1.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
2.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
3.
St. Charles Streetcar Line
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The St. Charles Streetcar line is a historic streetcar line in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the oldest continuously operating line in the world. It is operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority, officially the St. Charles Streetcar line is internally designated as Route 12, and it runs along its namesake street, St. Charles Avenue. It is the busiest route in the RTA system as it is used by local commuters. On most RTA maps and publications, it is denoted in green, the St. Charles line starts uptown, at South Carrollton Avenue and South Claiborne Avenue. It runs on South Carrollton Avenue through the Carrollton neighborhood towards the Mississippi River, then near the river levee turns on to St. Charles Avenue.2 miles. With the exception of Carondelet Street and the portion of St. Charles where the line runs in the curbside lane. Planning for the line began in 1831, and work began as the New Orleans and Carrollton Rail Road in February 1833, the second railway in Greater New Orleans after the Pontchartrain Rail Road. Passenger and freight services by steam locomotives began on September 26,1835, originally without a dedicated right-of-way, Service began as a suburban railroad, since Carrollton was at that time a separate city, while areas along the route were still mostly undeveloped. Two locomotives New Orleans and Carrollton were supplied from England by B, as the area along the line became more urbanized, objections to the soot and noise produced by the locomotives increased, and transport was switched to cars that were powered by horses and mules. Experimental systems included overhead cable propulsion, and several designs by Dr. At the same time, it was extended from the corner of St. Charles, in 1900, the St. Charles and Tulane streetcar lines were extended on Carrollton Avenue and connected together, resulting in a two-way belt line. In 1922 the New Orleans & Carrollton Rail Road was merged into New Orleans Public Service Incorporated, in 1950, plans were made to fill in the New Basin Canal, which the Belt Lines crossed on a bridge on Carrollton Avenue. The right of way was to be used for the Pontchartrain Expressway, rather than rebuild tracks in the underpass, the Tulane and St. Charles lines were separated, and Tulane Avenue was converted to a trolley coach line. During construction, the St. Charles line continued to all the way on Carrollton Avenue from St. Charles Avenue to the underpass construction site at Dixon Street. In 1972 automatic fareboxes were introduced, and the job of a conductor was eliminated from the streetcars. The line still has one of the Ford, Bacon & Davis 1894 vintage cars in running condition, although it is not used for passenger service, it stays busy with work operations such as track sanding. The rest of the lines cars date from 1923–24, in 1973, preservationists successfully listed the St. Charles line on the National Register of Historic Places
4.
Mansion
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A mansion is a large dwelling house. The word itself derives through Old French from the Latin word mansio dwelling, the English word manse originally defined a property large enough for the parish priest to maintain himself, but a mansion is no longer self-sustaining in this way. Manor comes from the same root—territorial holdings granted to a lord who would remain there—hence it is easy to see how the word Mansion came to have its meaning, within an ancient Roman city, patrician dwellings might be very extensive, and luxurious. Such mansions on one hill in Rome became so extensive that the term palatial was actually derived from the name Palatine hill and is the origin of palace. Following the fall of Rome the practice of building unfortified villas ceased, today, the oldest inhabited mansions around the world usually began their existence as fortified castles in the middle ages. As social conditions slowly changed and stabilised fortifications were able to be reduced and it became fashionable and possible for homes to be beautiful rather than grim and forbidding allowing for the development of the modern mansion. In British English a mansion block refers to a block of flats or apartments designed for the appearance of grandeur, in many parts of Asia, including Hong Kong and Japan, the word mansion also refers to a block of apartments. In Europe, from the 15th century onwards, a combination of politics, as a result, many were transformed into mansions without defences or demolished and rebuilt in a more modern, undefended style. Due to intermarriage and primogeniture inheritance amongst the aristocracy, it common for one noble to often own several country houses. These would be visited throughout the year as their owner pursued the social. Many owners of a house would also own a town mansion in their countrys capital city. These town mansions were referred to as houses in London, hotels in Paris and it might be noted that sometimes the house of a clergyman was called a mansion house. This was a period of social change, as the educated prided themselves on enlightenment. The uses of these edifices paralleled that of the Roman villas and it was vital for powerful people and families to keep in social contact with each other as they were the primary moulders of society. The rounds of visits and entertainments were a part of the societal process. State business was discussed and determined in informal settings. Times of revolution reversed this value, in the great houses of Italy, the number of retainers was often even greater than in England, whole families plus extended relations would often inhabit warrens of rooms in basements and attics. It is doubtful that a 19th-century Marchesa would even know the number of individuals who served her
5.
Uptown New Orleans
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It remains an area of mixed residential and small commercial properties, with a wealth of 19th-century architecture. It includes part or all of Uptown New Orleans Historic District, historically, uptown was a direction, meaning movement in the direction against the flow of the Mississippi. After the Louisiana Purchase, many settlers from parts of the United States developed their homes and businesses in the area upriver from the older Creole city. The very broadest definition of Uptown, historically, included everything upriver from Canal Street, in the narrowest usage, as a New Orleans City Planning neighborhood, Uptown refers to an area of only some dozen blocks centering on the intersection of Jefferson and St. Charles Avenues. Neither of these is what most New Orleanians of recent generations usually mean by uptown, the boundaries of the federal Uptown New Orleans Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are the River to S. Claiborne Avenue and Jackson Avenue to Broadway. Uptown was developed during the 19th century, mostly from land that had plantations in the Colonial era. Several sections were developed as separate towns, like Lafayette, Jefferson City, Greenville. For a time in the early 19th century most of Uptown was part of Jefferson Parish until the City of New Orleans annexed them, in 1874, New Orleans added the towns of Lafayette, and Carrollton. Uptown has always had a sizable African American population, census data shows that ethnically and racially mixed blocks were common in the 19th and early 20th centuries, which continues to be the case with much of Uptown. Several small settlements grew up at steamboat landings a few miles upstream of New Orleans, the original Lafayette began as one of these. It was subdivided and incorporated in April 1833 as the City of Lafayette, the center of town was around Jackson Avenue. Lafayette was also the site of the original Jefferson Parish court house, the New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad, also incorporated in 1833, constructed a spur from the main line along Nyades Street down Jackson Avenue. Lafayette annexed Faubourg Delassize in 1844, bringing that citys boundary with New Orleans to Toledano Street, in 1852, New Orleans annexed Lafayette, moving the New Orleans city limit upriver to Toledano Street. The seat of Jefferson Parish moved to the City of Carrollton, however, the boundary between Jefferson Parish and Orleans Parish remained at Felicity Street until 1870, when it was moved to Lowerline Street. Cornelius Hurst, developer of Faubourg Hurstville, sold a block to the City of Lafayette for a cemetery in 1833. Now known as Lafayette Cemetery No,1, the land is bounded by Washington Avenue, 6th Street, Coliseum Street and Prytania Street. In 1972, this cemetery was added to the National Register of Historical Places, the Fund helped in the creation of a preservation plan with assistance from American Express. In 2010, the Louisiana Landmarks Society rated Lafayette Cemetery No.1 as one of the nine most endangered New Orleans landmarks and it said that two large oak trees threatened to destroy 30 tombs
6.
Quercus virginiana
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Quercus virginiana, also known as the southern live oak, is an evergreen oak tree native to the southeastern United States. Though many other species are called live oak, the southern live oak is particularly iconic of the Old South. Many very large and old specimens of live oak can be today in the deep southern United States. A large number of names are used for this tree, including Virginia live oak, bay live oak, scrub live oak, plateau oak, plateau live oak, escarpment live oak. It is also often just called live oak within its area, but the full name southern live oak helps to distinguish it from other live oaks. This profusion of common names partly reflects an ongoing controversy about the classification of live oaks. Some authors recognize as distinct species the forms others consider to be varieties of Quercus virginiana. Matters are further complicated by southern live oaks hybridizing with both the two species, and also with dwarf live oak, swamp white oak, Durand oak, overcup oak, bur oak. Live oak can be found in the growing and reproducing on the lower coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico. The range of live oak continues to expand inland as it moves south, growing across southern Georgia, live oak grows along the Florida panhandle to Mobile Bay, then westward across the southernmost two tiers of counties in Mississippi. Live oak grows across the third of Louisiana, except for some barrier islands. Live oak’s range continues into Texas and narrows to hug the coast until just past Port Lavaca, the species reaches its northwestern limit in the granite massifs and canyons in Southwestern Oklahoma, a rare remnant from the last glaciation. Live oak grows in soils ranging from heavy textures, to sands with layers of materials or fine particles. Live oak can be found dominating some maritime forests, especially where fire periodicity, live oak is found on higher topographic sites as well as hammocks in marshes and swamps. In general, southern live oak hugs the coastline and is found more than 300 feet above sea level. Live oaks grow across a range of sites with many moisture regimes – ranging from dry to moist. Live oak will survive well on dry sites and in wet areas, effectively handling short duration flooding if water is moving. Good soil drainage is a key component for sustained live oak growth
7.
