1.
Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
2.
Slapstick
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Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. The term arises from a device developed during the broad, physical comedy style known as Commedia dellarte in 16th Century Italy, the physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular Punch and Judy puppet show. The name slapstick originates from the Italian language word batacchio or bataccio — called the stick in English — a club-like object composed of two wooden slats used in commedia dellarte. When struck, the batacchio produces a loud smacking noise, though little force transfers from the object to the person being struck, actors may thus hit one another repeatedly with great audible effect while causing very little actual physical damage. Along with the bladder, it was among the earliest special effects. Slapstick comedys history is measured in centuries, shakespeare incorporated many chase scenes and beatings into his comedies, such as in his play The Comedy of Errors. In Punch and Judy shows, a large slapstick is wielded by Punch against the other characters, british comedians who honed their skills at pantomime and music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby and Dan Leno. American producer Hal Roach described Fred Karno as not only a genius and we in Hollywood owe much to him. Slapstick is also common in Disneys Goofy shorts, MGMs Tom and Jerry, silent slapstick comedy was also popular in early French films and included films by Max Linder and Charles Prince. In England, slapstick was an element of the Monty Python comedy troupe and in television series such as Fawlty Towers. Slapstick has remained an art form to the present day. Laughter List of slapstick comedy topics Slapstick film Comedy film Physical comedy Stage combat Schadenfreude
3.
Surreal humour
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Surreal humour is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, non-sequiturs, the humour arises from a subversion of audiences expectations, so that amusement is founded on unpredictability, separate from a logical analysis of the situation. The humour derived gets its appeal from the fact that the situation described is so ridiculous or unlikely, the genre has roots in Surrealism in the arts. People speak of surreal humour when illogic and absurdity are used for humorous effect, many of Edward Lears children stories and poems contain nonsense and are basically surreal in approach. Besides that, it was bordered by evanescent isthmuses with a great Gulf-stream running about all over it, so that it was perfectly beautiful, and contained only a single tree,503 feet high. In the early 20th century, several movements, including the dadaists, surrealists. The goals of these movements were in some serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing, a famous example is Marcel Duchamps Fountain, an inverted urinal signed R. Mutt. This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history and it is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the items function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition. The word surreal first began to be used to describe a type of aesthetic of the early 1920s, surreal humour is also found frequently in avant-garde theatre such as Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. In the United States, S. J. Perelman has been identified as the first surrealist humour writer, artists like Yoko Ono, Andy Warhol, Donald Barthelme, Italo Calvino, John Hodgman, and many others have relied on this technique in their work. Surrealist humour has played an important role in culture, especially since The Goon Show, Ernie Kovacs. Spike Milligan has been an influence with his absurdist pieces. One of his earliest works in radio, The Goon Show, has inspired many other absurdist comedians and was popular at the time. Spike Milligan went on to create a TV show in 1969, in turn, the Pythons influenced many with their groundbreaking series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. In the 1980s, when the alternative comedy era had begun, absurdist comedians were working the circuit, with the success of The Comic Strip Presents. Featuring as one of the first aired pieces for Channel 4 and this was a very absurdist sitcom based on four university students. Both Monty Python and The Young Ones featured a structure and many absurdities
4.
Adult animation
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Adult animation or mature animation is a genre of animation geared towards adults and sometimes also teenagers, acting as a contrast to most animated films and TV series being aimed at children. Works in this genre may be considered adult for any number of reasons and they may be noted for using risqué themes, graphic violence, profane language, sexuality, or dark humor. Works in this genre may explore philosophical, political, or social issues, some productions are noted for sophisticated and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques. Before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience rather than children. Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, the earliest cartoon series were based upon popular comic strips, and were directed at family audiences. The assumed audience of these cartoons, particularly Looney Tunes, has alternated from their initial unspecific audience, to children. One of the earliest animated films was Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure. It has often suggested that the film was produced for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay. Rumors suggest that the film was developed in Cuba years after it was completed, when a print was screened in San Francisco in the late 1970s, the program notes attributed the animation to George Stallings, George Canata, Rudy Zamora, Sr. and Walter Lantz. Until the Hays Code was enforced, many animated shorts featured suggestive content, including sexual innuendo, references to alcohol and drug use, and mild profanity. In the 1933 short Boskos Picture Show, Bosko appears to use the word fuck, although it has also suggested that the character is saying fox. The Betty Boop series was known for its use of jokes that would eventually be considered following the enforcement of the Hays Code. Betty Boop was initially drawn as a dog, and cast as the girlfriend of another Fleischer character, Betty was redesigned as a human, but the series continued to suggest a love relationship between the two that went farther than the normal relationship between humans and their pets. The short Is My Palm Read contains a scene in which Betty is shown as a child between the ages of four and five, bathing in the nude, in the 1970s, this scene was shown out of context in performances by The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo. Concert audiences were not aware that Betty was supposed to be a baby in the sequence, another short, Bamboo Isle, contains a sequence in which Betty dances the hula topless, wearing only a lei over her breasts and a grass skirt. According to animator Shamus Culhane, Fleischer Studios and Paramount Pictures were shocked by the sequence, Culhane also states that he does not remember any instance in which the film was censored. Betty’s hula animation was reused for an appearance with Popeye the Sailor in his self-titled animated debut short. Following the enforcement of the Hays Code, Bettys clothing was redesigned, shorts produced following the enforcement of the Hays Code were also less surreal in nature, and Betty was portrayed as a rational adult
5.
