1.
Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
2.
Slapstick
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Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. The term arises from a device developed during the broad, physical comedy style known as Commedia dellarte in 16th Century Italy, the physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular Punch and Judy puppet show. The name slapstick originates from the Italian language word batacchio or bataccio — called the stick in English — a club-like object composed of two wooden slats used in commedia dellarte. When struck, the batacchio produces a loud smacking noise, though little force transfers from the object to the person being struck, actors may thus hit one another repeatedly with great audible effect while causing very little actual physical damage. Along with the bladder, it was among the earliest special effects. Slapstick comedys history is measured in centuries, shakespeare incorporated many chase scenes and beatings into his comedies, such as in his play The Comedy of Errors. In Punch and Judy shows, a large slapstick is wielded by Punch against the other characters, british comedians who honed their skills at pantomime and music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby and Dan Leno. American producer Hal Roach described Fred Karno as not only a genius and we in Hollywood owe much to him. Slapstick is also common in Disneys Goofy shorts, MGMs Tom and Jerry, silent slapstick comedy was also popular in early French films and included films by Max Linder and Charles Prince. In England, slapstick was an element of the Monty Python comedy troupe and in television series such as Fawlty Towers. Slapstick has remained an art form to the present day. Laughter List of slapstick comedy topics Slapstick film Comedy film Physical comedy Stage combat Schadenfreude
3.
Surreal humour
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Surreal humour is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, non-sequiturs, the humour arises from a subversion of audiences expectations, so that amusement is founded on unpredictability, separate from a logical analysis of the situation. The humour derived gets its appeal from the fact that the situation described is so ridiculous or unlikely, the genre has roots in Surrealism in the arts. People speak of surreal humour when illogic and absurdity are used for humorous effect, many of Edward Lears children stories and poems contain nonsense and are basically surreal in approach. Besides that, it was bordered by evanescent isthmuses with a great Gulf-stream running about all over it, so that it was perfectly beautiful, and contained only a single tree,503 feet high. In the early 20th century, several movements, including the dadaists, surrealists. The goals of these movements were in some serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing, a famous example is Marcel Duchamps Fountain, an inverted urinal signed R. Mutt. This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history and it is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the items function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition. The word surreal first began to be used to describe a type of aesthetic of the early 1920s, surreal humour is also found frequently in avant-garde theatre such as Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. In the United States, S. J. Perelman has been identified as the first surrealist humour writer, artists like Yoko Ono, Andy Warhol, Donald Barthelme, Italo Calvino, John Hodgman, and many others have relied on this technique in their work. Surrealist humour has played an important role in culture, especially since The Goon Show, Ernie Kovacs. Spike Milligan has been an influence with his absurdist pieces. One of his earliest works in radio, The Goon Show, has inspired many other absurdist comedians and was popular at the time. Spike Milligan went on to create a TV show in 1969, in turn, the Pythons influenced many with their groundbreaking series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. In the 1980s, when the alternative comedy era had begun, absurdist comedians were working the circuit, with the success of The Comic Strip Presents. Featuring as one of the first aired pieces for Channel 4 and this was a very absurdist sitcom based on four university students. Both Monty Python and The Young Ones featured a structure and many absurdities
4.
Adult animation
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Adult animation or mature animation is a genre of animation geared towards adults and sometimes also teenagers, acting as a contrast to most animated films and TV series being aimed at children. Works in this genre may be considered adult for any number of reasons and they may be noted for using risqué themes, graphic violence, profane language, sexuality, or dark humor. Works in this genre may explore philosophical, political, or social issues, some productions are noted for sophisticated and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques. Before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience rather than children. Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, the earliest cartoon series were based upon popular comic strips, and were directed at family audiences. The assumed audience of these cartoons, particularly Looney Tunes, has alternated from their initial unspecific audience, to children. One of the earliest animated films was Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure. It has often suggested that the film was produced for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay. Rumors suggest that the film was developed in Cuba years after it was completed, when a print was screened in San Francisco in the late 1970s, the program notes attributed the animation to George Stallings, George Canata, Rudy Zamora, Sr. and Walter Lantz. Until the Hays Code was enforced, many animated shorts featured suggestive content, including sexual innuendo, references to alcohol and drug use, and mild profanity. In the 1933 short Boskos Picture Show, Bosko appears to use the word fuck, although it has also suggested that the character is saying fox. The Betty Boop series was known for its use of jokes that would eventually be considered following the enforcement of the Hays Code. Betty Boop was initially drawn as a dog, and cast as the girlfriend of another Fleischer character, Betty was redesigned as a human, but the series continued to suggest a love relationship between the two that went farther than the normal relationship between humans and their pets. The short Is My Palm Read contains a scene in which Betty is shown as a child between the ages of four and five, bathing in the nude, in the 1970s, this scene was shown out of context in performances by The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo. Concert audiences were not aware that Betty was supposed to be a baby in the sequence, another short, Bamboo Isle, contains a sequence in which Betty dances the hula topless, wearing only a lei over her breasts and a grass skirt. According to animator Shamus Culhane, Fleischer Studios and Paramount Pictures were shocked by the sequence, Culhane also states that he does not remember any instance in which the film was censored. Betty’s hula animation was reused for an appearance with Popeye the Sailor in his self-titled animated debut short. Following the enforcement of the Hays Code, Bettys clothing was redesigned, shorts produced following the enforcement of the Hays Code were also less surreal in nature, and Betty was portrayed as a rational adult
5.
Dave Willis
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David Dave Willis is an American voice actor, writer, producer and musician who currently plays the recurring role of former spy Barry Dylan on Archer. He is perhaps best known for his work on Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Squidbillies, Dave Willis has worked on various Adult Swim shows that are created primarily by Williams Street, an animation-centered, Atlanta-based production division of Cartoon Network. He first got hired for Williams Street as a writer for Cartoon Planet in 1995, in early 2000 he helped write and produce the two Brak Presents the Brak Show Starring Brak specials. Aqua Teen Hunger Force first premiered unannounced in the hours of December 30,2000. In 2005, he co-created the show Squidbillies and his works mostly fall into the genre of surreal humor. In 2010 Dave Willis created Cheyenne Cinnamon and the Fantabulous Unicorn of Sugar Town Candy Fudge, the pilot aired on March 29,2010, and was not picked up for a full series. In 2010 Willis co-wrote New Kidney in Town, an episode of Family Guy, Willis was born in Wichita Falls, Texas and was raised mostly in Conyers, Georgia. Willis graduated from Wake Forest University and was manager at Wake Radio. He resides in Atlanta with his wife and two children
6.
Unknown Hinson
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Stuart Daniel Baker, better known by his stage name, Unknown Hinson, is an American comedic country musician, songwriter, and voice actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as the voice of Early Cuyler on the Adult Swim animated series Squidbillies, Baker, along with co-star Don Swan, played the characters of Unknown Hinson and Rebel Helms. After Swans death in 1995, Baker created The Unknown Hinson Show, the Unknown Hinson Show won Creative Loafing Charlottes Best Of poll for Best Public-Access Television Show four years in a row. After the series ended, Baker continued in his role as Unknown Hinson, performing live concerts, as a live performer, Unknown Hinson has been known to tour for months at a time. After his shows, he takes the time to meet as many of his fans as want to stay, and graciously takes pictures and signs shirts, posters, CDs, and body parts. Hinson is known to fire his signature gun on the up swing. He has a cult following and many high-profile fans, including Ed King, Waylon Reavis of Mushroomhead, Billy Bob Thornton. Hank III, grandson of Hank Williams, has Unknowns face tattooed on his biceps, in late 2008, working under his real name of Stuart Baker, Hinson was hired to play bass as well as lead guitar in Billy Bob Thorntons band The Boxmasters. For this hired-gun gig, Baker appears without the familiar Unknown Hinson wardrobe and makeup, instead appearing in a vintage 60s suit, white shirt and his manager and booking agent was his wife, Margo Baker. According to a November 10,2012, post on his Facebook page and his planned last three shows were Fort Wayne on November 15, Evanston on November 16, and November 17 in Covington Kentucky being the finale. He cites rising costs and indicates he plans to find something new to do, after the untimely passing of his beloved wife, Margo Baker, Unknown Hinson has returned to the road. New tour dates have been listed on his website since July,2013. Unknown Hinson writes his own music, performs live, and produces all of his own recordings and his music often parodies the dark elements of todays country and redneck culture. In early 2009, Hinsons Torture Town won in The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards, Hinson, credited as Baker, provides the voice of Early Cuyler, a balding hillbilly squid from Georgia, on Cartoon Networks late night Adult Swim program, Squidbillies. The Early Cuyler character echoes Unknown Hinson in several ways, including an affinity for guns and party liquor, official website Paper + Wire Magazine, An Interview with Unknown Hinson
7.