Garden District, New Orleans
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The Garden District is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The National Historic Landmark district extends a little farther, the area was originally developed between 1832 and 1900 and is considered one of the best-preserved collections of historic mansions in the Southern United States. The 19th-century origins of the Garden District illustrate wealthy newcomers building opulent structures based upon the prosperity of New Orleans in that era, the Garden District is located at 29°55′40″N 90°05′05″W and has an elevation of 3 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the district has an area of 0.21 square miles. 0.21 square miles of which is land and 0.00 square miles of which is water, the Garden District Association defines the boundaries as both sides of Carondelet Street, Josephine Street, both sides of Louisiana Avenue, and Magazine Street. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,970 people,1,117 households, the population density was 9,381 /mi². As of the census of 2010, there were 1,926 people,1,063 households and this whole area was once a number of plantations, including the Livaudais Plantation. It was sold off in parcels to mainly wealthy Americans who did not want to live in the French Quarter with the Creoles and it became a part of the city of Lafayette in 1833, and was annexed by New Orleans in 1852. The district was out by New Orleans architect, planner. Originally the area was developed only a couple of houses per block, each surrounded by a large garden. In the late 19th century, some of large lots were subdivided. This has produced a pattern for much of the neighborhood, of any given block having a couple of early 19th-century mansions surrounded by gingerbread-decorated late Victorian period houses, thus, the Garden District is now known for its architecture more than for its gardens per se. A slightly larger district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974, Gilmour – Parker House,1520 Prytania Street, erected in 1853 for Thomas Corse Gilmour, English Cotton Merchant, Isaac Thayer, architect-builder. Sold by Gilmour heirs in 1882 to John M. Parker, whose son, John M. Parker, Jr. lived here and later served as Governor of Louisiana. The dining room extension with bay window was added by Mrs. Sarah Roberta Buckner, widow of John M. Parker, residence of Walter Denegre 1892-1929, Louise S. McGehee School since 1929. Adam-Jones House,2423 Prytania Street, erected for John I, adams, merchant, who in 1860 purchased the Garden District part of the former plantation of Jacques Francois de Livaudais, built the Adam-Jones House and made it his residence until 1896. Subsequent family ownerships were Ferdinand Reusch, Mrs. William Preston Johnston, restored in 1961-1962 by Mrs. Hamilton Polk Jones. Womens Guild of the New Orleans Opera Association,2500 Prytania Street, Dr. and Mrs. Herman de Bachelle Seebold purchased the home in 1944 and donated the mansion, furnishings and art in 1965 to the Womens Guild of the New Orleans Opera Association
8.
Carrollton Avenue
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Carrollton Avenue is a major thoroughfare stretching 3.9 miles across the Uptown/Carrollton and Mid-City districts of New Orleans. South Carrollton Avenue runs from St. Charles Avenue in the Riverbend in a northeast lakebound direction through Carrollton, after crossing Canal Street it continues as North Carrollton Avenue until intersecting with Esplanade Avenue and Wisner Boulevard at the entrance to City Park. Carrollton Avenue is a broad tree-covered avenue, with a median for most of its length. Riverside of South Claiborne Avenue, Carrollton has one lane of traffic, the St. Charles Streetcar Line also runs along this section before turning onto St. Charles Avenue in the Riverbend. The landmark Camellia Grill is located near the streetcar turn and this section of the road is mostly residential with the exception of the commercial area of Riverbend. Between South Claiborne Avenue and Earhart Boulevard, there are three lanes of traffic in each direction and this area is a mix of commercial and residential and is home to such landmarks as the Notre Dame Seminary and the Rock n Bowl. Carrollton is entirely commercial between Earhart Boulevard and Tulane Avenue and maintains three lanes in each direction, lakeside of Tulane Avenue, Carrollton returns to mostly residential area with the exception of some commercial areas between Canal Street and Bienville Street. This stretch of road is three lanes in each direction, however lakeside of Canal Street the inner lanes in each direction are shared by the Carrollton Spur of the Canal Street Streetcar Line. Jesuit High School, an elite all-male Roman Catholic institution, is located at the corner of Carrollton and Banks Street. The Carrollton neighborhood was once an independent city and Carrollton Avenue was known as Canal Street in the city plans, the name was later changed to avoid confusion with Canal Street in downtown New Orleans. In addition to the Carrollton spurs of both the Canal and St, both routes were halted before Hurricane Katrina hit in August 2005, they have since been restored
9.
Canal Street, New Orleans
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Canal Street is a major thoroughfare in the city of New Orleans. Up until the early 1800s, it was the Creoles who lived in the Vieux Carré, after the Louisiana Purchase, a large influx of other cultures began to find their way into the city via the Mississippi River. A number of Americans from Kentucky and other Midwestern states moved into the city, along the division between these two cultures, a canal was planned. The canal was never built but the street took its place received the name. Furthermore, the median of the street known as the neutral ground. To this day, all medians of New Orleans streets are called neutral grounds, one end of Canal Street terminates at the Mississippi River. Canal Streets other terminus is in Mid-City at a collection of cemeteries, slightly offset from the Mid-City end is the beginning of Canal Boulevard, which extends to the shore of Lake Pontchartrain via the Lakeview neighborhood. Throughout its length, Canal, which runs east and west, serves as a line for cross streets running north and south. The street has three lanes of traffic in both directions, with a pair of tracks in the center. Canal Streets downtown segment serves as the hub of the public transit system or RTA, with numerous streetcar. Canal Street is often said to be the widest roadway in America to have called a street. For more than a century, Canal Street was the shopping district of Greater New Orleans. Local department stores Maison Blanche, D. H, the department stores began as sellers of fabric, notions, and accessories, with extensive floor space and glass windows. As elevators and escalators allowed for multi-floor department stores, the stores were enlarged, cities — and it received a boost in 1983 with the completion of Canal Places retail component. However, national trends disfavoring downtown retail finally caught up with Canal Street — with a key assist from the economic depression of the mid-80s. One Canal Place has three levels which are occupied by The Shops at Canal Place. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a fire inflicted heavy damage to the Saks Fifth Avenue store, the mall reopened in February 2006, and a completely-remodeled Saks reopened in November. One Canal Place Office Tower is a Class A commercial office building managed by Corporate Realty and it is adjacent to the Westin New Orleans Hotel
10.
Mardi Gras in New Orleans
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The holiday of Mardi Gras is celebrated in Southern Louisiana. Celebrations are concentrated for about two weeks before and through Shrove Tuesday, the day before Ash Wednesday, usually there is one major parade each day, many days have several large parades. The largest and most elaborate parades take place the last five days of the Mardi Gras season, in the final week, many events occur throughout New Orleans and surrounding communities, including parades and balls. The parades in New Orleans are organized by social clubs known as krewes, most follow the parade schedule. The earliest-established krewes were the Mistick Krewe of Comus, the earliest, Rex, the Knights of Momus and the Krewe of Proteus. Float riders traditionally toss throws into the crowds, the most common throws are strings of plastic beads, doubloons, decorated plastic throw cups, Moon Pies. Major krewes follow the parade schedule and route each year. Mardi Gras day traditionally concludes with the Meeting of the Courts between Rex and Comus, the first record of Mardi Gras being celebrated in Louisiana was at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now lower Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, on March 2,1699. Iberville, Bienville, and their men celebrated it as part of an observance of Catholic practice, the date of the first celebration of the festivities in New Orleans is unknown. A1730 account by Marc-Antione Caillot celebrating with music and dance, an account from 1743 that the custom of Carnival balls was already established. Processions and wearing of masks in the streets on Mardi Gras took place and they were sometimes prohibited by law, and were quickly renewed whenever such restrictions were lifted or enforcement waned. In 1833 Bernard Xavier de Marigny de Mandeville, a plantation owner of French descent. All of the mischief of the city is alive and wide awake in active operation. Men and boys, women and girls, bond and free, white and black, yellow and brown, exert themselves to invent and appear in grotesque, quizzical, diabolic, horrible, strange masks, and disguises. In rich confusion, up and down the streets, wildly shouting, singing, laughing, drumming, fiddling, fifeing, in 1856 six businessmen gathered at a club room in New Orleanss French Quarter to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras with a formal parade. They founded New Orleans first and oldest krewe, the Mystick Krewe of Comus, according to one historian, Comus was aggressively English in its celebration of what New Orleans had always considered a French festival. To a certain extent, New Orleans creolized the Americans, thus the wonder of Anglo-Americans boasting of how their business prowess helped them construct a more elaborate version than was traditional. The lead in organized Carnival passed from Creole to American just as political, in 1875 Louisiana declared Mardi Gras a legal state holiday
11.
Streetcars in New Orleans
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Streetcars in New Orleans, Louisiana have been an integral part of the citys public transportation network since the first half of the 19th century. The longest of New Orleans streetcar lines, the St. Charles Avenue line, is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world, today, the streetcars are operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority. There are currently five operating lines in New Orleans, The St. Charles Avenue Line, the Riverfront Line, the Canal Street Line. The St. Charles Avenue Line is the line that has operated continuously throughout New Orleans streetcar history. All other lines were replaced by bus service in the period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. Preservationists were unable to save the streetcars on Canal Street, but were able to convince the city government to protect the St. Charles Avenue Line by granting it historic landmark status, in the later 20th century, trends began to favor rail transit again. A short Riverfront Line started service in 1988, and service returned to Canal Street in 2004,40 years after it had shut down. Service on a portion of the Canal Street line was restored in December of that year, with the remainder of the line, on December 23,2007, the Regional Transit Authority extended service from Napoleon Avenue to the end of historic St. Charles Avenue. On June 22,2008 service was restored to the end of the line at South Carrollton Avenue & South Claiborne Avenue and those first operations included inter-city and suburban railroad lines, and horse-drawn omnibus lines. The first lines of city rail service were created by the New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad, in the first week of January, the company opened its Poydras-Magazine horse-drawn line on its namesake streets, the first true street railway line in the city. Then a horse-drawn line to the suburb of Lafayette, which was centered on Jackson Avenue and that line ended in the 1840s, but the Lafayette and Carrollton lines continued, eventually becoming the Jackson and St. Charles streetcar lines. As the area upriver from the city began to be built up, additional lines were created by the New Orleans, on February 4,1850, lines were opened on Louisiana and Napoleon Avenues. Like the Jackson line, these were horse- or mule-drawn cars, the Louisiana line was lightly patronized, and was discontinued in 1878. The Napoleon line continued into the next century, up until about 1860, omnibus lines provided the only public transit outside the area serviced by the New Orleans and Carrollton RR. The need was felt for a true street railway service. Toward this end, the New Orleans City RR was chartered on June 15,1860. The first line, Rampart and Esplanade, opened June 1,1861, followed in succession by the Magazine, Camp and Prytania, Canal, Rampart and Dauphine. Despite the beginnings of war, the opened and continued service on its new lines
12.