Dave Willis
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David Dave Willis is an American voice actor, writer, producer and musician who currently plays the recurring role of former spy Barry Dylan on Archer. He is perhaps best known for his work on Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Squidbillies, Dave Willis has worked on various Adult Swim shows that are created primarily by Williams Street, an animation-centered, Atlanta-based production division of Cartoon Network. He first got hired for Williams Street as a writer for Cartoon Planet in 1995, in early 2000 he helped write and produce the two Brak Presents the Brak Show Starring Brak specials. Aqua Teen Hunger Force first premiered unannounced in the hours of December 30,2000. In 2005, he co-created the show Squidbillies and his works mostly fall into the genre of surreal humor. In 2010 Dave Willis created Cheyenne Cinnamon and the Fantabulous Unicorn of Sugar Town Candy Fudge, the pilot aired on March 29,2010, and was not picked up for a full series. In 2010 Willis co-wrote New Kidney in Town, an episode of Family Guy, Willis was born in Wichita Falls, Texas and was raised mostly in Conyers, Georgia. Willis graduated from Wake Forest University and was manager at Wake Radio. He resides in Atlanta with his wife and two children
6.
Unknown Hinson
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Stuart Daniel Baker, better known by his stage name, Unknown Hinson, is an American comedic country musician, songwriter, and voice actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as the voice of Early Cuyler on the Adult Swim animated series Squidbillies, Baker, along with co-star Don Swan, played the characters of Unknown Hinson and Rebel Helms. After Swans death in 1995, Baker created The Unknown Hinson Show, the Unknown Hinson Show won Creative Loafing Charlottes Best Of poll for Best Public-Access Television Show four years in a row. After the series ended, Baker continued in his role as Unknown Hinson, performing live concerts, as a live performer, Unknown Hinson has been known to tour for months at a time. After his shows, he takes the time to meet as many of his fans as want to stay, and graciously takes pictures and signs shirts, posters, CDs, and body parts. Hinson is known to fire his signature gun on the up swing. He has a cult following and many high-profile fans, including Ed King, Waylon Reavis of Mushroomhead, Billy Bob Thornton. Hank III, grandson of Hank Williams, has Unknowns face tattooed on his biceps, in late 2008, working under his real name of Stuart Baker, Hinson was hired to play bass as well as lead guitar in Billy Bob Thorntons band The Boxmasters. For this hired-gun gig, Baker appears without the familiar Unknown Hinson wardrobe and makeup, instead appearing in a vintage 60s suit, white shirt and his manager and booking agent was his wife, Margo Baker. According to a November 10,2012, post on his Facebook page and his planned last three shows were Fort Wayne on November 15, Evanston on November 16, and November 17 in Covington Kentucky being the finale. He cites rising costs and indicates he plans to find something new to do, after the untimely passing of his beloved wife, Margo Baker, Unknown Hinson has returned to the road. New tour dates have been listed on his website since July,2013. Unknown Hinson writes his own music, performs live, and produces all of his own recordings and his music often parodies the dark elements of todays country and redneck culture. In early 2009, Hinsons Torture Town won in The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards, Hinson, credited as Baker, provides the voice of Early Cuyler, a balding hillbilly squid from Georgia, on Cartoon Networks late night Adult Swim program, Squidbillies. The Early Cuyler character echoes Unknown Hinson in several ways, including an affinity for guns and party liquor, official website Paper + Wire Magazine, An Interview with Unknown Hinson
7.
