1.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Saint Helena
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It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres and has a population of 4,534 and it was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople. The island, one of the most remote islands in the world, was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502 and it was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa for centuries. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change, Saint Helena is Britains second-oldest remaining overseas territory after Bermuda. The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and they imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the leg of his circumnavigation of the world. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island, the Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonized, or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope. In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and, the following year, the first governor Captain John Dutton arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britains oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built, after the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest, a census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves. The island enjoyed a period of prosperity from about 1770. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774, the site of this telescope is near Saint Mathews Church in Hutts Gate in the Longwood district. The 680-metre high hill there is named for him and is called Halleys Mount, throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the leg of their voyages to British India
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Greensburg, Louisiana
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Greensburg is a town in and the parish seat of St. Helena Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 718 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area. Greensburg is one of the oldest towns in Louisiana and it has two 19th-century properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the old land office and the old parish jail. He also seized a supply of quinine. Greensburg is located at 30°49′41″N 90°40′9″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.5 square miles, of which 2.5 square miles is land and 0. 40% is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 631 people,242 households, the population density was 250.6 people per square mile. There were 275 housing units at a density of 109.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 66. 72% White,32. 96% African American,0. 16% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 79% of the population. 35. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.06. In the town, the population was out with 22. 3% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,24. 9% from 25 to 44,22. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $25,625, and the median income for a family was $35,000. Males had an income of $30,625 versus $19,861 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,083, about 26. 0% of families and 27. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35. 3% of those under age 18 and 16. 7% of those age 65 or over. Greensburg and all of St. Helena Parish are served by the St. Helena Parish School System, zoned campuses include St. Helena Central Elementary School, St. Helena Central Middle School, and St. Helena Central High School. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Greensburg has a subtropical climate
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Louisiana's 5th congressional district
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Louisianas 5th Congressional District is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Louisiana. The district covers most of the northeastern and central portions of the state and it contains the cities of Monroe and Alexandria. McAllister led Riser,54,449 to 36,837, Alexander resigned on September 26,2013 to become secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairsunder Governor Jindal. Originally 14 candidates ran to succeed Alexander, including Clyde C, holloway, a former representative from Louisianas 8th congressional district, since disbanded. Riser and McAllister emerged from the primary to meet in the runoff, NOTE, Rodney Alexander switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party. Louisianas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Louisiana's 6th congressional district
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Louisianas 6th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Louisiana. Located in south-central Louisiana, the district contains most of the capital of Baton Rouge, the bulk of Baton Rouges suburbs. It also includes the shores of Lake Pontchartrain. The district is represented by Republican Garret Graves. For decades prior to 1974, the district was coterminous with the Florida Parishes centered on Hammond. In 1974, the 6th Congressional District shed St. Washington and Tangipahoa parishes switched, like St. Tammany Parish, for most of its existence, the districts lines generally followed parish lines. In the 1990s redistricting, however, most of the black voters were transferred to the black-majority 4th District. Those lines, however, were out in 1995 when the 4th was ruled to be an unconstitutional racial gerrymander. After the 2010 redistricting, a gash in western Baton Rouge, louisianas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
15.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
16.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
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Baton Rouge metropolitan area
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The Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is a sprawling area surrounding the city of Baton Rouge. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 802,484, comprising the western edge of the Florida Parishes regions, it is known as Plantation Country, the Capital Region, and The 225. Baton Rouge is unusual because it has no major incorporated satellite cities, the Baton Rouge metropolitan area was first defined in 1950. Then known as the Baton Rouge Standard Metropolitan Area, it consisted of a single parish – East Baton Rouge – and had a population of 158,236. Following a term change by the Bureau of the Budget in 1959, by the census of 1960, the population had grown to 230,058, a 45% increase over the previous census. A total of 285,167 people lived in East Baton Rouge Parish in 1970, three additional parishes were added to the Baton Rouge SMSA in 1973 – Ascension, Livingston, and West Baton Rouge. These four parishes had a population of 375,628 in 1970. The area grew rapidly during the 1970s and by the 1980 census, in 1983, the official name was shortened to the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is still in use to date. 528,264 residents lived in the statistical area in 1990 and 602,894 people lived in the four parishes by the year 2000. In 2003, the Baton Rouge MSA was expanded to its current size with the addition of five more parishes – East Feliciana, Iberville, Pointe Coupee, St. Helena and this nine-parish region had a population of 705,973 in 2000. The statistical area includes one area and one micropolitan area. As of the 2000 Census, the CSA had a population of 729,361
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Florida Parishes
