1.
Hanover
–
At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Electorate was enlarged to become a Kingdom with Hanover as its capital. From 1868 to 1946 Hanover was the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover and it is now the capital of the Land of Lower Saxony. Since 2001 it has been part of the Hanover district, which is a body made up from the former district. With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a centre of Northern Germany. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair, every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the worlds largest marksmens festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest such festival in Germany. In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000, the Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport. The city is also a crossing point of railway lines and highways. Hanover is the traditional English spelling, the German spelling is becoming more popular in English, recent editions of encyclopaedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The traditional English spelling is used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British House of Hanover. Hanover was founded in times on the east bank of the River Leine. Its original name Honovere may mean high bank, though this is debated, Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural crossroads. As overland travel was difficult, its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river helped it to grow by increasing trade. In the 14th century the churches of Hanover were built. The beginning of industrialization in Germany led to trade in iron and silver from the northern Harz Mountains, in 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenbergs capital. Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain, the first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV, semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover
Hanover
–
New Town Hall, Hanover
Hanover
Hanover
–
Illustration of Hanover by
Matthäus Merian, 1654
Hanover
–
Am
Kröpcke, 1895
2.
Modern art
–
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era. The term is associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with ideas about the nature of materials. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, more recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art. Matisses two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting, analytic cubism was jointly developed by Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé, the notion of modern art is closely related to modernism. Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier. The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of art is 1863. Earlier dates have also proposed, among them 1855 and 1784. In the words of art historian H, harvard Arnason, Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning. A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years, the strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment, and even to the 17th century. The important modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant the first real Modernist but also drew a distinction, The Enlightenment criticized from the outside. The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and this gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper. The pioneers of art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists. By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in art had begun to emerge. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the academic art that enjoyed public. The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters unions, while governments regularly held exhibitions of new fine
Modern art
–
Pablo Picasso, Dejeuner sur l'Herbe
Modern art
–
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge: Two Women Waltzing, 1892
Modern art
–
Vincent van Gogh, Country road in Provence by Night, 1889, May 1890,
Kröller-Müller Museum
Modern art
–
Paul Cézanne,
The Large Bathers, 1898–1905
3.
Cologne
–
Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany. It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan areas, and with more than ten million inhabitants, Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, less than eighty kilometres from Belgium. The citys famous Cologne Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, the University of Cologne is one of Europes oldest and largest universities. Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the first century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, the French version of the citys name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior, during the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval. Up until World War II the city had several occupations by the French. Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, the bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many buildings as possible. Cologne is a cultural centre for the Rhineland, it hosts more than thirty museums. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeological sites to contemporary graphics, the Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows such as Art Cologne, imm Cologne, Gamescom, and the Photokina. The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, in 50 AD, the Romans founded Colonia on the Rhine and the city became the provincial capital of Germania Inferior in 85 AD. The city was named Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in 50 AD, considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900-year-old Roman boat was made in late 2007. From 260 to 271 Cologne was the capital of the Gallic Empire under Postumus, Marius, in 310 under Constantine a bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne. Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it one of the most important trade. Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map, maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until occupied by the Ripuarian Franks in 462, parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the new sewerage system having opened in 1890. Early medieval Cologne was part of Austrasia within the Frankish Empire, Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period, under Charlemagne, in 795, bishop Hildebold was promoted to archbishop
Cologne
–
From top to bottom, left to right:
Hohenzollern Bridge by night,
Great St. Martin Church,
Colonius TV-tower,
Cologne Cathedral,
Kranhaus buildings in
Rheinauhafen,
MediaPark
Cologne
–
Cologne around 1411
Cologne
–
Hängebrücke
Cologne
–
The devastation of Cologne, 1945
4.
