra declared its commitment to incorporate eco-policy with the games. All venues during the games are smoking-free area, Palembang as the first city outside Jakarta to host the SEA Games was facing some environmental problems due to development for the games. Venues in Palembang Venues in Jakarta Athletes village Jakabaring, Palembang which covered the area of more than 45,000 square metres was the village during the games. It is located in front of Jakabaring Stadium, to prepare for athletes, officials, and visitors during the games, several significant changes are being done in both host cities. Palembang expands its Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport more than a hundred percent, currently the airport is served by only seven airlines and served only three other ASEAN countries, which are Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. South Sumatran Office of Transportation, Communication, and Information provided a total of 40 buses,100 midibuses,300 minibuses, and 100 motorcycles for the athletes, officials, and journalists. Besides, a bus transit, Trans Musi, served Palembang and surrounding regency of Ogan Ilir. Jakarta is served by Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, on 31 December 2010, Jakartas bus rapid transit, TransJakarta opened its newest two corridors, Corridor 9 and 10. KRL Jabotabek is a rapid transit system which serves Jakarta. Concerning traffic jam in Jakarta, police blocked trucks from the inner city toll road between 5,00 am and 10,00 pm, similar to the ASEAN summit
2.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
3.
Badminton
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Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with teams, the most common forms of the game are singles and doubles. Badminton is often played as an outdoor activity in a yard or on a beach. Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing half of the court. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net, play ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor or if a fault has been called by the umpire, service judge, or the opposing side. The shuttlecock is a feathered or plastic projectile which flies differently from the used in many other sports. In particular, the feathers create much higher drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly, shuttlecocks also have a high top speed compared to the balls in other racquet sports. The game developed in British India from the game of battledore. European play came to be dominated by Denmark but the game has very popular in Asia. Since 1992, badminton has been a Summer Olympic sport with five events, mens singles, womens singles, mens doubles, womens doubles, at high levels of play, the sport demands excellent fitness, players require aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed, and precision. It is also a sport, requiring good motor coordination. The name derives from the Duke of Beauforts Badminton House in Gloucestershire, as early as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet titled Badminton Battledore—A New Game but unfortunately no copy has survived. An 1863 article in The Cornhill Magazine describes badminton as battledore and shuttlecock played with sides, the game may have originally developed among expatriate officers in British India, where it was very popular by the 1870s. Early on, the game was known as Poona or Poonah after the garrison town of Pune, where it was particularly popular. By 1875, returning officers had started a club in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from 1–4 players, the shuttlecocks were coated with India rubber and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with lead. Although the depth of the net was of no consequence, it was preferred that it should reach the ground, the sport was played under the Pune rules until 1887, when the J. H. E. Hart of the Bath Badminton Club drew up revised regulations, in 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules
4.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
5.
Pencak Silat
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Pencak silat is an umbrella term for a class of related martial arts originating in Indonesia. It is a fighting form incorporating strikes, grappling and throwing in addition to weaponry. Every part of the body is used and subject to attack, Pencak silat was practiced not only for physical defense but also for psychological ends. The leading organization of pencak silat in Indonesia is IPSI, the liaison body for international pencak silat is the International Pencak Silat Federation or PERSILAT. Although the word silat is known through much of South East Asia. Pencak silat was chosen in 1948 as a term for the Indonesian fighting styles. It was a compound of the two most commonly used words for martial arts in Indonesia, Pencak was the term used in central and east Java, while silat was used in Sumatra and Borneo. In Minang usage, pencak and silat are seen as being two aspects of the same practice, Pencak is the essence of training, the outward aspect of the art which a casual observer is permitted to witness as performance. Silat is the essence of combat and self-defense, the true fighting application of the techniques which are kept secret from outsiders, while other definitions exist, all agree that silat cannot exist without pencak, and pencak without silat skills is purposeless. The origin of the words pencak and silat have not been proven, some believe that pencak comes from the Sanskrit word pancha meaning five, or from the Chinese term pencha or pungcha which implies parrying or deflecting, and striking or pressing. Other terms may be used in dialects such as silek, penca, mancak. Dutch East Indian newspapers of the era recorded the terms for martial arts under Dutch spellings. These include silat, pencak, penca, mancak, manca, in 1881 a magazine calls mancak a Batak fencing game with long swords, daggers or wood These papers described mancak as Malayan suggesting that the word originates in Sumatra. These terms were used separately from silat in the Dutch East Indies, the terms pukulan or main pukulan referred to the fighting systems of Jakarta but was also used generally for the martial arts of other parts of Indonesia such as Sumatra and Lombok. Believed to be a Betawi term, it derives from the words for play, the oral history of Indonesia begins with the arrival of Aji Saka from India to Java. At the request of the people, he successfully killed the local monarch King Dewata Cengkar of Medang Kamulan in battle. This story traditionally marks the rise of Java and the dawn of its Dharmic civilisation, the tale also illustrates the influence India had on Indonesian and Southeast Asian culture in general. Aji Saka is shown to be a fighter and swordsman, while his servants are also depicted as fighting with daggers, the Indian method of knife-duelling was adapted by the Batak and Bugis-Makassar peoples
6.
Indonesia at the Olympics
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Indonesia has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was created in 1946 and recognized in 1952, indonesian athletes have won a total of 30 medals, nineteen in badminton, ten in weightlifting and one in archery. Archers Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman & Kusuma Wardhani gained the republics first ever podium finish, future married couple Susi Susanti and Alan Budikusuma won the nations first 2 gold medals in the womens and mens singles events respectively at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Barcelona 1992 was also the only Games in which Indonesia won 2 gold medals, the last gold medalists were Lilyana Natsir and Tontowi Ahmad in the mixed doubles event of badminton at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics
7.
1992 Summer Olympics
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The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event played in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992. The games were the first to be unaffected by boycotts since 1972, Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain, and the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, on October 17,1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Games over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane, and Paris, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but they ultimately lost to Berlin, at the Opening Ceremony Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang Romiossini as the Olympic flag was paraded around the stadium. Alfredo Kraus later sang the Olympic Hymn in both Catalan and Spanish as the flag was hoisted, the Olympic flame cauldron was lit by a flaming arrow, shot by Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo. The arrow had been lit by the flame of the Olympic Torch, Rebollo overshot the cauldron as this was the original design of the lighting scheme. South Africa was allowed to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time since the 1960 Summer Olympics, after a long suspension for its apartheid policy. After a close race in the Womens 10,000 metres event, white South African runner Elana Meyer and black Ethiopian runner Derartu Tulu ran a victory lap together, hand-in-hand. Following its reunification in 1990, Germany sent a single, unified Olympic team for the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics. As the Soviet Union had been dissolved in 1991, the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania sent their own teams for the first time since 1936, the other Soviet republics competed under the name Unified Team. These nations consisted of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the separation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia led to the Olympic debuts of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to United Nations sanctions, athletes from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were not allowed to participate with their own team, however, some individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag as Independent Olympic Participants. Fermín Cacho won the 1,500 metres in his home country, chinese diver Fu Mingxia, age 13, became the youngest Olympic gold medalist of all time. In mens artistic gymnastics, Vitaly Scherbo from Belarus, won six gold medals, Scherbo tied Eric Heidens record for individual gold medals at a single Olympics, winning five medals in an individual event. In womens artistic gymnastics, Tatiana Gutsu took gold in the All-Around competition edging the United States Shannon Miller, russian swimmers dominated the freestyle events, with Alexander Popov and Yevgeny Sadovyi each winning two events. Sadovyi also won in the relays, evelyn Ashford won her fourth Olympic gold medal in the 4×100-metre relay, making her one of only four female athletes to have achieved this in history. The young Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary won three individual swimming gold medals, in womens 200 metre breaststroke, Kyoko Iwasaki of Japan won a gold medal at age of 14 years and six days, making her the youngest-ever gold medalist in swimming competitions at the Olympics. After demonstrated in six previous Summer Olympic Games, baseball became an Olympic sport
8.
2012 Summer Olympics
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It took place in London and to a lesser extent across the United Kingdom from 25 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the stage in womens football began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees participated, London is the first and only city thus far to host the modern Olympic Games three times, having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability, the main focus was a new 200-hectare Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford, East London. The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid, the Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly. During the Games, Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Womens boxing was included for the first time, thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors and these were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by China, several world and Olympic records were set at the games. Furthermore, the focus on sporting legacy and post-games venue sustainability was seen as a blueprint for future Olympics. On 18 May 2004, as a result of a technical evaluation. All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February, throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin and its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004. In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris, on 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive, London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received positive evaluations. On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, Jacques Rogge said, but my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, on 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York, the final two contenders were London and Paris
9.