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Unlike most of Louisiana, this region was not part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, as it had been under British and then Spanish control for the prior forty years. The parishes are East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, Livingston, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, Washington, the United States annexed most of West Florida in 1810. It quickly incorporated the area became the Florida Parishes into the Territory of Orleans. In 1990, the state of Louisiana formally designated the region the Republic of West Florida Historic Region, the area that became the Florida Parishes was at one time part of French Louisiana. Following the French and Indian War, however, the region, the region became part of the British colonial province of West Florida. The Republic was quickly annexed by the United States, and the present-day Florida Parishes were incorporated into the Territory of Orleans, which joined the Union as the State of Louisiana in 1812. The flag of the Republic of West Florida, which is identified with the Bonnie Blue Flag of the Civil War era. In 2006 the state designated it the official flag of the Republic of West Florida Historic Region. The most populated community is the Baton Rouge metropolitan area, St. Tammany Parish is part of the New Orleans metropolitan area. The Parishes have an area of 4,685.184 square miles. Its population at the 2000 census was 887,444 residents, interstate 12, which runs east and west through the Northshore region, has been officially designated as the Republic of West Florida Parkway, since 1993
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West Florida
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West Florida was a region on the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico, which underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history. The province was established by the British in 1763 out of lands ceded from the Spanish, as its name suggests, it was formed out of the Western part of formerly Spanish Florida, along with lands taken from French Louisiana, West Floridas capital was Pensacola. The colony included most of what is now the Florida Panhandle, plus parts of the modern U. S. states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Great Britain established West and East Florida out of land taken from France and Spain after the French and Indian War. As the newly acquired territory was too large to govern from one administrative center, British West Floridas government was based in Pensacola, and the colony included the part of formerly Spanish Florida which lay west of the Apalachicola, plus parts of formerly French Louisiana. It thus comprised all territory between the Mississippi and Apalachicola Rivers, with a boundary which shifted several times over the subsequent years. Both West and East Florida remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution, Spain invaded West Florida and captured Pensacola in 1781, and after the war Britain ceded both Floridas to Spain. However, the lack of defined boundaries led to a series of disputes between Spanish West Florida and the fledgling United States known as the West Florida Controversy. Disagreements with the Spanish government led American and English settlers between the Mississippi and Perdido Rivers to declare that area the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, within months it was annexed by the United States, which claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In 1819 the United States negotiated the purchase of the remainder of West Florida and all of East Florida in the Adams–Onís Treaty, and in 1822 both were merged into the Florida Territory. The area known as West Florida was originally claimed by Spain as part of La Florida, in 1698 the settlement of Pensacola was established in order to check French expansion into the area. Beginning in the late 17th century the French established settlements in the region as part of colonial Louisiana, notably including Mobile, after years of contention the Perdido River was agreed upon as the boundary between French Louisiana and Spanish Florida. Before 1762 France had owned and administered the land west of the Perdido River as part of La Louisiane. A secret treaty in 1762 had effectively, upon being revealed in 1764, ceded to Spain all of French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, notably, Spain failed to make good by occupancy its title to Louisiana until 1769, when it took formal possession. Spain also ceded to Great Britain its territory of La Florida, in exchange for Cuba, as a result, for the next two decades, the British controlled nearly all of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi River. Most of the Spanish population left Florida at that time, and its colonial government records were relocated to Havana, East Florida consisted of most of the formerly Spanish Florida, and retained the old Spanish capital of St. Augustine. West Florida comprised the land between the Mississippi and Apalachicola Rivers, with Pensacola designated as its capital, the northern boundary was arbitrarily set at the 31st parallel north. Many English Americans and Scotch-Irish Americans moved to the territory at this time, the Governor of West Florida in November 1763 was George Johnstone, his lieutenant governor, Montfort Browne, was a major landowner in the province who heavily promoted its development. Seven General Assemblies were convoked between 1766 and 1778, in 1764, the British moved the northern boundary to the 32° 22′ north latitude, extending from the Yazoo to the Chattahoochee River, which included the Natchez District and the Tombigbee District
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Territory of Orleans
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In 1804, all of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 33rd parallel became the Orleans Territory, and the remainder became the District of Louisiana. Congress also established the Superior Court for the Territory of Orleans whose three judges were the top territorial court, the western boundary with Spanish Texas was not fully defined until the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1819. A strip of land known as the Sabine Free State just east of the Sabine River served as a neutral ground buffer area from about 1807 until 1819, the Orleans Territory was the site of the largest slave revolt in American history, the 1811 German Coast Uprising. William C. C. Claiborne was appointed Governor of the Orleans Territory, later he became the first Governor of the state of Louisiana. There were two Territorial Secretaries, James Brown and Thomas B. Robertson, daniel Clark became the first Territorial Delegate to the U. S. Congress, in December 1806. Judge Dominic Augustin Hall was the U. S. District Judge of the Territory, judges of the Superior Court were John Bartow Prevost, Ephraim Kirby, Peter Stephen Du Ponceau, William Sprigg, George Mathews, Jr. Joshua Lewis, and Francois Xavier Martin. S. Territory which encompassed land that would become part of the Orleans Territory, Louisiana Purchase, 1803–1804 U. S. Jackson, MS. The Political Graveyard Secretaries of Orleans Territory
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Republic of West Florida