Dana Snyder
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Dana Snyder is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, and voice actor. He is known for voicing Master Shake on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and he currently plays Dr. Colosso on Nickelodeons comedy The Thundermans Snyder was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania on November 14,1973 and grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada. He credits Don Rickles, Rip Taylor, and Phil Silvers as childhood influences, Snyder graduated from Las Vegas High School in 1992 and he graduated with a BFA from the Conservatory of Theatre Arts at Webster University, Missouri in 1996. Snyder was hired to voice Master Shake on Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Snyder provided the voice of Gazpacho on Chowder, Todd and Benny Lee on the G4TV show Code Monkeys, The Alchemist on The Venture Bros. and Granny Cuyler on Squidbillies. He voices Leonard the Koala in The Penguins of Madagascar and plays a teacher named Mr. Baldwin on the Disney series Fish Hooks and he played Alistair in Open Season 3. Snyder provided the voices of Sam as well as Cold Fusion Reactor Dad on the web series Suicide by Side and he narrated the Adult Swim web series Sipes Stories that he co-produced with Andy Sipes. He has starred on Adventure Time as the Ancient Sleeping Magi of Life Giving from the episode Little Dude in the fifth season and he played the voice of Belcitane within the White Knight Chronicles, and the White Knight Chronicles II. He also shows up in the web series Bravest Warriors in season 2 episode 6 and he voices the recurring character McSweats in the Disney XD animated series Pickle and Peanut. He currently plays Dr. Colosso on Nickelodeons comedy The Thundermans as well as Graballa the Hutt on the Disney XD animated series Lego Star Wars, on April 15,2010, Snyder and Dave Willis went on a multi-city tour called Dave & Dana, Stars of Aqua Teen. In June 2010, he appeared as Max Bialystock in the Lyceum Theatres production of Mel Brooks The Producers in Arrow Rock, in February and March 2011, he again played Max Bialystock in The Producers at the Riverside Theatre in Vero Beach Florida. Louis, Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, and Cleveland Play House, Snyder was also a guest performer during several performances of the Atlanta-based burlesque revue Dames Aflame in 2010 and 2012. Snyder has made guest appearances on ER, Brothers and Sisters, Snyder also appeared in Saul of the Mole Men, The Young Persons Guide to History, and Your Pretty Face is Going to Hell. He guest appeared on the Christian live action television show Come On Over, snydecast with Ken Plumey Plume, which is a free podcast. The first episode of the show appeared on the internet on January 11,2006, the show was initially produced out of IGN and is produced out of Fred Entertainment. The show originally followed a weekly episode distribution but has been sporadic in later years. In addition to Snyder and Plume, guests have included Doc Hammer, Paul Sabourin, in late 2013, Dana began co-hosting the podcast Drunk on Disney with Guy Hutchinson, and Bart Scott, author of Ears of Steel. The podcast centers around Disney parks, Disney trips, and Disney memories, all while the make a Disney-themed cocktail. He married Christine Sweety Snyder in August 2005 and they have one daughter born in June 2014
8.