Heidelberg
–
Heidelberg is a college town situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. At the 2015 census, its population was 156,257, located about 78 km south of Frankfurt, Heidelberg is the fifth-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Heidelberg is part of the densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, founded in 1386, Heidelberg University is Germanys oldest and one of Europes most reputable universities. A scientific hub in Germany, the city of Heidelberg is home to internationally renowned research facilities adjacent to its university. Heidelberg is in the Rhine Rift Valley, on the bank of the lower part of the Neckar in a steep valley in the Odenwald. It is bordered by the Königsstuhl and the Gaisberg mountains, the Neckar here flows in an east-west direction. On the right bank of the river, the Heiligenberg mountain rises to a height of 445 meters, the Neckar flows into the Rhine approximately 22 kilometres north-west in Mannheim. Villages incorporated during the 20th century stretch from the Neckar Valley along the Bergstraße, Heidelberg is on European walking route E1. Alongside the Philosophenweg on the side of the Old Town. There is a population of African rose-ringed parakeets, and a wild population of Siberian swan geese. Heidelberg is an authority within the Regierungsbezirk Karlsruhe. The Rhein-Neckar-Kreis rural district surrounds it and has its seat in the town, Heidelberg is a part of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, often referred to as the Rhein-Neckar Triangle. The Rhein-Neckar Triangle became a European metropolitan area in 2005, Heidelberg consists of 15 districts distributed in six sectors of the town. The new district will have approximately 5, 000–6,000 residents, Heidelberg has an oceanic climate, defined by the protected valley between the Pfälzerwald and the Odenwald. Year-round, the temperatures are determined by maritime air masses coming from the west. In contrast to the nearby Upper Rhine Plain, Heidelbergs position in the leads to more frequent easterly winds than average. The hillsides of the Odenwald favour clouding and precipitation, the warmest month is July, the coldest is January. Temperatures often rise beyond 30 °C in midsummer, according to the German Meteorological Service, Heidelberg was the warmest place in Germany in 2009
Heidelberg
–
Heidelberg, with
Heidelberg Castle on the hill and the Old Bridge over river
Neckar
Heidelberg
–
Heidelberg with suburbs
Heidelberg
–
The Altstadt from the Castle
Heidelberg
–
The River Neckar at night
5.
Maschsee
–
The Maschsee is an artificial lake situated south of the city centre of Hanover in Germany. Spanning an area of 78 hectares, it is the largest body of water within the capital of Lower Saxony, the lake is a popular recreation area as well as a venue for numerous water sports. The name of the stems from the so-called “Leinemasch“, or simply ”Masch“. This is the description for the area in which the lake was built. It was first considered to create a lake in the river valley of the River Leine near Hanover during the late 19th century. This tied in with the by-then necessary dyking of the River Leine and the River Ihme, the creation of a lake could reduce the threat of high water levels and put the Leine’s river valley area to better use. In the course of the decades there were further, very different designs, Small solutions and larger ones and this would eradicate the problem of a potential accumulation of mud through flood waters. Despite the plans being completed it nevertheless took roughly eight years until the beginning of the 1930s for work to commence, one factor against construction of the lake was the near 20 metre high Bismarck Tower which stood in the centre of the proposed water feature. Here, paramilitary marches took place and it was the site of a burning in 1933. The landmark was eventually demolished in 1935 during the course of the lake’s construction, the project was favourable for the Nazi Party that came to power in January 1933 as it would help reduce unemployment levels, which was a central theme of their propaganda. On 28 November 1933 the project was approved at a meeting of the city council, on 21 March 1934 the first ground was broken in the Leine swamp. Despite the unsettled financing of the project, it provided many people with work, driven by the harshness of the economic situation of the time, they took on tough working conditions and low pay which was barely much higher than unemployment support. During construction fourteen locomotive trains with 365 tipping wagons were used along a 15 km track as well as diggers, many workers though had to supply their own tools. Initially there were 100 people working on the project, but by its completion 1,650 people had been involved to excavate roughly 780,000 square metres of earth to create the lake basin. With the Maschsee project fully completed by early 1936, the opening took place on 21 May 1936. Hundreds of thousands of Hanoverians and guests looked on from the edge of the lake as the event began with the trooping of the Nazi Party. In addition some 6,000 sporting persons took part in a rally along with the armed forces, the water level loses a maximum of 1.3 centimetres per day through evaporation and water seepage, which equates to 10,000 cubic metres of water. In order to maintain a constant level, a station at a series of ponds in Ricklingen provides the Maschsee with a water supply
Maschsee
–
Maschsee seen from the new city hall
Maschsee
–
The "Maschsee Source" with empty water basin
Maschsee
–
The annual Maschseefest.