Dana Snyder
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Dana Snyder is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, and voice actor. He is known for voicing Master Shake on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and he currently plays Dr. Colosso on Nickelodeons comedy The Thundermans Snyder was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania on November 14,1973 and grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada. He credits Don Rickles, Rip Taylor, and Phil Silvers as childhood influences, Snyder graduated from Las Vegas High School in 1992 and he graduated with a BFA from the Conservatory of Theatre Arts at Webster University, Missouri in 1996. Snyder was hired to voice Master Shake on Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Snyder provided the voice of Gazpacho on Chowder, Todd and Benny Lee on the G4TV show Code Monkeys, The Alchemist on The Venture Bros. and Granny Cuyler on Squidbillies. He voices Leonard the Koala in The Penguins of Madagascar and plays a teacher named Mr. Baldwin on the Disney series Fish Hooks and he played Alistair in Open Season 3. Snyder provided the voices of Sam as well as Cold Fusion Reactor Dad on the web series Suicide by Side and he narrated the Adult Swim web series Sipes Stories that he co-produced with Andy Sipes. He has starred on Adventure Time as the Ancient Sleeping Magi of Life Giving from the episode Little Dude in the fifth season and he played the voice of Belcitane within the White Knight Chronicles, and the White Knight Chronicles II. He also shows up in the web series Bravest Warriors in season 2 episode 6 and he voices the recurring character McSweats in the Disney XD animated series Pickle and Peanut. He currently plays Dr. Colosso on Nickelodeons comedy The Thundermans as well as Graballa the Hutt on the Disney XD animated series Lego Star Wars, on April 15,2010, Snyder and Dave Willis went on a multi-city tour called Dave & Dana, Stars of Aqua Teen. In June 2010, he appeared as Max Bialystock in the Lyceum Theatres production of Mel Brooks The Producers in Arrow Rock, in February and March 2011, he again played Max Bialystock in The Producers at the Riverside Theatre in Vero Beach Florida. Louis, Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, and Cleveland Play House, Snyder was also a guest performer during several performances of the Atlanta-based burlesque revue Dames Aflame in 2010 and 2012. Snyder has made guest appearances on ER, Brothers and Sisters, Snyder also appeared in Saul of the Mole Men, The Young Persons Guide to History, and Your Pretty Face is Going to Hell. He guest appeared on the Christian live action television show Come On Over, snydecast with Ken Plumey Plume, which is a free podcast. The first episode of the show appeared on the internet on January 11,2006, the show was initially produced out of IGN and is produced out of Fred Entertainment. The show originally followed a weekly episode distribution but has been sporadic in later years. In addition to Snyder and Plume, guests have included Doc Hammer, Paul Sabourin, in late 2013, Dana began co-hosting the podcast Drunk on Disney with Guy Hutchinson, and Bart Scott, author of Ears of Steel. The podcast centers around Disney parks, Disney trips, and Disney memories, all while the make a Disney-themed cocktail. He married Christine Sweety Snyder in August 2005 and they have one daughter born in June 2014
8.
Charles Napier (actor)
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After leaving his Kentucky hometown to serve in the army, he graduated college and worked as a sports coach and art teacher before settling on acting as a career. Napier established himself in character roles and worked steadily for the next 35 years and he also had numerous voiceover roles in television, most notably the character of Duke Phillips on the prime time animated sitcom The Critic. Napier was born in Mt. Union, Kentucky near Scottsville and his parents were Sara Lena and Linus Pitts Napier. After graduating from school, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1954, serving with the 11th Airborne Division. After his service, he attended Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green, graduating in 1961 with a major in art and he wanted to be a basketball coach and his first job was as an assistant coach at his old high school. Soon after, he gave up coaching, eventually taking jobs with a bridge company, in 1964, he returned to attend graduate school at Western Kentucky where he was encouraged to pursue acting by instructor D. Russell Miller. During this time he pursued painting. After a spell in New York Napier moved to California and he acquired an agent and a union card. His movie debut came about by accident, a girlfriend took Napier along when she went to audition for Russ Meyer, who cast Napier as the male lead in Cherry, Harry & Raquel. In addition to acting and helping with the cameras when setting up shots, he did stunts, make up and he was summoned to Universal Studios to meet Alfred Hitchcock and Napier was given a one-year contract. Napier became a character actor, appearing regularly in TV series of the time. In 1977, he was cast as frontier scout Luther Sprague in the six-episode NBC western television series and he appeared in two episodes of the 1980s hit TV series The A-Team as Col. Briggs. He also co-starred in two The Rockford Files episodes, and played Hammer in the series B. J. Napier as Wolfson Lucas was teamed with Rod Taylor again for the series Outlaws. He also appeared in the episode of Knight Rider in 1982. He played the bureaucratic CIA officer Marshall Murdock in Rambo, First Blood Part II, for the 1980 musical-comedy, The Blues Brothers, he portrayed the apoplectic Tucker McElroy, lead singer and driver of the Winnebago for The Good Ol Boys. He also provided several guest voices for episodes of The Simpsons and he had a small role during the sixth season of Curb Your Enthusiasm in 2008 as a barber who assaults and drives Larry David from his shop after David offends him. Napier appeared in the 2009 horror film Murder World alongside Scout Taylor-Compton and his last film role was in the 2009 comedy The Goods, Live Hard, Sell Hard opposite Jeremy Piven and James Brolin. Prior to his death in October of 2011, Napier published a book about his life and experiences in Hollywood, titled Square Jaw and Big Heart, the publisher of the book is BearManor Media of Albany, Georgia
9.
Billy Joe Shaver
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Billy Joe Shaver is a Texas country music singer and songwriter. Shavers 1973 album Old Five and Dimers Like Me is a classic in the country genre. Shaver was born in Corsicana, Texas, and raised by his mother, Victory Watson Shaver, until he was 12, he spent a great deal of time with his grandmother in Corsicana, Texas so that his mother could work in Waco. He sometimes accompanied his mother to her job at a local nightclub, Shavers mother remarried about the time that his grandmother died, so he and his older sister Patricia moved in with their mother and new stepfather. Shaver left school after the grade to help his uncles pick cotton. Shaver joined the U. S. Navy on his seventeenth birthday, upon his discharge, he worked a series of dead-end jobs, including trying to be a rodeo cowboy. About this time, he met and married Brenda Joyce Tindell and they had one son, John Edwin, known as Eddy, who was born in 1962. The two divorced and remarried several times, Shaver took a job at a lumber mill to make ends meet. One day his right hand caught in the machinery. He eventually recovered, and taught himself to play the guitar without those missing fingers, Shaver set out to hitchhike to Los Angeles, California. He could not get a ride west, and ended up accompanying a man who dropped him off just outside Memphis, the next ride brought him to Nashville, where he found a job as a songwriter for $50 per week. His work came to the attention of Waylon Jennings, who filled most of his album Honky Tonk Heroes with Shavers songs, other artists, including Elvis Presley and Kris Kristofferson, began to record Shavers music. This led to his own record deal, the first few recording companies he signed with soon folded. He was never able to gain recognition as a singer. After losing his wife, Brenda, and his mother to cancer in 1999, Shaver lost his son and longtime guitarist Eddy, who died at age 38 of a heroin overdose on December 31,2000. Shaver nearly died himself the year when he had a heart attack on stage during an Independence Day show at Gruene Hall in New Braunfels. After successful heart surgery, Shaver came back to release Freedoms Child in 2002, in 1999, Shaver performed at the Grand Ole Opry. In November 2005, he performed on the CMT Outlaws 2005, in 2006, Shaver was inducted in the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame
10.
Keith Crofford
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Keith Crofford is an executive vice president of Adult Swim, the adult-oriented division of Cartoon Network. He is executive producer for several Williams Street in-house productions such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, The Brak Show and Squidbillies. He also serves as the producer of for Williams Street out-of-house productions such as Sealab 2021, Robot Chicken, Tom Goes to the Mayor, The Oblongs, Minoriteam. Crofford is also the executive in charge of production for Cartoon Network for The Venture Bros, in 1996, Crofford voiced MOE2000, an unfeeling computer director, in an episode, $20.01, of Space Ghost Coast to Coast on Cartoon Network. He also voiced himself in Robot Chicken two times from 2006 to 2007 on, Crofford attended Florida State University from 1974-1978. Keith Crofford at the Internet Movie Database P. Ken, gone Fishin - Adult Swim exec Keith Crofford gives us the status of Venture Bros. Aqua Teen, Squidbillies, Harvey Birdman, and more
11.