Thomas Cup
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The championships have been conducted every two years since the 1982 tournament, amended from being conducted every three years since the first tournament held in 1948–1949. The final phase of the tournament involves twelve teams competing at venues within a host nation and is played concurrently with the phase of the world womens team championships. Since 1984 the two competitions have been held jointly at the stages of play. Of the twenty-eight Thomas Cup tournaments held since 1948–1949, only five nations have won the title, Indonesia is the most successful team, having won the tournament thirteen times. China, which did not begin to compete until the 1982 series, follows Indonesia with nine titles, Japan and Denmark both have one. Thomas Cup and, to an extent, Uber Cup are possibly the worlds biggest and most prestigious regularly held badminton events in terms of player. Japan became the nation to win the Thomas Cup after beating Malaysia 3–2 in the 2014 final. His idea was received at the general meeting of the International Badminton Federation in 1939. In the same year, Sir George presented the Thomas Cup, officially known as The International Badminton Championship Challenge Cup, produced by Atkin Bros of London at a cost of US$40,000. The Cup stands 28 inches high and 16 inches across at its widest, the first tournament was originally planned for 1941–1942, but was delayed when World War II exploded across the continents. Sir Georges dream was realized in 1948–1949 when ten national teams participated in the first Thomas Cup competition. Three qualifying zones were established, Pan America, Europe, in a format that would last until 1984, all ties would consist of nine individual matches, the victorious nation needing to win at least five of these contests. The top two players for each side faced both of the top two players for the opposite side, accounting for four matches. A fifth singles match took place between the third ranked singles players for each team, finally, two doubles pairings for each side played both of the doubles pairings for the opposite side, accounting for four more matches. The inter-zone ties were held in the United Kingdom, as the tournament used a knockout system, rather than a round-robin system, one country, Denmark, was given a bye in the first round. Malaya defeated the USA 6–3 in a competitive match played in Glasgow. Of note, this tie marked the first of only three matches between the USAs Dave Freeman and Malayas Wong Peng Soon the two greatest singles players of the early post-war period. In the final held in Preston, England, Malaya beat Denmark 8–1
10.
Uber Cup
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The Uber Cup, sometimes called the World Team Championships for Women, is a major international badminton competition contested by womens national badminton teams. The Uber Cup is named after a former British womens badminton player, Betty Uber and she also made the draw for the 1956–1957 inaugural tournament, which took place at Lytham St. Annes in Lancashire, England. The cup follows a format to that of the mens competition of the Thomas Cup. As of the 2016 tournament, China is the most successful team, Japan is second, having won it five times, followed by Indonesia and United States, each with three cups. The 2016 tournament was held in Kunshan, China, the Uber Cup trophy was officially presented at the annual general meeting in 1956, the year the first Uber Cup tournament was first held. It was made by Mappin & Webb, prominent silversmiths on Regent Street in London, the trophy is 20 inches high with a rotating globe on top of a plinth and a female player standing on top of a shuttlecock. So far, only 5 countries have won the Uber Cup with China the most successful team with 14 titles, followed by Japan, Indonesia, United States, the Uber Cup has only crossed the shores of two continents so far, Asia and North America. Eight teams have made it into the finals, the finalists other than 5 winner countries above are Denmark, England and the Netherlands. Sweden, Germany, Chinese Taipei, Thailand and India are the five teams which have made it into the final four. * = hosts As of 2016, twenty-FOUR teams were qualified in the history of the competition for the final stages of the Uber Cup. Asia is the continent with most teams at ten, followed by Europe with EIGHT, americas and Oceania have each had two teams that qualified while South Africa and Mauritius are the only team that has qualified from Africa. 2016 saw Spain, Bulgaria, and Mauritius debuted in the championship, below is the list of teams that have appeared in the final stage of Uber Cup as of the 2016 tournament
11.
Sudirman Cup
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The Sudirman Cup is the world mixed team badminton championship which takes place every two years. There are five matches in round, men and womens singles, men and womens doubles. The Cup is named after Dick Sudirman, a former Indonesian badminton player, the first Sudirman Cup tournament took place in Bung Karno Stadium, Central Jakarta, Indonesia on May 24 – May 29,1989. There is no money in Sudirman Cup, players play for their respective countries and to earn BWF world ranking points. The Sudirman Cup stands 80 cm high and it is made of 22 carat gold-plated solid silver and stands on an octagonal base made of jati wood. The body of the Cup is in the form of a shuttlecock and is surmounted by a replica of the Borobudur Temple, the handles are in the shape of stamens, symbolising the seeds of badminton. The Cup was made by Masterix Bandung Company at the price of US$15,000, the Sudirman Cup is an international competition that does not stage a qualification round. The competing teams are divided into 7 groups based on their performances, only teams in group 1 will have a chance to lift the trophy as the teams in other groups fight for promotion. The teams who finish last in the group will be relegated to the lower group, the promotion-relegation system was last used in 2009 and teams competing will now grouped by world rankings. Indonesia initially won the tournament in 1989, china is the most successful national team in the Sudirman Cup, followed by Korea and Indonesia. The Cup has never won by a non-Asian country, Denmark is the only European country that came close to winning it
12.
Southeast Asian Games
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The Southeast Asian Games, is a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee, the Southeast Asian Games owes its origins to the South East Asian Peninsula Games or SEAP Games. On 22 May 1958, delegates from the countries in Southeast Asian Peninsula attending the Asian Games in Tokyo, Japan had a meeting, the SEAP Games was conceptualised by Luang Sukhum Nayaoradit, then Vice-President of the Thailand Olympic Committee. The proposed rationale was that a sports event will help promote co-operation, understanding. Six countries, Burma, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaya, Thailand and these countries agreed to hold the Games biennially in June 1959 and SEAP Games Federation Committee was formed thereafter. At the 8th SEAP Games in 1975, the SEAP Federation considered the inclusion of Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines. These countries were admitted in 1977, the same year when SEAP Federation changed their name to Southeast Asian Games Federation. East Timor was admitted at the 22nd Southeast Asian Games in Vietnam, the 2009 Southeast Asian Games was the first time Laos has ever hosted a Southeast Asian Games. Running from 9–18 December, it has also commemorated the 50 years of the Southeast Asian Games, held in Vientiane, since the Southeast Asian Games began in 1959, it has been held in 15 different cities across all Southeast Asian countries except Cambodia and Timor Leste. A host nation must stage at least a minimum of 22 sports, for each sport and event, a minimum of four member-country must participate to be included in the SEA Games. Sports competed shall not offer more than 5% of total medal tally, with the exception to athletics, aquatics, and shooting. Two compulsory sports, athletics and aquatics must be stage in every SEA Games edition, in addition to a minimum of 14 sports from Category 2, according to SEAGF Charter and Rules, sports competed in Olympic Games and Asian Games must be given priority or preference. With reference to the data of the Olympic Council of Asia. 1 – Competed as Malaya in the games until 1961. 2 – The Republic of Vietnam was dissolved in July 1976 when it merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to become the Socialist Republic of Vietnam also known as Vietnam, therefore, the medal counts for this country are considered to be as until 1975. The International Olympic Committee is not using codes for South Vietnam any more after unifying with North Vietnam,3 – Competed as Cambodia, Kampuchea, and Khmer Republic. 4 – In the 1989 edition, a unified Vietnam rejoined the games new name. Medals made by South Vietnam are already combined here, see table tally above for South Vietnam
13.
Asian Games
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The Asian Games, also known as Asiad, is a Pancontinental multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. The Games were regulated by the Asian Games Federation from the first Games in New Delhi, India, since the 1982 Games they have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia, after the breakup of the Asian Games Federation. The Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games, in its history, nine nations have hosted the Asian Games. Forty-six nations have participated in the Games, including Israel, which was excluded from the Games after their last participation in 1974. The most recent games was held in Incheon, South Korea from 19 September to 4 October 2014, while the games will be held in Jakarta and Palembang. The Far Eastern Games were first held in Manila in 1913 with 6 participating nations, ten more Far Eastern Games were held until 1934. Consequently, the Far Eastern Games scheduled for 1938 were cancelled, after World War II, a number of Asian countries became independent. During the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, a conversation between sportsmen from China and the Philippines raised the idea of restoring the Far Eastern Games. As a result, he proposed to sports leaders the idea of having a new competition – which came to be the Asian Games. This led to an agreement to form the Asian Athletic Federation, a preparatory committee was then set up to draft the charter for this new body. Starting in 1962, the Games were hit by several crises, first, the host country Indonesia, refused to permit the participation of Israel and Taiwan due to political and religious issues. As a result, the IOC removed its sponsorship of the Games, the Asian Football Confederation, International Amateur Athletics Federation and International Weightlifting Federation, also removed their recognition of the Games. Prior to the Games, Japan was asked to host the Games and this edition also marked the first time the Games have a television broadcasting throughout the world. In Tehran, in 1974, the Games formally recognized the participation of China, North Korea, the last is 1978, Pakistan dropped its plan to host the Games in 1975 due to financial crisis and political issues. Thailand offered to help and the Games were once held in Bangkok. However, once again, like in 1962, Taiwan and Israel were refused the participation by Games Federation, amid political issues and security fears. Several governing bodies protested against the ban, like IAAF, threatened to bar the players from 1980 Summer Olympics. Following this series of crises, the National Olympic Committee in Asia decided to revise the constitution of the Asian Games Federation, a new association, named the Olympic Council of Asia, was created in November 1981 with the exclusion of Israel
14.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
15.
