1.
Harmony Korine
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Harmony Korine is an American film director and screenwriter. He is best known for writing Kids and for writing and directing Spring Breakers, Gummo, Julien Donkey-Boy and his film Trash Humpers premiered at Toronto International Film Festival and won the main prize, the DOX Award, at CPH, DOX in November 2009. His most recent film, Spring Breakers, was released in 2013, Korine was born in Bolinas, California and raised in Nashville, Tennessee into a Jewish family. His parents are Eve and Sol Korine, as a child, Korine watched movies with his father, who rented Buster Keaton films and took him to see Even Dwarfs Started Small in the theater. Korine reminisces, I knew there was a poetry in cinema that I had never seen before that was so powerful, as a child, Korine changed his name from Harmony and went by Harmful, as he thought it made him sound tougher when he got in fights. Korine spent his childhood in Nashville, attending Hillsboro High School before moving to New York City to live with his grandmother, Korine also spent some time living with his parents in a commune, which helped to inspire the commune setting of Mister Lonely. As a teenager, Korine frequented revival theaters, watching films by John Cassavetes, Werner Herzog, Jean-Luc Godard, Rainer Werner Fassbinder. In an interview with Bruce LaBruce, Korine briefly mentioned that he studied Business Administration in college, other sources state that he studied Dramatic Writing at Tisch School of the Arts at New York University for one semester before dropping out to pursue a career as a professional skateboarder. Korine met Chloë Sevigny in Washington Square Park in New York City during her year of high school in 1993. The two became friends, which resulted in her being cast in the low-budget independent film Kids. They had a relationship ended in the late 1990s. He is married to actress Rachel Korine, with whom he has one child, Korine was skating with friends in Washington Square Park when he noticed photographer Larry Clark. Impressed, the photographer asked him to compose a script about skaters, Korine told Clark, Ive been waiting all my life to write this story. Kids garnered mixed reviews, but due to its NC-17 rating, however, it has since become a significant cult film. Among others, the film features Chloë Sevigny and Rosario Dawson in their first movie roles, the film, while controversial, jumpstarted Korines career. This put him into contact with film producer Cary Woods who budgeted about $1 million to produce Gummo, in 1997, Korine wrote and directed Gummo, a film based on life in Xenia, Ohio, a town devastated by a tornado in the early 1970s. Forgoing conventional narrative, Gummo embodies sketches written by Korine, hence the nonlinear, much of the cast was found during preproduction where it was filmed in Tennessee, and of all those who appeared in the film, only five were experienced actors. The film is notable for having unsettling, often bizarre scenes, as well as its dreamlike soundtrack and it features an eclectic soundtrack including death metal, Madonna and Roy Orbison
2.
James Franco
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James Edward Franco is an American actor and filmmaker known for his work in both comedic and dramatic films and TV shows. For his role in 127 Hours, Franco was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor and he also portrayed the title character in the TV biographical film James Dean, for which he won a Golden Globe Award. He had recurring roles on the soap opera General Hospital and sitcom Angie Tribeca and he will star in the David Simon-created HBO drama The Deuce in 2017. Franco volunteers for the Art of Elysium charity, and has taught film classes at New York University, the University of Southern California, UCLA, Studio 4. Franco was born in Palo Alto, California and his mother, Betsy Lou, is a writer and occasional actress, and his father, Douglas Eugene Doug Franco, ran a Silicon Valley business. The two met as students at Stanford University, Francos father was of Portuguese and Swedish descent. Francos mother is Jewish, from a family of Russian Jewish ancestry and his maternal grandfather, Daniel, had changed the family surname from Verovitz to Verne some time after 1940. Francos paternal grandmother, Marjorie Franco, is an author of young adult books. Francos maternal grandmother, Mitzie Verne, owned the Verne Art Gallery, a prominent art gallery in Cleveland, Francos family upbringing was academic, liberal, and largely secular. He grew up in California with his two brothers, Tom and Dave, a math whiz, Franco interned at Lockheed Martin. He was often encouraged by his father to get good grades and he graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1996, where he acted in plays. This led to him attending CSSSA in 1998 for theatre, in his high school years, Franco was arrested for underage drinking, graffiti, and for being a part of a group that stole designer fragrances from department stores and sold them to classmates. These arrests led to his becoming a ward of the state. Facing the possibility of juvenile hall, Franco was given a chance by the judge. I was uncomfortable in my own skin, I changed my ways just in time to get good grades, he recalled of his troubles with the law. Although the idea of becoming a marine zoologist interested him, Franco had always wanted to become an actor. Franco instead chose to take acting lessons with Robert Carnegie at the Playhouse West, around this time, Franco took up a late-night job at McDonalds to support himself because his parents refused to do so. He was a vegetarian until working there, while working at the establishment, he would practice accents on customers, an experience he remembered nostalgically in a 2015 Washington Post editorial
3.
Vanessa Hudgens
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Vanessa Anne Hudgens is an American actress and singer. Hudgens rose to prominence playing Gabriella Montez in the High School Musical series, Hudgens has also appeared in various films and television series for the Disney Channel. She had her film debut in the 2003 film Thirteen. She had mainstream success following the release of the High School Musical trilogy and her appearance in the series helped make her a household name. Songs from the films also charted worldwide, with the song Breaking Free peaking inside the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100. This led to Hudgens releasing her album, V, on September 26,2006 which entered the Billboard 200 at number 24. Her second album, Identified, was released on July 1,2008 in the United States, since the release of her albums and the High School Musical franchise, Hudgens has focused on her acting career. She has appeared in the films Bandslam, Beastly, Sucker Punch, Journey 2, The Mysterious Island, Spring Breakers and she has also played the title role in the Broadway musical Gigi in 2015, and the role of Rizzo in Grease, Live in 2016. Hudgens was born in Salinas, California, and lived with her parents along the West Coast and her mother, Gina, held a succession of office jobs, and her father, Gregory Hudgens, was a firefighter. She has a sister, Stella Hudgens, who is also an actress. She was raised as a Roman Catholic and her father was of Irish and Native American descent, and her mother, a native of Manila, Philippines, is of Filipino descent. All of her grandparents were musicians and her acting career started at the age of 15, and she briefly attended Orange County High School of the Arts, followed by homeschooling with tutors. Hudgens had her first acting role in an episode of the sitcom Still Standing, following her appearance on the series, she guest starred in an episode of the series Robbery Homicide Division, airing on CBS in 2002. 2003 saw Hudgens making her debut in the 2003 drama film Thirteen. The film, which revolved around teenager Tracy trying to fit in and getting caught up in the crowd, was somewhat of a commercial success. Despite its minor success, the film received positive critical reviews. It has an 82% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and USA Today called Thirteen the most powerful of all recent wayward-youth sagas, Hudgens subsequently landed a role in the 2004 science fiction-adventure film Thunderbirds, based on the television series of the same name. Hudgens portrayed the character of Tin-tin, the film was a commercial failure and was strongly criticized for abandoning the original concepts
4.