New Orleans Central Business District
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The Central Business District is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is the equivalent of many cities call their downtown. Originally developed as the largely-residential Faubourg Ste, the Central Business District is located at 29°56′59″N 90°04′14″W and has an elevation of 3 feet. As is true of most of metropolitan New Orleans, the parts of the nearer the river are higher in elevation than areas further removed from it. According to the United States Census Bureau, the district has an area of 1.18 square miles. 1.06 square miles of which is land and 0.12 square miles of which is water, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,435 inhabitants of the census tracts best corresponding to the boundaries of the New Orleans Downtown Development District. The population density was 1,692 /mi², another 4,142 inhabitants of the adjacent French Quarter neighborhood were recorded in the 2000 Census. The CBD, its subdistricts, and the neighborhoods of Tremé, the French Quarter. Streets in the Central Business District were initially platted in the late 18th century, significant investment began in earnest following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, as people from other parts of the United States flocked to the city. Consequently, the district began to be referred to as the American Sector, through the 19th and into the 20th century, the Central Business District continued developing almost without pause. Canal Street had evolved into the retail destination for New Orleanians. Local department stores Maison Blanche, D. H. Holmes, Godchauxs, Gus Mayer, Labiches, Kreegers, adlers Jewelry, Koslows, Rapps, and Werleins Music. National retailers, like Kress, Woolworth, and Walgreens were present alongside local drugstore K&B, sears operated a large store one block off Canal, on Baronne Street. In the 1950s, six-lane Loyola Avenue was constructed as an extension of Elk Place, cutting a swath through a residential district. The late-1960s widening of Poydras Street was undertaken to create another six-lane central area circulator for vehicular traffic, the 1984 Worlds Fair drew attention to the then semi-derelict district, resulting in steady investment and redevelopment from the mid-1980s onward. Many of the old 19th-century warehouses have been converted into hotels, restaurants, condominiums, other significant attractions include the postmodern Piazza dItalia, Harrahs Casino, the World Trade Center New Orleans, the U. S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, St. Patricks Church, the Hibernia Bank Building, the principal public park in the CBD is Lafayette Square, upon which face both Gallier Hall and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Other public spaces include Duncan Plaza, Elk Place, the Piazza dItalia, Lee Circle, Mississippi River Heritage Park, Spanish Plaza, and the Richard and Annette Bloch Cancer Survivors Plaza
13.
French Quarter
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The French Quarter, also known as the Vieux Carré, is the oldest neighborhood in the city of New Orleans. After New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, the city developed around the Vieux Carré, the district is more commonly called the French Quarter today, or simply The Quarter, related to changes in the city with American immigration after the Louisiana Purchase. The district as a whole has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and it is a prime tourist destination in the city, as well as attracting local residents. The French Quarter is located at 29°57′31″N 90°03′54″W and has an elevation of 1 foot, according to the United States Census Bureau, the district has a total area of 0.66 square miles. 0.49 square miles of which is land and 0.17 square miles of which is water, the most common definition of the French Quarter includes all the land stretching along the Mississippi River from Canal Street to Esplanade Avenue and inland to North Rampart Street. It equals an area of 78 square blocks, louis Street and North Rampart Street to the west. The National Historic Landmark district is stated to be 85 square blocks, the Quarter is subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD Area. Faubourg Marigny Mississippi River Central Business District Iberville Tremé As of the census of 2000, there were 4,176 people,2,908 households, the population density was 8,523 /mi². As of the census of 2010, there were 3,813 people,2,635 households, most of the French Quarters architecture was built during the late 18th century and the period of Spanish rule over the city, which is reflected in the architecture of the neighborhood. Their strict new fire codes mandated that all structures be physically adjacent, the old French peaked roofs were replaced with flat tiled ones, and wooden siding was banned in favor of fire-resistant stucco, painted in the pastel hues fashionable at the time. As a result, colorful walls and roofs and elaborately decorated ironwork balconies and galleries, from the late 18th, when Anglophone Americans began to move in after the Louisiana Purchase, they mostly built on available land upriver, across modern-day Canal Street. This thoroughfare became the place of two cultures, one Francophone Creole and the other Anglophone American. The median of the boulevard became a place where the two contentious cultures could meet and do business in both French and English. As such, it known as the neutral ground. Even before the Civil War, French Creoles had become a minority in the French Quarter, in the late 19th century the Quarter became a less fashionable part of town, and many immigrants from southern Italy and Ireland settled there. In 1905, the Italian consul estimated that one-third to one-half of the Quarter’s population were Italian-born or second generation Italian-Americans, Irish immigrants also settled heavily in the Esplanade area, which was called the Irish Channel. In 1917, the closure of Storyville sent much of the vice formerly concentrated therein back into the French Quarter, was the last straw, and they began to move uptown. This, combined with the loss of the French Opera House two years later, provided a bookend to the era of French Creole culture in the Quarter, many of the remaining French Creoles moved to the University area
14.
Royal Street, New Orleans
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Royal Street is a street in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is one of the oldest streets in the city, dating from the French colonial era, and is today for its antique shops, art galleries. Royal Street is the best known street in the French Quarter besides Bourbon Street, the street starts at Canal Street. It runs down through the French Quarter, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater, the Industrial Canal forms a gap in the street between the Bywater and Lower 9th Ward neighborhoods. The portion of Rue Royale in the upper French Quarter is known for its dozens of opulent antique shops, the prices at its art shops and antique stores tend to be very high, indeed, it has been listed as one of the worlds most expensive places to shop. The finer antique shops display not simply items that are old, although such pieces are beyond the budget of all but a few, window shopping along Royal Street is a popular pastime, especially for art lovers. The 700 block of Royal features the galleries of New Orleans-based artists Ally Burguieres, the portion of Royal Street between St. Louis and St. Ann streets is closed to traffic every afternoon to create a pedestrian zone. During this time, numerous street performers set up there, although the music performance quality ranges widely, some of the best up-and-coming jazz bands in New Orleans can be heard. Royal Street also includes restaurants, ranging from the upscale Brennans through mid-range and budget options, as well as luxury hotels such as the Omni Royal Orleans, below St. Ann Street, Royal has a mix of neighborhood businesses and residences. Despite catastrophic damage in most of New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Royal Street was spared the great flood, the French Quarter, originally the city itself, was built upon naturally-higher ground next to a curve in the Mississippi River
15.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
16.
Carrollton, New Orleans
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Carrollton is a neighborhood of uptown New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, which includes the Carrollton Historic District. It is the part of Uptown New Orleans farthest up river from the French Quarter and it was formerly a separate town incorporated in 1833, and was annexed by New Orleans in 1874 but has long retained some elements of distinct identity. Historically the boundaries of the city of Carrollton were the Mississippi River, the border of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, Fig Street. As Lowerline is a street, some people think of the neighborhood of Carrollton as extending two blocks further to the larger thoroughfare of Broadway. The area on the side of Claiborne Avenue is sometimes referred to as Old Carrollton. During the American Civil War, Carrollton soon fell under Union control, winters in his The Civil War in Louisiana, reports that soldiers in Carrollton were heavy whiskey drinkers. A young officer complained that one-fifth of the regiment keeps drunk all the time, post commander General John W. Phelps permitted the men to drink because he thought that they must have whisky or die of country fever. General Benjamin F. Butler, from time to time, issued orders forbidding the sale of liquor. Butlers brother, Andrew J. Butler, who held no official capacity, Andrew Butler monopolized the liquor trade and brought cattle into the area from Texas and flour from the North. Winters describes Andrew Butler as a jolly, fat man who could be as hard as nails where a dollar was concerned, quickly established a monopoly on all groceries, breadstuffs, medicines, and staples brought into. He seized and operated a city bakery that was the only breadmaking establishment allowed in the city, many in New Orleans considered the Butler brothers on the make, and persons needing official favors were more likely to succeed if they were on good terms with Andrew Butler. The main street is broad Carrollton Avenue, lined with live oaks, the streetcar barn is a block off the avenue in Carrollton, on Willow St. and the landmark Camellia Grill diner is near the corner of St. Charles and Carrollton Avenues. The old Neoclassical Carrollton court house building is on Carrollton Avenue near the Mississippi, the neighborhood and Avenue are pronounced kaa-rull-ton or kaa-ril-tin by residents and other uptowners, but many people from the downtown parts of New Orleans pronounce the names as Karl- ton. Tulane University and Loyola University New Orleans are just a few blocks below Carrollton, and many students, faculty, in addition to Carrollton Avenue and Saint Charles Avenue, the neighborhood still retains two neighborhood main streets of mixed residential and commercial use. Lower Carrollton centers on Maple Street, with restaurants, coffee houses, bars. In the Northwest section of Carrollton on Claiborne Avenue is Palmer Park, the park has a monument to the Carrolltonians who died in World War I. After Hurricane Katrina, Palmer Park has hosted the monthly Mid-City art market, the historically predominantly African-American part of Carrollton along the riverfront has been known since the mid 20th century as Black Pearl. Mahalia Jackson, the Queen of Gospel music, was from the Black Pearl section of Carrollton and this is one proposed possible inspiration for the legendary song House of the Rising Sun
17.