Maschsee
–
A boat operated by üstra during the Maschseefest.
6.
Lower Saxony
–
Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area, with 47,624 square kilometres, and fourth in population among the sixteen Länder of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining. Lower Saxony borders on the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands. Furthermore, the state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its city of Bremerhaven. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single Bundesland, the states principal cities include the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig, Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Hildesheim, Wolfenbüttel, Wolfsburg and Göttingen. The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia, in the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands, the Weser Uplands, between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. Thus, Lower Saxony is the only Bundesland that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas, Lower Saxonys major cities and economic centres are mainly situated in its central and southern parts, namely Hanover, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Hildesheim and Göttingen. Oldenburg, near the coastline, is another economic centre. To the north, the Elbe river separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the banks just south of the Elbe are known as Altes Land. Due to its local climate and fertile soil, it is the states largest area of fruit farming. Most of the territory was part of the historic Kingdom of Hanover. It was created by the merger of the State of Hanover with several states in 1946. Lower Saxony has a boundary in the north in the North Sea. The state and city of Bremen is an enclave surrounded by Lower Saxony. The Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region is a body for the enclave area. To the southeast the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German Central Uplands, in northeast Lower Saxony is Lüneburg Heath
Lower Saxony
–
Hannover
Lower Saxony
–
Flag
Lower Saxony
–
Braunschweig
Lower Saxony
–
Lüneburg
7.
Cuboid
–
In geometry, a cuboid is a convex polyhedron bounded by six quadrilateral faces, whose polyhedral graph is the same as that of a cube. By Eulers formula the numbers of faces F, of vertices V, in the case of a cuboid this gives 6 +8 =12 +2, that is, like a cube, a cuboid has 6 faces,8 vertices, and 12 edges. Along with the rectangular cuboids, any parallelepiped is a cuboid of this type, in a rectangular cuboid, all angles are right angles, and opposite faces of a cuboid are equal. By definition this makes it a rectangular prism, and the terms rectangular parallelepiped or orthogonal parallelepiped are also used to designate this polyhedron. The terms rectangular prism and oblong prism, however, are ambiguous, the square cuboid, square box, or right square prism is a special case of the cuboid in which at least two faces are squares. It has Schläfli symbol ×, and its symmetry is doubled from to, the cube is a special case of the square cuboid in which all six faces are squares. It has Schläfli symbol, and its symmetry is raised from, to, if the dimensions of a rectangular cuboid are a, b and c, then its volume is abc and its surface area is 2. The length of the diagonal is d = a 2 + b 2 + c 2. Cuboid shapes are used for boxes, cupboards, rooms, buildings. Cuboids are among those solids that can tessellate 3-dimensional space, the shape is fairly versatile in being able to contain multiple smaller cuboids, e. g. sugar cubes in a box, boxes in a cupboard, cupboards in a room, and rooms in a building. A cuboid with integer edges as well as integer face diagonals is called an Euler brick, a perfect cuboid is an Euler brick whose space diagonal is also an integer. It is currently unknown whether a perfect cuboid actually exists, the number of different nets for a simple cube is 11, however this number increases significantly to 54 for a rectangular cuboid of 3 different lengths. Hyperrectangle Trapezohedron Weisstein, Eric W. Cuboid, rectangular prism and cuboid Paper models and pictures
Cuboid
–
Rectangular cuboid
8.
European Union
–
The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
European Union
–
In 1989, the
Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to
expand further (
Berlin Wall pictured).
European Union
–
Flag
European Union
–
2009, the
Lisbon Treaty entered into force.
European Union
–
The 65,993 km (41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate (
Cyprus).
9.