Selena Gomez
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Selena Marie Gomez is an American actress and singer. Having appeared as a child in the television series Barney & Friends. Due to the success of the series, Gomez worked on films, television shows. Gomez also formed her own company in 2008, titled July Moon Productions, she serves as an executive producer on the Netflix original series 13 Reasons Why. She signed a contract with Hollywood Records in 2008 and subsequently formed her band Selena Gomez & the Scene the following year. The band released three albums by 2011. Gomez hoped to focus on her career by transitioning into film work, earning starring roles in films such as Ramona and Beezus. Gomez hoped to achieve a mature image with a role in the exploitation film Spring Breakers. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 in the United States, Gomez embarked on her Stars Dance Tour, though it was later canceled due to personal and medical struggles. In 2014, Gomez fired her parents as her managers and signed with the WME, during this time, she signed a new recording contract with Interscope Records, releasing a compilation album as her fifth and final release through Hollywood Records. Gomez released her studio album, Revival, in October 2015. The album debuted at one on the Billboard 200, while the first three singles Good for You, Same Old Love and, Hands to Myself all topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart in the United States. She embarked on her worldwide Revival Tour in 2016, like her previous tour, Gomez is currently working on her third solo studio album. Outside of entertainment, Gomez released her own clothing line through Kmart in 2010 and she has worked with various charitable organizations for years and became a UNICEF ambassador at the age of seventeen. Since the start of her career, Gomez has gone on to sell over 7 million albums and 22 million singles worldwide, as of November 2016, Gomez is the most-followed Instagram user in the world. Selena Marie Gomez was born in Grand Prairie, Texas on July 22,1992, to Ricardo Joel Gomez, Gomez was named after Tejano singer and actress Selena Quintanilla-Pérez, who died in 1995. Her father is of Mexican descent while her mother, who was adopted, has some Italian ancestry, regarding her Hispanic heritage, Gomez has stated, My family does have Quinceañeras, and we go to the communion church. We do everything thats Catholic, but we dont really have anything traditional except go to the park and have barbecues on Sundays after church, Gomezs parents divorced when she was five years old, and she remained with her mother
5.
Ashley Benson
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Ashley Victoria Benson is an American actress and model, known for her role as Hanna Marin on the mystery television series Pretty Little Liars. Ashley Victoria Benson was born and raised in Anaheim Hills, Anaheim, California and she has a sister, Shaylene, who is a year older. She started dancing competitively in ballet, jazz, hip hop and she also enjoys singing, and has appeared in several musicals. At age four, she was asked to audition to sing solo at four Christmas services at her church, at five, she modeled in dance catalogs, and at age eight, she began modeling under The Ford Modeling Agency in print advertisements. She also appeared in a Lil Romeo music video as a schoolgirl in 2002 and she made a brief appearance in the Zoey 101 episode Quinns Date in March 2005. She has also appeared in the videos for NLTs That Girl, One Calls BlackLight. In 1999, Benson started pursuing an acting career and she began working and appearing in a number of commercials, but quickly made the transition into film and television acting. She explained that, because of the number of episodes filmed a day, you cant really mess up, you have to all of your lines. She played a witch disguised as a cheerleader in a 2008 episode of the CW series Supernatural. In films, she was one of the Six Chicks in 13 Going on 30, and appeared as Carson in Bring It On, In It to Win It, the fourth installment of the Bring It On franchise. To land the role, she had to end her contract with Days of our Lives, I got off it, I mean I had talked with the producers about doing this film. I had just passed up so many opportunities where I could have done a film, so this big thing just came up, and I ended up getting to do this. Im happier that I got off the soap though, I mean I give all my credit to them, because I have learned so much from being on soap operas and working with amazing actors whove been on there for like thirty, forty years. It was an honor to work with them and its definitely given me all my background. But getting off the soap opera helped me a lot too, so I am definitely thankful I got to be on a soap opera though. For Bring It On, In It to Win It, she had to attend cheerleading practice, nonetheless, she was glad to do her own stunts, even though she wasnt expecting for it to be so hard. She loved working with her onscreen mother Tatum ONeal, from whom she learned about acting, Benson starred in ABCs 2009 television series Eastwick. The show was based on John Updikes novel, The Witches of Eastwick, and her character, Mia, was the teen-aged daughter of Roxie Torcoletti
6.
Rachel Korine
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Rachel Korine is an American actress. Korine was born and raised in Nashville, Tennessee and she has starred in the films Septien, Mister Lonely and Trash Humpers. She also had a role in Spring Breakers, a film written and directed by her husband. Rachel Korine at the Internet Movie Database
7.
Skrillex
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Sonny John Moore, known professionally as Skrillex, is an American electronic dance music producer, DJ, singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He began his first tour as a solo artist in late 2007, after releasing the Gypsyhook EP in 2009, Moore was scheduled to record his debut studio album, Bells, with producer Noah Shain. However, he ceased production of the album and began performing under the name Skrillex, subsequently, he released the Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites EP in late–2010 and More Monsters and Sprites EP in mid–2011, both of which have since become moderate commercial successes. On December 5,2011, the BBC announced that he had nominated for their Sound of 2012 poll. On December 12,2011, he was also named MTVs Electronic Dance Music Artist of the Year, Skrillex has won a total of eight Grammy Awards and holds the world record for most Grammys won by an Electronic Dance Music artist. Skrillex has collaborated with Diplo, Boys Noize to form the groups of Jack Ü, on Moores 29th birthday in 2017, he reunited with From First To Last to release a single named Make War. Moore was born in the Highland Park neighborhood of Northeast Los Angeles, but moved to the Forest Hill neighborhood of San Francisco at the age of 2, where he attended elementary school. At the ages of 9 and 10, Moore attended a boarding school located in the Mojave Desert LV. By the time he was 12, his family moved back to his birthplace of Northeast Los Angeles, There he enrolled in a private academy school specializing in arts, the school used some of L Ron Hubbards teachings. Later he was schooled at the age of 14 due to bullying. In 2004, he learned he was adopted and dropped out of the program when he was 16, in 2004, Moore contacted Matt Good of From First to Last about playing guitar for the band on their debut album. After flying out to Georgia, Moore was heard singing by three producers, Derrick Thomas, Eric Dale, and McHale Butler, and was then made lead singer. In June 2004, Epitaph Records released the bands first full-length record with their new bandmate, Dear Diary, after performing on several successful tours, two being the Vans Warped Tour and Dead by Dawn tour, they began recording their second album, Heroine with producer Ross Robinson. The album was released in March 2006 on Epitaph, with high record sales once again, the band found themselves part of many successful tours, until Moore started suffering vocal problems, causing the band to resign from several tours. After going through a successful surgical procedure, Moore informed the band he would be permanently resigning to work on a solo career. FFTLs last show performed with Moore was in their hometown of Orlando at The House of Blues while touring with Atreyu, Moore announced he had left From First to Last to pursue a solo career. He then launched a Myspace page displaying three demos and this led to Moores first performance since his leaving From First to Last. On April 7,2007, alongside harpist Carol Robbins, Moore played several songs at a local art building
8.