National Sports Committee of Indonesia
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The National Sports Committee of Indonesia, is the National Sports Committee of Indonesia. It was founded in 1946 to unite the various sports associations that was created within the regencies. KONI is responsible on sport development as well as organizing sporting events within Indonesian national boundary on national level and its biggest event is the Pekan Olahraga Nasional, multi-sport event held every four years where Indonesian athletes compete. It is the largest sporting event in Indonesia, in 2005, KOI was formed as a separate entity from KONI. KOI is responsible as Indonesian National Olympic Committee, to organize Indonesian participation in sporting events, such as Olympic Games, Asian Games, Southeast Asian Games
16.
National Sports Week (Indonesia)
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The National Sports Week is a multi-sport event held every four years in Indonesia. The participants of event are the athletes from all provinces of Indonesia. The Indonesian Sports Association was established in Jakarta in 1938 with the aim of coordinating the existing sports associations including the Football Federation, during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia from 1942 to 1945, sporting activities were coordinated by the Sports Practice Movement. Indonesia was unable to participate in the 1948 Olympic Games because Indonesian independence had not been recognized, and Indonesia was not a member of the International Olympic Committee. At an emergency conference in Solo on 1 May 1948 to discuss Indonesias failure to compete in the Olympics, it was decided to organize the first National Games, which ran from 8–12 September 1948. During the first Pekan Olahraga Nasional event, many sporting organizations tested a system which is to be recognized throughout the country as the official scoring method. Until then, no rules were evident. Concerns due to failure of Indonesian contingent in the 2010 Youth Olympics was the background of the events creation, the first PON Remaja was originally scheduled for 2013, but it was moved to 2014 due to financial problems. Pekan Paralimpik Nasional, abbreviated Peparnas, is multi-sport event for Indonesian athletes with disabilities and it was known as Porcanas until 2008 edition and held separately with PON until 2004. Kompas newspaper, pp,1,10,6 July 2008
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Multi-sport event
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A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of significance is the modern Olympic Games. Many regional multi-sport events have since founded and modeled after the Olympics. Most have the basic structure. Games are held over the course of days in and around a host city. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes, athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. The games are held every four years, though some are annual competitions. Instead, the Greek sports of racing and wrestling, as well as the Etruscan sport of gladiatorial combat. In the late 19th and early 20th century, athletes at events were almost exclusively male. As international womens sport began to develop, events such as the Womens World Games, though short-lived, events such as these led to greater inclusion of women at multi-sport events over the course of the 20th century. Since the establishment of the Olympics, most serial multi-sport events have been organized for specific audiences, after some celebrations, the Olympics became very popular nowadays. The number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing, the Paralympic Games is the largest multi-sport event involving athletes with physical disabilities, and is organised by the International Paralympic Committee. Arranged for the first time in 1960 in Rome, Italy, the number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing. The first Special Olympics International Summer Games were held in Chicago, the most recent Special Olympics World Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States, involved 25 sports and approximately 6,500 athletes from 177 countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, another multi-sport event and these Games were held in Scandinavia, and the sports conducted were winter sports such as cross-country skiing and speed skating. The Nordic Games were last held in 1926, after which the 1924 Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was declared the first Olympic Winter Games, in the 1920s, all kinds of other multi-sport events were set up. These were usually directed for a group of athletes, rather than everybody. Regional games were another kind of event that was established, such as the Far Eastern Championship Games
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Provinces of Indonesia
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Indonesian territory is composed of 34 provinces. A province is the highest tier of the local government divisions of Indonesia, provinces are further divided into regencies and cities, which are in turn subdivided into sub-districts. Each province has its own government, headed by a governor. The governor and members of representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. Five provinces have special status, Aceh, for the use of the law as the regional law of the province. Special Region of Yogyakarta, a sovereign monarchy within Indonesia with the sultan Hamengkubuwono as hereditary Governor, SR Yogyakarta refused to call themselves as the province according to Law No. 12/2012 about The Speciality of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Papua, for implementation of sustainable development. West Papua, for granting implementation of sustainable development, the provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units. This clickable map shows provinces of Indonesia as of 25 October 2012, click on a province name to go to its main article. A considerable number of new provinces have been proposed in addition to the 34 existing provinces of Indonesia, as of 2013, the government has targeted the creation of eight new provinces by 2020, by splitting several of the existing provinces. On 25 October 2013, the Indonesian House of Representatives began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies and 8 new provinces
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Culture of Indonesia
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The culture of Indonesia has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. The result is a cultural mixture very different from the original indigenous cultures. Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra, especially in the Minangkabau, traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat. The Western world has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as shows, film and music, as well as political system. India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies, a popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut, which is often mixed with Arab and Malay folk music. Despite the influences of culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous ethnic groups Mentawai, Asmat, Dani, Dayak, Toraja and many others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs, Indonesia is home to with those from the islands of Java, Sumatra and Bali being frequently recorded. The traditional music of central and East Java and Bali is the gamelan, on 29 June 1965, Koes Plus, a leading Indonesian pop group in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, was imprisoned in Glodok, West Jakarta, for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of President Sukarno, the law was rescinded, Kroncong is a musical genre that uses guitars and ukulele as the main musical instruments. This genre had its roots in Portugal and was introduced by Portuguese traders in the 15th century, There is a traditional Keroncong Tugu music group in North Jakarta and other traditional Keroncong music groups in Maluku, with strong Portuguese influences. This music genre was popular in the first half of the 20th century, the soft Sasando music from the province of East Nusa Tenggara in West Timor is completely different. Sasando uses an instrument made from a leaf of the Lontar palm. Indonesian dance reflects the diversity of culture from ethnic groups that composed the nation of Indonesia, each ethnic group has their own distinct dances, makes total dances in Indonesia are more than 3000 Indonesian original dances. However, the dances of Indonesia can be divided into three eras, the Prehistoric Era, the Hindu/Buddhist Era and the Era of Islam, and into two genres, court dance and folk dance. There is a continuum in the traditional dances depicting episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata from India, ranging through Thailand, There is a marked difference, though, between the highly stylised dances of the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta and their popular variations. While the court dances are promoted and even performed internationally, the forms of dance art. During the last few years, Saman from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam has become popular and is often portrayed on TV. Reog Ponorogo is also a dance that originated from the district Ponorogo, East Java, which is a visualisation of the legendary story Wengker kingdom and the kingdom of Kediri
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Sport
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Usually the contest or game is between two sides, each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a tie game, others provide tie-breaking methods, to one winner. A number of such two-sided contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a champion, many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs. Hundreds of sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete, each against each other, however, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in sport news. Sport is also a source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds to sport venues. Sports betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to the sport, kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013. The worlds most accessible and practised sport is running, while football is the most popular spectator sport. The word Sport comes from the Old French desport meaning leisure, other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling, hunting, and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise. Rogets defines the noun sport as an activity engaged in for relaxation, the singular term sport is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept, with sports used to describe multiple activities. American English uses sports for both terms, the precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. They also recognise that sport can be physical, primarily mind, predominantly motorised, primarily co-ordination. The inclusion of sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted. Whilst SportAccord recognises a number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports. According to Council of Europe, European Sports Charter, article 2, other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all physical activity. For instance, the Council of Europe include all forms of physical exercise, in competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their result and often divided into groups of comparable performance
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Native Indonesians
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Native Indonesians, or Pribumi, are members of the population group in Indonesia that shares a similar sociocultural and ethnic heritage whose members are considered natives of the country. The term native Indonesians should not be confused with the generic term Indonesians or Indonesian citizens. The latter might apply to a demographic group which include ethnicities of foreign origin. Pribumi make up about 95% of the Indonesian population, using Indonesia’s population estimate in 2006, this translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among various groups in Indonesia. The United States Library of Congress Country Study of Indonesia defines Pribumi as, Literally, in the colonial era, the great majority of the population of the archipelago came to regard themselves as indigenous, in contrast to the non-indigenous Dutch and Chinese communities. After independence the distinction persisted, expressed as a dichotomy between elements that were pribumi and those that were not, the distinction has had significant implications for economic development policy There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia. 200 of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia are the Javanese people who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago, the Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country. Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and the province of Papua, have only hundreds of members, most of the local languages belong to the Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Papua, speak Papuan languages. The same considerations may apply to the Baduy people who share so many similarities with the Sundanese people that they can be considered as belonging to the ethnic group. Sawo matang usually refers to the colour of the Pribumis in Indonesia which connotes mid light to dark tone brown especially for those who live in Java, Bali, Sumatra. For islandic people, they tend to have dark skin colour which all of the physical characteristics depend on the areas they inhabit. Most Native Indonesians are genetically close to Asians while the eastern one goes the more people show Melanesian affinity. Geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza claims that there is a division between East and Southeast Asians. In a similar manner, Zhou Jixu agrees that there is a difference between these two populations. The regions of Indonesia have some of their indigenous ethnic groups, due to migration within Indonesia, there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions. Populations have long moved between the areas which make up the modern-day states and these earlier populations have mostly effectively or partially assimilated with the larger Malaysian-Malay community due to religious, social and cultural similarities