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The Republic of West Florida was a short-lived republic in the western region of Spanish West Florida for several months during 1810. It was annexed and occupied by the United States later in 1810 and is today a part of the U. S. state of Louisiana. The Pearl River, with its branch that flowed into the Rigolets, a military expedition from the republic attempted but failed to capture the Spanish outpost at Mobile, which was situated between the Pearl and the Perdido River, farther to the east. Despite its name, none of the Republic of West Florida was within the borders of the state of Florida. In 1762, France signed a treaty with Spain that had effectively ceded all French lands west of the Mississippi River, plus the Isle of New Orleans. At the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, France ceded its lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. Twenty years later, at the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War in 1783, the United States and Spain held long negotiations regarding the northern border of West Florida, concluding with Pinckneys Treaty in 1795. In 1800, under duress from Napoleon of France, Spain ceded Louisiana and the island of New Orleans back to France and this cession did not include West Florida. In 1803, France then sold Louisiana and New Orleans to the United States. The U. S. claimed that West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase, there was an influx of Americans into West Florida in the early years of the 19th century. The population of the Baton Rouge District was almost exclusively Anglo-American with a number of Tory immigrants of the revolutionary period. Some of the Americans were land speculators eager to profit should the territory join the U. S, during the decade after 1803, the U. S. southern border was the scene of many minor frontier events that involved diplomatic relations with Britain, France and Spain. In order to resolve the problems along that border and gain control of ports for commerce, West Florida occupied the land from the Mississippi River to beyond the Mobile River and also separated the United States Orleans and Mississippi territories. In West Florida, from June to September 1810, many meetings of those who resented Spanish rule. Out of those meetings grew the West Florida rebellion and the establishment of the independent Republic of West Florida and its capital was located at St. Francisville, in present-day Louisiana on a bluff along the Mississippi River. The rebels unfurled the flag of the new republic, a white star on a blue field made by Melissa Johnson, wife of Major Isaac Johnson. After the successful attack, organized by Philemon Thomas, plans were made to take Mobile and Pensacola from the Spanish, reuben Kemper led a small force in an attempt to capture Mobile, but the expedition ended in failure. Upon learning of the revolt, Madison wanted to quickly to annex the district
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Livingston Parish, Louisiana
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Livingston Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 128,026, Livingston Parish is part of the Baton Rouge, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Livingston Parish was created by the legislature in 1832. The historical parish seats were Van Buren, Springfield, Port Vincent, Livingston became the seat of government in 1941. The name Livingston is an eponym honoring Edward Livingston, a prominent American and Louisianan, Livingston Parish is one of the Florida Parishes. During the 2016 Louisiana floods, Livingston Parish was one the hardest hit areas, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 703 square miles, of which 648 square miles is land and 55 square miles is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 91,814 people,32,630 households, the population density was 142 people per square mile. There were 36,212 housing units at a density of 56 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 94. 35% White,4. 22% Black or African American,0. 36% Native American,0. 18% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 0. 68% from two or more races. 1. 11% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the family size was 3.17. In the parish the population was out with 29. 50% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,31. 50% from 25 to 44,21. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 98.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.50 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $38,887, and the median income for a family was $44,071. Males had an income of $36,508 versus $22,325 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $16,282, as of August 2001, about 43,800 people were employed in the parish. About 9. 10% of families and 11. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, hurricane Katrina had a dramatic effect on the population in Livingston Parish. Many displaced families of the affected Parishes have moved into the area and as a result, as of January 2015, Livingston Parish is Louisianas fastest-growing parish
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Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana
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Tangipahoa Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 121,097, the parish seat is Amite City, but the largest city is Hammond. Tangipahoa comes from an Acolapissa word meaning ear of corn or those who gather corn, the parish was founded in 1869. Tangipahoa Parish comprises the Hammond, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the New Orleans-Metairie-Hammond. It is one of the Florida Parishes, Tangipahoa Parish began in 1869, when it was carved from Livingston Parish, St. Helena Parish, St. Tammany Parish, and Washington Parish. The name comes from the Tangipahoa River and the historic Tangipahoa Native American people, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 823 square miles, of which 791 square miles is land and 32 square miles is water. Lake Pontchartrain lies on the southeast side of the parish, most of the parish south of Ponchatoula consists of Holocene coastal swamp and marsh—gray-to-black clays of high organic content and thick peat beds underlying freshwater marsh and swamp. It serves about 15,000 riders a year, and Hammond-Chicago is the ninth busiest city pair on the route, the historic main line of the Illinois Central that carries freight through the parish is now part of CN, and it is as busy as ever. As of the census of 2000, there were 100,588 people,36,558 households, the population density was 127 people per square mile. There were 40,794 housing units at a density of 52 per square mile. 1. 53% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.19. In the parish the population was out with 27. 70% under the age of 18,12. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 70% from 25 to 44,21. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 93.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.60 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $29,412, and the median income for a family was $36,731. Males had an income of $31,576 versus $20,066 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $14,461, about 18. 00% of families and 22. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 60% of those under age 18 and 20. 10% of those age 65 or over. The parish is part of Louisianas 1st congressional district, which is heavily Republican, the parish government is governed by the Louisiana State Constitution and the Tangipahoa Parish Home Rule Charter
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Louisiana State Senate