Annapurna Pictures
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Annapurna Pictures is an American motion picture company founded by Megan Ellison in 2011. It specializes in production, distribution, television production, video game development. Annapurna invests in finance and sales through its subsidiary Annapurna International and it also produces television shows through subsidiary Annapurna Television and develops video games under its Annapurna Interactive banner. Annapurna Pictures is named after Mount Annapurna in Nepal, which was explored by Ellison on a visit to Nepal, on September 27,2016, Annapurna launched a television production division, Annapurna Television, which is headed by former HBO executive Sue Naegle. On January 10,2017, it was reported that Annapurna Television would produce the Coen Brothers first TV series, The Ballad Of Buster Scruggs. In December 2016, the company launched Annapurna Interactive, to produce, develop, in January 2017, the company announced they would begin distributing films, with their first being Untitled Detroit project directed by Kathryn Bigelow, set for release on August 4,2017. Many of the produced by the company have received widespread critical acclaim. In 2013 alone, Her and American Hustle had a combined fifteen Academy Award nominations, in the box office results have been mixed. Official website Annapurna Pictures at the Internet Movie Database
9.
A24 (company)
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A24 is an American independent entertainment company founded on August 20,2012 by Daniel Katz, David Fenkel, and John Hodges and based in New York City. It specializes in production, finance, television production and distribution. Katz, Fenkel and Hodges prior to A24 worked in film and production, before leaving to pursue the company, moderately starting out in 2013 with A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III, the companys growth started with the release of Spring Breakers later that year. Their existence became well-known with Room, The Witch and Ex Machina and they entered into deals with DirecTV Cinema and Amazon Prime later in 2013, with some films distributed through them, and the name was shortened to A24 in 2016. As of February 2017, their films have been nominated for Academy Awards fourteen times, in 2016, A24s films won Academy Awards for Best Actress, Best Visual Effects, and Best Documentary Feature. A24s television division released The Carmichael Show, A24 was founded on August 20,2012 by film veterans Daniel Katz, David Fenkel, and John Hodges. Guggenheim Partners provided seed money for A24 to start up, the company was started for the founders to experience the companys movies from a distinctive point of view. In October 2012, Nicolette Aizenberg joined A24 as Head of Publicity, the company marked its first theatrical release with Roman Coppolas A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III, which had a limited release. Other 2013 theatrical releases included Sally Potters Ginger & Rosa, Harmony Korines Spring Breakers, Sofia Coppolas The Bling Ring, and James Ponsoldts The Spectacular Now. That same year, A24 entered a deal with Amazon Prime, the company also announced that they would also finance and develop pilots. In January 2016, Sasha Lloyd joined the company to all film, television distribution. The company, with cooperation from Bank of America, J. P. Morgan & Co. and SunTrust Banks, in June, the company – along with Oscilloscope and distributor Honora, joined BitTorrent Now to distribute the work of their portfolio across the ad-supported service. On January 2017, the acquired the United States and Chinese distribution rights for their first foreign language film. A month later, A24 also acquired North American rights to A Prayer Before Dawn, the logo was designed by creative agency GrandArmy. For the motion graphic, the animator was Adam Grabowski and the sound was designed by Felt, the graphic presents three geometric shapes in which two more appear and lines forming the logo, as it simultaneously disappears. The music conveying the animation is a guitar that highlights the animation. GrandArmy on Vimeo described the animation as this, The A24 logo is based on simple geometry – rectangles, triangles, the 2 joins these simple shapes with organic forms at the top and bottom, reminiscent of old Hollywood serif numerals. This animation builds the complex logo out of these raw deconstructed forms, an alternate version is available on Grabowskis Vimeo channel and website
10.
69th Venice International Film Festival
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The 69th annual Venice Film Festival, organized by La Biennale di Venezia, took place at Venice Lido from 29 August to 8 September 2012. The festival opened with the Indian director Mira Nairs The Reluctant Fundamentalist, terrence Malicks film To the Wonder was met with both boos and cheers from critics at its premiere. The Golden Lion for Best Film was won by Pietà, directed by South Korean filmmaker Kim Ki-duk, paul Thomas Anderson for The Master won the Silver Lion for Best Director. Israeli actress Hadas Yaron for her performance in Fill the Void was selected as the Best Actress in the festival. On the other hand, the jury was planned to award the Coppa Volpi for the Best Actress prize to Jo Min-su, however, because of festivals new rule that prohibits pairing the Golden Lion with other prizes, the jury couldnt award a prize to Jo Min-su. In the official reception which was held after the festival was over, many juries, such as Samantha Morton and Peter Chan met Jo, I shed tears of Jos play. Official website 69th Venice Film Festival 2012
11.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared
12.
Sensory perception
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Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, smell is mediated by odor molecules, Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but is shaped by learning, memory, expectation, and attention. Perception can be split into two processes, firstly, processing sensory input, which transforms these low-level information to higher-level information. Secondly, processing which is connected with a persons concepts and expectations, Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Since the rise of psychology in the 19th Century, psychologys understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques. Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the qualities of the sensory input and perception. Sensory neuroscience studies the mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally, in terms of the information they process, Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound, smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver. The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the information is typically incomplete. Human and animal brains are structured in a way, with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information. Some of these take the form of sensory maps, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brains surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other, for instance, taste is strongly influenced by smell. The process of perception begins with an object in the real world, by means of light, sound or another physical process, the object stimulates the bodys sensory organs. These sensory organs transform the energy into neural activity—a process called transduction. This raw pattern of activity is called the proximal stimulus. These neural signals are transmitted to the brain and processed, the resulting mental re-creation of the distal stimulus is the percept. An example would be a shoe, the shoe itself is the distal stimulus
13.
Plot (narrative)
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Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a story which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect. The causal events of a plot can be thought of as a series of sentences linked by, Plots can vary from simple structures such as in a traditional ballad to complex interwoven structures sometimes referred to as an imbroglio. The term plot can serve as a verb and refer to a planning future actions in the story. In the narrative sense, the highlights the important points which have important consequences within the story. The term is similar in meaning to the term storyline, english novelist E. M. Forster described plot as the cause-and-effect relationship between events in a story. According to Forster, The king died, and then the queen died, is a story, while The king died, as a result, according to Dibell, the plot can be described numerically as 1→3 while the story can be described as 1→2→3. A story orders events from beginning to end in a time sequence, teri Shaffer Yamada agrees that a plot does not include memorable scenes within a story which do not relate directly to other events but only major events that move the action in a narrative. Another example of a scene which is not part of the plot occurs in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back. A fabula is the events in the world, whereas a syuzhet is a perspective of those events. Formalist followers eventually translated the fabula/syuzhet to the concept of story/plot and this definition is usually used in narratology, in parallel with Forsters definition. The fabula is what happened in chronological order, in contrast, the syuzhet means a unique sequence of discourse that was sorted out by the author. That is, the syuzhet can consist of picking up the events in non-chronological order, for example, fabula is <a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, …, an>, syuzhet is <a5, a1. He also believed that the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being necessary or probable. Of the utmost importance is the ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience. Acts are connected by two points or turning points, with the first turning point connecting Act I to Act II. The conception of the structure has been attributed to American screenwriter Syd Field who described plot structure in this tripartite way for film analysis. In his Poetics, Aristotle considered plot the most important element of drama—more important than character, for example. A plot must have, Aristotle says, a beginning, a middle, and an end, of the utmost importance to Aristotle is the plots ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience
14.