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Nias
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Nīas is an island off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago, including the small Hinako Islands, Nias Island covers an area of 5,121.3 km2. It is mostly a lowland area rising to around 800 m above sea level, there were 756,338 inhabitants on the island at the 2010 Census. The latest estimate for January 2014 is 788,132 and it is located in a chain of islands parallel to the west coast of Sumatra, Simeulue is about 140 km northwest, and the Batu Islands are located about 80 km southeast. This chain, which resurfaces in Nusa Tenggara in the islands of Sumba. At Nias the oceanic plate is being subducted under the Asian Plate at the rapid rate of 52 mm a year. Nias is the largest of the islands off Sumatra that are part of North Sumatra province and this archipelago consists of 131 islands, of which Nias Island is the biggest. The population in area was 756,762 inhabitants at the 2010 Census, including Ono Niha, Malay, Batak. Until 2003 Nias was an administrative regency covering the entire island, in 2003 it was split into two regencies, Nias and Nias Selatan. Gunungsitoli remains the city of Nias regency and it is the center of administration. Teluk Dalam is the capital of Nias Selatan, all parties in the North Sumatra Legislative Council have agreed to the formation of a Nias Island province. It has been approved at a plenary session on 2 May 2011, but still awaits approval from Central government. The new province will thus cover an identical to the original Nias Regency prior to the latters division in 2003. Apart from Nias Island itself, the province include the smaller Batu Islands to the south. # the area of West Nias Regency is included in the figure for Nias Regency, the first ancestors of Nias were Austromelanesoid race from Hoabinth at 10,000 B. C. and then came more advance Austronesians from Taiwan which shifted the existence of the Austromelanesoids. The name of the island derives from the used by the islanders to describe themselves. The isolated Nias Island chain has been trading since prehistory with other cultures, other islands, some historians and archaeologists have cited the local culture as one of the few remaining Megalithic cultures in existence today. While this point of view is debated, there is no doubt that Nias relative geographic isolation has created a unique culture
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Hurdling
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Hurdling is the act of running and jumping over an obstacle at speed. In the early 19th century, hurdlers ran at and jumped over each hurdle, after experimenting with different step patterns the 3-step for high hurdles, 7-step for low hurdles, and 15-step for intermediate hurdles was decided on. In the sport of athletics, hurdling forms the basis of a number track, in these events, a series of barriers known as hurdles are set at precisely measured heights and distances which each athlete must pass by running over. Failure to pass over, by passing under, or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification, accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification, but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous. Hurdle design improvements were made in 1935, when they developed the L-shaped hurdle, with this shape, the athlete could hit the hurdle and it will tip down, clearing the athletes path. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a track, while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are commonly held at indoor track and field events. Women historically competed in the 80 meters hurdles at the Olympics in the mid-20th century, hurdles race are also part of combined events contests, including the decathlon and heptathlon. In track races, hurdles are normally between 68–107 cm in height, and vary depending on the age and gender of the hurdler, events from 50 to 110 meters are technically known as high hurdles races, while longer competitions are low hurdles races. The track hurdles events are forms of sprinting competitions, although the 400 m version is less anaerobic in nature, a hurdling technique can also be found in the steeplechase, although in this event athletes are also permitted to step on the barrier to clear it. Similarly, in cross country running athletes may hurdle over various natural obstacles, such as logs, mounds of earth, horse racing has its own variant of hurdle racing, with similar principles. The standard sprint or short hurdle race is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women, the standard amount of steps to the first hurdle should be 8. The standard long hurdle race is 400 meters for men and women. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all Olympic events, the mens 200 meters low hurdles event was on the Olympic athletics programme for the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics. These low hurdles events were widely participated in the part of the 20th century. However, beyond these two Olympic outings, they never gained a consistent place at international competitions and became increasing rare after the 1960s and this 10-hurdle race continues to be run in places such as Norway. Other distances are run, particularly indoors but occasionally outdoors, the sprint hurdle race indoors is usually 60 meters for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run, especially in the United States. A60 meter indoor race is run over 5 hurdles, a shorter race may occasionally have only 4 hurdles
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Long jump
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The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point. Along with the jump, the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the horizontal jumps. This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948. If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line, a layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence. An official will also watch the jump and make the determination, therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately. At a lesser meet and facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, at a smaller meet, the number of attempts might also be limited to four or three. Each competitor has a set number of attempts and that would normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 competitors. All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results, the competitor with the longest legal jump at the end of competition is declared the winner. In the event of a tie, then comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite competition, a set number of competitors will advance to the final round, a set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists. For record purposes, the maximum accepted wind assistance is two metres per second, the long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient Greeces original Olympics pentathlon events. All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare, the long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines. After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern event, the athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were called halteres. These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum and it is commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in midair to increase his forward momentum, however, halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward. The jump itself was made from the bater and it was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event. The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma, the idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong
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Madurese people
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Common to most Madurese throughout the archipelago is the Islamic religion and the use of the Madurese language. The Madurese are an ethnicity, often affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama. Pesantren has a role in Madurese life. While the Madurese have their roots on Madura off the northeastern coast of Java, the Madurese people have migrated out of Madura over several hundred years, mostly driven by poor agricultural resources in their home island. The majority have settled on Java, where a six million Madurese live. The Madurese people speak Madurese, which is part of the Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian languages, the majority of Madurese practice Sunni Islam. Pesantren Muslim schools play an important role in their spiritual and social life, there are also Madurese who practice other religions, such as Christianity, and Hinduism, however, their numbers are extremely small. Culturally the Madurese people are close enough to oriental Javanese that they share similar forms of folklore, music, dance, the traditional attire, however, is very specific to the Madurese people. Men would wear a completely black long-skirted coat with a wide belt, while women would have donned a dark blue or mottled jacket over a sarong. A truly unique tradition of the islanders is bull racing, known as Karapan sapi, such competitions are typical of Madura, where they serve as its main tourist attraction. Races are held annually in August and October in different localities, after which their winners compete in the final round, races are usually accompanied by gamelan performances and festivities. By the end of the 1980s, the popularity of Madurese bull racing had grown so much that the winner of the competition would be awarded with a prize on behalf of the President of Indonesia. In addition, the scene of the races was depicted on the reverse of coins of 100 Indonesian rupiah, traditionally in terms of socio-economic life of the Madurese people, there had been a visible impact on their national character. In rural areas, the Madurese still practice an ancient tradition of vendetta and it is noteworthy that the killing may provoke resentment, quite small by the standards of ordinary European or Indonesian, but it is often interpreted as a grave insult to the tribal honor. In such cases, the avenger usually prepares the celurit in advance in an event of dueling by casting spells on the weapon. Sometimes in the battle of honor are involved several people from each side - relatives and friends of the offender and the offended, on the territory of Java, Madurese people had live for several centuries, forming in some of the north-eastern regions of the islands ethnic majority. However, they tend to get well with the Javanese people in relation to language, culture. A widespread of Javanese mixed Madurese marriages are also common, some of these migrant groups have been the subject of conflict with Dayak communities
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Karapan sapi
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Karapan sapi is a traditional bull racing festival on the Indonesian island of Madura. Every year from about July through October, local bulls are yoked to wooden skids and raced for 130 meters, there are several of these races throughout the season, and there is a final trophy race held in Pamekasan. The bulls participating in the event are adorned with gold and other decorations, and the event may be accompanied by Gamelan music, food, a depiction of the festival was featured on the reverse of the 100 rupiah coin for Indonesia from 1991 to 1998. Indonesian stamp in 2009 also depicted the race along with Surabaya–Madura Bridge, sport in Indonesia List of festivals in Indonesia Buffalo racing in Kerala Animal racing Madura cattle
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Minangkabau people