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The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party held a majority in the Senate, the Senate President is a Democrat-turned-Republican, John Alario from Westwego. The Louisiana State Senate is composed of 39 senators elected from single-member districts from across the state of Louisiana by the electors thereof. Senators must be an elector, be at least eighteen years of age, be domiciled in their district for at least one year. The senate is the judge of its members qualifications and elections, all candidates for a senate seat in a district run in nonpartisan blanket primary and in a runoff if necessary. Elections to the Senate occur every four years and senators are limited three four-year terms, if a seat is vacated early during a term then it will be filled in a special election. Senate sessions occur every year, along with the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Senate convenes for sixty legislative days in general session in even-numbered years, and for forty-five days in appropriations session in odd-numbered years. The Senate is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature and. In addition it tries officials impeached by the House of Representatives, †First elected in a special election The Louisiana State Senate currently has over fifteen different committees in which the senators sit. These committees address a range of issues such as environmental quality, education, labor relations. A full list of the committees can be found at the senate committees page, likewise, a full list of committee assignments can be found at the committee assignments page. The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the officer of the Louisiana State Senate. The President is elected by the members of the state senate, although not mandated by law or the Louisiana Constitution the Governor usually chooses the president, who in turn is usually elected by a near-unanimous, if not unanimous, vote. The president is chosen from the majority party, even if it is not the Governors party. One example of this is when Republican Governor Mike Foster chose Republican State Senator John Hainkel to serve as senate president even though the Democrats had a large majority. The President is fifth in the line of succession to the Governorship after the Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer. The first senate president to succeed to the governorship was Henry S. Thibodaux, Thibodaux served for one month before the Governor-elect, Henry Johnson, took office
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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W. E. "Bill" Dykes
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William E. Bill Dykes was a Democratic former state senator from his native St. Helena Parish, Louisiana, who represented his states 11th District from 1976 to 1984. Prior to his service, he had been mayor of Montpelier. The son Jesse and Willa Mae Dykes, he graduated in 1941 from the since defunct Pine Grove High School in St. Helena Parish, the school was then under the principalship of John E. Prof Lisenby. He later attended Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, after service in World War II, Dykes in 1946 founded W. E. Dykes Feed & Dairy Supplies, later Dykes Feed & Fertilizer, in Amite in Tangipahoa Parish. He and his wife, the former Ivyne Alessi, had two children. Bryan E. Dykes, Sr. who was married to the former Gloria Mack, was also a feed and fertilizer businessman and a mayor of Montpelier. The Dykes surviving daughter and son-in-law are Billie Claire Dykes Tycer, Dykes was a charter board member of the St. Helena Parish Hospital and a member on the Louisiana State Hospital Board. In the state Senate, he was the chairman of the Agriculture Committee, after the 1980 United States census, Dykes was moved into District 12, the same constituency with Sixty Rayburn, a behemoth of the legislature, against whom Dykes stood little likelihood of winning. The redistricting was required to accommodate increased representation by African-Americans, the seat went to the Democrat, later Republican convert, Gerry E. Hinton. In 1986, Dykes residence was not in the 6th District, Rayburn, meanwhile, remained in the legislature until his own defeat in 1995 by Republican Phil Short. On April 23,1988, Dykes shot and killed Harold Bernard Vige in Montpelier and this incident was classified as a hunting accident
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Sixty Rayburn
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Benjamin Burras Rayburn, Sr. known as B. B. Sixty Rayburn, was a politician from Bogalusa, an incorporated city in Washington Parish in southeastern Louisiana in the United States. He was a supporter of the regions public hospitals, highways. He served as a populist Democrat in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature from 1948 to 1996, Rayburns political roots were imbedded in the administrations of Governor Earl Kemp Long, but he was also friendly with later chief executives John J. McKeithen and Edwin Washington Edwards. On the other hand, Rayburn was hostile towards any and all efforts, especially those pushed by governors Robert Kennon. Even his loud and raspy voice was compared to that of Earl Long. A raconteur, Rayburn entertained many with his lively reminiscences of the historic Long era, Rayburn was allied with organized labor and claimed to vote on a bill according to how the legislation in question would impact the little man. Because of his longevity and power, Rayburn was known for years as the unofficial Dean of the Louisiana Senate, Rayburn was born to Thomas Jefferson Rayburn and the former Grace Rawls, a farming couple in Sumrall in Lamar County in southwestern Mississippi. He graduated from Sumrall High School, the parents separated, and Rayburn came to Bogalusa with his mother, but the father arrived thereafter. Despite his limited education, in 1959, Rayburn was awarded an honorary doctorate from Loyola University of New Orleans in recognition of his knowledge. Rayburn married the former Hazel Blanchard, and the couple had three children, Tommie Jean Rayburn, Betty Ann Rayburn Bedwell, and B. B, benny Rayburn Jr. the sheriff of Washington Parish 1982–1992. Rayburn said that he could not adjust after Hazels death, I cant even find my socks in the morning when I get dressed and he admitted that Mrs. Rayburn did not like politics too much, but she was always helpful in taking messages and being there for him. Rayburn earned his livelihood as a pipefitter, having been employed for thirty years at Crown Zellerbach, a paper mill, in 1944, he was elected to a single term on the Washington Parish Police Jury. At twenty-eight, Rayburn was then the youngest police juror in the state, at the Louisiana Police Jury Convention he first met Earl Long, who shared Rayburns interest in politics and livestock, particularly hogs and cattle. Perhaps fittingly, Louisiana State Highway 60 lies through the southwest of Rayburns hometown, in 1948, while Long won his first full-term as governor, Rayburn was also elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives. He left the chamber in 1951, when he won a special election to fill a vacancy in the Louisiana State Senate created by the resignation of H. H. Richardson. In time, Rayburns District 12 included Washington Parish and portions of St. Helena, St. Tammany, and Tangipahoa parishes. In 1983, he was placed in the district as a colleague, W. E. Bill Dykes of St. Helena Parish