Williams Street
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The studio is the in-house production arm of Adult Swim, as well as the networks main headquarters. Keith Crofford and Mike Lazzo oversee operations for the studio building, the name originates from the location of the studios at 1065 Williams Street NW in Atlanta, Georgia, near the current offices of TBS and TNT on Techwood Drive. They were the base for WTBS when it launched as a superstation in the mid-70s, it. The street is named for early Atlanta settler Ammi Williams, the studios production logo features a wavy gray image of Space Ghosts fictional studio from Space Ghost Coast to Coast, with the words Williams Street beneath it. The soundtrack of Mark VII Limiteds production logo is used while the GPI/Williams Street production card is shown. In its early years, the Williams Street logo would often be followed by the original Cartoon Network checkerboard logo and this was changed, in 2004, to a drawing of a skull with the CN checkerboard logo for its teeth. The inclusion of the Cartoon Network logo was removed in 2013, aqua Teen Hunger Force Zombie Ninja Pro-Am Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law Williams Street formed their own music label, Williams Street Records. The label was created after Jason Demarco, Adult Swims vice president of marketing and promotions, worked on Danger Doom. Danger Mouse had previously worked on the music for Toonami and wanted to do an album that sampled that work, the group suggested the idea to Mike Lazzo, the project was successful. William Street Records now releases a majority of the related to their shows. The label is managed by Demarco, list of programs broadcast by Adult Swim Adult animation Radical Axis Cartoon Network Studios Adult Swim official website Williams Street at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Warner Bros. Television
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Television is the television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, itself part of Time Warner, as of 2015, it is the worlds largest television production company measured by revenue and library. Its most notable TV shows include Friends, ER, The West Wing, Smallville, Supernatural, The Big Bang Theory, The Wire and Full House. The division was started on March 21,1955 with its first and most successful head being Jack L. Warners son-in-law William T. Orr. ABC had major success against its competition with Walt Disneys Disneyland TV series, WB formally entered television production with the premiere of its self-titled anthology series Warner Bros. The one-hour weekly show featured rotating episodes of series based on the WB films, Casablanca and Kings Row. One such segment for Rebel Without a Cause featured Gig Young notably talking about road safety with James Dean, with only Cheyenne being a success, Warner Bros. ended the ten-minute promotions of new films and replaced Warner Bros. Presents with a series titled Conflict. It was felt that Conflict was what the series lacked. Conflict showed the pilots for Maverick and 77 Sunset Strip, the company also produced Jack Webbs Red Nightmare for the U. S. Department of Defense that was later shown on American television on Jack Webbs General Electric True. During a Hollywood television writers strike, Warner Bros. reused many plots from its films and this was another example of imitating Warner Bros B Pictures who would remake an A film and switch the setting. Two of the most popular stars, James Garner and Clint Walker, Garner never returned to the Warners fold during this period. Successful Warners television stars found themselves in leading roles of many of the films with no increase in salary. Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. was simultaneously the lead of 77 Sunset Strip, in a role on Maverick. Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue would go on to become teen heartthrobs, Warners also contracted established stars such as Ray Danton, Peter Breck, Jeanne Cooper and Grant Williams. These stars often appeared as guest stars, sometimes reprising their series role in another TV series, the stars appeared in Warner Bros. Some stars such as Connie Stevens, Edd Byrnes, Robert Conrad, depending on the particular show, William Lava or David Buttolph would compose the music, with lyrics by Stan Jones or Paul Francis Webster, among others. For the crime shows, it was up to the team of Jerry Livingston and Mack David, who also scored the themes for the sitcom Room for One More
13.
Cartoon Network
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Cartoon Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Time Warner through the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary. It was founded by Betty Cohen and launched on October 1,1992, the channel primarily broadcasts childrens shows, mostly animated programming, ranging from action to animated comedy. It operates daily from 6,00 AM to 11,00 PM, a Spanish language audio track for select programs is accessible via second audio programing, some cable and satellite companies offer the Spanish feed as a separate channel. It is also the channel of Turner-owned Boomerang. As of January 2016, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94.0 million pay television households in the United States, however, Turner kept much of MGMs film and television library made prior to May 1986 and formed Turner Entertainment. On October 3,1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and had gained an audience with its film library. In 1991, Turner Entertainment purchased animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions for US $320 million, on February 18,1992, Turner Broadcasting System announced its plans to launch the Cartoon Network as an outlet for Turners considerable library of animation. Initial programming on the channel consisted exclusively of reruns of classic Warner Bros. cartoons, the 1933–1957 Popeye cartoons, MGM cartoons, at first, cable providers in New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D. C. and Detroit carried the channel. By the time the network launched, Cartoon Network had an 8, from its launch until 1995, the networks announcers said the networks name with the word The added before Cartoon Network, thus calling the network The Cartoon Network. By the time that the network debuted, Cartoon Network also operated a block that aired on TNT. Cartoon Network was not the first cable channel to have relied on cartoons to attract an audience, however, Turner Broadcasting System had defied conventional wisdom before by launching CNN, a channel providing 24-hour news coverage. Initially, the channel would broadcast cartoons 24 hours a day, late Night Black and White showed early black-and-white cartoons, and ToonHeads would show three shorts with a similar theme and provide trivia about the cartoons. There was also an afternoon block called High Noon Toons. The majority of the animation that was shown on Cartoon Network no longer air on a regular basis, with the exception of Tom and Jerry. A challenge for Cartoon Network was to overcome its low penetration of existing cable systems, when launched on October 1,1992, the channel was only carried by 233 cable systems. However, it benefited from package deals, New subscribers to sister channels TNT and TBS could also get access to Cartoon Network through such deals. The high ratings of Cartoon Network over the couple of years led to more cable systems including it. By the end of 1994, Cartoon Network had become the fifth most popular channel in the United States
14.
Adult Swim
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Adult Swim is a programming block of the American cable network Cartoon Network that operates at night from 8,00 p. m. to 6,00 a. m. It is programmed by Williams Street Productions, a subsidiary of Turner, the name comes from a phrase used by public swimming pools in the United States to label designated times when children are restricted from using the facilities in favor of adults. Much of Adult Swims general content is known for its risqué, unorthodox, the network was granted its own Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to targeting a separate demographic. In the United States, Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, anime, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, live-action, shows may have sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. While the network features comedies and dramas of all types, many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy. In February 2015, Adult Swim was available to approximately 96,390,000 pay-television households in the United States, Cartoon Networks original head programmer Mike Lazzo conceived Adult Swim. The network grew out of Cartoon Networks previous attempts at airing content appropriate for teenagers, the network began experimenting with its late night programming by airing anthology shows like ToonHeads and Late Night Black and White, both of which presented uncensored classic cartoon shorts. Space Ghost Coast to Coast, one of Cartoon Networks first forays into original programming, was created in 1994 specifically for late night audiences. The series was created by Mike Lazzos Ghost Planet Industries, which eventually became Williams Street Studios, during early mornings in December 2000, several new Williams Street series made unannounced stealth premieres. Sealab 2021, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, Aqua Teen Hunger Force and The Brak Show all premiered unannounced, the official schedules listed the shows as Special Programming. Adult Swim launched on September 2,2001 with the airing of the Home Movies episode Directors Cut. The first anime broadcast on Adult Swim also aired on the night of its launch, the block initially aired on Sunday nights, with a repeat of the same block on Thursday nights. On March 28,2005, Atlanta-based Turner Broadcasting System began recording Adult Swim Nielsen ratings separately from Cartoon Network for demographic purposes, promotions for Adult Swim are targeted towards the college age and those in their twenties and thirties, constituting the majority of their viewers. Adult Swim also had a direct and important role in the revival of two animated series, the aforementioned Family Guy and Futurama. On March 29,2004, less one year later, Fox announced it would be renewing Family Guy for a fourth season. Futurama was also revived in 2007 by Comedy Central for similar reasons, Adult Swim obtained Futuramas exclusive cable syndication rights in March 2002 for a reported $10 million, and the series first aired on the network in January 2002. These devices were in part of a guerrilla marketing advertising campaign. The next day, Boston authorities arrested two men involved with the incident, on February 5, Turner Broadcasting and marketer Interference, Inc. announced that they would pay $2 million in amends, one million to the city of Boston, and one million in goodwill funds
15.
Anthropomorphic
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Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities and is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions and natural forces like seasons. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters, people have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domestic animals. Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize, itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos and it is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God. One of the oldest known is a sculpture, the Löwenmensch figurine, Germany. It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent, in either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic. In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality, they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain phenomena, creation. The deities fell in love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons and they feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty, wisdom, and power, and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed, hatred, jealousy, Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as anthropotheism, from the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy, particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria, but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy. This often was based on an interpretation of Genesis 1,27, So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him. Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed and blackThracians that they are pale and he said that the greatest god resembles man neither in form nor in mind. Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension, judaisms rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period, when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy. Judaisms rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century, hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems
16.