Niki de Saint Phalle
–
Niki de Saint Phalle was a French sculptor, painter, and filmmaker. She was one of the few women artists known for monumental sculpture. Niki de Saint Phalle was born on October 29,1930 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine and her father was Count André-Marie Fal de Saint Phalle, a French banker, and her mother was an American, named Jeanne Jacqueline Harper. She was the second of five children, and her double first cousin was French novelist Thérèse de Saint Phalle and her birth was one year after Black Tuesday, and the French economy was also suffering in the aftermath of the infamous stock market crash that initiated the Great Depression. Within months, her fathers company closed, and her parents moved with her oldest brother to New York City. Niki was left with her grandparents in Nièvre, around 1933, she rejoined her parents in New York, where her father worked as manager of the American branch of the Saint Phalle familys bank. Niki grew up in a strict Catholic environment, which she would later reject and her mother was temperamental and violent, beating the younger children, and forcing them to eat even if they were not hungry. Both Elizabeth and Richard de Saint Phalle, younger siblings, would commit suicide as adults. Decades later, Niki would reveal that she had suffered years of abuse from her father. Saint Phalle returned frequently to France to visit relatives and she studied at the Brearley School in New York City from 1942-1944, but was dismissed for painting red fig leaves on the schools classical statuary. Despite this, she would say it was there “ I became a feminist. They inculcated in us that women can and must accomplish great things. ”She was then enrolled in a convent school in Suffern, New York, and then Oldfields School in Glencoe, Maryland, where she graduated in 1947. During her late years, Saint Phalle became a fashion model, at the age of 18, she appeared on the cover of Life and. At the age of 18, Saint Phalle married writer Harry Mathews, although her parents accepted the union, her husbands family objected to her Catholic background, and cut them off financially. Mathews served briefly in the Navy, and then moved to Cambridge. Saint Phalle began to paint, but aimed to pursue a career in acting and their first child, Laura, was born in April 1951. The new parents were casual, even negligent, but their children would benefit from better financial circumstances after Mathews received an inheritance, Saint Phalle rejected the staid, conservative values of her family, which dictated domestic positions for wives and particular rules of conduct. Poet John Ashbery recalled that Saint Phalles artistic pursuits were rejected by members of Saint Phalle clan, reportedly takes a dim view of her artistic activities, Ashbery observed
Niki de Saint Phalle
–
Niki de Saint Phalle
Niki de Saint Phalle
–
Lifesaver Fountain in
Duisburg, Germany.
Niki de Saint Phalle
–
The Golem,
Kiryat Hayovel, Israel.
Niki de Saint Phalle
–
Niki de Saint Phalle in 1964.
10.
Kurt Schwitters
–
Kurt Hermann Eduard Karl Julius Schwitters was a German artist who was born in Hanover, Germany. He is most famous for his collages, called Merz Pictures, Kurt Schwitters was born on 20 June 1887 in Hanover, at Rumannstraße No.2, now, No. 8, the child of Eduard Schwitters and his wife Henriette. His father was proprietor of a clothes shop. In 1893, the moved to Waldstraße 5, future site of the Merzbau. In 1901, Schwitters suffered his first epileptic seizure, a condition that would exempt him from service in World War I until late in the war. After studying art at the Dresden Academy alongside Otto Dix and George Grosz, 1909–15, Schwitters returned to Hanover, in 1911 he took part in his first exhibition, in Hanover. As the First World War progressed his work became darker, gradually developing a distinctive expressionist tone, Schwitters spent the last one-and-half years of the war working as a drafter in a factory just outside Hanover. He was conscripted into the 73rd Hanoverian Regiment in March 1917, by his own account, his time as a draftsman influenced his later work, and inspired him to depict machines as metaphors of human activity. In the war I discovered my love for the wheel and realized that machines are abstractions of the human spirit and he married his cousin Helma Fischer on 5 October 1915. In 1918, his art was to change dramatically as a consequence of Germanys economic, political. In the war, things were in terrible turmoil, what I had learned at the academy was of no use to me and the useful new ideas were still unready. Everything had broken down and new things had to be out of the fragments. It was like a revolution within me, not as it was, Schwitters was to come into contact with Herwarth Walden after exhibiting expressionist paintings at the Hanover Secession in February 1918. He showed two Abstraktionen at Waldens gallery Der Sturm, in Berlin, in June 1918 and this resulted in meetings with members of the Berlin Avant-garde, including Raoul Hausmann, Hannah Höch, and Hans Arp in the autumn of 1918. The night he introduced himself in the Café des Westens, im a painter, he said, and I nail my pictures together. Schwitters asked to join Berlin Dada either in late 1918 or early 1919, Hausmanns anecdote about Schwitters asking to join Berlin Dada is, however, somewhat dubious, for there is well-documented evidence that Schwitters and Huelsenbeck were on amicable terms at first. When they first met in 1919, Huelsenbeck was enthusiastic about Schwitters’s work and promised his assistance, when Huelsenbeck visited him at the end of the year, Schwitters gave him a lithograph and though their friendship was by now strained, Huelsenbeck wrote him a conciliatory note
Kurt Schwitters
–
Kurt Schwitters, London 1944
Kurt Schwitters
–
Das Undbild, 1919, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart
Kurt Schwitters
–
Cover of Anna Blume, Dichtungen, 1919
Kurt Schwitters
–
Untitled (Oval Construction), c.1925, Yale University Art Gallery
11.