Cult film
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A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase, a subculture that engage in repeated viewings, quoting dialogue. Inclusive definitions allow for major productions, especially box office bombs, while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure. The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art, Cult films trace their origin back to controversial and suppressed films kept alive by dedicated fans. In some cases, reclaimed or rediscovered films have acquired cult followings decades after their original release, Other cult films have since become well-respected or reassessed as classics, there is debate as to whether these popular and accepted films are still cult films. After failing in the cinema, some films have become regular fixtures on cable television or profitable sellers on home video. Others have inspired their own film festivals, Cult films can both appeal to specific subcultures and form their own subcultures. Other media that reference cult films can easily identify which demographics they desire to attract, Cult films frequently break cultural taboos, and many feature excessive displays of violence, gore, sexuality, profanity, or combinations thereof. This can lead to controversy, censorship, and outright bans, films that fail to attract requisite amounts of controversy may face resistance when labeled as cult films. Fans who like the films for the reasons, such as perceived elements that represent mainstream appeal and marketing. Likewise, fans who stray from accepted subcultural scripts may experience similar rejection, since the late 1970s, cult films have become increasingly popular. Films that once would have limited to obscure cult followings are now capable of breaking into the mainstream. Films are frequently stated to be an instant cult classic now, fickle fans on the Internet have latched on to unreleased films only to abandon them later on release. At the same time, other films have acquired massive, quick cult followings, easy access to cult films via video on demand and peer-to-peer file sharing has led some critics to pronounce the death of cult films. A cult film is any film that has a following, although the term is not easily defined. Cult films are defined by audience reaction as much as they are content and this may take the form of elaborate and ritualized audience participation, film festivals, or cosplay. Over time, the definition has become more vague and inclusive as it drifts away from earlier, stricter views, academic Mark Shiel has criticized the term itself as being a weak concept, reliant on subjectivity, different groups can interpret films in their own terms. Academic Mike Chopra‑Gant says that cult films become decontextualized when studied as a group, in 2008, Cineaste asked a range of academics for their definition of a cult film
15.
Golden Lion
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The Golden Lion is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was introduced in 1949 by the committee and is now regarded as one of the film industrys most distinguished prizes. In 1970, a second Golden Lion was introduced, this is an award for people who have made an important contribution to cinema. The prize was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of Saint Mark, previously, the equivalent prize was the Gran Premio Internazionale di Venezia, awarded in 1947 and 1948. Before that, from 1934 until 1942, the highest awards were the Coppa Mussolini for Best Italian Film, no Golden Lions were awarded between 1969 and 1979. Sixty-eight produced a dramatic fracture with the past,14 French films have been awarded the Golden Lion, more than that of any other nation. However, there is considerable diversity in the winners. Five American filmmakers have won the Golden Lion, with awards for John Cassavetes and Robert Altman, as well as Ang Lee, Darren Aronofsky and Sofia Coppola. The Golden Lion, by contrast, has awarded to ten Asians during the same time period. Ang Lee won the Golden Lion twice within three years during the 2000s, once for an American film and once for a Chinese-language film, zhang Yimou has also won twice. Other Asians to win the Golden Lion since 1980 include Jia Zhangke, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, Tsai Ming-liang, Trần Anh Hùng, Takeshi Kitano, Kim Ki-duk, Jafar Panahi, Mira Nair, and Lav Diaz. Russian filmmakers have won the Golden Lion several times, including since the end of the USSR. Still, to date 33 of the 54 winners were European men, since 1949 only four women have ever won the Golden Lion for directing, Mira Nair, Sofia Coppola, German Margarethe von Trotta and Belgiums Agnès Varda. In comparison to the other major Western European festivals, the Berlinales Golden Bear has also awarded to four women. In the history of Cannes, only one woman filmmaker has been awarded the Palme dOr
16.
Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime
17.
Balaclava (clothing)
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A balaclava, also known as a balaclava helmet or ski mask, is a form of cloth headgear designed to expose only part of the face. Depending on style and how it is worn, only the eyes, mouth and nose, versions with a full face opening may be rolled into a hat to cover the crown of the head or folded down as a collar around the neck. The name comes from their use at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War, traditional balaclavas were knitted from wool. Modern versions are made from silk, cotton, polypropylene, neoprene. This type of headgear was known in the 19th century as an Uhlan cap or a Templar cap, during the Crimean War in 1854 handmade balaclavas were sent over to the British troops to help protect them from the bitter cold weather. British troops required this aid, as their own supplies never arrived in time, according to Richard Rutt in his History of Handknitting, the name balaclava helmet was not used during the war but appears much later, in 1881. Modern balaclavas are used in winter sports such as skiing, snowboarding. They are also popular among motorcyclists, firefighters wear a fire-resistant version made of Nomex with a face opening that is covered by their self-contained breathing apparatus. Electrical workers often wear an arc-flash rated version in conjunction with a face shield, race drivers In Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile sanctioned events must wear balaclavas made of fire-retardant material underneath their crash helmets. British Special Air Service troopers wore balaclavas during the storming of the Iranian Embassy in London in 1980, in the Indian subcontinent, balaclavas are commonly referred to as monkey caps because of their typical earth tone colours, and the fact that they blot out most human facial features. Monkey caps sometimes have a small, decorative, woollen pom-pom on top and they are commonly worn by troops on Himalayan duty for protection from the cold. The United States Marine Corps has recently begun issuing balaclavas with hinged face guards as part of the Flame Resistant Organizational Gear program, in the Soviet Union, the balaclava became a part of standard OMON uniform as early as the Perestroyka years of the late 1980s. The original intent was to protect the identity of the officers to avoid intimidation from organized crime, because of increased problems with organized crime of the 90s, TV shots of armed men in black balaclavas became common. Armed Russian police commonly conduct raids and searches of white-collar premises while wearing balaclavas, such raids have therefore come to be known in Russia as maski shows, an allusion to a popular comic TV show of the 1990s. A balaclava may be used for concealment in the course of activities and occupationally by SWAT. It may also be used by military forces or paramilitary organizations to conceal their identities and have been used as an identifying feature in fictional representations of such groups. The Provisional Irish Republican Army and other paramilitaries were famed for their members wearing balaclavas throughout their campaigns, British Police in Kent confiscated the War on Terror board game partly because of the inclusion of a balaclava. Police said it could be used to conceal someones identity or could be used in the course of a criminal act, some balaclava-wearing sympathisers of Pussy Riot were arrested in Marseille, France in August 2012 for being in breach of the French ban on face covering
18.