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Minangkabau people, also known as Minang, is an ethnic group indigenous to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia. This custom is called Lareh Bodi Caniago and is known as Adat perpatih in Malaysia, today 4.5 million Minangs live in the homeland of West Sumatra, while about 4.5 million more are scattered throughout many Indonesian and Malay Peninsular cities and towns. The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic, but also follow their ethnic traditions, the Minangkabau adat was derived from animist and Hindu-Buddhist beliefs before the arrival of Islam, and remnants of animist beliefs still exist even among some practising Muslims. The present relationship between Islam and adat is described in the tradition founded upon Islamic law, Islamic law founded upon the Quran. As one of the worlds most populous matrilineal ethnicity, Minangkabau gender dynamics have been studied by anthropologists. With the arrival of the Dutch and other Muslim groups, the traditions have gradually influenced by both western and conservative Islamic thought. Based on the Raffles vision, Minangkabau is believed to have been the cradle of the Malay race and their West Sumatran homelands was the seat of the Pagaruyung Kingdom and the location of the Padri War. The name Minangkabau is thought to be a conjunction of two words, minang and kabau, there is a legend that the name is derived from a territorial dispute between the Minangkabau and a neighbouring prince. To avoid a battle, the local people proposed a fight to the death between two water buffalo to settle the dispute, the prince agreed and produced the largest, meanest, most aggressive buffalo. The Minangkabau produced a hungry baby buffalo with its small horns ground to be as sharp as knives, seeing the adult buffalo across the field, the baby ran forward, hoping for milk. The big buffalo saw no threat in the buffalo and paid no attention to it. But when the baby thrust his head under the big belly, looking for an udder, the sharpened horns punctured and killed the bull, and the Minangkabau won the contest. The roofline of traditional houses in West Sumatra, called Rumah Gadang, curve upward from the middle and end in points, until the 20th century the majority of the Sumatran population lived in the highlands. The highlands are well suited for human habitation, with fresh water, fertile soil, a cool climate. It is probable that wet rice cultivation evolved in the Minangkabau Highlands long before it appeared in parts of Sumatra. By the 16th century, the time of the report after the reign of Adityawarman. They were the King of the World, the King of Adat, and the King of Religion, the Minangkabau kings were charismatic or magical figures, but did not have much authority over the conduct of village affairs. It was around the 16th century that Islam started to be adopted by the Minangkabau, the first contact between the Minangkabau and western nations occurred with the 1529 voyage of Jean Parmentier to Sumatra
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Chariot racing
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Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine sports. Chariot racing was dangerous to drivers and horses as they often suffered serious injury and even death, but these dangers added to the excitement. Chariot races could be watched by women, who were barred from watching other sports. In the Roman form of racing, teams represented different groups of financial backers. As in modern sports like soccer, spectators generally chose to support a team, identifying themselves strongly with its fortunes. The rivalries were sometimes politicized, when teams became associated with competing social or religious ideas and this helps explain why Roman and later Byzantine emperors took control of the teams and appointed many officials to oversee them. The sport faded in importance in the West after the fall of Rome and it survived for a time in the Byzantine Empire, where the traditional Roman factions continued to play a prominent role for several centuries, gaining influence in political matters. Their rivalry culminated in the Nika riots, which marked the decline of the sport. It is unknown exactly when chariot racing began, but it may have been as old as chariots themselves, the participants in this race were Diomedes, Eumelus, Antilochus, Menelaus, and Meriones. The race, which was one lap around the stump of a tree, was won by Diomedes, who received a slave woman and a cauldron as his prize. In the ancient Olympic Games, as well as the other Panhellenic Games, the chariot racing event was first added to the Olympics in 680 BC with the games expanding from a one-day to a two-day event to accommodate the new event. The races themselves were held in the hippodrome, which held both chariot races and riding races, the single horse race was known as the keles. The hippodrome was situated at the south-east corner of the sanctuary of Olympia, on the flat area south of the stadium. Until recently, its location was unknown, since it is buried by several meters of sedimentary material from the Alfeios River. In 2008, however, Annie Muller and staff of the German Archeological Institute used radar to locate a large, rectangular structure similar to Pausaniass description. Pausanias, who visited Olympia in the second century AD, describes the monument as a large, elongated, flat space, the elongated racecourse was divided longitudinally into two tracks by a stone or wooden barrier, the embolon. All the horses or chariots ran on one track toward the east, then turned around the embolon, distances varied according to the event. The racecourse was surrounded by natural and artificial banks for the spectators, the race was begun by a procession into the hippodrome, while a herald announced the names of the drivers and owners
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Dragon boat
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A dragon boat is a human-powered watercraft. They were traditionally made in the Pearl River Delta region of Chinas southern Guangdong Province out of wood to various designs. In other parts of China, different kinds of wood are used to build these traditional watercraft and it is one of a family of traditional paddled long boats found throughout Asia, Africa, the Pacific islands and also Puerto Rico. Currently, boats are being made for competitive purposes out of fiber and other lightweight materials. But the history of boats in competition reaches as far back as the same era as the original games of Olympia in ancient Greece. Both dragon boat racing and the ancient Olympiad included aspects of religious observances, for competition events, dragon boats are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails. At other times, decorative regalia is usually removed, although the drum often remains aboard for drummers to practice, Dragon boat races were traditionally held as part of the annual Duanwu Festival or Duen Ng observance in China. Not understanding the significance of Duanwu, 19th-century European observers of the racing ritual referred to the spectacle as a boat festival. This is the term that has known in the West. Duanwu is reckoned annually in accordance with the calendar system of China. In December 2007, the government of the Peoples Republic of China added Duanwu, along with Qingming and Mid-Autumn festivals. The celebration was an important part of the ancient Chinese agricultural society, Dragon boat racing was historically situated in the Chinese subcontinents southern-central rice bowl, where there were rice paddies, so were there dragon boats. Of the twelve animals which make up the traditional Chinese zodiac, all the rest are non-mythical animals, yet all twelve of the zodiac creatures were well known to members of ancient Chinese agrarian communities. Dragons were traditionally believed to be the rulers of water on earth, rivers, lakes, and seas, they also were thought to dominate the waters of the heavens, clouds, mists, and rains. There are earth dragons, mountain dragons, and sky or celestial dragons in Chinese tradition, mythical dragons and serpents are also found widely in many cultures around the world. Traditional dragon boat racing, in China, coincides with the 5th day of the 5th Chinese lunar month, the Summer Solstice occurs around 21 June and is the reason why Chinese refer to their festival as Duan Wu or Duen Ng. Both the sun and the dragon are considered to be male, the sun and the dragon are at their most potent during this time of the year, so cause for observing this through ritual celebrations such as dragon boat racing. It is also the time of farming year when rice seedlings must be transplanted in their paddy fields, Wu or Ng refers to the sun at its highest position in the sky during the day, the meridian of high noon
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Canoe
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A canoe is a lightweight narrow boat, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel using a single-bladed paddle. In International Canoe Federation nomenclature used in some European countries such as the United Kingdom the term refers to kayaks. Canoes are used for racing, whitewater canoeing, touring and camping, freestyle, the intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape and length and construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame, most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass. Until the mid-1800s the canoe was an important means of transport for exploration and trade, canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. In places where the played a key role in history, such as the northern United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Canoes can be adapted to many purposes, for example with the addition of sails, outboard motors, the word canoe comes from the Carib kenu, via the Spanish canoa. Constructed between 8200 and 7600 BC, and found in the Netherlands, the Pesse canoe may be the oldest known canoe, excavations in Denmark reveal the use of dugouts and paddles during the Ertebølle period. Australian Aboriginal people made canoes using a variety of materials, including bark, the indigenous people of the Amazon commonly used Hymenaea trees. Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built bark canoes and they were usually skinned with birch bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length of 4.3 m and weight of 23 kg, although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good, and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again. American painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that the canoe was the most beautiful. Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for different purposes, from western red-cedar or yellow-cedar, different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon-fishing. The Quinault of Washington State built shovel-nose canoes, with double bows, the Kootenai of British Columbia province made sturgeon-nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenay Lake. The first explorer to cross the North American continent, Alexander Mackenzie, used extensively, as did David Thompson. Its dimensions were, length approximately 11 m, beam 1.2 to 1.8 m and it could carry 60 packs weighing 41 kg, and 910 kg of provisions. With a crew of eight or ten, they could make three knots over calm waters, four to six men could portage it, bottom up
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Kayak
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A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic language, where it is the word qajaq, in the UK the term canoe is often used when referring to a kayak. The traditional kayak has a deck and one or more cockpits. Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propelled by means of electric motors. The kayak was first used by the indigenous Aleut, Inuit, Yupik, kayaks were originally developed by the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut. They used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, Bering Sea and these first kayaks were constructed from stitched seal or other animal skins stretched over a wood or whalebone-skeleton frame. Kayaks are believed to be at least 4,000 years old, the oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in the North America department of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich. Native people made many types of boat for different purposes, the baidarka, developed by indigenous cultures in Alaska, was also made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods. An umiak is an open sea canoe, ranging from 17 to 30 feet, made with seal skins. It is considered a kayak although it was originally paddled with single-bladed paddles, native builders designed and built their boats based on their own experience and that of the generations before them, passed on through oral tradition. A special skin jacket, Tuilik, was laced to the kayak. This enabled the eskimo roll to become the method of regaining posture after capsizing, especially as few Inuit could swim. Inuit kayak builders had specific measurements for their boats, the length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builders hips plus two fists, the typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb. Thus typical dimensions were about 17 feet long by 20–22 inches wide by 7 inches deep and this measurement system confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak, because each kayak was a little different. Most of the Aleut people in the Aleutian Islands eastward to Greenland Inuit relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of seals, though whales. Skin-on-frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit people in Greenland, because the smooth and flexible skin glides silently through the waves. In other parts of the home builders are continuing the tradition of skin on frame kayaks, usually with modern skins of canvas or synthetic fabric
32.