Max Ernst
–
Max Ernst was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was a pioneer of the Dada movement. Max Ernst was born in Brühl, near Cologne, the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family and his father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter, a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian. He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority, while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting himself, in 1909 Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn, studying philosophy, art history, literature, psychology and psychiatry. In 1911 Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists, in 1912 he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced his approach to art. His own work was exhibited the same year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group, at Galerie Feldman in Cologne, in 1914 Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne. The two soon became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years, after Ernst completed his studies in the summer, his life was interrupted by World War I. Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern front, such was the devastating effect of the war on the artist that in his autobiography he referred to his time in the army thus, On the first of August 1914 M. E. died. He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918, however, for a brief period on the Western Front, Ernst was assigned to chart maps, which allowed him to continue painting. Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war, among them Macke, Ernst was demobilized in 1918 and returned to Cologne. He soon married art history student Luise Straus, whom he had met in 1914, in 1919, Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico, which deeply impressed him. Also in 1919 Ernst, social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld, in 1919–20 Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom and die schammade, and organized Dada exhibitions. Ernst and Luises son Ulrich Jimmy Ernst was born on 24 June 1920, Ernsts marriage to Luise was short-lived. In 1921 he met Paul Éluard, who became a lifelong friend. Éluard bought two of Ernsts paintings and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection Répétitions, a year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels, and then with André Breton, whom Ernst met in 1921, on the magazine Litterature. During his first two years in Paris Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint, in 1923 the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne, near Paris, where Ernst painted numerous murals. The same year his works were exhibited at Salon des Indépendants, although apparently accepting the ménage à trois at first, Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair. In 1924 he abruptly left, first for Monaco, and then for Saigon and he soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him, both had to sell numerous paintings to finance the trip
Max Ernst
–
Max Ernst, 1920, Punching Ball ou l'Immortalité de Buonarroti, photomontage, gouache, ink on photograph (self-portrait)
Max Ernst
–
Max Ernst, Ubu Imperator, (1923),
Musee National d'Art Moderne,
Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
Max Ernst
–
"Les Fusains": 22, rue Tourlaque,
18th arrondissement of Paris where Max Ernst established a studio in 1925
Max Ernst
–
L'Ange du Foyer, (1937)
12.
Paul Klee
–
Paul Klee was a Swiss-German artist. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included Expressionism, Cubism and he and his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture. His works reflect his dry humor and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality. First of all, the art of living, then as my ideal profession, poetry and philosophy, Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, as the second child of German music teacher Hans Wilhelm Klee and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, née Frick. His sister Mathilde was born on 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen and their father came from Tann and studied at the Stuttgart Conservatory singing, piano, organ and violin, meeting there his future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active as a teacher at the Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Klee was able to develop his skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him until his death. In 1880, his family moved to Bern, where they moved 17 years later after numerous changes of residence into a house at the Kirchenfeld district. From 1886 to 1890, Klee visited primary school and received, at the age of 7 and he was so talented on violin that, aged 11, he received an invitation to play as an extraordinary member of the Bern Music Association. He stated, I didnt find the idea of going in for music creatively particularly attractive in view of the decline in the history of musical achievement. As a musician, he played and felt emotionally bound to traditional works of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, at sixteen, Klee’s landscape drawings already show considerable skill. Around 1897, Klee started his diary, which he kept until 1918, during his school years, he avidly drew in his school books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill with line and volume. He barely passed his exams at the Gymnasium of Bern. With his characteristic dry wit, he wrote, After all, it’s rather difficult to achieve the exact minimum, and it involves risks. On his own time, in addition to his interests in music and art, Klee was a great reader of literature. With his parents reluctant permission, in 1898 Klee began studying art at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich with Heinrich Knirr and he excelled at drawing but seemed to lack any natural color sense. He later recalled, During the third winter I even realized that I probably would never learn to paint, during these times of youthful adventure, Klee spent much time in pubs and had affairs with lower class women and artists models. He had a son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth
Paul Klee
–
Paul Klee in 1911
Paul Klee
–
My Room (German: Meine Bude), 1896. Pen and ink wash, 4¾ × 7½ inches. In the collection of the Klee Foundation,
Bern, Switzerland
Paul Klee
–
Flower Myth (Blumenmythos) 1918, watercolor on pastel foundation on fabric and newsprint mounted on board,
Sprengel Museum, Hannover, Germany
Paul Klee
–
Paul Klee as a soldier, 1916
13.