Charles Napier (actor)
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After leaving his Kentucky hometown to serve in the army, he graduated college and worked as a sports coach and art teacher before settling on acting as a career. Napier established himself in character roles and worked steadily for the next 35 years and he also had numerous voiceover roles in television, most notably the character of Duke Phillips on the prime time animated sitcom The Critic. Napier was born in Mt. Union, Kentucky near Scottsville and his parents were Sara Lena and Linus Pitts Napier. After graduating from school, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1954, serving with the 11th Airborne Division. After his service, he attended Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green, graduating in 1961 with a major in art and he wanted to be a basketball coach and his first job was as an assistant coach at his old high school. Soon after, he gave up coaching, eventually taking jobs with a bridge company, in 1964, he returned to attend graduate school at Western Kentucky where he was encouraged to pursue acting by instructor D. Russell Miller. During this time he pursued painting. After a spell in New York Napier moved to California and he acquired an agent and a union card. His movie debut came about by accident, a girlfriend took Napier along when she went to audition for Russ Meyer, who cast Napier as the male lead in Cherry, Harry & Raquel. In addition to acting and helping with the cameras when setting up shots, he did stunts, make up and he was summoned to Universal Studios to meet Alfred Hitchcock and Napier was given a one-year contract. Napier became a character actor, appearing regularly in TV series of the time. In 1977, he was cast as frontier scout Luther Sprague in the six-episode NBC western television series and he appeared in two episodes of the 1980s hit TV series The A-Team as Col. Briggs. He also co-starred in two The Rockford Files episodes, and played Hammer in the series B. J. Napier as Wolfson Lucas was teamed with Rod Taylor again for the series Outlaws. He also appeared in the episode of Knight Rider in 1982. He played the bureaucratic CIA officer Marshall Murdock in Rambo, First Blood Part II, for the 1980 musical-comedy, The Blues Brothers, he portrayed the apoplectic Tucker McElroy, lead singer and driver of the Winnebago for The Good Ol Boys. He also provided several guest voices for episodes of The Simpsons and he had a small role during the sixth season of Curb Your Enthusiasm in 2008 as a barber who assaults and drives Larry David from his shop after David offends him. Napier appeared in the 2009 horror film Murder World alongside Scout Taylor-Compton and his last film role was in the 2009 comedy The Goods, Live Hard, Sell Hard opposite Jeremy Piven and James Brolin. Prior to his death in October of 2011, Napier published a book about his life and experiences in Hollywood, titled Square Jaw and Big Heart, the publisher of the book is BearManor Media of Albany, Georgia
9.
Billy Joe Shaver
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Billy Joe Shaver is a Texas country music singer and songwriter. Shavers 1973 album Old Five and Dimers Like Me is a classic in the country genre. Shaver was born in Corsicana, Texas, and raised by his mother, Victory Watson Shaver, until he was 12, he spent a great deal of time with his grandmother in Corsicana, Texas so that his mother could work in Waco. He sometimes accompanied his mother to her job at a local nightclub, Shavers mother remarried about the time that his grandmother died, so he and his older sister Patricia moved in with their mother and new stepfather. Shaver left school after the grade to help his uncles pick cotton. Shaver joined the U. S. Navy on his seventeenth birthday, upon his discharge, he worked a series of dead-end jobs, including trying to be a rodeo cowboy. About this time, he met and married Brenda Joyce Tindell and they had one son, John Edwin, known as Eddy, who was born in 1962. The two divorced and remarried several times, Shaver took a job at a lumber mill to make ends meet. One day his right hand caught in the machinery. He eventually recovered, and taught himself to play the guitar without those missing fingers, Shaver set out to hitchhike to Los Angeles, California. He could not get a ride west, and ended up accompanying a man who dropped him off just outside Memphis, the next ride brought him to Nashville, where he found a job as a songwriter for $50 per week. His work came to the attention of Waylon Jennings, who filled most of his album Honky Tonk Heroes with Shavers songs, other artists, including Elvis Presley and Kris Kristofferson, began to record Shavers music. This led to his own record deal, the first few recording companies he signed with soon folded. He was never able to gain recognition as a singer. After losing his wife, Brenda, and his mother to cancer in 1999, Shaver lost his son and longtime guitarist Eddy, who died at age 38 of a heroin overdose on December 31,2000. Shaver nearly died himself the year when he had a heart attack on stage during an Independence Day show at Gruene Hall in New Braunfels. After successful heart surgery, Shaver came back to release Freedoms Child in 2002, in 1999, Shaver performed at the Grand Ole Opry. In November 2005, he performed on the CMT Outlaws 2005, in 2006, Shaver was inducted in the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame
10.
Keith Crofford
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Keith Crofford is an executive vice president of Adult Swim, the adult-oriented division of Cartoon Network. He is executive producer for several Williams Street in-house productions such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, The Brak Show and Squidbillies. He also serves as the producer of for Williams Street out-of-house productions such as Sealab 2021, Robot Chicken, Tom Goes to the Mayor, The Oblongs, Minoriteam. Crofford is also the executive in charge of production for Cartoon Network for The Venture Bros, in 1996, Crofford voiced MOE2000, an unfeeling computer director, in an episode, $20.01, of Space Ghost Coast to Coast on Cartoon Network. He also voiced himself in Robot Chicken two times from 2006 to 2007 on, Crofford attended Florida State University from 1974-1978. Keith Crofford at the Internet Movie Database P. Ken, gone Fishin - Adult Swim exec Keith Crofford gives us the status of Venture Bros. Aqua Teen, Squidbillies, Harvey Birdman, and more
11.