Archery
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Archery is the sport, practice or skill of using a bow to propel arrows. The word comes from the Latin arcus, historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity, a person who participates in archery is typically called an archer or a bowman, and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite. The bow and arrow seems to have invented in the later Paleolithic or early Mesolithic periods. The oldest signs of its use in Europe come from the Stellmoor in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg, Germany and dates from the late Paleolithic, about 10, 000–9000 BC. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft, there are no definite earlier bows, previous pointed shafts are known, but may have been launched by spear-throwers rather than bows. The oldest bows known so far come from the Holmegård swamp in Denmark, bows and arrows have been present in Egyptian culture since its predynastic origins. In the Levant, artifacts that could be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the Natufian culture, the Khiamian and PPN A shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads. Classical civilizations, notably the Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, Persians, Parthians, Indians, Koreans, Chinese, akkadians were the first to use composite bows in war according to the victory stele of Naram-Sin of Akkad. The Welsh longbow proved its worth for the first time in Continental warfare at the Battle of Crécy, in the Americas archery was widespread at European contact. Archery was highly developed in Asia, the Sanskrit term for archery, dhanurveda, came to refer to martial arts in general. In East Asia, Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea was well known for its regiments of skilled archers. Central Asian tribesmen and American Plains Indians became extremely adept at archery on horseback, lightly armoured, but highly mobile archers were excellently suited to warfare in the Central Asian steppes, and they formed a large part of armies that repeatedly conquered large areas of Eurasia. Shorter bows are more suited to use on horseback, and the bow enabled mounted archers to use powerful weapons. It is possible that barbarian peoples were responsible for introducing archery or certain types of bows to their civilized counterparts—the Xiong-nu, similarly, short bows seem to have been introduced to Japan by northeast Asian groups. The development of firearms rendered bows obsolete in warfare, albeit efforts were made to preserve archery practice. In Wales and England, for example, the government tried to practice with the Longbow until the end of the 16th century. This was because it was recognised that the bow had been instrumental to military success during the Hundred Years War, early firearms were inferior in rate-of-fire, and were very susceptible to wet weather
33.
Candi of Indonesia
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A candi is a Hindu or Buddhist temple in Indonesia, mostly built during the zaman Hindu-Buddha or Indianized period, between the 4th to 15th centuries. Indonesian archaeologists describe candis as sacred structures of Hindu and Buddhist heritage, used for religious rituals and ceremonies in Indonesia. However, ancient secular structures such as gates, urban ruins, pools and bathing places are called candi too. In Hindu Balinese architecture, the term refer to a stone or brick structure of single-celled shrine with portico, entrance and stairs, topped with pyramidal roof. It is often modeled after East Javanese temples, and functions as a shrine to a certain deity, to the Balinese, a candi is not necessarily ancient, since candis continue to be built within these puras, such as the reconstructed temple in Alas Purwo, Banyuwangi. In contemporary Indonesian Buddhist perspective, candi also refers to a shrine, several contemporary viharas in Indonesia for example, contains the actual-size replica or reconstruction of famous Buddhist temples, such as the replica of Pawon and Plaosans perwara temples. In Buddhism, the role of a candi as a shrine is sometimes interchangeable with a stupa, Borobudur, Muara Takus and Batujaya for example are actually elaborate stupas. In modern Indonesian language, the term candi can be translated as temple or similar structure, especially of Hindu, thus temples of Cambodia, Champa, Thailand, Myanmar and India are called as candi too in Indonesian. Candi refers to a structure based on the Indian type of single-celled shrine, with a tower above it. The term Candi is given as a prefix to the many temple-mountains in Indonesia, built as a representation of the Cosmic Mount Meru, however, the term also applied to many non-religious structures dated from the same period, such as gopura, petirtaan and some of habitation complexes. Examples of non-temple candis are the Bajang Ratu and Wringin Lawang gates of Majapahit, in ancient Java, a temple was probably originally called prāsāda, as evidence in the Manjusrigrha inscription, that mentioned Prasada Vajrasana Manjusrigrha to refer to the Sewu temple. The term prasad itself refer to an offering or a sacrament. This term is in par with Cambodian and Thai term prasat which refer to the structure of a temple. From Hindu perspective, the term itself is believed was derived from Candika. This suggests that in ancient Indonesia the candi had mortuary functions as well as connections with the afterlife. The association of the name candi, candika or durga with Hindu-Buddhist temples is unknown in India and other parts of Southeast Asia outside of Indonesia, such as Cambodia, Thailand, or Burma. Historians suggest that the temples of ancient Java were also used to store the ashes of cremated deceased kings or royalty. This is in line with Buddhist concept of stupas as structures to store Buddhist relics, including the ashes and remains of holy Buddhist priests or the Buddhist king, the example is the statue of king Airlangga from Belahan temple portrayed as Vishnu riding Garuda
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Prambanan
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The temple compound is located approximately 17 kilometres northeast of the city of Yogyakarta on the boundary between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces. The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu temple site in Indonesia and it is characterized by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu architecture, and by the towering 47-metre-high central building inside a large complex of individual temples. Prambanan attracts many visitors from around the world, the Prambanan temple is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the first building was completed in the mid-9th century. It was likely started by Rakai Pikatan as the Hindu Sanjaya Dynastys answer to the Buddhist Sailendra Dynastys Borobudur, the construction of this massive Hindu temple signifies that the Medang court had shifted its patronage from Mahayana Buddhism to Shaivite Hinduism. A temple was first built at the site around 850 CE by Rakai Pikatan and expanded extensively by King Lokapala, according to the Shivagrha inscription of 856 CE, the temple was built to honor Lord Shiva, and its original name was Shiva-grha or Shiva-laya. According to the Shivagrha inscription, a water project to change the course of a river near Shivagrha Temple was undertaken during the construction of the temple. The river, identified as the Opak River, now runs north to south on the side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the main temple, the project was done by cutting the river along a north to south axis along the outer wall of the Shivagrha Temple compound. The former river course was filled in and made level to create a space for the temple expansion. Some archaeologists propose that the statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha of the temple was modelled after King Balitung, serving as a depiction of his deified self after death. The temple compound was expanded by successive Mataram kings, such as Daksa and Tulodong, Prambanan served as the royal temple of the Kingdom of Mataram, with most of the states religious ceremonies and sacrifices being conducted there. At the height of the kingdom, scholars estimate that hundreds of brahmins with their disciples lived within the wall of the temple compound. The urban center and the court of Mataram were located nearby, in the 930s, the court was shifted to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isyana Dynasty. An eruption of Mount Merapi volcano, located north of Prambanan in central Java and that marked the beginning of the decline of the temple. It was soon abandoned and began to deteriorate, the temples collapsed during a major earthquake in the 16th century. Although the temple ceased to be an important center of worship, the statues and the ruins become the theme and the inspiration for the Loro Jonggrang folktale. As a result, the locals developed tales and legends to explain the origin of temples, infused with myths of giants, and a cursed princess. They gave Prambanan and Sewu a wondorous origin, these were said in the Loro Jonggrang legend to have created by a multitude of demons under the order of Bandung Bondowoso
35.