Hammer
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A hammer is a tool or device that delivers a blow to an object. Most hammers are hand tools used to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal, hammers vary in shape, size, and structure, depending on their purposes. Hammers are basic tools in many trades, the usual features are a head and a handle. Although most hammers are hand tools, powered versions exist, they are known as powered hammers, types of power hammer include steam hammers and trip hammers, often for heavier uses, such as forging. Some hammers have other names, such as sledgehammer, mallet, the term hammer also applies to devices that deliver blows, such as the hammer of a firearm or the hammer of a piano or the hammer ice scraper. The use of simple hammers dates to about 2,600,000 BCE when various shaped stones were used to strike wood, bone, or other stones to break them apart and shape them. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used as hammers with handles by about 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age. The hammers archeological record shows that it may be the oldest tool for which evidence exists of its early existence. A traditional hand-held hammer consists of a head and a handle, fastened together by means of a special wedge made for the purpose, or by glue. This two-piece design is used, to combine a dense metallic striking head with a non-metallic mechanical-shock-absorbing handle. If wood is used for the handle, it is often hickory or ash, rigid fiberglass resin may be used for the handle, this material does not absorb water or decay, but does not dissipate shock as well as wood. A loose hammer head is hazardous because it can fly off the handle when in use. Wooden handles can often be replaced when worn or damaged, specialized kits are available covering a range of sizes and designs. Some hammers are one-piece designs made primarily of a single material, a one-piece metallic hammer may optionally have its handle coated or wrapped in a resilient material such as rubber, for improved grip and reduced user fatigue. The hammer head may be surfaced with a variety of materials, including brass, bronze, wood, plastic, rubber, some hammers have interchangeable striking surfaces, which can be selected as needed or replaced when worn out. A large hammer-like tool is a maul, a wood- or rubber-headed hammer is a mallet, the essential part of a hammer is the head, a compact solid mass that is able to deliver a blow to the intended target without itself deforming. The impacting surface of the tool is usually flat or slightly rounded, some upholstery hammers have a magnetized face, to pick up tacks. In the hatchet, the hammer head may be secondary to the cutting edge of the tool
19.
Water gun
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A water gun is a type of toy gun designed to shoot water. Similar to water balloons, the purpose of the toy is to soak another person in a game such as water warfare. Historically, water guns were made of metal and used rubber squeeze bulbs to load and propel water through a nozzle Traditionally, water guns have worked on the same principle as a spray bottle. The body is essentially a container for water and the trigger is attached to a pump which squirts water out of a hole at the muzzle or nozzle. However, many modern water guns employ more complex technologies to more power and water output than their predecessors. Modern variations may employ compressed air, rubber chambers, springs, peristaltic pumps, some even use an electric pump powered by batteries. Some employ a combination of technologies to produce better stream performance, a common term for large high pressure water guns is water blasters. This design has inherent limitations regarding the amount of pressure that one can achieve as well as the need to refill after each shot, many early small water guns used the same trigger based pumping mechanism used for spray bottles. In this type of device, the trigger actuates a positive displacement pump shaft, with the aid of two check valves, often using small balls, fluid is drawn into the pump from a reservoir, then forced out the nozzle upon squeezing the trigger. The simplicity of the mechanism allowed these toys to be manufactured cheaply. The primary limitation with this design is the volume of water that can be moved per pump. Increasing pump volume would require more effort to push the fluid out. However, this technology widely used today both in spray bottles as well as small water guns that can be found in a wide variety of shapes. A piston pumper is another version of this system and they are generally bigger than squirt guns and spray bottles. Piston pumpers do not have triggers, instead, they fire by moving the pump back and forth. Although the piston pumper has greater output than squirt guns, they tend to be powerful than pressurized water guns. Another simple method employed is a syringe or piston type, in essence, the water gun is made up primarily of the pumping mechanism that comprises an outer pump shaft with an inner pump-rod and water-tight seal. This allows water to be drawn into the pump as the pump is extended, Stream performance is dependent on the users strength
20.
St. Petersburg, Florida
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St. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. As of the 2015 census estimate, the population was 257,083, making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida, St. Petersburg is the second-largest city in the Tampa Bay Area, after Tampa. Together with Clearwater, these comprise the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area, the second-largest in Florida with a population of around 2.8 million, St. Petersburg is located on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and is connected to mainland Florida to the north. St. Petersburg was founded in 1888 by John C, Williams, who purchased the land, and by Peter Demens, who brought the railroad industry into the area. St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29,1892, the city is often referred to by locals as St. Pete. Neighboring St. Pete Beach formally shortened its name in 1994 after a vote by its residents, St. Petersburg is governed by a mayor and city council. With an average of some 361 days of each year. Due to its weather and low cost of living, the city has long been a popular retirement destination. American Style magazine ranked St. Petersburg its top mid-size city in 2011, the city was co-founded by John C. Williams, formerly of Detroit, who purchased the land in 1875, the first major newspaper to debut in Tampa Bay was the St. Petersburg Times which established in 1884. St. Petersburg was incorporated as a town on February 29,1892, a local legend says that John C. Williams and Peter Demens flipped a coin to see who would have the honor of naming the city. The Detroit Hotel still exists downtown, but has turned into a condominium. The oldest running hotels are the historic Pier Hotel, built in 1921, formally Hotel Cordova and The Heritage Hotel, Philadelphia publisher F. A. Davis turned on St. Petersburgs first electrical service in 1897 and its first trolley service in 1904. Within a year, Hibbs Fish Company was shipping more than 1,000 pounds of fish each day, St. Petersburg was incorporated into a city in June 1903. With this transition, the development of the waterfront had dredging of a deeper shipping channel from 1906 to 1908 which opened St. Petersburg to larger shipping. Further dredging improved the facilities through the 1910s. By then the population had quadrupled to a population of 4,127 citizens
21.
Party
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A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration of a special occasion. A party will typically feature food and beverages, and often music, in many Western countries, parties for teens and adults are associated with drinking alcohol such as beer, wine or distilled spirits. Some parties are held in honor of a person, day, or event, such as a birthday party. Parties of this kind are often called celebrations, a party is not necessarily a private occasion. Public parties are held in restaurants, pubs, beer gardens, nightclubs or bars. Large parties in public streets may celebrate events such as Mardi Gras or the signing of a treaty ending a long war. A birthday party is a celebration of the anniversary of the birth of the person who is being honored, the tradition started in the mid-nineteenth century but did not become popular until the mid-twentieth century. Birthday parties are now a feature of many cultures, in Western cultures, birthday parties include a number of common rituals. The guests may be asked to bring a gift for the honored person, party locations are often decorated with colorful decorations, such as balloons and streamers. A birthday cake is served with lit candles that are to be blown out after a birthday wish has been made. The person being honored will be given the first piece of cake, while the birthday cake is being brought to the table, the song Happy Birthday to You or some other birthday song is sung by the guests. At parties for children, time is taken for the gift opening wherein the individual whose birthday is celebrated opens each of the gifts brought. It is also common at childrens parties for the host to give parting gifts to the attendees in the form of goodie bags, children and even adults sometimes wear colorful cone-shaped party hats. Birthday parties are often larger and more extravagant if they celebrate someone who has reached what is regarded in the culture as a milestone age, examples of traditional coming of age celebrations include the North American sweet sixteen party and the Latin American quinceañera. A surprise party is a party that is not made known beforehand to the person in whose honor it is being held, Birthday surprise parties are the most common kind of surprise party. At most such parties, the guests arrive a hour or so before the honored person arrives. Often, a friend in on the surprise will lead the honored person to the location of the party without letting on anything, the guests might even conceal themselves from view, and when the honored person enters the room, they leap from hiding and all shout, Surprise. For some surprise birthday parties, it is considered to be a tactic to shock the honored person
22.