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment
Pablo Picasso
–
Picasso in 1908
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso with his sister Lola, 1889
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901, Old Woman (Woman with Gloves), oil on cardboard, 67 x 52.1 cm,
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901-02, Femme au café (Absinthe Drinker), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm,
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia
14.
Emil Nolde
–
Emil Nolde was a German-Danish painter and printmaker. He was one of the first Expressionists, a member of Die Brücke and he is known for his brushwork and expressive choice of colors. Golden yellows and deep reds appear frequently in his work, giving a luminous quality to otherwise somber tones and his watercolors include vivid, brooding storm-scapes and brilliant florals. Noldes intense preoccupation with the subject of flowers reflects his continuing interest in the art of Vincent van Gogh, Emil Nolde was born as Emil Hansen near the village of Nolde, in the Prussian Duchy of Schleswig. His parents, devout Protestants, were Frisian and Danish peasants and he realized his unsuitability for farm life and that he and his three brothers were not at all alike. Between 1884 and 1891, he studied to become a carver and illustrator in Flensburg and he spent his years of travel in Munich, Karlsruhe and Berlin. In 1889, he gained entrance into the School of Applied Arts in Karlsruhe, from 1892 to 1898 he was a drawing instructor at the school of the Museum of Industrial and Applied Arts in St. Gallen, Switzerland. He eventually left this job to pursue his dream of becoming an independent artist. As a child he had loved to paint and draw, and he became a member of the revolutionary expressionist group Die Brücke, of Dresden, in 1906, upon the groups invitation. This association lasted only until the end of the following year, from 1908 to 1910 he was a member of the Berlin Secession, before being excluded in 1910 due to a disagreement with the leadership. In 1912 he exhibited with Kandinsky’s Munich-based group Der Blaue Reiter, from 1902 he called himself after his birthplace. Nolde was a supporter of the Nazi party from the early 1920s and he expressed anti-semitic, negative opinions about Jewish artists, and considered Expressionism to be a distinctively Germanic style. This view was shared by other members of the Nazi party, notably Joseph Goebbels. However Hitler rejected all forms of modernism as degenerate art, until that time he had been held in great prestige in Germany. A total of 1,052 of his works were removed from museums, some were included in the Degenerate Art exhibition of 1937, despite his protests, including a personal appeal to Nazi gauleiter Baldur von Schirach in Vienna. He was not allowed to paint—even in private—after 1941, nevertheless, during this period he created hundreds of watercolors, which he hid. He called them the Unpainted Pictures, in 1942 Nolde wrote, There is silver blue, sky blue and thunder blue. Every color holds within it a soul, which makes me happy or repels me, to a person who has no art in him, colors are colors, tones tones. and that is all
Emil Nolde
–
Head with Pipe (Self Portrait) (1907) Lithograph
Emil Nolde
–
Blumengarten (ohne Figur),
oil on canvas, 1908
Emil Nolde
–
The Burial (Die Grablegung, Begravelsen), 1915, oil on canvas, 87 x 117 cm, Stiftung Nolde, Seebüll, Nasjonalmuseet,
National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Norway
Emil Nolde
–
Emil Nolde The Prophet,
woodcut, 1912
15.