1962 Asian Games
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The 4th Asian Games were held from August 24,1962, to September 4,1962, in Jakarta, Indonesia. Most notable is the exclusion of Israel and Taiwan from the Games, succumbing to pressure from Arab countries and the Peoples Republic of China, the Indonesian government refused to issue visas for the Israeli and Taiwanese delegations. It had done so against the rules of the Asian Games Federation, a total number of 1,460 athletes, coming from 17 countries, competed in this Asiad, where badminton made its debut. On May 23,1958, voting for the 1962 venue took place in Tokyo, the Asian Games federation council voted 22-20 in favour of the Indonesian capital over Karachi, the only other candidate. A total of 17 Asian NOCs sent delegations, the top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below. The host nation, Indonesia, is highlighted
36.
Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
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The Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located within the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex, Gelora, Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The stadium is named after Sukarno, Indonesias first President and this stadium has the same interior with Luzhniki Stadium in Russia. It is mostly used for matches and has a seating capacity of over 81,000 spectators. The final of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup was held in this stadium and this stadium is the 7th largest association football stadium in the world. During the New Order era under the policy by former President Suharto, the complex was renamed Gelora Senayan Complex. Construction began on February 8,1960 and finished on July 21,1962. in time to host the fourth Asian Games which were held in Jakarta and its construction was partially funded through a special loan from the Soviet Union. The stadiums original capacity of 120,800 people was reduced to 88,083 as a result of renovations for the 2007 Asian Cup and it is divided into 24 sectors and 12 entrances, and into upper and lower stands. The special feature of this stadium is the steel roof construction that forms a gigantic ring called temu gelang. Other than to shade the spectators in all sectors from the heat of tropical sun, GBK Stadium hosted the 2007 Asian Cup Final between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Other competitions held there are several Tiger Cup finals and domestic cup finals, Host for the 1962 Asian Games. Host of SEA Games in 1979,1987,1997 and 2011, Host of the Asian Athletics Championships in 1985,1995 and 2000 Host for the 1989 Sudirman Cup. Host of the 2002 Tiger Cup for Group A matches, semifinal matches, third place match. Host for the ASEAN Club Championship 2003, Host for the 2004 Tiger Cup first leg semifinal match against Malaysia and first leg final match against Singapore. Host of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup for Group D matches, Host for the Inter Milan 2011 Preseason Tour. Host for the LA Galaxy 2011 Asia Preseason Tour, Host for the Valencia 2012 Asia Preseason Tour. Host for the Arsenal 2013 Asia Preseason Tour, Host for the Liverpool 2013 Asia Preseason Tour. Host for the Chelsea 2013 Asia Preseason Tour, Host for the Juventus 2014 Asia Preseason Tour. Host for the Asian Dream Cup 2014 against Park Ji-sung and Friends foundation, Host for the Roma 2015 Asia Preseason Tour
37.
Martial arts
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Although the term martial art has become associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it originally referred to the combat systems of Europe as early as the 1550s. The term is derived from Latin, and means arts of Mars, Martial arts may be categorized along a variety of criteria, including, Traditional or historical arts vs. contemporary styles of folk wrestling and modern hybrid martial arts. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons as part of their curriculum. Similarly, modern Western martial arts and sports include fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de combat or singlestick. Combat-oriented Health-oriented Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices and this is particularly prevalent in traditional Asian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, herbalism, and other aspects of traditional medicine. Spirituality-oriented Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality, numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns. Throughout Asia, meditation may be incorporated as part of training, in those countries influenced by Hindu-Buddhist philosophy, the art itself may be used as an aid to attaining enlightenment. Japanese styles, when concerning non-physical qualities of the combat, are strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like empty mind and beginners mind are recurrent, aikido, for instance, can have a strong philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace fostering, as idealised by its founder Morihei Ueshiba. Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the spiritual and philosophical development. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as taekkyeon and taekwondo, is the value of peace in a practitioner. The Koreans believe that the use of force is only justified through defense. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms, the oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are cave paintings from Spain dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows. Chinese martial arts originated during the Xia Dynasty more than 4000 years ago and it is said the Yellow Emperor Huangdi introduced the earliest fighting systems to China. The Yellow Emperor is described as a general who, before becoming Chinas leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology. One of his opponents was Chi You who was credited as the creator of jiao di. The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese, during the Warring States period of Chinese history extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War. Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from India during the early 5th century AD, with the figure of Bodhidharma, to China
38.
Dance in Indonesia
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Dance in Indonesia reflects the countrys diversity of ethnicities and cultures. Each ethnic group has their own dances, makes total dances in Indonesia are more than 3,000 Indonesian original dances. The old traditions of dance and drama are being preserved in the dance schools which flourish not only in the courts but also in the modern. For classification purpose, the dances of Indonesia can be divided according to several aspects, in historical aspect it can be divided into three eras, the prehistoric-tribal era, the Hindu-Buddhist era and the era of Islam. According to its patrons, it can be divided into two genres, court dance and folk dance, in its tradition, Indonesian dances can be divided into two types, traditional dance and contemporary dance. In Bali on 19 November 2011 UNESCO announced the traditional Saman dance from Aceh province as an intangible cultural heritage. Saman dance is unique due to the speed of movement and harmony between dancers, dances in Indonesia are believed by many scholars to have had their beginning in rituals and religious worship. Such dances are based on rituals, like the war dances, the dance of witch doctors. War dances such as cakalele of Maluku and kabasaran dance of Minahasa, others are inspired by nature, such as the Tari Merak of West Java. Ancient forms are characterised by repetitive movements like the Tor-Tor dance of the Batak people of. The dancing also is meant to let the humans inner spirit come out, some of the tribal dances involving trance mental condition which interpreted as channelling the spirits through the dancers body movements. Tari Sanghyang Dedari is a dance of Bali, in which the dancers are pre-pubescent girls in trance. The dance of kuda lumping and keris dance also involve trance, with the advent of Dharmic religions in Indonesia, Hinduism and Buddhism were celebrated in ritual and in art. Although the poem originates in India, Ramayana and Mahabharata epic has long been adopted by the Javanese people. Etchings of the story can be found on temples dating back to 10th century CE and they incorporated stories of the Ramayana, Mahabharata and also Panji cycles into dance-drama, which is called sendratari or sometimes simply translated as ballet. Highly stylised methods of dances were developed and are still nowadays, especially in the islands of Java. The Javanese wayang wong dance-drama took stories from the episodes of Ramayana or Mahabharata Hindu epic, however, the dances are distinct to those of Indian. While hand gestures are very important, Indonesian dancers do not have the Indian attention to mudra
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Calisthenics
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Calisthenics are exercises consisting of a variety of gross motor movements—running standing, grasping, pushing, etc. —often performed rhythmically and generally without equipment or apparatus. They are, in essence, body-weight training, Urban Calisthenics is a form of street workout, calisthenics groups perform exercise routines in urban areas. Individuals and groups train to be able to perform advanced calisthenics skills such as muscle ups, bars spins, sports teams and military units often perform leader-directed group calisthenics as a form of synchronized physical training to increase group cohesion and discipline. Calisthenics are also popular as a component of education in primary and secondary schools over much of the globe. The word calisthenics comes from the ancient Greek words kalos, which means beauty and it is the art of using ones body weight and qualities of inertia as a means to develop ones physique. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica it was named one of its earliest proponents. Disciples of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn brought their version of gymnastics to the United States, while Catherine Beecher, organized systems of calisthenics in America took a back seat to competitive sports after the Battle of the Systems, when the states mandated physical education systems. Calisthenics is associated with the growing international sport called street workout. Street workout as a sport consists of competing against one other by each showing their body-weight strength. The World Calisthenics Organization based in Los Angeles, CA. promotes a series of competitions known globally as, in addition to the various stretches, some of the more common calisthenic exercises include, Lunges Performed by bringing one leg forward and almost kneeling on the back leg. Once the front leg creates a perfect 90 degree angle, stand up and alternate legs, keeping the back straight and chest out. Jumping Jacks Performed by jumping to a position with the legs spread wide and the hands touching overhead and then returning to a position with the feet together, sometimes known as jumping jacks and stride jumps or side-straddle hops in the US military. Squat jumps Performed by entering a position, then using a plyometric jumping movement to jump as high as possible. Sit-ups Performed by lying down with the back on the floor, knees bent, the shoulders are then lifted off the floor by tightening abdominal muscles and bringing the chest closer to the knees. The final movement is to lower the back to the floor with a smooth movement, crunches Like the sit-up, except instead of bringing the whole torso area closer to the knees, only a concentrated but shorter movement of the abdominals is performed. Shoulder blades are lifted off the floor, and abdominals tightened, push-up Performed face down on the floor, palms against floor under the shoulders, toes curled upwards against the floor. The arms are used to lift the body while maintaining a line from head to heel. The arms of the subject should go from fully extended in the position to nearly fully flexed in the low position
40.