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Bogalusa, Louisiana
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Bogalusa is a small city in Washington Parish, Louisiana. The population was 12,232 at the 2010 census and it is the principal city of the Bogalusa Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Washington Parish and is also part of the larger New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area. The name of the city derives from the Choctaw words bogue lusa, in 1908, the Great Southern Lumber Company sawmill began operation, and the Goodyear interests of New York built the city of Bogalusa to house workers for the sawmill. William H. Sullivan, the manager for the Goodyears, was town boss when the city was built. Bogalusa was incorporated as a city on July 4,1914, at its peak in 1960, the city had over 21,000 residents. The Great Southern Lumber Companys sprawling sawmill produced up to 1,000,000 board feet of lumber a day, the sawmill closed in 1938, and was replaced as the citys main industry by a paper mill and a chemical plant run by Gaylord Container Corporation. The Crown Zellerbach Corporation acquired Gaylords operations in 1955, an attempt to keep the sawmill open with California redwood proved too costly, and the mill was closed. In the mid-1960s, Bogalusa was a center of activity for the Deacons for Defense, in 1995 a railroad tank car imploded at Gaylord Chemical Corporation, releasing nitrogen tetroxide and forcing the evacuation of about 3,000 people within a one-mile radius. Residents say the sky turned orange as a result, emergency rooms filled with about 4,000 people who complained of burning eyes, skin, and lungs. Dozens of lawsuits were filed against Gaylord Chemical and were settled in May 2005. On August 29,2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the city with winds of about 110 mph, downing numerous trees, many buildings in Bogalusa received damage from falling trees, and several were destroyed. Most of the houses, businesses, and other buildings suffered damage from the storms ferocious winds. Some outlying areas of the city were without power for over a month, Bogalusa has an elevation of 100 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.5 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,365 people,5,431 households, the population density was 1,407.6 people per square mile. There were 6,300 housing units at a density of 663.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 18% White,41. 21% African American,0. 32% Native American,0. 39% Asian,0. 16% from other races, hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0. 75% of the population. 32. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.05
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Money laundering
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Money laundering is the process of transforming the profits of crime and corruption into ostensibly legitimate assets. Most anti-money laundering laws openly conflate money laundering with terrorism financing when regulating the financial system, some countries define money laundering as obfuscating sources of money, either intentionally or by merely using financial systems or services that do not identify or track sources or destinations. Other countries define money laundering to include money from activity that would have been a crime in that country, the concept of money laundering regulations goes back to ancient times and is intertwined with the development of money and banking. Money laundering is first seen with individuals hiding wealth from the state to avoid taxation or confiscation or a combination of both, in China, merchants around 2000 BCE would hide their wealth from rulers who would simply take it from them and banish them. In addition to hiding it, they would move it and invest it in businesses in remote provinces or even outside China, over the millennia many rulers and states imposed rules that would take wealth from their citizens and this led to the development of offshore banking and tax evasion. One of the methods has been the use of parallel banking or Informal value transfer systems such as hawala that allowed people to move money out of the country avoiding state scrutiny. In the 20th century, the seizing of wealth again became popular when it was seen as a crime prevention tool. The first time was during the period of Prohibition in the United States during the 1930s and this saw a new emphasis by the state and law enforcement agencies to track and confiscate money. Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition and a source of new funds that were obtained from illegal sales of alcohol. In the 1980s, the war on drugs led governments again to turn to money-laundering rules to try and seize proceeds of crime to catch the organizers. It also had the benefit from a law enforcement point of view of turning rules of evidence upside down, Law enforcers normally have to prove an individual is guilty to get a conviction. But with money laundering laws, money can be confiscated and it is up to the individual to prove that the source of funds is legitimate if they want the funds back and this makes it much easier for law enforcement agencies and provides for much lower burdens of proof. The September 11 attacks in 2001, which led to the Patriot Act in the US and similar legislation worldwide, starting in 2002, governments around the world upgraded money laundering laws and surveillance and monitoring systems of financial transactions. Anti money laundering regulations have become a larger burden for financial institutions. During 2011–2015 a number of major banks faced ever-increasing fines for breaches of money laundering regulations and this included HSBC, which was fined $1.9 billion in December 2012, and BNP Paribas, which was fined $8.9 billion in July 2014 by the US government. For example, in 2006, Australia set up the AUSTRAC system, Money obtained from certain crimes, such as extortion, insider trading, drug trafficking, and illegal gambling is dirty. It needs to be cleaned to appear to have derived from legal activities so that banks. Money can be laundered by many methods, which vary in complexity, some of these steps may be omitted, depending on the circumstances
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Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood
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The Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Colorado. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, the facility also has an administrative detention center and an adjacent satellite prison camp for minimum-security offenders. FCI Englewood is located in unincorporated Jefferson County, FCI Englewood is located off of U. S. Route 285 and Kipling Street,10 miles southwest of Denver. The facility is named after the city of Englewood, Colorado and has a Littleton, Colorado mailing address, on April 2,2012, FCI Englewood was placed on lockdown after a white powdery substance was found inside an envelope addressed to an inmate during a routine mail screening. A hazardous materials team was called to the prison and local and federal law enforcement authorities were notified, the substance was determined to be harmless. The Bureau of Prisons would not identify the inmate to whom the letter was addressed, list of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States Bureau of Prisons - FCI Englewood Rose, Lacey. The best places to go to prison - A Forbes article
31.