Lee Circle
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Lee Circle is a traffic circle with a monument to Confederate General, Robert E. Lee, in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is located on St. Charles Avenue, where it intersects Howard Avenue, prior to the erection of the monument in 1884, the location was known as Tivoli Circle or Place du Tivoli. Tivoli Circle was an important, central point in the city and it was a common local meeting point and the site remains a popular place to gather for Mardi Gras parades. With the addition of the Robert E. Lee Monument, it was renamed Lee Circle, the bronze statue which tops the Doric column was sculpted by Alexander Doyle. The statue was first unveiled to an audience of 15,000 people — including former Confederate President Jefferson Davis, beauregard — on February 22,1884. On July 31,1877, Lee Place within Tivoli Circle was authorized by Ordinance A. S and this ordinance contains no reference to the name Lee Circle. As part of a period for public input, two city commissions called for the removal of four monuments associated with the Confederacy, the Lee statue, statues of Jefferson Davis. Beauregard, and an obelisk commemorating the Battle of Liberty Place, governor Bobby Jindal opposed the removals. On December 17,2015, the New Orleans City Council voted to remove four statues from public display, among them the statue of Robert E. Lee located in Lee Circle. Brock, R. A. ed. Ceremonies Connected with the Unveiling of the Statue of General Robert E. Lee at Lee Circle, New Orleans, Lee Monumental Association of New Orleans. Place du Tivoli, A History of Lee Circle, boston, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company. Published on the occasion of the dedication of the John Hancock Building, New Orleans, LA, the history of New Orleans Lee Circle
18.
Gallier Hall
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Gallier Hall is an historic building on St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is the former New Orleans city hall, and continues in civic use, built 1845-53, it is a nationally significant example of Greek Revival architecture, and one of the finest works of architect James Gallier. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974, Gallier Hall is located on St. Charles Avenue at Lafayette Square in the Central Business District. The building was designed to be the city hall of New Orleans by the noted architect, James Gallier. Construction began in 1845, and the building was dedicated on 10 May 1853, Gallier Hall is a three-story marble structure fronted by two rows of fluted Ionic columns in the Neoclassical style. It is one of the most important structures built during the period of the city. After its dedication in 1853, Gallier Hall remained the city hall for just over a century, many important events during the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the era of Louisiana governor Huey Long took place at Gallier Hall. After the City Hall was moved to the complex at Duncan Plaza in the 1950s. Viewing galleries in front of the hall are reserved for Mardi Gras royalty, marching bands typically perform shows here during the parades. On Mardi Gras Day the mayor of New Orleans toasts the kings of the Zulu Social Aid & Pleasure Club and Rex Parade here. Gallier Hall is currently a center, reception hall, and home of The Ty Tracy Theatre. Today, The Ty Tracy Theatre is home to Julie Condys Crescent City Lights Youth Theatre
19.
Levee
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A levee, dike, dyke, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed fill or wall, which regulates water levels. It is usually earthen and often parallel to the course of a river in its floodplain or along low-lying coastlines, the word levee, from the French word levée, is used in American English. It originated in New Orleans a few years after the founding in 1718 and was later adopted by English speakers. The name derives from the trait of the ridges being raised higher than both the channel and the surrounding floodplains. The modern word dike or dyke most likely derives from the Dutch word dijk, the 126 kilometres long Westfriese Omringdijk was completed by 1250, and was formed by connecting existing older dikes. The Roman chronicler Tacitus even mentions that the rebellious Batavi pierced dikes to flood their land, the word dijk originally indicated both the trench and the bank. It is closely related to the English verb to dig, in Anglo-Saxon, the word dic already existed and was pronounced as dick in northern England and as ditch in the south. Similar to Dutch, the English origins of the lie in digging a trench. This practice has meant that the name may be given to either the excavation or the bank, thus Offas Dyke is a combined structure and Car Dyke is a trench though it once had raised banks as well. In the midlands and north of England, and in the United States, a dike is what a ditch is in the south, a property boundary marker or small drainage channel. Where it carries a stream, it may be called a dike as in Rippingale Running Dike. The Weir Dike is a dike in Bourne North Fen, near Twenty and alongside the River Glen. In the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, a dyke may be a ditch or a narrow artificial channel off a river or broad for access or mooring, some longer dykes being named. In parts of Britain, particularly Scotland, a dyke may be a field wall, Levees can be mainly found along the sea, where dunes are not strong enough, along rivers for protection against high-floods, along lakes or along polders. Furthermore, levees have been built for the purpose of empoldering, the latter can be a controlled inundation by the military or a measure to prevent inundation of a larger area surrounded by levees. Levees have also built as field boundaries and as military defences. More on this type of levee can be found in the article on dry-stone walls, Levees can be permanent earthworks or emergency constructions built hastily in a flood emergency. When such a bank is added on top of an existing levee it is known as a cradge
20.
New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad
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It was one of the first public transit trolley systems built in the urban United States. The line was chartered in 1833, and opened for two years later. It was constructed with a gauge of 4 ft 8 in and was the only one of the New Orleans suburban railways to use locomotives to pull the passenger cars. The street railroads provided low cost and convenient public transportation for New Orleans residents, prior to the Civil War, hundreds of people took the train to Carrollton to tour the famed Carrollton Gardens or to dine at the Carrollton House or another of the villages restaurants. Among the antebellum officials was the secretary, Albert Blanchard. During the war, the line continued operation, despite the Federal army occupying the city. Ridership and revenues were reduced, and the railroad suffered financially. Following the Civil War, the line was leased to former Confederate general P. G. T, Beauregard, who with two financial backers, assumed control of the NO&CRR in April 1866. However, his partners proved untrustworthy, and Beauregard was publicly embarrassed when the failed to pay its debts within a few years. The line evolved into a tram line as the land along the route was developed and incorporated into the city of New Orleans. It is now the St. Charles Avenue Streetcar Line, in 1922 the New Orleans & Carrollton Rail Road was merged into New Orleans Public Service Incorporated, which consolidated the citys various streetcar lines and electrical production. In 1983, NOPSI became part of privately owned Entergy, pontchartrain Railroad Cook, Samantha, New Orleans, Directions. ISBN 1-84353-393-6 Williams, T. Harry, P. G. T
21.
New Orleans Police Department
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The New Orleans Police Department has primary responsibility for law enforcement in New Orleans, Louisiana. The departments jurisdiction covers all of Orleans Parish, while the city is divided into eight police districts, Michael S. Harrison is the Superintendent of Police and chief commander of the NOPD. Operations Bureau - Commander Management Services Bureau - Commander Derek Frick Criminal Investigations Division - Commander Douglas B, walter Powers Public Affairs Division - Director Tyler A. Walls 4th District - Commander Caesar Ruffin 5th District - Commander Frank M, in 2001, Superintendent Serpas retired from the New Orleans Police Department after 21 years of service. Before retiring, Superintendent Serpas attained the civil rank of major. Chief Serpas was preceded by Warren J. Riley, who retired with the change of the administration on May 2,2010. Riley had been preceded by Eddie Compass and Richard Pennington, during a press conference on Friday, June 25,2010, Superintendent Serpas announced several reforms to the New Orleans Police Department. Superintendent Serpas reduced the number of deputy superintendents from six to four, Serpas announced that Marlon Defillo, current Assistant Superintendent of the Bureau of Investigations, would take on a new role as the Deputy Chief of the Operations Bureau. Current Deputy Chief Kirk Bouyelas would also take on a new role as Deputy Chief of the Investigative Services Bureau, Serpas also reduced the rank of eleven appointed Majors to their proper civil service rank of Captain. Also in the slew of changes, Serpas reassigned 25 of the current 37 Captains within the department, as a courtesy, many personnel continue to address district commanders with the honorific Major. As of July 2010, only two officers - Treadaway and Burkart - retain the rank of major, both of whom were appointed to the position by civil service. On Tuesday, March 1,2011, the New Orleans Civil Service Commission unanimously approved Superintendent Serpas proposal to create a new pay plan for 16 new Police Commanders, Serpas originally asked the Commission to approve 16 Colonels positions. The new Commanders will be third in the structure of the New Orleans Police Department, only ranked lower than the Superintendent. In June 2011,1 additional commander position was created for the Reserve Division, all other personnel, including the two Majors will be subordinate to these individuals. The Police Commanders are responsible for the 17 Core Components of the NOPD, on Monday, August 18,2014, at a press conference at City Hall, Superintendent Ronal W. Serpas announced his retirement from the New Orleans Police Department, effective immediately. Mayor Mitch Landrieu then announced the appointment of 7th District Commander Michael S. Harrison and it was announced later in the day that former Superintendent Serpas would be taking on a faculty teaching position at Loyola University of New Orleans. It was also announced that 6th District Commander Robert Bardy had been promoted to Deputy Superintendent of Operations, also promoted were Lieutenants Ronnie Stevens and Lawrence Dupree, now Commanders of the 6th & 7th Districts respectively. On Friday, October 17,2014, Superintendent Harrison announced the realignment of some of the top brass
22.