Dutch East Indies
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The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded and this colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empires rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from. The term Indonesia came into use for the location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, Japans World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution, the word Indies comes from Latin, Indus. The original name Dutch Indies was translated by the English as the Dutch East Indies, the name Dutch Indies is recorded in the Dutch East India Companys documents of the early 1620s. Scholars writing in English use the terms Indië, Indies, the Dutch East Indies, the Netherlands Indies, centuries before Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states. The first Europeans to arrive were the Portuguese in the late 15th century, following disruption of Dutch access to spices in Europe, the first Dutch expedition set sail for the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. When it made a 400% profit on its return, other Dutch expeditions soon followed, recognising the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the United East India Company. The VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, a capital was established in Batavia, which became the centre of the VOCs Asian trading network. Smuggling, the expense of war, corruption, and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago were nationalised under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies. From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late 16th century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, although Java was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent throughout much of this time, including Aceh, Bali, Lombok and Borneo. Piracy remained a problem until the mid-19th century, finally in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day Indonesia. In 1811, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including Java, Dutch control was restored in 1816. Under the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the Dutch secured British settlements such as Bengkulu in Sumatra, in exchange for ceding control of their possessions in the Malay Peninsula, the resulting borders between British and Dutch possessions remain between Malaysia and Indonesia
41.
Ikada Stadium
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Ikada Stadium was a multi-use stadium in Jakarta, Indonesia. The stadium was named as an abbreviation of Ikatan Atletik Djakarta and it was initially used as the stadium of Indonesia national football team matches as well as the 1951 Indonesian National Games. The capacity of the stadium was 30,000 spectators and it was Jakartas largest stadium before it was replaced with Gelora Bung Karno in 1962. The stadium was demolished in 1963 to make way to Indonesian National Monument, today the stadium is the Merdeka Square. Jakarta, Portraits of a Capital 1950-1980
42.
Sukarno
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Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia, serving in office from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of his countrys struggle for Independence from the Netherlands and he was a prominent leader of Indonesias nationalist movement during the Dutch colonial period, and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to support for the Japanese war effort from the population. Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945 and he led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonization efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch acknowledgment of Indonesian independence in 1949. The early 1960s saw Sukarno veering Indonesia to the left by providing support and protection to the Indonesian Communist Party to the irritation of the military and he also embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism, with aid from the Soviet Union and China. The 30 September Movement led to the destruction of the PKI and his replacement in 1967 by one of his generals, Suharto, the spelling Soekarno, based on Dutch orthography, is still frequently used, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling. Sukarno himself insisted on a u, not oe, but said that he had told in school to use the Dutch style. He said that it was too difficult to change his signature, official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling. The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport which serves near Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had one name. He is sometimes referred to in accounts as Achmad Sukarno. The first name was added by a British journalist, who felt his readers would be confused over someone with just a single name. He was originally named KusnoJavanese pronunciation, following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a primary school in 1912, he was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School in Mojokerto. Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto, in 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminotos daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study engineering at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng. During his study in Bandung, Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih, the wife of Sanoesi, Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit, Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati
43.
Susi Susanti
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Lucia Francisca Susy Susanti is a retired Indonesian badminton player. Relatively small of stature, she combined quick and graceful movement with elegant shotmaking technique, sometimes her name is also spelled Susi Susanti. She won the singles gold medal at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain. She retired from the world badminton circuit not long after her marriage to Alan Budikusuma in February 1997 and she is the only female player to hold the Olympic, World Championship, and All-England singles titles simultaneously. She won the Japan Open three times and the Indonesian Open five times and she also won numerous Badminton Grand Prix Series events and five Badminton World Cups. She led the Indonesian team to victory over perennial champion China in the 1994 and 1996 Uber Cup competitions, all of this came during a relatively strong period in womens international badminton. Her chief competitors early in her years were the Chinese players Tang Jiuhong and Huang Hua, and, later, Chinas Ye Zhaoying. Susanti was inducted into the International Badminton Federation Hall of Fame in May 2004, together they have three children Lourencia Averina, born 1999, Albertus Edward, born in 2000 and Sebastianus Frederick, born in 2003. Alan and Susi have a club in Jakarta Utara. Winning an olympic medal was historical for Indonesia, achieving the first Olympic gold medals in 50 years history of the country. In 2004, Susy and Alan established ASTEC, a sport equipment corporation and they use materials from Japan for the rackets and produced them in China. This brand has been growing up lately and marketed in most area in Indonesia, beside ASTEC, the woman who was born in Tasikmalaya on February 11,1971 also opened a foot reflexology and sports physiotherapy center, “Fontana”. For this business, she together with a former Indonesian badminton player. Now Fontana has four branches, three in Jakarta, Kelapa Gading, Sunter, Pondok Indah, plus one in Bogor. tournamentsoftware. com Susi Susanti
44.
Ricky Subagja
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Ricky Ahmad Subagja is a Bandung, Indonesia born former world-class badminton player. He rates among the greatest doubles specialists in the sports history, in 1993 the fast moving, faster hitting Subagja won mens doubles at the then biennial IBF World Championships in Birmingham, England with fellow countryman Rudy Gunawan. However, Subagjas regular partner for most the 90s was another fellow countryman, the equally fast and hard-hitting Rexy Mainaky, Subagja and Mainaky won more than thirty international titles together, including all of badmintons major championships at least once. They captured Olympic gold at Atlanta in 1996, the IBF World Championships in 1995 at Lausanne, Switzerland, Subagja and Mainaky were bronze medalists at the 1997 IBF World Championships in Glasgow, Scotland. They were eliminated in the quarterfinals at both the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona and the 2000 Olympics in Sydney and they paired together on Indonesian Thomas Cup teams that won consecutive world team titles in 1994,1996, and 1998. Mens Doubles Smash – Ricky Subagja Profile in Koni Ricky Subagja
45.
Rexy Mainaky
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Rexy Ronald Mainaky is a former mens doubles badminton world champion from Indonesia who is often simply known as Rexy. He won the mens doubles Olympic gold medal in 1996 with Ricky Subagja, during the 1990s Mainaky and fellow countryman Ricky Subagja formed the most internationally successful team of the decade. Both noted for their quickness and power, Mainaky and Subagja won over thirty international titles together, including all of badmintons major championships at least once. They captured Olympic gold at Atlanta in 1996, the then biennial IBF World Championships in 1995 at Lausanne, Switzerland, and the venerable All-England Championships back to back in 1995 and 1996. A partial listing of their victories includes the China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea, and Denmark Opens, the World Badminton Grand Prix, the Badminton World Cup, Mainaky and Subagja were bronze medalists at the 1997 IBF World Championships in Glasgow. They were eliminated in the quarterfinals at both the 1992 and 2000 Olympics, Mainaky won the 2000 Asian Badminton Championships with another Indonesian doubles maestro, Tony Gunawan. He was a member of consecutive world champion Indonesian Thomas Cup teams in 1994,1996,1998 and he is regarded as one of the best coaches in the world, alongside former player Park Joo Bong of Korea. Rexys boyish charm and ethic of working hard whilst having as much fun as possible sparks great results wherever he goes. He is a unique asset to the world of badminton. Rexy became a coach after his playing career and he coached the Malaysian National Teams Doubles department and his biggest success was bringing up Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong. He guided the pair to an Asian Games Gold Medal in doha 2006, however, there was rumours about a fall out between Koo Kien Keat and Tan Boon Heong with Rexy as the pair requested for a change of coaches. He became Indonesias high performance director and was basically the head of the Indonesia Badminton Team and he is currently still serving as the High performance director for Indonesia. PBSI, Rexy Mainaky profile Smash – Rexy Mainaky Profile at koni. or. id Rexy Mainaky Dua Tahun Lagi di Malaysia Rexy Mainaky
46.
Candra Wijaya
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Candra Wijaya is a male Chinese Indonesian badminton player. He has been rated among the best mens doubles players in the world for over a decade, noted for his ability in all phases of the doubles game, he has reached the final of the BWF World Championships three times with countryman Sigit Budiarto. They won the 1997 edition in Glasgow, Scotland and finished second in 2003 and 2005, with Tony Gunawan he captured the mens doubles gold medal at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney. Though Budiarto has been his most frequent partner, Wijaya has won top tier mens doubles events with a variety of players, Wijaya was a member of the world champion Indonesia Thomas Cup teams of 1998,2000, and 2002. In 2007 he joined the Japanese club owned by Tonami, when he was young, he joined the Jaya Raya Jakarta badminton club. His parents names are Hendra Wijaya and Indranita