Williams Street
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The studio is the in-house production arm of Adult Swim, as well as the networks main headquarters. Keith Crofford and Mike Lazzo oversee operations for the studio building, the name originates from the location of the studios at 1065 Williams Street NW in Atlanta, Georgia, near the current offices of TBS and TNT on Techwood Drive. They were the base for WTBS when it launched as a superstation in the mid-70s, it. The street is named for early Atlanta settler Ammi Williams, the studios production logo features a wavy gray image of Space Ghosts fictional studio from Space Ghost Coast to Coast, with the words Williams Street beneath it. The soundtrack of Mark VII Limiteds production logo is used while the GPI/Williams Street production card is shown. In its early years, the Williams Street logo would often be followed by the original Cartoon Network checkerboard logo and this was changed, in 2004, to a drawing of a skull with the CN checkerboard logo for its teeth. The inclusion of the Cartoon Network logo was removed in 2013, aqua Teen Hunger Force Zombie Ninja Pro-Am Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law Williams Street formed their own music label, Williams Street Records. The label was created after Jason Demarco, Adult Swims vice president of marketing and promotions, worked on Danger Doom. Danger Mouse had previously worked on the music for Toonami and wanted to do an album that sampled that work, the group suggested the idea to Mike Lazzo, the project was successful. William Street Records now releases a majority of the related to their shows. The label is managed by Demarco, list of programs broadcast by Adult Swim Adult animation Radical Axis Cartoon Network Studios Adult Swim official website Williams Street at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Warner Bros. Television
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Television is the television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, itself part of Time Warner, as of 2015, it is the worlds largest television production company measured by revenue and library. Its most notable TV shows include Friends, ER, The West Wing, Smallville, Supernatural, The Big Bang Theory, The Wire and Full House. The division was started on March 21,1955 with its first and most successful head being Jack L. Warners son-in-law William T. Orr. ABC had major success against its competition with Walt Disneys Disneyland TV series, WB formally entered television production with the premiere of its self-titled anthology series Warner Bros. The one-hour weekly show featured rotating episodes of series based on the WB films, Casablanca and Kings Row. One such segment for Rebel Without a Cause featured Gig Young notably talking about road safety with James Dean, with only Cheyenne being a success, Warner Bros. ended the ten-minute promotions of new films and replaced Warner Bros. Presents with a series titled Conflict. It was felt that Conflict was what the series lacked. Conflict showed the pilots for Maverick and 77 Sunset Strip, the company also produced Jack Webbs Red Nightmare for the U. S. Department of Defense that was later shown on American television on Jack Webbs General Electric True. During a Hollywood television writers strike, Warner Bros. reused many plots from its films and this was another example of imitating Warner Bros B Pictures who would remake an A film and switch the setting. Two of the most popular stars, James Garner and Clint Walker, Garner never returned to the Warners fold during this period. Successful Warners television stars found themselves in leading roles of many of the films with no increase in salary. Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. was simultaneously the lead of 77 Sunset Strip, in a role on Maverick. Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue would go on to become teen heartthrobs, Warners also contracted established stars such as Ray Danton, Peter Breck, Jeanne Cooper and Grant Williams. These stars often appeared as guest stars, sometimes reprising their series role in another TV series, the stars appeared in Warner Bros. Some stars such as Connie Stevens, Edd Byrnes, Robert Conrad, depending on the particular show, William Lava or David Buttolph would compose the music, with lyrics by Stan Jones or Paul Francis Webster, among others. For the crime shows, it was up to the team of Jerry Livingston and Mack David, who also scored the themes for the sitcom Room for One More
13.