Urban decay
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Urban decay is the process whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. Since the 1970s and 1980s, urban decay has been associated with Western cities, especially in North America, since then, major structural changes in global economies, transportation, and government policy created the economic and then the social conditions resulting in urban decay. In contrast, North American and British cities often experience population flights to the suburbs and exurb commuter towns, another characteristic of urban decay is blight—the visual, psychological, and physical effects of living among empty lots, buildings and condemned houses. Such desolate properties are socially dangerous to the community because they attract criminals and street gangs, however, subsequent economic change left many cities economically vulnerable. Changes in means of transport, from the public to the private—specifically, the manufacturing sector has been a base for the prosperity of major cities. When the industries have relocated outside of cities, some have experienced population loss with associated urban decay, cut backs on police and fire services may result, while lobbying for government funded housing may increase. Increased city taxes encourage residents to move out, rent controls are often enacted due to public pressure and complaint regarding the cost of living. Proponents of rent controls argue that rent controls combat inflation, stabilize the economic characteristics of a population, prevent rent gouging. Rent control contributes to urban blight by reducing new construction and investment in housing and deincentivizing maintenance, if a landlords costs to perform maintenance consume too large a proportion of revenue from rent, the landlord will feel pressure to drastically reduce or eliminate maintenance entirely. This effect has been observed in New York City as 29% of rent-controlled buildings were categorized as either deteriorated or dilapidated in contrast with 8% of non-rent-controlled housing, some historians differentiate between the first Great Migration, numbering about 1. Between 1910 and 1970, Blacks moved from 14 states of the South, especially Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, more townspeople with urban skills moved during the second migration. By the end of the Second Great Migration, African Americans had become an urbanized population, more than 80 percent lived in cities. A majority of 53 percent remained in the South, while 40 percent lived in the North and 7 percent in the West. Later urban centers were drained further through the advent of car ownership, the marketing of suburbia as a location to move to. In North America this shift manifested itself in strip malls, suburban retail and employment centers, large areas of many northern cities in the United States experienced population decreases and a degradation of urban areas. Inner-city property values declined and economically disadvantaged populations moved in, in the U. S. the new inner-city poor were often African-Americans that migrated from the South in the 1920s and 1930s. As they moved into traditional neighborhoods, ethnic frictions served to accelerate flight to the suburbs. Britain experienced severe urban decay in the 1970s and 1980s exemplified by The Specials 1981 hit single Ghost Town, some seaside resort towns have also experienced urban decay towards the end of the 20th Century, due to the popularity of Package holidays to the continent
23.
Central City, New Orleans
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Central City is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. It is located at the end of Uptown, just above the New Orleans Central Business District. Charles Avenue to the south and Toledano Street, Louisiana Avenue and this old predominantly African American neighborhood has been important in the citys brass band and Mardi Gras Indian traditions. After the American Civil War many African Americans from rural areas settled in part of the city. By the 1870s, the area extended back to Claiborne Avenue. Dryades Street in this area was a commercial district by the 1830s. In 1849 the public Dryades Market was built, and served as an anchor for almost 100 years, at its height in the years after World War II, the Dryades Street district boasted over 200 businesses, with businesses owned primarily by Jews and some African Americans. The commercial portion of Dryades Street began a decline in the late 1960s, at the low point somewhere around 1990, blighted and vacant buildings predominated. Projects to improve the neighborhood gradually saw fruit by the start of the 2000s, a large part of Central City was above the flooding which devastated the majority of New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The Melph & Calliope Projects were located in Central City, along Martin Luther King Blvd, the Magnolia Projects was located in Central City. Magnolia has been redeveloped and is now the mixed-income Harmony Oaks, Calliope has been partially redeveloped into the mixed-income Marerro Commons. Melpomene includes a building for senior citizens, as well as newer townhouses. Central City has a significant Civil Rights History, in addition to the boycott on Dryades Street, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded with Martin Luther King Jr. in Central City in 1957. The New Orleans chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality was founded and located in Central City as well, Central City is located at 29°56′29″N 90°05′13″W and has an elevation of 0 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the district has an area of 1.41 square miles. 1.41 square miles of which is land and 0.00 square miles of which is water and it is located between the Louisiana Superdome and the Garden District. The overall crime rate in Central City is 93% higher than the national average, for every 100,000 people, there are 15.16 daily crimes that occur in Central City. It is safer than 44% of the cities in Louisiana, there is a 1 in 19 chance of becoming a victim of any crime
24.
Hurricane Katrina
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Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. The storm is ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone. Overall, at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, total property damage was estimated at $108 billion, roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States. Early the following day, the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina, the cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening to a storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26. The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge, severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as Mississippi beachfront towns, over 90 percent of these were flooded. Boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, over fifty breaches in New Orleanss hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29,2005. Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, according to a modeling exercise conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure. All of the studies concluded that the USACE, the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, is responsible. This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money, exactly ten years after Katrina, J. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, several agencies including the United States Coast Guard, National Hurricane Center, and National Weather Service were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time, Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23,2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, the tropical storm moved towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, on August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size, the storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the movement over the unusually warm waters of the Loop Current. Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with sustained winds of 175 mph. However, this record was broken by Hurricane Rita
25.
Pontchartrain Hotel
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The Pontchartrain Hotel is a historic hotel on St. Charles Avenue in Uptown New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Named after Count de Pontchartrain of the court of Louis XIV, an earlier hotel was in operation as early as 1825 as reported by Bernard, this predecessor structure was described as behind the old fort. Noted guests of the Hotel Ponchartrain include Tennessee Williams, Jose Ferrer, Rita Hayworth, The Doors, Williams worked on his classic play Streetcar Named Desire while staying at the Pontchartrain Hotel. The hotel has also had restaurants, producing such notable original dishes as mile high pie, pianists with longtime gigs at the hotel have included Tuts Washington and Philip Melancon. Despite some damage from Hurricane Katrina, the hotel reopened afterwards, there was more damage from looting and vandalism than from weather-related factors. The 80-year-old hotel building closed for renovations in July 2007. In July 2008, it was reported that the building would be converted into a residence for retirees, but, in August l2013, the Pontchartrain reopened as a hotel and its historic Bayou Bar reopened in February 2014. Celebrity chef John Besh and his staff have been chosen to run the Caribbean Room, additionally, a new rooftop bar has been created on the 14th story of the hotel overlooking the downtown skyline Mississippi River. The company was established in 2008
26.
Pretty Baby (1978 film)
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Pretty Baby is a 1978 American historical drama film directed by Louis Malle, and starring Brooke Shields, Keith Carradine, and Susan Sarandon. The screenplay was written by Polly Platt, the plot focuses on a 12-year-old prostitute in the red-light district of New Orleans at the turn of the 20th century. The title of the film is inspired by the Tony Jackson song, Pretty Baby, although the film was mostly praised by critics, it caused significant controversy due to its depiction of child prostitution and the nude scenes of Brooke Shields, who was 12 years old. Hattie has given birth to a boy and has a 12-year-old daughter, Violet. When photographer Ernest J. Bellocq comes with his camera, Hattie and he asks to be allowed to take photographs of the women. Madame Nell agrees only after he offers to pay, Bellocq becomes a fixture in the brothel, photographing the prostitutes, mostly Hattie. His activities fascinate Violet, though she believes he is falling in love with her mother, Violet is a restless child, frustrated by the long, precise process Bellocq must go through to pose and take pictures. Nell decides that Violet is old enough for her virginity to be auctioned off, after a bidding war among regulars, Violet is bought by an apparently quiet customer. This first sexual experience is unpleasant, Hattie, meanwhile, aspires to escape prostitution. She marries a customer and leaves for St. Louis without her daughter, Hattie promises to return for Violet, once she’s settled and has broken the news to the new spouse. Violet runs away from the brothel after being punished for some hijinks and she appears on Bellocq’s doorstep and asks him if he will sleep with her and take care of her. He initially says no, but then the two become lovers, in some ways, their relationship resembles one between a parent and child, with Bellocq standing in for Violets absent mother. Bellocq even buys Violet a doll, telling her that every child should have a doll, Bellocq is entranced by Violet’s beauty, youth, and photogenic face. She is frustrated by Bellocq’s devotion to his photography, as much as he is frustrated by her lack of maturity, Violet eventually returns to Nell’s after quarreling with Bellocq, but social reform groups are forcing the brothels of Storyville to close. Bellocq arrives to wed Violet, ostensibly to protect her from the larger world, two weeks after the wedding, Hattie and her husband arrive from St. Louis to collect Violet, claiming that her marriage is illegal without their consent. Bellocq does not want to let Violet go, Violet asks if he will go with her and her family. Upon hearing that she does in fact want to go with them, he lets her leave him, realizing that schooling. ABC Records released a soundtrack of the films score, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score in the Adaptation Score category
27.
Omni Royal Orleans
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The Omni Royal Orleans is a 345-room hotel on the corner of St. Louis and Royal Streets near Jackson Square in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was constructed in 1960 as the Royal Orleans, on the site of the old St. Louis Hotel, the exterior was designed by architect Samuel Wilson Jr. while the interior was designed by Arthur Davis. The hotel has been rated four diamonds by AAA and its address is 621 St. Louis Street. A partnership led by Darryl Berger, Jr. and the Berger Company, the Omni Royal Orleans is a member of Historic Hotels of America, an official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Grand Salon ballroom of the Omni Royal Orleans has been a location for social events among New Orleans families for decades. The hotels restaurant, the Rib Room, is frequented by many of the politicians and attorneys. It is often called the Royal O or just The Royal by New Orleanians, jazz pianist and composer Armand Hug had a steady gig at the Royal Orleans for decades. The job was filled by the noted New Orleans composer and professor of music Roger Dickerson. After Hurricane Katrina, the hotel was used as a headquarters for the New Orleans Police Department and it suffered no damage from the storm. In Live and Let Die, James Bond stays at the Royal Orleans, the Led Zeppelin song Royal Orleans is purportedly based on an incident involving the band members at the hotel during the 1970s. In 1965, the Royal Orleans was mentioned in Arthur Haileys novel Hotel as being arguably the best hotel in North America
28.