Hillbilly
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Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in Appalachia and the Ozarks. Due to its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term can be offensive to those Americans of Appalachian or Ozark heritage, scholars argue this duality is reflective of the split ethnic identities in white America. The Appalachian Mountains were settled in the 18th century by settlers primarily from the Province of Ulster in Ireland, the settlers from Ulster were mainly Protestants who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century from Scotland and Northern England. Many further migrated to the American colonies beginning in the 1730s, scholars argue that the term hillbilly originated from Scottish dialect. The term hill-folk referred to people that preferred isolation from the greater society and it is suggested that hill-folk and billie were combined when the Cameronians fled to the Highlands. Others have suggested the term originated in 17th century Ireland, during the Williamite War, some scholars disagree with this theory. … In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, the term hillbilly spread in the years following the American Civil War. At this time, the country was developing both technologically and socially, but the Appalachian region was falling behind, before the war, Appalachia was not distinctively different from other rural areas of the country. Post-war, although the frontier pushed farther west, the region maintained frontier characteristics, Appalachians themselves were perceived as backward, quick to violence and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds such as that in the 1880s between the Hatfields and McCoys, the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th to early 20th century. The classic hillbilly stereotype reached its current characterization during the years of the Great Depression when many left their homes to find work in other areas of the country. This movement North became known as the Hillbilly Highway, the movement brought these previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture. Poor white mountaineers became central characters in newspapers, pamphlets and eventually, authors at this time were inspired by historical figures such as Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. The mountaineer image transferred over to the 20th century where the hillbilly stereotype emerged, pop culture has perpetuated the hillbilly stereotype. The misrepresentation of Appalachian people in the media has led to great cultural distortion of Appalachian beliefs, practices, scholarly works suggest that the media has exploited both the Appalachian region and people by classifying them as hillbillies. These generalizations do not match the cultural experiences of Appalachians, Appalachians, like many other groups, do not subscribe to a single identity. One of the associated with stereotyping is that it is profitable. When hillbilly became a widely used term, entrepreneurs saw a window for potential revenue and they recycled the image and brought it to life through various forms of media
17.
Squid
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Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 304 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs, squid are strong swimmers and certain species can fly for short distances out of the water. Squid are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea, order Teuthida, Teuthida is the largest cephalopod order with around 300 species classified into 29 families. The order Teuthida is a member of the superorder Decapodiformes, two other orders of decapodiform cephalopods are also called squid, although they are taxonomically distinct from Teuthida and differ recognizably in their gross anatomical features. They are the bobtail squid of order Sepiolida and the rams horn squid of the monotypic order Spirulida, the vampire squid, however, is more closely related to the octopuses than to any squid. Class Cephalopoda Subclass Nautiloidea, nautilus Subclass Coleoidea, squid, octopus, what before may have been the foot of the ancestor is modified into a complex set of tentacles and highly developed sense organs, including advanced eyes similar to those of vertebrates. The ancestral shell has been lost, with only an internal gladius, or pen, the pen is a feather-shaped internal structure that supports the squids mantle and serves as a site for muscle attachment. It is made of a chitin-like material, the main body mass is enclosed in the mantle, which has a swimming fin along each side. These fins, unlike in other organisms, are not the main source of locomotion in most species. The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change color to suit its surroundings, the underside is also almost always lighter than the topside, to provide camouflage from both prey and predator. Under the body are openings to the cavity, which contains the gills and openings to the excretory. At the front of the mantle cavity lies the siphon, which the squid uses for locomotion via precise jet propulsion, in this form of locomotion, water is sucked into the mantle cavity and expelled out of the siphon in a fast, strong jet. The direction of the siphon can be changed, to suit the direction of travel, inside the mantle cavity, beyond the siphon, lies the visceral mass, which is covered by a thin, membranous epidermis. Under this are all the internal organs. The giant axon, which may be up to 1 mm in diameter in some species, innervates the mantle. As cephalopods, squid exhibit relatively high intelligence among invertebrates, for example, groups of Humboldt squid hunt cooperatively, using active communication. In females, the ink sac is hidden from view by a pair of white nidamental glands, also, red-spotted accessory nidamental glands are present
18.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
19.
Blue Ridge Mountains
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The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range. This province consists of northern and southern regions, which divide near the Roanoke River gap. The mountain range is located in the eastern United States, starting at its southernmost portion in Georgia, then ending northward in Pennsylvania. To the west of the Blue Ridge, between it and the bulk of the Appalachians, lies the Great Appalachian Valley, bordered on the west by the Ridge, the Blue Ridge Mountains are noted for having a bluish color when seen from a distance. Trees put the blue in Blue Ridge, from the isoprene released into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to the haze on the mountains. Within the Blue Ridge province are two national parks, the Shenandoah National Park, in the northern section, and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Blue Ridge also contains the Blue Ridge Parkway, a 469-mile long scenic highway that connects the two parks and is located along the ridge crestlines with the Appalachian Trail, the Blue Ridge extends as far north into Pennsylvania as South Mountain. The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island, about 125 peaks exceed 5,000 feet in elevation. The highest peak in the Blue Ridge is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet. There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than 6,000 feet, by comparison, Southern Sixers is a term used by peak baggers for this group of mountains. The Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles along crests of the Southern Appalachians, in many places along the parkway, there are metamorphic rocks with folded bands of light-and dark-colored minerals, which sometimes look like the folds and swirls in a marble cake. Most of the rocks that form the Blue Ridge Mountains are ancient granitic charnockites, metamorphosed volcanic formations, modern studies have found that the basement geology of the Blue Ridge is made of compositionally unique gneisses and granitoids, including orthopyroxene-bearing charnockites. Analysis of zircon minerals in the completed by John Aleinikoff at the U. S. Geological Survey has provided more detailed emplacement ages. Many of the found in the Blue Ridge and documented by Tollo. The lack of an affinity and zircon ages less than 1,200 Ma suggest that the Blue Ridge is distinct from the Adirondacks, Green Mountains. The petrologic and geochronologic data suggest that the Blue Ridge basement is a composite orogenic crust that was emplaced during several episodes from a magma source. Field relationships further illustrate that rocks emplaced prior to 1, 078-1,064 Ma preserve deformational features and those emplaced post-1,064 Ma generally have a massive texture and missed the main episode of Mesoproterozoic compression. The Blue Ridge Mountains began forming during the Silurian Period over 400 million years ago, approximately 320 Mya, North America and Europe collided, pushing up the Blue Ridge
20.
Video on demand
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IPTV technology is often used to bring video on demand to televisions and personal computers. Internet television, using the Internet, is a popular form of video on demand. VOD can also be accessed via desktop client applications such as the Apple iTunes online content store, some airlines offer VOD as in-flight entertainment to passengers through individually controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players. Some video on demand services such as Netflix use a model that requires users to pay a monthly fee to access a bundled set of content. Other services use a model, where access is free for Internet users. Downloading and streaming video on demand systems provide the user all of the features of Portable media players. Some VOD systems that store and stream programs from hard drives use a memory buffer to allow the user to fast forward. It is possible to put video servers on local area networks, streaming video servers can also serve a wider community via a WAN, in which case the responsiveness may be reduced. Download VOD services are practical to homes equipped with cable modems or DSL connections, servers for traditional cable and telco VOD services are usually placed at the cable head-end serving a particular market as well as cable hubs in larger markets. In the telco world, they are placed in either the central office, the first Video on Demand systems used tapes as the realtime source of video streams. GTE started as a trial in 1990 with AT&T providing all components, by 1992 VOD servers were supplying previously encoded digital video from disks and DRAM. In the US the 1982 anti-trust break-up of AT&T resulted in a number of telephone companies called Baby Bells. Following this the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 prohibited telephone companies from providing services within their operating regions. All of these companies and others began holding trials to setup systems for supplying Video on Demand over telephone, in November 1992 Bell Atlantic announced a VOD trial. The IBM was developing video server code-named Tiger Shark, concurrently Digital Equipment was developing a scalable video server. Bell Atlantic selected IBM and April 1993 the system became the first VOD over ADSL to be deployed outside the lab, in 1994-5 US West went on to file for VOD at several cities. 330,000 subscribers in Denver,290,000 in Minneapolis, many VOD trials were held with various combinations of server, network and set-top. Of these the primary players in the US were the companies, using DEC, Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, USA Video, nCube, SGI
21.