Prison cell
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A prison cell, also known as a jail cell or lock-up, is a small room in a prison or police station where a prisoner is held. Cells greatly vary for their furnishing, hygienic services, and cleanness both across countries and based on the level of the detention that the prisoner has been convicted to. In the United States, prison cells are usually about 6 by 8 feet in size with steel or brick walls, many modern prison cells are pre-cast. Solid doors may have a window that allows the prisoner to be observed from the outside, furnishings and fixtures inside the cell are constructed so that they cannot be easily broken and are anchored to the walls or floor. Stainless steel lavatories and commodes are also used and this prevents vandalism or the making of weapons. There are a number of prison and prison cell configurations, from police station holding cells to massive cell blocks in larger correctional facilities. The practice of assigning only one inmate to each cell in a prison is called single-celling, in many countries, the cells are dirty and have very few facilities. Other countries may house many offenders in prisons, making the cells crowded, in the United Kingdom, cells in a police station are the responsibility of the Custody Sergeant, who also logs each detainee and allocates him or her an available cell. Custody Sergeants also ensure cells are clean and as germ-free as possible, in the United States, the standard cell is equipped with either a ledge or a steel bedstead that holds a mattress. A one-piece sink/toilet constructed of welded, putatively stainless steel is also provided, bars typify older jails, while newer ones have doors that typically feature a small safety glass window and, often, a metal flap that can be opened, e. g. to serve meals. A limited number of United States prisons offer upgrades, costing around $100 a night, these cells are considered cleaner and quieter, and some of them offer extra facilities. Often, different standard for cells exist in a single country, some of those cells are reserved for isolation, where a convict is kept alone in a cell as punishment method. Some isolation cells contain no furnishing and no services at all, celebrity Justice, Prison Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous, Matt Clarke 91111 Now
23.
American Dream
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The American Dream is rooted in the Declaration of Independence, which proclaims that all men are created equal with the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The meaning of the American Dream has changed over the course of history, historically the Dream originated in the mystique regarding frontier life. As the Royal Governor of Virginia noted in 1774, the Americans for ever imagine the Lands further off are still better than those upon which they are already settled. He added that, if they attained Paradise, they would move on if they heard of a place farther west. The ethos today implies an opportunity for Americans to achieve prosperity through hard work, according to The Dream, this includes the opportunity for ones children to grow up and receive a good education and career without artificial barriers. It is the opportunity to make choices without the prior restrictions that limited people according to their class, caste, religion, race. Immigrants to the United States sponsored ethnic newspapers in their own language, work hard, save a little, send the kids to college so they can do better than you did, and retire happily to a warmer climate has been the script we have all been handed. In the 19th century, many well-educated Germans fled the failed 1848 revolution and they welcomed the political freedoms in the New World, and the lack of a hierarchical or aristocratic society that determined the ceiling for individual aspirations. One of them explained, The German emigrant comes into a free from the despotism, privileged orders and monopolies, intolerable taxes. Everyone can travel and settle wherever he pleases, No passport is demanded, no police mingles in his affairs or hinders his movements. Fidelity and merit are the sources of honor here. The rich stand on the footing as the poor, the scholar is not a mug above the most humble mechanics. Wealth and possession of real estate confer not the least political right on its owner above what the poorest citizen has. Nor are there nobility, privileged orders, or standing armies to weaken the physical and moral power of the people, above all, there are no princes and corrupt courts representing the so-called divine right of birth. In such a country the talents, energy and perseverance of a person, have far greater opportunity to display than in monarchies. The discovery of gold in California in 1849 brought in a thousand men looking for their fortune overnight—and a few did find it. Thus was born the California Dream of instant success, of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time, year by year by year. The new dream was the dream of instant wealth, won in a twinkling by audacity, became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutters Mill
24.
Shotgun
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Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5. A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled, preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, was used in a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops because of its shorter length and ease of use. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms. The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, since then, it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian, law enforcement, and military applications. The shot pellets from a spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets. In a hunting context, this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds, however, in a military or law enforcement context, the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries, shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. These involve shooting clay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown in various ways, shotguns come in a wide variety of forms, from very small up to massive punt guns, and in nearly every type of firearm operating mechanism. The common characteristics that make a unique center around the requirements of firing shot. These features are the typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls. Ammunition for shotguns is referred to in the USA as shotgun shells, shotshells, the term cartridges is standard usage in the United Kingdom. The shot is fired from a smoothbore barrel, another configuration is the rifled slug barrel. The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets, the spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile. The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why shotguns are used at short ranges, and typically against smaller targets. Larger shot sizes, up to the case of the single projectile slug load, result in increased penetration. Aside from the most common use against small, fast moving targets, First, it has enormous stopping power at short range, more than nearly all handguns and many rifles
25.
Lamborghini
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Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in SantAgata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi, Ferruccio Lamborghini, an Italian manufacturing magnate, founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S. p. A. in 1963 to compete with established marques, including Ferrari. The company gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. The firms ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978, American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group VPower Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and VPower sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the groups Audi division, New products and model lines were introduced to the brands portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghinis sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent. Lamborghini produces sports cars and V12 engines for powerboat racing. Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán, the companys first models, such as the 350 GT, were released in the mid-1960s and were noted for their refinement, power and comfort. Lamborghini gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold ownership of the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer, the company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in the companys expansion, under the Mimrans management, Lamborghinis model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 high performance off-road vehicle. The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987, in 1998, Mycom Setdco and VPower sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the groups Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the portfolio and brought to the market. In the late 2000s, during the financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghinis sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent. As of the 2015 model year, Lamborghinis automobile product range consists of two lines, both of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars. The V12-powered Aventador line consists of the LP 700–4 coupé and roadster, the V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4 coupé and roadster, as well as the less powerful rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 coupé. Lamborghini intends to double its car production by producing as many SUVs by 2018 as sports cars, motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in World Offshore Series Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately 8,171 cc, in the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a 1,000 cc sports motorcycle
26.