United Fruit Company
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The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit, grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe. The company was formed in 1899, from the merger of Minor C, Keiths banana-trading concerns with Andrew W. Prestons Boston Fruit Company. It flourished in the early and mid-20th century, and it came to control vast territories and transportation networks in Central America, the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Ecuador, United Fruit had a deep and long-lasting impact on the economic and political development of several Latin American countries. Critics often accused it of neocolonialism, and described it as the archetypal example of the influence of a multinational corporation on the internal politics of the banana republics. After a period of decline, United Fruit was merged with Eli M. Blacks AMK in 1970. In 1984, Carl Lindner, Jr. transformed United Brands into the present-day Chiquita Brands International. In 1871, U. S. railroad entrepreneur Henry Meiggs signed a contract with the government of Costa Rica to build a railroad connecting the city of San José to the port of Limón in the Caribbean. Meiggs was assisted in the project by his young nephew Minor C, Keith, who took over Meiggss business concerns in Costa Rica after his death in 1877. Keith began experimenting with the planting of bananas as a source of food for his workers. When the Costa Rican government defaulted on its payments in 1882, Keith had to borrow £1.2 million from London banks, the railroad was completed in 1890, but the flow of passengers proved insufficient to finance Keiths debt. On the other hand, the sale of bananas grown in his lands and transported first by train to Limón, then by ship to the United States, Keith eventually came to dominate the banana trade in Central America and along the Caribbean coast of Colombia. In 1899, Keith lost $1.5 million when Hoadley and Co. a New York City broker and he then traveled to Boston, Massachusetts, to participate in the merger of his banana trading company, Tropical Trading and Transport Company, with the rival Boston Fruit Company. Boston Fruit had been established by Lorenzo Dow Baker, a sailor who, in 1870, had bought his first bananas in Jamaica, and by Andrew W. Preston. Prestons lawyer, Bradley Palmer, had devised a scheme for the solution of the cash flow problems and was in the process of implementing it. The merger formed the United Fruit Company, based in Boston, with Preston as president, Palmer became a permanent member of the executive committee and for long periods of time the director. From a business point of view, Bradley Palmer was United Fruit, Preston brought to the partnership his plantations in the West Indies, a fleet of steamships, and his market in the U. S. Northeast. Keith brought his plantations and railroads in Central America and his market in the U. S, at its founding, United Fruit was capitalized at $11,230,000. The company at Palmers direction proceeded to buy or buy a share in 14 competitors, assuring them of 80% of the import business in the United States
29.
Marguerite Clark
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Marguerite Clark was an American stage and silent film actress. As a movie actress, at one time, Clark was second only to Mary Pickford in popularity, born Helen Marguerite Clark in Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio, she was the third child of Augustus Gus James and Helen Elizabeth Clark. She had a sister, Cora, and an older brother named Clifton. Clarks mother Helen died on January 21,1893 and her father worked in his self-owned successful haberdashery located in downtown Cincinnati before his death on December 29,1896. Following the death, Clarks sister Cora was appointed her legal guardian and she finished school at age 16, decided to pursue a career in the theatre and soon made her Broadway debut in 1900. The 17-year-old performed at various venues, in 1903 she was seen on Broadway opposite that hulking comedian DeWolf Hopper in Mr. Pickwick. The 6-foot-6-inch Hopper dwarfed the nearly 5-foot-tall Clark in their scenes together, in 1909 Clark starred in the whimsical costume play The Beauty Spot, establishing the fantasy stories for which would soon become her hallmark. In 1910 Clark appeared in The Wishing Ring, a directed by Cecil DeMille. That same 1910 season had Clark appearing in Baby Mine, a play produced by William A. Brady. Clarks popularity led to her signing a contract in 1914 to make pictures with Famous Players-Lasky. Clark had a role in a film that defined Clarks persona. At age 31, it was late in life for a film actress to begin a career with starring roles, but the diminutive Clark had a little-girl look, like Mary Pickford. Also, film was not developed or mature enough to showcase Clark at her youthful best at the turn of the century and these were one of the reasons established Broadway stars refused early film offers. Feature films were unheard of when Clark was in her early 20s and she made her first appearance on screen in the short film Wildflower, directed by Allan Dwan. In 1915 Clark starred as Gretchen in a production of The Goose Girl based on a 1909 best-selling novel by Harold MacGrath. She performed in the feature-length production The Seven Sisters, directed by Sidney Olcott, and she reprised a Broadway role, starring in the first feature-length film version of Snow White. Clark was directed in this by J. Searle Dawley, as well as in a number of films, Clark starred in Come Out of the Kitchen, which was filmed in Pass Christian, Mississippi, at Ossian Hall. The same year, she enrolled as a yeowoman in the naval reserves, Clark made all but one of her 40 films with Famous Players-Lasky, her last with them in 1920 titled Easy to Get, in which she starred opposite silent film actor Harrison Ford
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New Orleans Public Library
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The New Orleans Public Library is the public library service of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The system began in 1895 in the Fisk Free and Public Library in a building on Lafayette Square, abijah Fisk was a merchant who, over fifty years earlier, had left his house—at the corner of Iberville and Bourbon Streets—to the city for use as a library. Subsequent donations had resulted in libraries and collections not completely free, an 1896 city ordinance proposed by Mayor John Fitzpatrick combined the Fisk collection with a newer municipal library. It eventually became known as the New Orleans Public Library, on January 18,1897, the library opened its doors to the public. At that time the collection comprised over 35,000 volumes, a significant portion of the collection was obtained from the Fisk Free and Public Library and the Public School Lyceum and Library. The first librarian was William Beer who concurrently worked as a librarian at another library in New Orleans, Beer resigned from NOPL to focus on his work at the Howard Memorial Library in 1906. A turn-of-the-20th-century donation of $50,000 from businessman Simon Hernsheim allowed the library to begin building a significant collection, in 1902 the city received $250,000 from Andrew Carnegie to build a new main library and three branches. By 2005, NOPL had a branches in addition to a newer main library on Loyola Avenue. The branches included Algiers and Napoleon, mentioned above, although renamed, NOPL was severely impacted by Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005. Photographs of branch building damage are available on the librarys website, with the devastation of the city and the crippling of city government, NOPL was forced to lay off 90 percent of its employees. All libraries were closed for two months. The 19 remaining staff members, when they were able to re-enter the city, began surveying damage, two branches—Hubbell and Nix —reopened with limited services on 31 October 2005. Part of the Main Library also reopened, damage to the NOPL system is estimated at $26-30 million. Library administrators began looking for sources of funds to begin hiring additional staff. From the 4 libraries in 1908, the New Orleans Public Library system continued to expand, in 2005, the system included three regional, three major and six neighborhood branches, as of 11 June 2008 the system had ten branches, including temporary branches. By early 2017, there were fourteen branches open, with one additional branch scheduled to re-open in 2018, from 1908 to 1959, the main branch was on Lee Circle, it was demolished after the opening of the current main branch. The Marigny Branch on Frenchmen & Royal at Washington Square, one of the original Carnegie Branch libraries, was damaged during Hurricane Betsy in 1965. From 1915 to 1965 there was a Central City branch at Dryades & Philip Street, a former Mid-City branch was on Canal Street at Gayoso
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Tulane University
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Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian research university in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is generally considered the top university and the most selective institution of education in the state of Louisiana. From a nationwide perspective, U. S. News & World Report categorizes Tulane as most selective, the school is known to attract a geographically diverse student body, with 85% of undergraduate students coming from over 300 miles away. The school was founded as a medical college in 1834. The institution was privatized under the endowments of Paul Tulane and Josephine Louise Newcomb in 1884, Tulane is the 9th oldest private university in the Association of American Universities, which consists of major research universities in the United States and Canada. The Tulane University Law School and Tulane University Medical School are considered the 12th oldest and 15th oldest law and medical schools, respectively, members of Congress, heads of Federal agencies, two Surgeon Generals of the United States, U. S. At least two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University, the university was founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 partly as a response to the fears of smallpox, yellow fever, and cholera in the United States. The university became only the medical school in the South. In 1847, the legislature established the school as the University of Louisiana, a public university. Subsequently, in 1851, the university established its first academic department, the first president chosen for the new university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War, after reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nations economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a dry goods and clothing business. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund and this act created the Tulane University of Louisiana. The university was privatized, and is one of only a few American universities to be converted from a public institution to a private one. In 1884, William Preston Johnston became the first president of Tulane and he had succeeded Robert E. Lee as president of Washington and Lee University after Lees death. He had moved to Louisiana and become president of Louisiana State University, in 1885, the university established its graduate division, later becoming the Graduate School. One year later, gifts from Josephine Louise Newcomb totaling over $3.6 million, Newcomb was the first coordinate college for women in the United States and became a model for such institutions as Pembroke College and Barnard College. In 1894 the College of Technology formed, which would become the School of Engineering
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Loyola University New Orleans
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Loyola University New Orleans is a private, co-educational, and Jesuit university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. Originally established as Loyola College in 1904, the institution was chartered as a university in 1912 and it bears the name of the Jesuit patron, Saint Ignatius of Loyola. S. The Princeton Review also features Loyola University New Orleans in the most recent editions of its annual book, in the past, the school has been called Loyola of the South, Loyola New Orleans, Loyola University, New Orleans, and Loyola University of New Orleans. In the early 18th century Jesuits first arrived among the earliest settlers in New Orleans, Loyola University in New Orleans was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1904 as Loyola College on a section of the Foucher Plantation bought by the Jesuits in 1886. Albert Biever, was given a nickel for street car fare and told by his Jesuit superiors to travel Uptown on the St. Charles Streetcar, as with many Jesuit schools, it contained both a college and preparatory academy. The first classes of Loyola College were held in a residence behind Most Holy Name of Jesus Church, the first of Loyolas permanent buildings was undertaken in 1907, with Marquette Hall completed in 1910. In 1911, the Jesuit schools in New Orleans were reorganized, Loyola was designated as the collegiate institution and was chartered as Loyola University on July 10,1912. Loyola grew steadily over the years on its uptown campus, by the end of its first decade, the university not only included the College of Arts and Sciences, but also a School of Law, a School of Dentistry, and a College of Pharmacy. Several years later, a School of Music was added to the growing curriculum, with the discontinuance of the football program in the 1930s, more space became available for construction of new facilities. Norman Francis entered the Law School in 1952, becoming the first African-American admitted to the university, built soon after in 1967 was Henrietta Buddig Hall, a student residence that is Loyolas tallest building at twelve stories. The last building to be added in the 1960s was the J. Edgar Monroe Science Building, the College of Pharmacy closed in 1965. The School of Dentistry closed in 1970, during the 1970s, Loyola began to make many changes, especially regarding Jesuit governance and in the academic curriculum, reflective of many universities during the same period. Reflecting the precedent for reform established by Vatican II, governance of the university shifted from a Jesuit regulated Board of Regents to a combined lay and clerical Board of Trustees. During this period, the Common Curriculum was developed to give students a wide breadth of knowledge in certain areas, including Science, Math, History. In 1984 Loyola purchased the facilities of St. Mary’s Dominican College, a nearby Catholic womens college which was closing down, today, the Broadway campus includes Loyolas School of Law, Cabra Residence Hall, and a Department of Visual Arts. In 1996, the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities granted exclusive branding rights to Loyola University Chicago to call itself Loyola University and this resulted in Loyola New Orleans current trademark, Loyola University New Orleans. In August 2005, Loyola closed its campus and evacuated its students in anticipation of Hurricane Katrina, the campus sustained minimal wind damage including broken windows but floodwaters did not breach any buildings. Due to the devastation of the city of New Orleans, Loyola canceled classes for the fall 2005 semester, following cleanup, classes resumed with the start of the spring 2006 semester on Monday, January 9,2006