Hulu
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Hulu is an American subscription video on demand service owned by Hulu LLC, a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company, 21st Century Fox, Comcast, and as of August 10,2016, Time Warner. It is primarily oriented towards television series, carrying current and past episodes of series from its owners respective television networks, the subscription service is, in turn, divided into advertising-supported and mostly ad-free tiers. In 2016, Hulu spun out its content into a joint venture with Yahoo. called Yahoo. View and announced plans for a television streaming service some time in 2017. The name Hulu comes from two Mandarin Chinese words, húlú, calabash, bottle gourd, and hùlù, interactive recording, the company blog explains, In Mandarin, Hulu has two interesting meanings, each highly relevant to our mission. The primary meaning interested us because it is used in an ancient Chinese proverb that describes the Hulu as the holder of precious things and it literally translates to gourd, and in ancient times, the Hulu was hollowed out and used to hold precious things. The secondary meaning is interactive recording and we saw both definitions as appropriate bookends and highly relevant to the mission of Hulu. Key executives instrumental in the founding of Hulu include Bruce Campbell, Peter Chernin, JB Perrette, Michael Lang, Beth Comstock, the venture was announced in March 2006 with AOL, Comcast, Facebook, MSN, Myspace, and Yahoo. planned as initial distribution partners. Kilar was named the CEO in June 2006, the name Hulu was chosen in late August 2007, when the website went live, with an announcement only and no content. It invited users to leave their addresses for the upcoming beta test. In October, Hulu began the private beta testing by invitation, Hulu launched for public access in the United States on March 12,2008. The first product to launch was the HULU Syndication network, which was designed and developed by the NBC Universal team from New York, on October 29,2007, followed by the Hulu. com destinations site. Hulu began a campaign during NBCs broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII with an initial ad starring Alec Baldwin titled Alec in Huluwood. The ad intended to reveal the shocking secret behind Hulu. Advertisements have since aired featuring Eliza Dushku, Seth MacFarlane, Denis Leary, with its investment came a seat on the board of directors, where Providence was said to act as an independent voice on the board. In October 2012, Providence sold its 10 percent stake to Hulus media owners, ComScore says monthly video streams reached 903 million in January 2010, over three times the figure for a year earlier, and second only to YouTube. On August 16,2010, a report revealed that Hulu was planning an Initial Public Offering which could value the company at more than $2 billion. On June 21,2011, The Wall Street Journal reported that an unsolicited offer caused Hulu to begin weighing whether to sell itself
22.
Endangered species
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An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as likely to become extinct. In 2012, the IUCN Red List featured 3079 animal and 2655 plant species as endangered worldwide, the figures for 1998 were, respectively,1102 and 1197. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species, for example, population numbers, trends and species conservation status can be found in the lists of organisms by population. The conservation status of a species indicates the likelihood that it will become extinct, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. Over 40% of the species are estimated to be at risk of extinction. Internationally,199 countries have signed an accord to create Biodiversity Action Plans that will protect endangered, in the United States, such plans are usually called Species Recovery Plans. Those species of Near Threatened and Least Concern status have been assessed and found to have relatively robust and healthy populations, though these may be in decline. The IUCN categories, with examples of animals classified by them, include, Extinct Extinct in the wild Captive individuals survive, critically endangered Faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. Endangered Faces a high risk of extinction in the near future, vulnerable Faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term. Near-threatened May be considered threatened in the near future, Least concern No immediate threat to species survival. A population size reduction of ≥ 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on any of to under A1. E) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, there is data from the United States that shows a correlation between human populations and threatened and endangered species. Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, species may be listed as endangered or threatened, the Salt Creek tiger beetle is an example of an endangered subspecies protected under the ESA. Some endangered species laws are controversial, also lobbying from hunters and various industries like the petroleum industry, construction industry, and logging, has been an obstacle in establishing endangered species laws. The Bush administration lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult an expert before taking actions that could damage endangered species. Under the Obama administration, this policy has been reinstated, being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers. This effect is potentially reducible, such as in China where commercially farmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species. Another problem with the species is its effect of inciting the use of the shoot, shovel
23.
Appalachian Mountains
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The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and it once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines, definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians. The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft. The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet, the term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the mountain range with its surrounding hills. The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, the name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváezs expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15,1528, now spelled Appalachian, it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrezs map of 1562, the name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the Allegheny Mountains, Alleghenies, in the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. In U. S. dialects in the regions of the Appalachians. In northern parts of the range, it is pronounced /ˌæpəˈleɪtʃᵻnz/ or /ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻnz/, the third syllable is like lay. There is often debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /ˌæpəˈlætʃiən/, the whole system may be divided into three great sections, Northern, The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians, Central, The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River running through Virginia and West Virginia. Southern, The southern section runs from the New River onwards and it consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau
24.
North Georgia mountains
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The Georgia Mountains Region or North Georgia mountains or Northeast Georgia is an area that starts in the northeast corner of Georgia, United States, and spreads in a westerly direction. The mountains in region are in the Blue Ridge mountain chain that ends in Georgia. At over 1 billion years of age, the Blue Ridge mountains are among the oldest mountains in the United States and sometimes mistaken to be the oldest mountains in the world, the region is known for its ruggedness and scenic beauty. The Cherokee who lived in these mountains called them ᏌᏆᎾᎦ/Sah-ka-na-ga - The Great Blue Hills of God, large portions of the North Georgia mountains are included in the more than 750,000 acres that comprises the Chattahoochee National Forest. The fictional Dougal County, located in the North Georgia mountains, is the setting for the Adult Swim cartoon Squidbillies, Georgia portal Geography portal Lifestyle publication of the North Georgia Mountains, http, //www. MontefinoMagazine. com
25.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
26.
Aqua Teen Hunger Force
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Aqua Teen Hunger Force is an American adult animated television series created by Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro for Cartoon Networks late night programming block, Adult Swim. It was created as a series of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. The unannounced pilot episode aired on Cartoon Network on December 30,2000, every episode was written and directed by Willis and Maiellaro, who also provided several voices in the series. Seasons 8-11 were each given a different alternative title, accompanied by a different theme music, as a running joke. The series ended on August 30,2015, with a total of 139 episodes over the course of 11 seasons, ultimately making Aqua Teen Hunger Force the longest running original series in Adult Swim history. The series airs in broadcast syndication outside the United States and has released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media. They live together as roommates, and rarely get along with their human neighbor Carl Brutananadilewski, some episodes feature the main protagonists interacting with celebrities and occasionally with historical figures and professional athletes. The Mooninites are two aliens from the Moon who frequently appear, serving as primary antagonists and wreaking havoc through a series of illegal or destructive actions, the Mooninites appear more than most characters outside of the main cast. Other recurring characters have made appearances, including Oglethorpe and Emory, MC Pee Pants, Cybernetic Ghost of Christmas Past from the Future. Episodes often end with the deaths or injuries of major characters, or destruction to their property. In the shows first seven seasons, the protagonists lived in a neighborhood in South New Jersey. In 2011, during the season, the location was changed to Seattle. The Seattle neighborhood appeared identical to the neighborhood from the first seven seasons. As of the season, the same neighborhood was located in the fictional location of Seattle. The original versions of the trio were prototypes which resembled the future characters, the original name Teen Hunger Force refers to the squads mission to conquer hunger in teens. Baffler Meal did not air for years, and was not even animated or produced until after the series became popular. Instead, the Space Ghost episode was rewritten as Kentucky Nightmare, while the trio, along with Carl Brutananadilewski, debuted in Rabbot, a full season consisting of sixteen episodes, including Rabbot, was put into production shortly thereafter. The series was one of Adult Swims most popular shows, in early episodes, the trio were identified by Master Shake as the Aqua Teen Hunger Force, which solved crimes for money
27.
Squidbillies
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Squidbillies is an American animated television series on Cartoon Networks late night programming block, Adult Swim. An unofficial pilot for the series aired on April 1,2005, the series is about the Cuyler family, an impoverished family of anthropomorphic hillbilly mud squids living in the Georgia region of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The series revolves around the exploits of a father, who is often abusive in a comedic way towards his family. There have been a total of 104 episodes during the ten seasons. The series also airs in syndication in other countries and has released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media. The show was renewed for a season, which will premiere in summer 2017. Squidbillies follows the exploits of the Cuyler family and their interactions with the populace, which usually results in a fair amount of destruction, mutilation. They live in the southern Appalachian Mountains located in northern Georgia, at the epicenter of this rural paradise is Dougal County, home to crippling gambling addictions, a murderous corporation, sexual deviants, and the authentic southern mountain squid. In the words of The New York Times, the show takes backwoods stereotypes, the animation is done by Awesome Incorporated, with background design by Ben Prisk. Todd Barry voiced Glenn in Office Politics Trouble and Dr. Bug in Family Trouble and he also voiced Dr. Jerry in Family Trouble but was listed in the credits as Donald Cock. Mike Schatz voiced the Prosecutor in Terminous Trouble and the Scientist in Gods Bro, kevin Gillespie voiced himself in Asbestos I Can. Jonathan Katz voiced The Rapist in Government Brain Voodoo Trouble, lavell Crawford voiced Judge Jammer in Stop. Ralphie May voiced PNUT in Thou Shale Not Drill. S. A
28.