Gucci Mane
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Radric Delantic Davis, known by his stage name Gucci Mane, is an American hip hop recording artist from Atlanta, Georgia. In 2007, Gucci Mane founded 1017 Records and he helped pioneer the hip hop subgenre trap music, alongside fellow Atlanta-based rappers T. I. and Young Jeezy. In 2005, Gucci Mane debuted with Trap House, followed by his second and third albums, Hard to Kill and his fourth album, Back to the Trap House was released in 2007. In 2009, Gucci Mane released his studio album, The State vs. Radric Davis. Gucci Mane has released dozens of mixtapes and has worked with such as Drake, Lil Wayne, Omarion, Mariah Carey. His 2016 collaboration with Rae Sremmurd, titled Black Beatles, provided Gucci Mane with his first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, Radric Delantic Davis was born on February 12,1980 in Birmingham, Alabama. He later moved with his mother to Atlanta in 1989. He enjoyed writing poetry as a child, and began rapping at the age of 14, in 2001, Davis released La Flare on Str8 Drop Records. It was pressed onto about 1000 CDs and distributed on the streets, in 2002, Davis linked up with SYS Records as a member of the Sign Yourself Click. Gucci also linked up with producer Zaytoven and made his own label, after heading to New York in search of a distribution deal and returning home empty, he was introduced to Big Cat, the head of Big Cat Records. Securing a distribution deal with Tommy Boy Records, Gucci continued to work the underground while preparing for the release of his debut album, in 2005, Davis released his independent debut album entitled Trap House, which featured the single Icy with Young Jeezy. Trap House may not have arrived with the fanfare of other LP’s from that time, the album creeped into the top 20 of the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts and landing at the top spot on the Billboard Heatseekers Album chart. Disputes over the rights to this caused a rift between the two artists. Hard to Kill followed in 2006, Hard To Kill included the hit single Freaky Gurl. The song peaked at number 12 on the Hot Rap Tracks, number 19 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and he also shot videos for the tracks Street Nigazzz and Pillz. The official remix of Freaky Gurl featuring Ludacris and Lil Kim was included on his 2007 commercial debut album Back to the Trap House, Gucci Mane appeared on OJ da Juicemans Make Tha Trap Say Aye and began working on various mixtapes. Gucci Mane signed to Warner Bros. Records in May 2009 and he appeared on remixes of the songs Boom Boom Pow by The Black Eyed Peas, Obsessed by Mariah Carey and 5 Star Chick by Yo Gotti and made a guest appearance on Marios Break Up. Gucci Manes second studio album The State vs. Radric Davis was released under the label Warner Bros. Records on December 8,2009 and its first single, Wasted featuring Plies, was originally from Guccis 2009 mixtape Guccimania
27.
Heather Morris
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She began dancing when she was 9. Morris competed at an age in a variety of styles including jazz, tap. Morris father died of cancer when she was 14 years old and its something that is hard for me, because Im sad about it, but I dont dwell on it, she said during an interview workshop with students in December 2009. I know hes in a place, instead of suffering. After graduating from Desert Mountain High School, Morris decided to enroll in a university but realized she was in the wrong place. Morris first significant appearance was in 2006 on So You Think You Can Dance Season 2 where she made it through Vegas Week without being cut, not discouraged, Morris actively pursued a career in dancing and was trained in jazz dance. Her big break came in 2007 via Beyoncé and she also danced backup for Beyoncé and Tina Turner at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008. She later appeared in a role in the movie Fired Up. In December 2010, Morris was named the Celebrity Style Ambassador for FLIRT, cosmetics, an Estee Lauder cosmetics line. In 2010, Morris made the Maxim Hot 100 list, coming in at number 85, on the AfterEllen hot 100 list, she was ranked #2 behind Naya Rivera. In 2011, Morris starred in a commercial for Staples Canada that featured her dancing. In the October 2011 issue of Fitness magazine, Heather Morris stated that she has had her breast implants removed and she was quoted saying Implants were something I thought I wanted when I was younger, and now I dont. It was hard being active with them, because my chest was always sore and it hurt a lot, and I didnt like always being in pain, so they had to go. Her breast implant surgery was done sometime between her time on So You Think You Can Dance at age 18 and age 21 when she was a dancer for Beyoncé. Morris was taking acting classes and actively pursuing a career when she was asked by Woodlee to teach the choreography for Beyoncés Single Ladies dance to the Glee actors. At the same time, the show was looking for a third cheerleader, initially a background character who hardly ever spoke, the role grew as writers discovered Morris had a gift for delivering one-liners. Snarker called the two her new favorite Glee pairing, commenting that, While Heather Morris and Naya Rivera have had minimal screen time, Heather in particular has brought the laughs as the Cheerio least likely to get a Mensa invitation. Never mind Finn and Rachel — Im on Team Brittana now and she was at the center of the second episode, Britney/Brittany, where she made her singing debut covering Spears Im a Slave 4 U solo and dueting with Naya Rivera on Me Against the Music
28.
Jeff Jarrett
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He is currently signed with Impact Wrestling as the Executive Producer for the promotion. In that role, he is again in charge of day to day operations of the promotion. He is also known from his multiple runs in World Championship Wrestling. A third-generation wrestler, Jarrett has held 77 total championships in various promotions throughout his career and his NWA title reigns occurred within TNA, under his co-ownership of the company. Between WCW, WWF/E, & TNA, Jarrett has held 14 World Championships and 24 total championships and he was inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame in 2015. Jeff Jarrett made his debut at the age of 18 in April 1986 when jobber Tony Falk attempted to end his lengthy losing streak by challenging Jarrett, then a referee. Jarrett accepted the challenge, wrestling Falk to a 10-minute draw and he also wrestled with the American Wrestling Association in the late 1980s. In 1989, Jerry Jarrett purchased the Texas-based World Class Championship Wrestling promotion, over the following years, Jarrett won the USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship on 10 occasions and the USWA World Tag Team Championship on 15 occasions. Jarrett also wrestled on the independent circuit for 7 years, appearing in Japan, in 1990, he wrestled his first tour of Japan for Super World Sports. In 1993, he was hired by the World Wrestling Federation, Jarretts first involvement with World Wrestling Federation came on August 9,1992 when he participated in the kick-off to the first cross-promotional angle between the WWF and the USWA. Sitting at ringside along with Jerry Lawler at the WWF house show that was being held at the Pyramid in Memphis, Tennessee, after defeating Kamala by disqualification that night, Bret Hart accepted Jarretts challenge for a match the next time that the World Wrestling Federation came to Memphis. Beginning in October, Jarrett himself began making appearances on WWF house show events, defeating Mondo Kleen, at a WWF Wrestling Challenge taping in Louisville, Kentucky on October 28, Jarrett scored his biggest victory of his nascent WWF career by upsetting Rick Martel. However the scheduled match between Hart and Jarrett on October 31st in Memphis was cancelled due to poor weather, following the cancelled Memphis show he returned to the USWA. Nearly a year later, Jarrett would return to the WWF, Jarretts character would strut to the ring wearing flashing Double J hats and ring attire, and he punctuated his promos with the phrase aint I great. He ended his interviews by distinctly spelling out his name, Jarrett made his pay-per-view debut in January 1994 at the Royal Rumble, entering the Royal Rumble match as the 12th participant and was eliminated less than 90 seconds later by Randy Savage. At SummerSlam, he won a match against Mabel by pinfall, at Survivor Series, Jarrett competed in a 10-man elimination tag match. His team lost when all the members of the team including himself were counted out, in January 1995, Jarrett had a brief feud with Bret Hart, ultimately losing to Hart on the January 23 episode of Monday Night Raw. At the Royal Rumble in Tampa, Florida, Jarrett defeated Razor Ramon to win the Intercontinental Championship
29.