Englewood, Colorado
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The City of Englewood is a Home Rule Municipality located in Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. As of 2010, the population was 30,255, Englewood is part of the Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Area. Englewood is located in the South Platte River Valley east of the Front Range, downtown is located immediately east of the confluence of Little Dry Creek and the South Platte River, between Santa Fe Drive and Broadway. Englewood is the fourth most populous city in Arapahoe County and, the history of Englewood begins when gold was discovered on what came to be called Little Dry Creek by William Green Russell, an early settler of the high plains, in 1858. Two years later, Thomas Skerritt, considered to be the founder of the city, established a home in the area, four years later the first road connecting Denver and Orchard Place was created by Skerritt himself using his own plough. In 1879 the first telephone arrived in the area,1883 was an important year, as it was the year that the Cherrelyn horsecar path was laid. The Cherrelyn trolley was and is an important city icon, being carried up Broadway by horse,1903 brought incorporation, but Skerritt was edged out by J. C. Jones as the first city mayor. Jones was a prominent landowner, having originally owned almost all of what is now north Englewood, the next two years brought the establishment of the first newspaper in the city, soon to be named the Herald. In 1905 Swedish National Sanitorium was founded, soon to become the massive present-day Swedish Medical Center,1906 brought the first pavement and street lights, and a year later the police and fire departments were established. In 1908 the famed Cherrelyn horse trolley stopped running,1948 was a start of a great period of change for the city. 2,500 acres on the Platte Canyon were purchased, and this ensured water independence from the powerful Denver Water, and in fact, Englewood provides water to most of the south metro area now due to its vast, early-established water rights. Soon after the city embarked on a building boom, most of the city was in fact built up by 1960. In 1965 City Park was sold to make way for Cinderella City, the developer provided the funds to create a vast city park network to replace the single City Park that the mall was built on. Thirty years later, the city demolished the mall in order to make way for a new, transit-oriented development that would also contain a new Civic Center, library. The RTD completed its southwest light rail corridor in 2000, in 2004 Englewood opened the Pirates Cove water park as part of a multimillion-dollar improvement package for the city parks system. In addition to Pirates Cove many improvements were made to the South Platte River trail system and to the Englewood Recreation Center, Englewood is a full-service city with its own, independent park, library, and public works systems. Englewood provides snowplow service to neighboring municipalities and water to a portion of the metro area. Englewood is located at 39°38′49″N 104°59′31″W, the city is 5,371 feet above sea level, higher than Denver
32.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
33.
Louisiana Highway 10
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Louisiana Highway 10 is a state highway located in southern Louisiana. It runs 255.36 miles in an east–west direction from U. S. Highway 171 in Pickering to the Mississippi state line east of Bogalusa. The route connects a string of towns and cities across the Central Louisiana, Acadiana. It runs parallel and to the north of the busier US190 corridor, LA10 crosses the Mississippi River via the John James Audubon Bridge, the only such crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez, Mississippi. The western terminus in Vernon Parish comes within 15 miles of reaching the Sabine River at the Texas state line and making LA10 a true cross-state route. During its lengthy route, LA10 traverses ten parishes and connects six parish seats, including Ville Platte, New Roads, St. Francisville, Clinton, Greensburg and it also passes through the cities of Oakdale and Bogalusa as well as towns such as Washington and Jackson. LA10 intersects most of the states major highways, including Interstate 49, Interstate 55, US51, US61, US71, US165, US167. Since the end of 2010, LA10 has existed in two disconnected sections as the Melville Ferry service across the Atchafalaya River was discontinued, the nearest bridge crossing is on US190 at Krotz Springs,16.5 miles to the south via LA77 and LA81. Alternately, motorists may cross the river via LA1 at Simmesport,21.5 miles to the north, several long stretches of LA10 are part of the states system of tourist routes known as the Louisiana Scenic Byways. These include the Toledo Bend Forest Scenic Byway, Zydeco Cajun Prairie Scenic Byway, a short section of the route concurrent with LA1 west of New Roads is part of the Great River Road. Additionally, the route east of Morganza, located in Pointe Coupee Parish, is part of the Zachary Taylor Parkway. From the west, LA10 begins at an intersection with US171 in Pickering and it proceeds east as an undivided two-lane highway, immediately crossing the Kansas City Southern Railway tracks, and passes along the southern edge of the U. S. Army base at Fort Polk. LA10 then turns to the southeast for 5.6 miles and passes through the Vernon Unit of the Kisatchie National Forest, curving back to the east, the highway continues 10.0 miles before intersecting LA399 in an area known as Cravens. After a brief concurrency with LA10, LA399 turns to the northeast toward Fullerton Lake, East of Cravens, LA10 curves to the southeast and passes through the small community of Pitkin. Here, it intersects LA113, which heads south to US190 in Reeves, LA10 and LA113 proceed eastward out of Pitkin together. LA113 then splits to the northeast toward Glenmora while LA10 heads southeast through Dido and into Allen Parish. Just across the line, LA10 passes along the north side of the town of Elizabeth and has a brief concurrency with LA112. LA10 continues southeast for about 7.0 miles and crosses a bridge over the Calcasieu River, shortly afterward, the highway enters the city of Oakdale, widening to an undivided four-lane highway with center turning lane, and curves due east