The Brak Show
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The Brak Show is an American animated television series that aired on Cartoon Networks late night programming block, Adult Swim. Both programs used stock footage from the Hanna-Barbera cartoon Space Ghost, the protagonist is Brak, voiced by Andy Merrill, who developed a quirky persona for the character. An earlier version of the episode, Mr. Bawk Ba Gawk. The series made its debut during the night Adult Swim officially launched on September 2,2001. On May 24,2007 a webisode for the series was released on Adult Swim Video, the Brak Show was preceded by two specials, both entitled Brak Presents the Brak Show Starring Brak. Despite the similarities in the titles, the two Brak Shows have very little in common, the specials parodied variety shows, while the series was a spoof of early sitcoms. Each of the aired in the United States only once. In the United Kingdom only one of the two aired on Bravo on August 23,2006, and then again on December 23,2007. There are also clips from the shows on The Brak Show Volume 1 DVD, the Brak Show series premiered unannounced in the early hours of December 21,2000, along with the Radio Free Sealab episode of Sealab 2021. This stealth pilot featured hand-drawn backgrounds and different opening titles, the shows second showing was on Adult Swims debut on September 2,2001. As with most of the first original Adult Swim shows it was produced by Williams Street Studios and it originally started off as a parody of situation comedies, but just like its sister show, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, the plot dissolved over time and became increasingly bizarre. The setting is suburbia with an extra-planetary hint, a Saturn-like planet appears in the background on occasion, and many of the extras are aliens. Often, episodes parody stereotypical episodes of regular sitcoms, the show was canceled in December 2003. However, Adult Swim announced in a bump on October 22,2006 that The Brak Show would return to production as a cartoon on the networks website. On May 24,2007, a single webisode premiered online, on August 1,2008, Adult Swim had a retro night, an all-night marathon of shows featured on Adult Swim in 2001 and 2002. Two of the episodes of The Brak Show were aired during the marathon. The series has appeared in Adult Swims DVR Theater. Brak is a sort of anthropomorphic space cat with an eccentric personality and he is quite unintelligent but with a very sweet and gentle personality, and seems to be a preteen adolescent
29.
Space Ghost Coast to Coast
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Space Ghost Coast to Coast is an American animated parody talk show, created by Mike Lazzo and hosted by the 1960s Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Space Ghost. Space Ghost Coast to Coast was considered to be the first fully produced Cartoon Network original series, the first two seasons were presented as a serious talk show with subdued jokes, while the later seasons relied more on surrealism, non-sequiturs, and parodies. In 2001, it moved to the late night television block Adult Swim. Space Ghost Coast to Coast used the show format as its template. Various celebrities appeared on the show as guests and they were shown on a TV screen next to Space Ghosts desk, and unlike the characters, they were not animated. In early episodes of the show, Space Ghost apparently believed his guests were other superheroes and his interactions with guests were almost always painfully awkward, and sometimes hostile. It was sometimes hard to tell if guests were aware of the nature of the program on which they were appearing and their answers often did not match the questions coming from Space Ghost, because the questions were changed after the interview. Space Ghosts relationship with his co-workers was even worse and his bandleader, an evil talking mantis named Zorak, and his director/producer, a red-helmeted lava man named Moltar, worked for Space Ghost as punishment for their crimes. They frequently disrupted the show and made no secret of the fact that they hated him, most episodes of Space Ghost Coast to Coast were about 15 minutes in length, although there were a few 30-minute episodes. Cartoon Network often aired two episodes back-to-back to make a 30-minute programming block, in the first few years of the show, Cartoon Network would show episodes of the original 1960s and 1980s Space Ghost cartoons after the 11-minute episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. In early seasons of the show, music was played by Zorak, the original theme song, Hit Single, was composed by free jazz guitarist Sonny Sharrock, performed by Sharrock on guitar, Lance Carter on drums, Eddie Horst on bass and Alfreda Gerald on vocals. Sharrock and Carter recorded a number of songs for the show, as a tribute to Sharrock, who died in May 1994 shortly after the show first aired, the episode Sharrock featured nearly fifteen minutes of unedited takes of music recorded for the show. Seasons 4–6 featured a new closing theme by Man or Astro-man. and in seasons the opening theme. Various other music was used as the theme song, including the CHiPs theme song for the episode titled CHiPs. An hour-long musical season finale for the 1998 season was planned, featuring the bands Yo La Tengo and Cornershop, Space Ghost Coast to Coast was created by Mike Lazzo after he was asked to create a cartoon to appeal to adults. The series premiered on April 15,1994, having aired initially at 11,00 pm ET on Friday nights, later, the program was moved to various late-night time slots, having usually been on weekends. In February 1995, an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast was simulcast on Cartoon Network, TBS, in the special, Space Ghost interviewed a few of the new directors, while the Council of Doom were the judges of the cartoon clips. On September 2,2001, new episodes of the series, along with re-runs of the episodes, moved to Adult Swim
30.
38 Special (band)
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38 Special is an American rock band that was formed by neighborhood friends Don Barnes and Donnie Van Zant in 1974 in Jacksonville, Florida. The bands first two albums had a southern rock influence. By the early 1980s.38 Special shifted to a more accessible arena rock style without abandoning its southern rock roots and this shift helped to usher in a string of successful albums and singles. Survivor co-founder Jim Peterik has been a frequent songwriting collaborator of the band since 1980 and their breakthrough hit was Hold On Loosely. Caught Up in You and If Id Been the One both hit No.1 on Billboard magazines Album Rock Tracks chart, back Where You Belong continued the annual sequence of radio favorites. In 1985 they had hit with Teacher Teacher, written by Jim Vallance. The song climbed to #4 on the Billboard Top Tracks Chart, in 2009,38 Special opened for REO Speedwagon and Styx as part of the Cant Stop Rockin Tour. As of 2011, the lineup consists of Don Barnes, guitarist Danny Chauncey, keyboardist Bobby Capps, drummer Gary Moffatt, and bassist Barry Dunaway. In 2013, after nearly a year of missing performances, it was confirmed that Donnie Van Zant had officially left 38 Special after 39 years, in 2014, longtime bassist Larry Junstrom was replaced by Barry Dunaway. Dunaway has filled in for Junstrom for a handful of shows in 2011, Junstrom was forced to retire due to a hand injury, that required surgery. This leaves only Don Barnes as a member, although Barnes was absent from the band from 1987 until 1992. Official website 38 Special at Last. fm 38 Special live photo gallery
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Caught Up in You
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Caught Up in You is the first single released from Southern rock band 38 Specials 1982 album, Special Forces. It became the bands first number-one single on the Billboard Top Tracks rock chart and it also became one of the bands two top ten pop hits, reaching number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Their other Top 10 single, Second Chance, reached #6 in 1989, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
32.
Wee Man
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Jason Shannon Acuña, better known by his stage name Wee Man, is an American actor, stunt performer professional skateboarder, and television personality. He is one of the stars of Jackass on MTV and the host of Fox Sports Nets skateboarding show 54321, born in Pisa, Italy, Acuña grew up in Torrance, California, and attended North High School. He is of Mexican and German descent and he was the subscription manager for the skateboard magazine Big Brother. His association with that magazine led him to become involved with the Jackass television series in 2001, a recurring gag involves Preston Lacy asking someone to help him with his bags, only to have Wee-Man pop out, causing Preston to give chase. In 2007, Acuña starred in the reality TV series Armed and Famous and in July 2007, Acuña appeared on the first season of NBCs Celebrity Circus. In the fourth week of competition, he became the first contestant to receive a perfect score, Acuña ended the season in third place. Acuña is an owner of a store of the Chronic Tacos restaurant in Redondo Beach. In 2012, Wee Man starred in the holiday film. This was his first role in a feature film. Jason Acuña at the Internet Movie Database Official Website Wee Man and Preston Lacy on Tom Green Live
33.