Max Beckmann
–
Max Beckmann was a German painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer. Although he is classified as an Expressionist artist, he rejected both the term and the movement, in the 1920s, he was associated with the New Objectivity, an outgrowth of Expressionism that opposed its introverted emotionalism. Max Beckmann was born into a family in Leipzig, Saxony. From his youth he pitted himself against the old masters and he is known for the self-portraits painted throughout his life, their number and intensity rivaled only by those of Rembrandt and Picasso. Well-read in philosophy and literature, Beckmann also contemplated mysticism and theosophy in search of the Self, as a true painter-thinker, he strove to find the hidden spiritual dimension in his subjects Beckmann enjoyed great success and official honors during the Weimar Republic. In 1925 he was selected to teach a class at the Städelschule Academy of Fine Art in Frankfurt. Some of his most famous students included Theo Garve, Leo Maillet and his fortunes changed with the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, whose dislike of Modern Art quickly led to its suppression by the state. In 1933, the Nazi government called Beckmann a cultural Bolshevik, in 1937 the government confiscated more than 500 of his works from German museums, putting several on display in the notorious Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich. The day after Hitlers radio speech about degenerate art in 1937, Beckmann left Germany with his wife, Quappi. For ten years, Beckmann lived in self-imposed exile in Amsterdam, in 1944 the Germans attempted to draft him into the army, although the sixty-year-old artist had suffered a heart attack. The works completed in his Amsterdam studio were even more powerful and they included several large triptychs, which stand as a summation of Beckmanns art. After the war, Beckmann moved to the United States, during the last three years of his life, he taught at the art schools of Washington University in St. Louis and the Brooklyn Museum. He came to St. Louis at the invitation of Perry T. Rathbone, Rathbone arranged for Washington University in St. Louis to hire Beckmann as an art teacher, filling a vacancy left by Philip Guston, who had taken a leave. The first Beckmann retrospective in the United States took place in 1948 at the City Art Museum, may became his patron and, already an avid amateur photographer and painter, a student of the artist. May later donated much of his collection of Beckmanns works to the St. Louis Art Museum. Beckmann also helped him learn to appreciate Oceanian and African art, after stops in Denver and Chicago, he and Quappi took an apartment at 38 West 69th Street in Manhattan. In 1949 he obtained a professorship at the Art School of New Yorks Brooklyn Museum. He suffered from angina pectoris and died after Christmas 1950, struck down by an attack at the corner of 69th Street and Central Park West in New York
Max Beckmann
–
Max Beckmann, photograph by Hans Möller, 1922
Max Beckmann
–
Max Beckmann Self-portrait with Horn, 1938-1940
Max Beckmann
–
Max Beckmann, 1918-19,
The Night (Die Nacht), oil on canvas, 133 x 154 cm,
Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf
Max Beckmann
–
Max Beckmann, Carnival, 1943, triptych, oil on canvas,
University of Iowa Museum of Art
16.