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Louisiana Highway 16
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Louisiana Highway 16 is a state highway located in southeastern Louisiana. It runs 110.27 miles in a general east–west direction from LA22 south of French Settlement to LA21 in Sun. The route makes an arc through the Florida Parishes region of the state, traveling east of Baton Rouge and avoiding the urban centers of Hammond. However, it passes through a number of the smaller towns and communities, such as Denham Springs, Montpelier, Amite City. The signage for roughly the first 1⁄3 of LA16 carries north–south directional banners before switching to east–west in Watson, major junctions along the route include U. S. Highway 190 in Denham Springs and Interstate 55 in Amite City. From the west, LA16 begins at a roundabout with LA22 just west of Head of Island near the tip of Livingston Parish. After crossing the Amite River, the highway parallels the east bank of the river through the adjacent communities of French Settlement and Port Vincent, continuing northeast, LA16 follows Petes Highway across I-12 and into the city of Denham Springs but does not intersect the interstate. Access is instead provided via the parallel LA3002, in the center of town, LA16 makes a jog west along US190 before resuming its northward course. Heading due north from Denham Springs, LA16 intersects LA64 near Plainview and proceeds into Watson, just before crossing into St. Helena Parish, LA16 begins a concurrency with LA63 at Weiss. In St. Helena Parish, LA16 begins an eastward trajectory away from the Amite River, the highway travels through Pine Grove and into the village of Montpelier, where it crosses the Tickfaw River and has a short concurrency with both LA43 and LA441. Shortly after crossing into Tangipahoa Parish, LA16 enters Amite City and passes through an interchange with I-55 at exit 46, connecting with Hammond and Jackson, LA16 proceeds through the downtown area and crosses both US51 and the Canadian National Railway tracks at grade. East of Amite City, LA16 crosses the Tangipahoa River, after crossing the Tchefuncte River into Washington Parish, LA16 curves to the northeast and makes a loop through the city of Franklinton. This portion of the route overlaps both LA10 and LA25 and contains a bridge spanning the Bogue Chitto River that leads onto Washington Street, LA16 turns south from Washington Street onto Main Street and separates from LA10 and LA25. South of town, LA16 parallels the Bogue Chitto River and travels southeastward through Enon, near the end of its route, LA16 enters the northeast corner of St. Tammany Parish and curves due east into the village of Sun. Here, it reaches its terminus at a junction with LA21, connecting with Bush to the south. These highways were joined together under the designation of LA16 when the Louisiana Department of Highways renumbered the state highway system in 1955. Despite its length, the alignment of LA16 has remained virtually the same since the 1955 renumbering, alterations to the route have been limited to the smoothing of some curves, the replacement of bridges, and the addition of lanes in urban areas. In 2008, an approximately 3–4-mile stretch of LA16 in the Denham Springs and this was in response to the large amount of daily traffic the area experienced in the past decade
35.
Louisiana Highway 38
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Louisiana Highway 38 is a state highway located in southeastern Louisiana. It runs 48.57 miles in an east–west direction from LA10 in Coleman Town to LA430 south of Hackley. The route traverses the rural pine forests in three of the states Florida Parishes, crossing three rivers along the way, the Tickfaw, Tangipahoa, and Bogue Chitto, in Kentwood, the highway intersects both Interstate 55 and U. S. Highway 51. LA38 was designated in the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering, replacing the former State Route 71 and it also absorbed the former State Route 262-D on its east end and a portion of State Route 1223 on its west end to connect with the cross-state LA10 near Chipola. From the west, LA38 begins at a junction with LA10 about midway between Clinton and Greensburg, the junction is located in Coleman Town, a small rural community in St. Helena Parish. The undivided two-lane highway briefly heads northeast to Chipola, intersecting LA432, here, LA38 crosses LA43, another connection to the parish seat at Greensburg. Just east of Easleyville, the crosses the Tickfaw River and has a short concurrency with LA441. 5.5 miles later, LA38 crosses into Tangipahoa Parish, LA38 enters the town of Kentwood and becomes known locally as Avenue G. The highway passes through an interchange with I-55 at exit 61, connecting with Hammond, Louisiana to the south and Jackson. Widening to an undivided highway, LA38 serves as the towns primary east–west thoroughfare. After several blocks, the route intersects US51, which serves local traffic along the I-55 corridor. Narrowing back to two lanes, LA38 crosses the parallel Canadian National Railway line at grade and exits the town at the first of several bridges over the Tangipahoa River. East of Kentwood, LA38 intersects LA1054 and LA1061 just north of Spring Creek, crossing into Washington Parish, LA38 has a brief concurrency with LA450 north of Sunny Hill and loops northward to pass through the small community of Mount Hermon. Turning back to the south, LA38 intersects LA438 at the center of the community, over the next 6.5 miles, the highway gradually resumes its eastward course before crossing the sandy beaches of the Bogue Chitto River. It then intersects LA25 at Clifton, connecting with Franklinton, Louisiana to the south and Tylertown, LA38 follows a serpentine alignment for its final 6.3 miles and terminates at a junction with LA430 south of Hackley. LA38 is classified by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development as a major collector, except for the portion east of Clifton. Daily traffic volume in 2013 peaked at 7,000 vehicles in Kentwood, the posted speed limit is 55 mph for most of the route but is reduced to 35 mph within Kentwood and Mount Hermon. The Louisiana Highway Commission and the states first system of numbered highways were authorized by an act of the Louisiana Legislature in 1921
36.