Fred Armisen
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Fereydun Robert Fred Armisen is an American actor, comedian, voice artist, screenwriter, producer, singer, and musician. Widely known as a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 2002 until 2013, Armisen has portrayed characters in films, including EuroTrip, Anchorman. With his comedy partner Carrie Brownstein, Armisen is the co-creator, Armisen founded ThunderAnt. com, a website that features the comedy sketches created with Brownstein, and is the bandleader for the Late Night with Seth Meyers house band, The 8G Band. He has also won two Peabody Awards, one in 2008 as part of the Saturday Night Live political satire cast, Armisen was born on December 4,1966, in Hattiesburg, Mississippi but moved to New York as a baby and briefly lived in Brazil in his youth. He was raised in Valley Stream, Long Island, New York and his mother, Hildegardt Mirabal, a schoolteacher, is from Venezuela. His father, Fereydun Armisen, who worked for IBM, was born in Germany, to a Japanese father, Armisen attended the School of Visual Arts before dropping out to begin a career as a rock drummer. He has mentioned watching the bands The Clash and Devo perform on television, in 1984, Armisen played drums in a local band along with his high school friends in Valley Stream, New York, but the group soon ended. In 1988, he moved to Chicago to play drums for the rock band Trenchmouth. Armisen played drums on three tracks for Les Savy Favs 2007 album Lets Stay Friends, as well as tracks for Matthew Sweets 2011 album Modern Art and Wandering Lucys 2015 album Leap Year. Armisen is currently the bandleader and drummer of the 8G Band on Late Night with Seth Meyers, while not playing with the band Trenchmouth, Armisens interests switched to acting. In a January 2006 interview, he said, I wanted to be on TV somehow, for some reason, I always thought it would be an indirect route, I didnt know that it would be comedy and Saturday Night Live. I just wanted to do something with performing that would lead me there, in the 2004 season, he was promoted to a repertory cast member. Armisen stars in the IFC sketch series Portlandia alongside Carrie Brownstein and he and fellow Saturday Night Live alum Bill Hader write, produce, and star in the IFC mockumentary series Documentary Now. In the Cartoon Network series The Looney Tunes Show, Armisen voices Speedy Gonzales, Armisen, along with Carrie Brownstein, appeared on the Simpsons episode The Day the Earth Stood Cool, in which they play The Simpsons new neighbors who encourage everyone to be cool like them. The following is a partial list of notable roles Armisen has played in Saturday Night Live sketches, at the time of his 2013 departure from the show, Armisen was the third-longest tenured cast member, having been a member since Season 28. Armisen hosted the season 41 finale on May 21,2016, billy Smith – a Native American stand-up comedian who tells Native-American-themed jokes that no one understands. Fericito – a Venezuelan nightclub comedian who has his own TV show, Show Biz Grande Explosion with sidekick Manuel, gunther Kelly – A student at George Washington University who performs songs on Weekend Update with his brother Patrick. Leonard – the strange European host of the music show Club Traxx
34.
Todd Barry
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Todd Barry is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and voice actor. Barry was born in The Bronx, New York, and grew up in Florida and he graduated from the University of Florida with a degree in English in 1986. Before starting in stand-up comedy, he first worked as a drummer in the rock band The Chant from 1984 to 1985. In 1999, his Comedy Central Presents aired and he wrote, directed and starred in the short film Borrowing Saffron, which co-starred H. Jon Benjamin. He has made a variety of guest appearances on shows like Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, Home Movies, Wonder Showzen, Tom Goes to the Mayor and he also voices a recurring character on Squidbillies. In 2004 Todd Barry was featured in a series called Shorties Watchin Shorties. In 2008, he played Wayne in Darren Aronofskys The Wrestler, over the course of six years he made 16 appearances on Dr. Katz, appearing as himself in the first two appearances. He then played the recurring character Todd the video store clerk and he also played a character in the television pilot Saddle Rash along with Sarah Silverman, H. Jon Benjamin and Mitch Hedberg. He also has a role playing himself in FXs Louie. In 2012, Barry released the album and special Super Crazy on Comedy Central Records, in 2014, Barry was featured on Season 3, Episode 4 of Jerry Seinfelds web show Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Medium Energy Falling off the Bone From Heaven Super Crazy Whos the Caboose, – Football Player Tomorrow Night – Man Caught in Rain Los Enchiladas. Katz, Professional Therapist – Himself Bored to Death – Dale Woodley Flight of the Conchords – Todd Wonder Showzen – Barold T, TV Guidance Counselor podcast with Ken Reid - December 2,2015. In April 2013 Barry started his own eponymous podcast, The Todd Barry Podcast, official website NPR. org Interview Todd Barry at the Internet Movie Database Interview with Kittenpants. org Scene Missing Magazine Interviews Todd Barry. jesterjournal. com review of From Heaven CD
35.
Vernon Chatman
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Vernon Chatman is an American television producer, writer, voice actor, stand-up comedian, musician and a member of PFFR, an art collective based in Brooklyn, New York City. He is known for creating Wonder Showzen, the animated series Xavier, Renegade Angel, Vernon Chatman was a student of the San Francisco State University, where he graduated in 1994. Chatman is mixed race, half African-American and half Euro-American, in 1996 Chatman began his career as a stand-up comedian and eventually a comedy writer, producer, musician and television creator. Chatman previously wrote for television such as The Chris Rock Show, Late Night with Conan OBrien. Before Wonder Showzen, he and PFFR collaborator John Lee created the Snoop Dogg comedy series Doggy Fizzle Televizzle for MTV. Along with long-time friend John Lee, he is the co-creator of the MTV2 series Wonder Showzen as well as the Adult Swim shows Xavier, Renegade Angel and The Heart, the two met as undergraduates at San Francisco State University. One of his most high-profile voice-acting roles is as the voice of Towelie, the marijuana-smoking talking towel on South Park, in 2012, he became a producer on the third season of the FX series Louie. 2013 - Comedy Series - Series for Louie 2000 - Comedy/Variety - Series for Late Night with Conan OBrien Vernon Chatman at the Internet Movie Database
36.
David Allan Coe
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David Allan Coe is an American songwriter, outlaw country music singer, and guitarist who achieved popularity in the 1970s and 1980s. As a singer, his biggest hits were Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile, The Ride, You Never Even Called Me by My Name, She Used to Love Me a Lot, and Longhaired Redneck. His best-known compositions are the No.1 successes Would You Lay With Me and Take This Job, Coe was born in Akron, Ohio, on September 6,1939. His favorite singer as a child was Johnny Ace, after being sent to the Starr Commonwealth For Boys reform school at the age of 9, he spent much of the next 20 years in correctional facilities, including three years at the Ohio Penitentiary. Coe received encouragement to begin writing songs from Screamin Jay Hawkins, after concluding another prison term in 1967, Coe embarked on a music career in Nashville, living in a hearse which he parked in front of the Ryman Auditorium. He caught the attention of the independent record label Plantation Records, early in 1970, Coe released his debut album, Penitentiary Blues, followed by a tour with Grand Funk Railroad. In October 1971 he signed as a writer with Pete and Rose Drakes publishing company Windows Publishing Company, Inc. in Nashville, Tennessee. Coe recorded his own version of the song for his second Columbia album, Once Upon a Rhyme, allMusic writer Thom Jurek said of the song, The amazing thing is that both versions are definitive. The album also contained a cover of Steve Goodmans and John Prines You Never Even Called Me by My Name, which was a Top Ten Billboard hit, Coe was a featured performer in Heartworn Highways, a 1975 documentary film by James Szalapski. Other performers featured in film included Guy Clark, Townes Van Zandt, Rodney Crowell, Steve Young, Steve Earle. In 1977 Johnny Paycheck released a cover of Coes Take This Job And Shove It, in response to the success of Buffetts song, Coe wrote a song insulting Buffett, and it appeared on Nothing Sacred. The album was released by order in 1978, through the back pages of the biker magazine Easyriders. Coes 1979 Columbia album Spectrum VII contained a note stating Jimmy Buffett doesnt live in Key West anymore, in 1982, Coe released another independent album, Underground Album, which contained his most controversial song, Nigger Fucker, which resulted in Coe being accused of racism. Coe responded to the accusations by stating Anyone that hears this album, Coes drummer, Kerry Brown, is black and married to a white woman, as was Browns late father, Clarence Gatemouth Brown. During the 1980s, Coe enjoyed a resurgence in popularity, twice hitting the top 10 of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart with The Ride. The Ride recounts an encounter with the ghost of country music legend Hank Williams. Mona Lisa is a ballad about a broken love affair. He also just missed the top 10 in early 1985 with She Used to Love Me a Lot, in 1990, Coe reissued his independent albums Nothing Sacred and Underground Album on compact disc, as well as the compilation 18 X-Rated Hits
37.
Elizabeth Cook
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Elizabeth Cook is an American country music singer. She made her debut on the Grand Ole Opry on March 17,2000, the New York Times called her a sharp and surprising country singer and an idiosyncratic traditionalist. The youngest of 11, Cook was born in Wildwood, Florida and her mother Joyce played mandolin and guitar and performed on radio and local television in her younger years. Her father Thomas also played string instruments and he honed his skills playing upright bass in the prison band while serving time for running moonshine. Also while serving time at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary for the crime, after her father was released, he and Joyce began playing in local country bands together. Elizabeth was on stage with them at age four, singing such songs as Im Having Daydreams About Night Things. At the age of nine, she had her own band, Cook graduated from Georgia Southern University in 1996 with dual degrees in Accounting and Computer Information Systems. In 2000, she independently released The Blue Album, she made her major debut in 2002 with Hey YAll. Her album Balls was released May 2007 and it has been her most successful album to date, thanks to glowing press reviews and significant video play for the song Sometimes It Takes Balls To Be A Woman. Her 2010 album Welder features appearances by a roster of guests including Dwight Yoakam, Crowell. Two songs on the featured in an NPR report at the time of its release were El Camino. She has continued appearing on stage at the Grand Ole Opry - indeed, she has appeared over 300 times, Cook was invited by the Atlanta Braves to sing the national anthem before their 2011 home opener on April 8,2011. In June 2012 Cook appeared with Jason Isbell on the Late Show with David Letterman, American Songwriter notes that they sang covers of Townes Van Zandts Pancho and Lefty and Tecumseh Valley. On June 2,2014, she appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, performing Pale Blue Eyes. Cook hosts the radio show Elizabeth Cooks Apron Strings on the Sirius XM radio station Outlaw Country on Channel 60. The show airs weekdays from 6,00 AM until 10,00 AM, the show format is a mix of Americana, Outlaw, and Alt Country. As a radio presenter, Cook has been nominated for 2 Ameripolitan Music Awards and her next album, Welder, released May 11,2010, was produced by Don Was. Bob Harris Country, BBC Radio 2, July 8,2010, Cook performed 3 songs live, All The Time, El Camino, My Heroin Addict Sister
38.