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Audubon Park, New Orleans
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Audubon Park is a city park located in the Uptown neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana in the United States. The park is approximately six miles to the west of the city center of New Orleans and it is bordered on one side by the Mississippi River and on the other by St. Charles Avenue, directly across from Tulane University and Loyola University. The park is named in honor of artist and naturalist John James Audubon, the land now housing the park was a plantation in the colonial and early statehood days. It was used by both the Confederate and the Union armies in the American Civil War, and as an area for the Buffalo Soldiers. At the time of its establishment it was the last large undeveloped parcel of what was to become Uptown New Orleans. The area was annexed by the City of New Orleans, along with the communities of Jefferson City and Greenville in 1870. Use as a park was intended from the start, with Upper City Park originally selected as a name to distinguish the park from City Park. The nascent park accommodated a Worlds Fair soon thereafter, the World Cotton Centennial of 1884, after the closing of the fair, the parks development began in earnest. Most of the buildings were demolished, with the exception of Horticultural Hall - which remained in the park until destroyed in the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915. The only notable reminder of the fair to remain in the park in the 21st century is an iron ore rock from the Alabama State exhibit. Audubon Parks present form largely follows a design drafted by John Charles Olmsted, the park features sports fields and picnic facilities along the Mississippi River, in an area called Riverview Park. In 1898 the Audubon golf course opened within the park, early in the 20th century, part of the park became home to the Audubon Zoo. The zoo received significant improvement at the hands of the Works Progress Administration, the ring road around the park was closed to automobile traffic at the start of the 1980s and became a popular 1. 7-mile walking, jogging and biking route. A2.2 mile dirt path located around the perimeter of the park is popular for runners seeking a less congested route. The Heymann Memorial Conservatory, closed for years prior, was demolished to accommodate the golf course renovation. The field was dedicated to Bergers memory on June 10,2013. Audubon Park was used as a makeshift helicopter port and encampment for National Guard troops, ochsner Island on the east side of the park features a rookery that is one of the prime birding spots in Greater New Orleans. The island attracts hundreds of wading birds, including egrets, cattle egrets, snowy egrets, ibis, little blue herons, green herons, night herons
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Buildings and architecture of New Orleans
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The buildings and architecture of New Orleans are reflective of its history and multicultural heritage. The city boasts fine examples of almost every style, from the baroque Cabildo to the modernist skyscrapers of the Central Business District. Creole cottages are scattered throughout the city of New Orleans, with most being built between 1790-1850, the majority of these cottages are found in the French Quarter, the surrounding areas of Faubourg Marigny, the Bywater, and Esplanade Ridge. Creole cottages are one-and-a-half story, set at ground level and they have a steeply-pitched roof, with a symmetrical four-opening façade wall and a wood or stucco exterior. They are usually set close to the property line, many buildings in the American townhouse style were built from 1820 to 1850 and can be found in the Central Business District and Lower Garden District. American townhouses are narrow, three-story structures made of stucco or brick, an asymmetrical arrangement of the facade with a balcony on the second floor sits close to the property line. Creole townhouses are perhaps the most iconic pieces of architecture in the city of New Orleans, comprising a portion of the French Quarter. Creole townhouses were built after the Great New Orleans Fire, until the mid-19th century, the prior wooden buildings were replaced with structures with courtyards, thick walls, arcades, and cast-iron balconies. The facade of the building sits on the property line, with an arrangement of arched openings. Creole townhouses have a roof with parapets, side-gabled, with several roof dormers and strongly show their French. The exterior is made of brick or stucco, the shotgun house is a narrow domestic residence, usually no more than 12 feet wide, with doors at each end. This style of architecture developed in New Orleans, and is the predominant house type. The earliest extant New Orleans shotgun house, at 937 St. Andrews St. was built in 1848, shotguns were built through the 1920s and can be found throughout the city. Typically, shotgun houses are one-story, narrow rectangular homes raised on brick piers, most have a narrow porch covered by a roof apron that is supported by columns and brackets, which are often ornamented with lacy Victorian motifs. Double-gallery houses were built in New Orleans between 1820 and 1850, double-gallery houses are two-story houses with a side-gabled or hipped roof. The house is set back from the property line, and it has a covered two-story gallery which is framed and supported by columns supporting the entablature, the façade has an asymmetrical arrangement of its openings. These homes were built as a variation on the American townhouses built in the Garden District, Uptown, california bungalow houses were built from the early-to-mid-20th century in neighborhoods such as Mid-City, Gentilly Terrace, Broadmoor, and scattered throughout older neighborhoods as in-fill. California bungalows are noted for their appearance, being more horizontal than vertical
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History of New Orleans
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In the 19th century, it was the largest port in the South, exporting most of the nations cotton output and other products to Western Europe and New England. It was the largest and most important city in the South, the land mass that was to become the city of New Orleans was formed around 2200 BC when the Mississippi River deposited silt creating the delta which would be New Orleans. Before Europeans founded what would become known as the city of New Orleans, the Mississippian culture peoples built mounds and earthworks in the area. Later Native Americans created a portage between the headwaters of Bayou St. John and the Mississippi River, the bayou flowed into Lake Pontchartrain. This became an important trade route, by the end of the decade, the French made an encampment called Port Bayou St. Jean near the head of the bayou, this would later be known as the Faubourg St. John neighborhood. The French also built a fort, St. Jean at the mouth of the bayou in 1701. These early European settlements are now within the limits of the city of New Orleans, New Orleans was founded in 1718 by the French as Nouvelle-Orléans, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. From its founding, the French intended it to be an important colonial city, the city was named in honor of the then Regent of France, Philip II, Duke of Orléans. In 1722, Nouvelle-Orléans was made the capital of French Louisiana, in September of that year, a hurricane struck the city, blowing most of the structures down. After this, the administrators enforced the grid pattern dictated by Bienville and this grid plan is still seen today in the streets of the citys French Quarter. A third body of water, Lake Borgne, was originally an inlet of the sea. This was to compensate Spain for the loss of Florida to the British, no Spanish governor came to take control until 1766. French and German settlers, hoping to restore New Orleans to French control, a year later, the Spanish reasserted control, executing five ringleaders and sending five plotters to a prison in Cuba, and formally instituting Spanish law. Other members of the rebellion were forgiven as long as they pledged loyalty to Spain, although a Spanish governor was in New Orleans, it was under the jurisdiction of the Spanish garrison in Cuba. In the final third of the Spanish period, two massive fires burned the majority of the citys buildings. The Great New Orleans Fire of 1788 destroyed 856 buildings in the city on Good Friday, in December 1794 another fire destroyed 212 buildings. After the fires, the city was rebuilt with bricks, replacing the wooden buildings constructed in the early colonial period. Much of the 18th-century architecture still present in the French Quarter was built during this time, louis Cathedral, the Cabildo and the Presbytere
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Neighborhoods in New Orleans
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In 1980 the New Orleans City Planning Commission divided the city into 13 planning districts and 72 distinct neighborhoods. See Orleans Parish neighborhood map While most of these assigned boundaries match with traditional local designations and this is a result of the City Planning Commissions wish to divide the city into sections for governmental planning and zoning purposes without crossing U. S. Census tract boundaries. While most of the names have been in common use by New Orleanians for generations. Vieux Carré, also called the French Quarter Central Business District Central City East Riverside Garden District Irish Channel Lower Garden District Milan St. John B. W, the 19th-century division of the city along the axis of Canal Street into downtown and uptown is a prime example. Various areas of the city which were separate towns in the past, such as Algiers and Carrollton, continue to be spoken of –. Greater New Orleans Community Data Center This site produces New Orleans profiles based on the City Planning Commissions New Orleans neighborhood breakdown
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Phase I environmental site assessment
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In the United States, an environmental site assessment is a report prepared for a real estate holding that identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities. The analysis, often called an ESA, typically both the underlying land as well as physical improvements to the property. A proportion of contaminated sites are brownfield sites, in severe cases, brownfield sites may be added to the National Priorities List where they will be subject to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agencys Superfund program. The actual sampling of soil, air, groundwater and/or building materials is not conducted during a Phase I ESA. The Phase I ESA is generally considered the first step in the process of due diligence. Standards for performing a Phase I site assessment have been promulgated by the US EPA and are based in part on ASTM in Standard E1527-13. Many times these studies were preparatory to understanding the nature of cleanup if the property was being considered for redevelopment or change of land use. In the United States of America demand increased dramatically for this type of study in the 1980s following judicial decisions related to liability of property owners to effect site cleanup, interpreting the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, the U. S. In 1998 the necessity of performing a Phase I ESA was underscored by congressional action in passing the Superfund Cleanup Acceleration Act of 1998, previous guidances regarding the ASTM E1527 standard were ASTM E1527-97, ASTM E1527-00, and ASTM E1527-05. Residential property purchasers need only conduct an inspection and chain of title survey. A variety of reasons for a Phase I study to be performed exist, contemplation by a new lender to provide a loan on the subject real estate. Partnership buyout or principal redistribution of ownership, application to a public agency for change of use or other discretionary land use permit. Existing property owner’s desire to understand toxic history of the property, compulsion by a regulatory agency who suspects toxic conditions on the site. Depending upon precise protocols utilized, there are a number of variations in the scope of a Phase I study, examine historic aerial photography of the vicinity. Examine current USGS maps to scrutinize drainage patterns and topography, examine chain-of-title for Environmental Liens and/or Activity and Land Use Limitations. In most cases, the file searches, historical research. Many of the preparers are environmental scientists who have trained to integrate these diverse disciplines. Under ASTM E 1527-13 parameters were set forth as to who is qualified to perform Phase I ESAs, an Environmental Professional is someone with a current Professional Engineers or Professional Geologists license or registration from a state or U. S
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
39.