Robert Michel
–
Robert Henry Bob Michel was an American Republican Party politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years. Michel also served as Minority Whip for six years, a graduate of Bradley University in Illinois, he was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois and he received a Bachelor of Science degree from Bradley University. He was wounded by gun fire and awarded two Bronze Stars, the Purple Heart, and four battle stars. After the war ended, Michel attended Bradley University in Peoria, from 1949 to 1956, he worked as an administrative assistant to U. S. Although Michel was never part of the majority party, during his 38 years in the House he was noted for his bipartisanship in striking bargains. Michel was well respected across the aisle and was friends with Democrats such as Speaker Thomas Tip ONeill and Ways. Michel was elected as a Republican to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1956 and he served as Minority Whip from 94th Congress through the 96th Congress. Michel served from 1959 to 1980 as a member of the House Appropriations Committee, including 12 years as the ranking Republican on the Labor, Health, Education, later, he served as Minority Leader from the 97th Congress through 103rd Congresses. Michels toughest re-election was probably during the 1982 midterms, when he was in a race due to dissatisfaction over U. S. President Ronald Reagans economic policies. Reagan travelled to Peoria to campaign for him, Michel stirred a controversy in 1988 when he recalled enjoying and participating in blackface minstrel shows as a young man, and said he missed the shows. He also compared the removal of racially offensive words in such as Ol Man River to the Soviet re-writing of history. He later apologized for having given offence, explaining that he was attempting to understand. In the early 1990s, Newt Gingrich and other young, aggressive conservative congressmen criticized Michel for being too easy-going, supporters said Michels practice of socializing with Democrats over a game of golf or cards resulted in deals that moved bills through the legislative process. It was also noted that Michels voting was nearly as conservative as Gingrichs, in 1993 Michel gave the rebuttal to President Bill Clintons first State of the Union speech, criticizing the economic policies of the newly inaugurated president. The Clinton spin doctors have given us a new political vocabulary. Patriotism now means agreeing with the Clinton program, the powerful evocative word, sacrifice, has been reduced to the level of a bumper sticker slogan, he said. He was later criticized for obstructing Clintons economic stimulus plan, as a result of Gingrichs rising prominence which gradually attracted support from the caucus, Michel decided not to seek re-election in the 1994 mid-term elections
Robert Michel
–
Michel as Minority Leader
Robert Michel
–
Robert H. Michel
17.
Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung
–
Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung is a German newspaper with a circulation of 158,000 and a widespread resonance all over Germany. It is distributed in Hanover and in all Lower Saxony, hannoversche Zeitung was founded in 1851. Ulrich Neufert leads the HAZ as chief journalist, HAZ is part of the Madsack Media Group. Ulrich Pätzold/Horst Röper, Medienatlas Niedersachsen-Bremen 2000, ISBN 3-89384-043-5 Jörg Aufermann/Victor Lis/Volkhard Schuster, Zeitungen in Niedersachsen und Bremen
Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung
–
HAZ in Anzeiger-Hochhaus.
18.
Bild
–
The Bild newspaper is a German tabloid published by Axel Springer AG. The paper is published from Monday to Saturday, on Sundays, its sister paper Bild am Sonntag is published instead, Bild is tabloid in style but broadsheet in size. It is the best-selling non-Asian newspaper and has the eight-largest circulation worldwide, Bild has been described as notorious for its mix of gossip, inflammatory language, and sensationalism and as having a huge influence on German politicians. Der Spiegel wrote in 2006 that Bild flies just under the threshold of American. For the German desperate, it is a dose of high-resolution soft porn. According to The Guardian, for 28 years from 1984 to 2012, Bild had topless girls featuring on its first page, Bild was founded by Axel Springer in 1952. Bild soon became the best-selling tabloid, by a margin, not only in Germany. Through most of its history, Bild was based in Hamburg, the paper moved its headquarters to Berlin in March 2008, stating that it was an essential base of operations for a national newspaper. It is printed nationwide with 32 localized editions, special editions are printed in some favoured German holiday destinations abroad such as Spain, Italy, Turkey and Greece. Bild sold more than five million every day in the 1980s. In 1993 the paper had a circulation of more than four million copies. In the period of 1995-96 its circulation was 4,300,000 copies, in 2001 Bild was the most read newspaper in Europe and also, in Germany with a circulation of 4,396,000 copies. Although it is still Germanys biggest paper, the circulation of Bild, by the end of 2005, the figure dropped to 3.8 million copies. Its 2010 circulation was 3,548,000, making the paper the fifth in the list of the worlds biggest selling newspapers, Bild is published in tabloid format. However, its articles are considerably shorter compared to those in British tabloids. Bild has been known to use devices such as the sensational headlines. In June 2012, Bild celebrated its 60th anniversary by giving away free newspapers to almost all of Germanys 41 million households, Bild said Guinness World Records in Germany has certified the print run as the largest circulation for the free special edition of a newspaper. From the outset, the drift was conservative and nationalist
Bild
–
The 17 September 2010 front page of Bild
Bild
–
Bild
Bild
–
Bild tabloid vending machine in Germany
Bild
–
Editors work on producing an issue of Bild, 1977 in
West Berlin. Previous front pages are affixed to the wall behind them
19.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
20.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
–
Screenshot 2012
21.
Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
–
GND screenshot