Coolio
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Artis Leon Ivey Jr. known professionally as Coolio, is an American rapper, chef, actor, and record producer. Coolio achieved mainstream success in the mid to late 1990s with his albums It Takes a Thief, Gangstas Paradise, and My Soul. He is best known for his 1995 Grammy Award-winning hit single Gangstas Paradise and he was also known for rapping the theme song for the late 1990s Nickelodeon series Kenan & Kel. Coolio has since gone on to release independently, as well becoming a chef, creating a web series titled Cookin with Coolio. He recorded two singles in 1987, titled Watch Gonna Do and Youre Gonna Miss Me, Coolio made connections in the L. A. rap scene, and in 1991, ended up joining the group WC and the Maad Circle, led by rapper WC. He had a few verses on the debut album Aint a Damn Thang Changed. In 1994, Coolio signed to Tommy Boy Records and released his solo album It Takes a Thief. The lead single Fantastic Voyage received heavy rotation on MTV, Fantastic Voyage would become one of the biggest rap singles of the year, and the album contained a few other minor hits in County Line and I Remember. It Takes a Thief peaked at #8 on the Billboard 200, the album received praise for bringing a humorous and lighthearted perspective to often violent and profane themes of typical gangsta rap. In 1995, Coolio made a song featuring R&B singer LV for the movie Dangerous Minds and it would become one of the most successful rap songs of all time, reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for 3 weeks. The song also created a controversy when Coolio claimed that parody artist Weird Al Yankovic had not asked for permission to make his parody of Gangstas Paradise, at the 1996 Grammy Awards, the song won Coolio a Grammy for Best Rap Solo Performance. Originally Gangstas Paradise was not meant to be included on one of Coolios studio albums, but its success led to Coolio not only putting it on his next album, but also making it the title track. The title track sampled the chorus and music of the song Pastime Paradise by Stevie Wonder, the album Gangstas Paradise was released in 1995 and was certified 2X Platinum by the RIAA. The album contained two major hits in 1,2,3,4 and Too Hot with J. T. Taylor of Kool & the Gang doing the chorus. Despite no longer being a member of the group, Coolio made an appearance on the second WC. In 1996, Coolio had another top 40 hit with the song Its All the Way Live from the soundtrack to the movie Eddie. He was also featured on the song Hit em High from the soundtrack to the movie Space Jam with B-Real, Method Man, LL Cool J, and Busta Rhymes. In 2014, the band Falling in Reverse did a cover of Gangsters Paradise for Punk Goes 90s, with Coolio making a cameo in the music video
39.
Bradford Cox
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Bradford James Cox is an American singer-songwriter and musician, best known as the lead singer and guitarist of the indie rock band Deerhunter. He also pursues a career under the moniker Atlas Sound. Cox formed Deerhunter with drummer Moses Archuleta in 2001, the band has released 7 studio albums along with several singles and EPs. Coxs method of creating music is stream-of-consciousness, and he not write lyrics in advance. He made his acting debut in 2013s Dallas Buyers Club. Cox founded Deerhunter with bassist Paul Harper and drummer Dan Walton in early 2001, the band expanded after Cox met a teenage transient, Moses Archuleta, who was sleeping on the floor of Coxs friends. Archuleta initially played Acetone Organ and electronics, the bands first shows were experimental and based on improvisation. Cox continued recording slightly more structured material and releasing it on CD-R, Paul Harper moved to Ohio and was replaced by Justin Bosworth. At this point Colin Mee also joined the band on guitar, Dan Walton left and Cox suggested Archuleta move to drums. The bands live shows and recordings became more song-oriented and they recorded their debut 7 for Die Slaughterhaus. Josh Fauver joined the band in 2004 after Bosworth died in a skateboarding accident. This lineup recorded Deerhunters debut LP on Atlanta label Stickfigure, Cox suggested Lockett Pundt, whom he befriended while attending Harrison High School in Kennesaw, Georgia, join the band on guitar so that he could concentrate on vocals and electronics. This lineup recorded their record, 2007s Cryptograms until 2010s Halcyon Digest. Colin Mee left the band after failing to show up for a North American tour, Josh Fauver subsequently left the band and was replaced by Josh McKay. The band is now a four piece consisting of Cox on guitar and vocals, Pundt on guitar and occasional vocals, McKay on bass, Atlas Sound is the musical solo project of Cox, although he has used the name to represent his music since he was a child. He had access to a player with two tape decks, which he used to layer guitar and drum sounds, and his own voice. In listening to some of old tapes he found Some of it is absolutely, terrifyingly bad. Thats actually how some Deerhunter songs happened, spring Hall Convert was like that
40.
Lavell Crawford
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Lavell Maurice Crawford is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is best known for playing Huell Babineaux, the bodyguard, assistant, Lavell also played the role of Gus Patch in the Netflix original movie The Ridiculous 6. Crawford was born in St. Louis, Missouri and he attended Pattonville High School in Maryland Heights, Missouri, where he graduated in 1986. As a child, he suffered from numerous hardships, including a struggle with weight, a near-drowning at age ten, and abandonment by his father, however, as of 2010, the two have reconnected. Crawford frequently performed on BETs ComicView in the 90s, Lavell was a contestant on NBCs Last Comic Standing in 2007, where in the two-hour season finale he lost to Jon Reep. In 2011 at the Roberts Orpheum Theatre in St. Louis, he recorded Lavell Crawford and he also appeared in an episode of Tosh.0, where he helps the worst stand-up comedian redeem himself. He has a supporting role in the 2015 film American Ultra. Crawford has made appearances on The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore in 2015. On Adult Swim, Crawford made a guest appearance in Aqua TV Show Show as Unbelievable Ron and he also made a celebrity guest appearance in Squidbillies, as well as Your Pretty Face is Going to Hell. Official website Lavell Crawford at the Internet Movie Database
41.
Rachel Dratch
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Rachel Susan Dratch is an American actress, comedian, producer, and writer. Born and raised in Lexington, Massachusetts, she graduated from Dartmouth College in 1988 and moved to Chicago, Illinois, to study theatre at The Second City. Her breakthrough came on the NBC television show Saturday Night Live, where she was a cast member from 1999 to 2006. Besides her work on SNL, she has appeared as a guest star in shows such as The King of Queens and 30 Rock, as well as films such as Click and I Now Pronounce You Chuck. In 2012, she published her autobiographical book Girl Walks Into a Bar, Comedy Calamities, Dating Disasters and she also portrayed the museum guard in Sesame Streets The Cookie Thief. Dratch was born in Lexington, Massachusetts, the daughter of Elaine Ruth, a director, and Paul Dratch. Her younger brother, Daniel, is a producer and writer. Dratch grew up the class type, attending William Diamond Middle School. She has said that even in her high schools plays she gravitated towards participating in comedies over dramas, Dratch was a member of the mainstage cast of the Second City comedy troupe for four years. She received the Joseph Jefferson award for Best Actress in a Revue for the latter two revues in which she performed, Paradigm Lost and Promisekeepers, Losers Weepers. At Second City, she performed alongside future SNL head writers Adam McKay and Tina Fey, the first incarnation of her SNL Wicked sketch was performed in Second Citys Paradigm Lost. In addition to acting, Dratch also played the cello onstage and she also has joined fellow SNL cast members on A. S. S. S. S. C. A. T. Improv, which aired September 7,2005, on the Bravo channel, Dratch also made television appearances on NBCs Third Watch and in a recurring role on The King of Queens. Other television appearances include Monk, Frasier, Wizards of Waverly Place,30 Rock, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Inside Amy Schumer, Ugly Betty, and, more recently, in season five of The Middle. She recently appeared online with comedian Billy Eichner in a spoof of Jay-Zs and Alicia Keyss Empire State of Mind, Dratch was originally cast in the role of Jenna on 30 Rock, and the original pilot episode features her in the role. It did not test well, and the role was recast. She went on to play a variety of small guest roles in episodes of the first season, including Barbara Walters, Elizabeth Taylor, a cat trainer, a custodian, a blue monster. On March 19,2012, Dratchs memoir, Girl Walks Into A Bar, Comedy Calamities, Dating Disasters, in it, Dratch recounts her experiences after being recast in the 30 Rock pilot, including the birth of her first child