Almonaster Road
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Almonaster Avenue is a four-lane divided road in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, named after 18th-century Spanish philanthropist Don Andres Almonaster y Rojas. It forms in the neighborhoods of the Upper Ninth Ward by branching off at a Y-type intersection with Franklin Avenue. The traffic lanes straddle the railroad bridge on either side, this is the location where Almonaster becomes a two-lane road. It is also the last of the combination railroad/automobile movable bridges and it winds through the New Orleans Business and Industrial District parallel with the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet and Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. It intersects with Interstate 510 before finally ending at the junction with U. S. Highway 90
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Audubon Place
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Audubon Place is a privately gated street along St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans that sits next to Tulane University. As of 2009, Audubon Place homes typically cost around $5 million, a guardhouse sits at the entrance to the street, with entrance restricted to those on a pre-approved list. Audubon Place is immediately across from Audubon Park, the street lies within the 70118 ZIP code. Among the current residents of Audubon Place is Tom Benson, owner of the citys NFL and NBA teams, the president of Tulane University lives on the street in a mansion donated to the university by Sam Zemurray, one-time head of United Fruit, predecessor to todays Chiquita. Audubon Place is not to be confused with Audubon Street or Audubon Boulevard, all of the streets are named after John James Audubon, naturalist and long-time New Orleans resident. List of streets of New Orleans Photo of front entrance
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Bourbon Street
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Bourbon Street is a street in the heart of New Orleans oldest neighborhood, the French Quarter, in New Orleans, Louisiana. It extends 13 blocks from Canal to Esplanade Avenue, known for its bars and strip clubs, Bourbon Streets history provides a rich insight into New Orleans past. The French claimed Louisiana as a colony in the 1690s, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville was appointed as Director General in charge of developing a colony in the territory. He founded New Orleans in 1718, in 1721, the royal engineer, Adrien de Pauger, designed the citys street layout. He named the streets after French royal houses and Catholic saints, Bourbon Street paid homage to Frances ruling family, the House of Bourbon. New Orleans was given to the Spanish in 1763 following the Seven Years War, in 1788, a major fire destroyed 80% of the citys buildings. The Spanish rebuilt many of the buildings, which are still standing today. For this reason, Bourbon Street and the French Quarter display more Spanish than French influence, the Americans gained control of the colony following the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. They translated the French street names into English, with Rue Bourbon becoming Bourbon Street, New Orleans in the 19th century was both similar to and different from other Southern cities. It was similar in that its economy was based on selling cash crops such as sugar, by 1840, newcomers whose wealth came from these enterprises turned New Orleans into the third largest metropolis in the country. The citys port was the second-largest after New York City, the main difference between New Orleans and other Southern cities was its unique cultural heritage as a result of formerly having been a French and Spanish possession. This cultural legacy in the form of its architecture, cuisine, the French Quarter was central to this image and became the best-known part of the city. Bourbon Street was a residential area prior to 1900. This changed in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when the Storyville red-light district was constructed on Basin Street adjacent to the French Quarter, the area became known for prostitution, gambling and vaudeville acts. Jazz is said to have developed here, with such as King Oliver. This was also the era when some of New Orleans most eminent restaurants were founded, including Galatoires and it was established by Jean Galatoire in 1905. Known for years by its characteristic line snaking down Bourbon Street, before World War II, the French Quarter was emerging as a major asset to the city’s economy. While there was an interest in historic districts at the time, simultaneously, with the wartime influx of people, property owners opened adult-centered nightclubs to capitalize on the city’s risqué image
42.
Claiborne Avenue
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Claiborne Avenue is a major thoroughfare in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is called South Claiborne Avenue upriver from Canal Street and North Claiborne Avenue from Canal to St. Bernard Parish, New Orleans longest street was named in honor of William C. C. Claiborne, the first United States governor of Louisiana, serving during both the period and as the first governor under statehood. New Orleans was the city in those days of the early 19th century. Claiborne Avenue can be divided into three sections as it winds through the city, following the curves of the Mississippi River. For the first few miles in the city coming from Jefferson Parish, Claiborne Avenue is part of U. S. Highway 90, Highway 90 shifts to Broad Street as it meanders its way out of New Orleans toward Slidell, while Claiborne continues towards the Central Business District. For this stretch, the street is six lanes, three in each direction, with a ground in the middle. It passes through a mix of residential and commercial districts, the wide neutral ground was lined with Southern live oak trees, and the public green space served as a center of congregation for the areas primarily African-American residents. The Claiborne intersection at Orleans Avenue, in the heart of Treme and this stretch of Claiborne is primarily commercial, with residential neighborhoods throughout the adjacent blocks. It traditionally served as an important African-American shopping district, a counterweight to Canal Street, for three blocks, Claiborne also passes the old Saint Louis Cemetery Number 2 in this section. The History of Claiborne Avenue and Controversy of the I-10 Claiborne Avenue was once a ground and main street for Tremé. In the 1950s, this served as a community space lined with large oak trees. During Carnival season, families would camp out, barbecue, due to racial segregation and Jim Crow laws in the South, African-Americans were not permitted to shop at white-owned stores. This resulted in the birth of the African American business district on Claiborne Avenue and this historic strip included a plethora of booming African American-owned businesses such as, theaters, drug stores, insurance companies, restaurants, and toy stores that occupied the space. At the cross section of St. Bernard Avenue and Claiborne was the St. Bernard Circle, the intersection bustled with activity around the famous Circle Food Store in New Orleans historic Seventh Ward. This store was incorporated in 1938 and was New Orleans first African American-owned full-service grocery store for 77 years, the Circle Food Store provided groceries, a pharmacy, a doctor, a dentist, a chiropractor, check cashing and banking, and a place to buy school uniforms. To much opposition from the residents, a six-lane elevated Interstate-10 was constructed on Claiborne Avenue in 1969. The famous oak trees were removed from the avenue, nearly 500 homes in the area were destroyed, families were displaced, now over fifty years later, the only oak trees that line Claiborne Avenue are the ones painted on the concrete columns that support the interstate
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Decatur Street (New Orleans)
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Decatur Street is a street in the French Quarter neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA that runs parallel to the Mississippi River. Decatur was formerly known as Levee Street or Rue de la Levée, in 1870, when the river had altered its course, it was renamed Decatur Street in honor of the naval hero Stephen Decatur. Decatur begins at Canal Street, runs across the French Quarter, the most famous sights on Decatur Street are Jackson Square and nearby Café du Monde. For about a century, upper Decatur Street had many businesses catering to visiting the port of New Orleans. In the late 20th century, it was redeveloped and became more upscale, in the late 20th century, lower Decatur Street became a center of local punk and goth subculture. It contains various bars and musical venues and is not far from Faubourg Marignys Frenchmen Street venues, the Palm Court Cafe is a famous traditional jazz venue located on Decatur Street. List of streets of New Orleans
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Elysian Fields Avenue
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Elysian Fields Avenue is a broad, straight avenue in New Orleans named after the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris. It courses south to north from the Lower Mississippi River to Lake Pontchartrain, the avenue intersects with Interstate 610, Interstate 10, and U. S. Highway 90, Gentilly Boulevard passing by Brother Martin High School. The part between North Claiborne Avenue and Gentilly Boulevard is Louisiana Highway 3021, the piece from N. Claiborne Avenue south to St. Claude Avenue carries Louisiana Highway 46. For more than half of its route, from the river to Gentilly Boulevard, it is six lanes wide, anchoring the lake end and river end respectively are the University of New Orleans and the Esplanade Avenue Wharf. The location of Elysian Fields Avenue originated in the early 19th century placement of a canal on the Marigny Plantation. In 1831 the Pontchartrain Railroad was built from that location straight to Lake Pontchartrain, the railroad carried both goods and passengers. Among the railroads steady revenue sources was mail, which was carried from New Orleans to Lake Pontchartain for transfer to Mobile, the railroad, which came to be known locally as Smoky Mary, operated until 1935. The tracks were removed in the 1950s, at the end of Elysian Fields where it meets the lake. Lakeshore Drive runs along the shore of Lake Pontchartrain. It is a park space along the lake used for sun bathing, running, swimming, fishing and crabbing on the seawall steps. This space is used mostly by locals and residents of New Orleans, two RTA bus routes operated on Elysian Fields Avenue, one local, the other an express. Elysian Fields is mentioned in Tennessee Williamss play A Streetcar Named Desire, Brother Martin High School La DOTD State, District, and Parish Maps District 02 Orleans Parish