Cartoon Network
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Cartoon Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Time Warner through the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary. It was founded by Betty Cohen and launched on October 1,1992, the channel primarily broadcasts childrens shows, mostly animated programming, ranging from action to animated comedy. It operates daily from 6,00 AM to 11,00 PM, a Spanish language audio track for select programs is accessible via second audio programing, some cable and satellite companies offer the Spanish feed as a separate channel. It is also the channel of Turner-owned Boomerang. As of January 2016, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94.0 million pay television households in the United States, however, Turner kept much of MGMs film and television library made prior to May 1986 and formed Turner Entertainment. On October 3,1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and had gained an audience with its film library. In 1991, Turner Entertainment purchased animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions for US $320 million, on February 18,1992, Turner Broadcasting System announced its plans to launch the Cartoon Network as an outlet for Turners considerable library of animation. Initial programming on the channel consisted exclusively of reruns of classic Warner Bros. cartoons, the 1933–1957 Popeye cartoons, MGM cartoons, at first, cable providers in New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D. C. and Detroit carried the channel. By the time the network launched, Cartoon Network had an 8, from its launch until 1995, the networks announcers said the networks name with the word The added before Cartoon Network, thus calling the network The Cartoon Network. By the time that the network debuted, Cartoon Network also operated a block that aired on TNT. Cartoon Network was not the first cable channel to have relied on cartoons to attract an audience, however, Turner Broadcasting System had defied conventional wisdom before by launching CNN, a channel providing 24-hour news coverage. Initially, the channel would broadcast cartoons 24 hours a day, late Night Black and White showed early black-and-white cartoons, and ToonHeads would show three shorts with a similar theme and provide trivia about the cartoons. There was also an afternoon block called High Noon Toons. The majority of the animation that was shown on Cartoon Network no longer air on a regular basis, with the exception of Tom and Jerry. A challenge for Cartoon Network was to overcome its low penetration of existing cable systems, when launched on October 1,1992, the channel was only carried by 233 cable systems. However, it benefited from package deals, New subscribers to sister channels TNT and TBS could also get access to Cartoon Network through such deals. The high ratings of Cartoon Network over the couple of years led to more cable systems including it. By the end of 1994, Cartoon Network had become the fifth most popular channel in the United States
14.
Adult Swim
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Adult Swim is a programming block of the American cable network Cartoon Network that operates at night from 8,00 p. m. to 6,00 a. m. It is programmed by Williams Street Productions, a subsidiary of Turner, the name comes from a phrase used by public swimming pools in the United States to label designated times when children are restricted from using the facilities in favor of adults. Much of Adult Swims general content is known for its risqué, unorthodox, the network was granted its own Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to targeting a separate demographic. In the United States, Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, anime, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, live-action, shows may have sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. While the network features comedies and dramas of all types, many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy. In February 2015, Adult Swim was available to approximately 96,390,000 pay-television households in the United States, Cartoon Networks original head programmer Mike Lazzo conceived Adult Swim. The network grew out of Cartoon Networks previous attempts at airing content appropriate for teenagers, the network began experimenting with its late night programming by airing anthology shows like ToonHeads and Late Night Black and White, both of which presented uncensored classic cartoon shorts. Space Ghost Coast to Coast, one of Cartoon Networks first forays into original programming, was created in 1994 specifically for late night audiences. The series was created by Mike Lazzos Ghost Planet Industries, which eventually became Williams Street Studios, during early mornings in December 2000, several new Williams Street series made unannounced stealth premieres. Sealab 2021, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, Aqua Teen Hunger Force and The Brak Show all premiered unannounced, the official schedules listed the shows as Special Programming. Adult Swim launched on September 2,2001 with the airing of the Home Movies episode Directors Cut. The first anime broadcast on Adult Swim also aired on the night of its launch, the block initially aired on Sunday nights, with a repeat of the same block on Thursday nights. On March 28,2005, Atlanta-based Turner Broadcasting System began recording Adult Swim Nielsen ratings separately from Cartoon Network for demographic purposes, promotions for Adult Swim are targeted towards the college age and those in their twenties and thirties, constituting the majority of their viewers. Adult Swim also had a direct and important role in the revival of two animated series, the aforementioned Family Guy and Futurama. On March 29,2004, less one year later, Fox announced it would be renewing Family Guy for a fourth season. Futurama was also revived in 2007 by Comedy Central for similar reasons, Adult Swim obtained Futuramas exclusive cable syndication rights in March 2002 for a reported $10 million, and the series first aired on the network in January 2002. These devices were in part of a guerrilla marketing advertising campaign. The next day, Boston authorities arrested two men involved with the incident, on February 5, Turner Broadcasting and marketer Interference, Inc. announced that they would pay $2 million in amends, one million to the city of Boston, and one million in goodwill funds
15.
Anthropomorphic
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Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities and is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions and natural forces like seasons. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters, people have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domestic animals. Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize, itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos and it is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God. One of the oldest known is a sculpture, the Löwenmensch figurine, Germany. It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent, in either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic. In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism refers to the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality, they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain phenomena, creation. The deities fell in love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons and they feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty, wisdom, and power, and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed, hatred, jealousy, Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is referred to as anthropotheism, from the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy, particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria, but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy. This often was based on an interpretation of Genesis 1,27, So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him. Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed and blackThracians that they are pale and he said that the greatest god resembles man neither in form nor in mind. Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension, judaisms rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period, when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy. Judaisms rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century, hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems
16.