Hedonism
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Hedonism is a school of thought that argues that pleasure and happiness are the primary or most important intrinsic goods and the proper aim of human life. A hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure, but when finally gained of that pleasure, either through intrinsic or extrinsic goods, ethical hedonism is the idea that all people have the right to do everything in their power to achieve the greatest amount of pleasure possible to them. It is also the idea that every persons pleasure should far surpass their amount of pain, ethical hedonism is said to have been started by Aristippus of Cyrene, a student of Socrates. He held the idea that pleasure is the highest good, Hedonism is a sub philosophy of utilitarianism, which says to act in a way that maximizes utility. Hedonists equate pleasure with utility and believe that pleasure is the master of all humankind, the name derives from the Greek word for delight. An extremely strong aversion to hedonism is hedonophobia, in the original Old Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was written soon after the invention of writing, Siduri gave the following advice Fill your belly. Dance and make music day and night These things alone are the concern of men, the following is a song attributed to the reign of one of the Pharoahs around the time of the 12th dynasty, and the text was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties. The school was so called after Cyrene, the birthplace of Aristippus and it was one of the earliest Socratic schools. The Cyrenaics taught that the only good is pleasure, which meant not just the absence of pain. Of these, momentary pleasures, especially physical ones, are stronger than those of anticipation or memory and they did, however, recognize the value of social obligation, and that pleasure could be gained from altruism. Theodorus the Atheist was an exponent of hedonism who was a disciple of younger Aristippus. The school died out within a century, and was replaced by Epicureanism, the Cyrenaics were known for their skeptical theory of knowledge. They reduced logic to a doctrine concerning the criterion of truth. They thought that we can know with certainty our immediate sense-experiences and they also denied that we can have knowledge of what the experiences of other people are like. These sensations are motions which are subjective, and are painful, indifferent or pleasant, according as they are violent. Further they are individual, and can in no way be described as constituting absolute objective knowledge. Feeling, therefore, is the only criterion of knowledge. Our ways of being affected are alone knowable, thus the sole aim for everyone should be pleasure
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Film noir
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Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywoods classical film noir period is regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively, before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as melodramas. Whether film noir qualifies as a genre is a matter of ongoing debate among scholars. Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, films now so described have been made around the world, many pictures released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Some refer to such works as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s, the questions of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. They emphasize that not every film noir embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike, another, while many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Because of the diversity of noir, certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a style. Other critics treat film noir as a mood, characterize it as a series, there is no consensus on the matter. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, the Universal horror that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility is The Invisible Man, directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon, widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era, josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood at the same time. Films of his such as Shanghai Express and The Devil Is a Woman, with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style, the commercial and critical success of Sternbergs silent Underworld was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that such as Little Caesar, The Public Enemy. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude, the movements sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered films noir, perhaps none had an effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane
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Emma Roberts
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Emma Rose Roberts is an American actress and singer. After making her debut as Kristina Jung in Blow, Roberts gained recognition for her lead role as Addie Singer on the Nickelodeon television series Unfabulous. She released her studio album, Unfabulous and More, which also served as the series soundtrack. Roberts then appeared in a series of roles, including Nancy Drew, Wild Child, Hotel for Dogs, Valentines Day, Its Kind of a Funny Story. Looking for more roles, Roberts went on to obtain both supporting and lead roles in Lymelife,4.3.2.1, Scream 4, Adult World, Were the Millers. She currently stars in the role of Chanel Oberlin on the Fox television series Scream Queens, as well as playing main roles in American Horror Story, Coven. Roberts was born in Rhinebeck, New York, to Kelly Cunningham and her parents separated when she was a baby. Through her fathers marriage, she is the stepdaughter of Eliza Roberts, through her mothers marriage, she is the stepdaughter of musician Kelly Nickels. She has a maternal half-sister, Grace and her paternal grandmother was acting coach Betty Lou Bredemus, and her aunts are actresses Julia Roberts and Lisa Roberts Gillan. During her childhood, Roberts spent time on the sets of her aunt Julias films and these experiences sparked a desire to follow her father and aunts into the film industry. Her mother initially wanted her to have a normal childhood, Roberts made her acting debut at age nine in Ted Demmes 2001 drama film Blow. It was the first film for which she ever auditioned, in the film, she portrayed Kristina Jung, the daughter of Johnny Depps character. That year, she also had a role in Leif Tildens 10-minute short bigLove, in 2004, she began starring as the lead character Addie Singer in the Nickelodeon series Unfabulous, which debuted in September of that year. The sitcom earned Roberts a Teen Choice Award nomination and several Young Artist Award nominations, the series focused on a seventh grader, Addie, and her two best friends. The show also spawned TV movies, including The Perfect Moment, also in 2004, Roberts guest-starred in an episode of the Nickelodeon series Drake & Josh titled Honor Council. After her run on Unfabulous, Nickelodeon had considered giving Roberts a kick start into a music career, in 2006, Roberts returned to the big screen, starring alongside Sara Paxton and singer JoJo in Aquamarine. She won a 2007 Young Artist Award for Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film for her role in the film, the film Aquamarine took fifth place at the box office in its opening weekend making $8 million. In early 2006, Roberts finished shooting her title role in Nancy Drew, the film was released to theaters on June 15,2007, and grossed over $7 million in its opening weekend, though the film was not well received by critics
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Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
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2012 Cannes Film Festival
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The 65th annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 16 to 27 May 2012. Italian film director Nanni Moretti was the President of the Jury for the main competition, french actress Bérénice Bejo hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. The festival opened with the US film Moonrise Kingdom, directed by Wes Anderson, the main announcement of the line-up took place on 19 April. The official poster of the festival features Marilyn Monroe, to mark the 50th anniversary of her death, the Palme dOr was awarded to Austrian director Michael Haneke for his film Amour. Haneke previously won the Palme dOr in 2009 for The White Ribbon, the jury gave the Grand Prize to Matteo Garrones Reality, while Ken Loachs The Angels Share was awarded the Jury Prize. The official selection was announced on 19 April at Grand Hôtel in Paris, the festivals artistic leader Thierry Frémaux responded that people should not focus only on the competition films, The selection is an ensemble, you have to consider the whole package. The following entries were selected, out of more than 1,700 submissions from 320 different schools, the following films were selected, Feature films Short films The line-up for the International Critics’ Week was announced on 23 April at the sections website. The following films were selected, Feature films Short and medium length films Special Screenings The following films were screened in the Cannes Classics section. The Hungarian montage film Final Cut, Ladies and Gentlemen, directed by György Pálfi, was selected as the film for the Cannes Classics section. Haneke previously won the award for The White Ribbon in 2009, Love tells the story of an elderly couple preparing for death. During his acceptance speech, the director said A very, very big thanks to my actors who have made this film and they are the essence of this film. Moretti said that none of the winners had been selected unanimously and he revealed that Holy Motors, Paradise, Love and Post Tenebras Lux were the entries that most had divided the jury
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