Hillbilly
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Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in Appalachia and the Ozarks. Due to its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term can be offensive to those Americans of Appalachian or Ozark heritage, scholars argue this duality is reflective of the split ethnic identities in white America. The Appalachian Mountains were settled in the 18th century by settlers primarily from the Province of Ulster in Ireland, the settlers from Ulster were mainly Protestants who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century from Scotland and Northern England. Many further migrated to the American colonies beginning in the 1730s, scholars argue that the term hillbilly originated from Scottish dialect. The term hill-folk referred to people that preferred isolation from the greater society and it is suggested that hill-folk and billie were combined when the Cameronians fled to the Highlands. Others have suggested the term originated in 17th century Ireland, during the Williamite War, some scholars disagree with this theory. … In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, the term hillbilly spread in the years following the American Civil War. At this time, the country was developing both technologically and socially, but the Appalachian region was falling behind, before the war, Appalachia was not distinctively different from other rural areas of the country. Post-war, although the frontier pushed farther west, the region maintained frontier characteristics, Appalachians themselves were perceived as backward, quick to violence and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds such as that in the 1880s between the Hatfields and McCoys, the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th to early 20th century. The classic hillbilly stereotype reached its current characterization during the years of the Great Depression when many left their homes to find work in other areas of the country. This movement North became known as the Hillbilly Highway, the movement brought these previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture. Poor white mountaineers became central characters in newspapers, pamphlets and eventually, authors at this time were inspired by historical figures such as Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. The mountaineer image transferred over to the 20th century where the hillbilly stereotype emerged, pop culture has perpetuated the hillbilly stereotype. The misrepresentation of Appalachian people in the media has led to great cultural distortion of Appalachian beliefs, practices, scholarly works suggest that the media has exploited both the Appalachian region and people by classifying them as hillbillies. These generalizations do not match the cultural experiences of Appalachians, Appalachians, like many other groups, do not subscribe to a single identity. One of the associated with stereotyping is that it is profitable. When hillbilly became a widely used term, entrepreneurs saw a window for potential revenue and they recycled the image and brought it to life through various forms of media
17.
Squid
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Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 304 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs, squid are strong swimmers and certain species can fly for short distances out of the water. Squid are members of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea, order Teuthida, Teuthida is the largest cephalopod order with around 300 species classified into 29 families. The order Teuthida is a member of the superorder Decapodiformes, two other orders of decapodiform cephalopods are also called squid, although they are taxonomically distinct from Teuthida and differ recognizably in their gross anatomical features. They are the bobtail squid of order Sepiolida and the rams horn squid of the monotypic order Spirulida, the vampire squid, however, is more closely related to the octopuses than to any squid. Class Cephalopoda Subclass Nautiloidea, nautilus Subclass Coleoidea, squid, octopus, what before may have been the foot of the ancestor is modified into a complex set of tentacles and highly developed sense organs, including advanced eyes similar to those of vertebrates. The ancestral shell has been lost, with only an internal gladius, or pen, the pen is a feather-shaped internal structure that supports the squids mantle and serves as a site for muscle attachment. It is made of a chitin-like material, the main body mass is enclosed in the mantle, which has a swimming fin along each side. These fins, unlike in other organisms, are not the main source of locomotion in most species. The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change color to suit its surroundings, the underside is also almost always lighter than the topside, to provide camouflage from both prey and predator. Under the body are openings to the cavity, which contains the gills and openings to the excretory. At the front of the mantle cavity lies the siphon, which the squid uses for locomotion via precise jet propulsion, in this form of locomotion, water is sucked into the mantle cavity and expelled out of the siphon in a fast, strong jet. The direction of the siphon can be changed, to suit the direction of travel, inside the mantle cavity, beyond the siphon, lies the visceral mass, which is covered by a thin, membranous epidermis. Under this are all the internal organs. The giant axon, which may be up to 1 mm in diameter in some species, innervates the mantle. As cephalopods, squid exhibit relatively high intelligence among invertebrates, for example, groups of Humboldt squid hunt cooperatively, using active communication. In females, the ink sac is hidden from view by a pair of white nidamental glands, also, red-spotted accessory nidamental glands are present