Louisiana Highway 43
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Louisiana Highway 43 is a state highway located in southeastern Louisiana. It runs 44.38 miles in a direction from LA42 west of Springfield to the Mississippi state line north of Easleyville. A primarily rural route, LA43 connects four small municipalities in Livingston and St. Helena parishes, including Springfield, Albany, Montpelier, the latter is also the seat of St. Helena Parish. LA43 entirely parallels the Interstate 55 corridor, located between five and ten miles east in neighboring Tangipahoa Parish. Over the course of its route, LA43 intersects such east–west routes as I-12, U. S. Highway 190, LA40, LA16, LA10, and LA38, all of which connect to I-55. LA43 was designated in the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering from portions of former State Route 46, from the south, LA43 begins at a junction with LA42 just outside the Livingston Parish town of Springfield. The route heads north through a known as Hungarian Settlement and passes through an interchange with I-12 at exit 32, connecting with the cities of Hammond. Immediately north of I-12 is an intersection with LA1040, an alignment of US190. LA43 enters the village of Albany and becomes known as Montpelier Road, in the center of town, LA43 intersects US190, which serves local traffic along the I-12 corridor. Immediately north of junction, LA43 crosses the Canadian National Railway line at grade. North of Albany, LA43 travels between the Tickfaw River and Little Natalbany River toward the St. Helena Parish village of Montpelier. During this stretch are junctions with LA1064, LA442, and LA40, connecting to the Tangipahoa Parish communities of Natalbany, Tickfaw, after following 4th Street into town, LA43 makes a turn opposite Durbin Road to resume its northern course. Six miles later, LA43 intersects LA1045, which parallels LA16 toward Amite City, four miles later, LA43 enters the town of Greensburg, the parish seat. Traveling along Sitman Street, the passes the parish school board. It then makes a jog west via LA10 and north again onto Kendrick Street. During its final 12.2 miles north of Greensburg, LA43 intersects LA1043 at Liverpool, followed closely by LA38 at Easleyville, LA43 reaches its northern terminus at the Mississippi state line southwest of Gillsburg. The roadway crosses into Amite County and continues as Mississippi Highway 568 toward Magnolia, LA43 is classified by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development as an urban collector from its southern terminus through Albany and as a rural major collector otherwise. Daily traffic volume in 2013 peaked at 12,300 vehicles in Albany with the remainder of the route averaging less than half that number, the lowest figures were reported near the Mississippi state line with an average of 640 vehicles daily
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Louisiana Highway 441
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The following is a list of state highways in the U. S. state of Louisiana designated in the 400-449 range. Louisiana Highway 400 runs 5.75 miles in an east–west direction from a local road northeast of Attakapas Landing to LA1 north of Supreme, from the west, LA400 begins at the east end of a bridge across the Cancienne Canal. It continues the path of a road that begins at a junction with LA401 just north of Attakapas Landing on Lake Verret. LA400 heads eastward and intersects LA1011 and LA1010 before ending at a junction with LA1 opposite Bayou Lafourche, LA400 is an undivided two-lane highway for its entire length. The entire highway is in Assumption Parish, Louisiana Highway 401 runs 9.41 miles in a southwest to northeast direction from a dead end at Lake Verret in Attakapas Landing to a junction with LA1 in Napoleonville, Assumption Parish. The routes mileposts increase from the eastern end contrary to common practice, the entire highway is in Assumption Parish. Louisiana Highway 402 runs 5.07 miles in an east–west direction from a road west of Brusle St. Vincent to LA308 north of Napoleonville. The routes mileposts increase from the eastern end contrary to common practice, the entire highway is in Assumption Parish. Louisiana Highway 403 runs 2.88 miles in a direction from LA402 at Brusle St. Vincent to LA308 at Paincourtville. The entire highway is in Assumption Parish, Louisiana Highway 404 runs 8.23 miles in an east–west direction from LA75 at Choctaw to LA69 at Samstown, Iberville Parish. The routes mileposts increase from the eastern end contrary to common practice, the entire highway is in Iberville Parish. Louisiana Highway 405 runs 29.35 miles in a general direction from LA1 west of Donaldsonville, Ascension Parish to the junction of LA1 and LA75 in Plaquemine. Louisiana Highway 406 runs 6.00 miles in a direction from LA23 in Belle Chasse. It provides access to the Woodland Bridge across the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway for Belle Chasse, LA406 heads north from LA23 in Belle Chasse. Traveling along Woodland Highway, the route passes a series of residential subdivisions. The roadway curves to the northeast and passes a cluster of industrial facilities located alongside the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. After crossing underneath the Woodland Bridge, LA406 engages in a roundabout with LA407, LA406 proceeds straight ahead and crosses from Plaquemines Parish into Orleans Parish, simultaneously entering the New Orleans city limits. The highway then passes the entrance to the upscale English Turn residential community, LA406 curves due east onto Patterson Drive along the Mississippi River levee and proceeds to an intersection with Stanton Road
38.
Amite County, Mississippi
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Amite County /ˈeɪ. mɛt/ is a county located in the state of Mississippi on its southern border with Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,131, the county is named after the Amite River which runs through the county. The name is derived from the French amitié, meaning friendship, Amite County is part of the McComb, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area. After Indian Removal in the 1830s, white European-American migrants developed the county for cotton plantations, as a result, the county population was majority black before the American Civil War. White planters did well during the boom, and cotton was the basis of the economy until the 1930s. Amite County was not in a theater of war of the American Civil War, at the end of the Civil War, Amite Countys population was 60% African American. During Reconstruction, freedmen elected several African Americans to local office as county sheriff, after Reconstruction, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature through a combination of violent voter repression and fraud. These were administered by whites in a discriminatory way, most black voters and many poor whites were dropped from the voter rolls. Racial violence, including lynchings, escalated during the Jim Crow years, discriminatory practices, such as the white primary and economic boycotts, kept blacks excluded from the political process in the county and state until the late 1960s. African Americans were a majority in the state until the 1930s, excluded from voting, they were also excluded from juries and the entire political system. The county continued to be based on agriculture, shifting to logging, as agriculture was mechanized, reducing the need for farm labor, many blacks left Amite County during the early 20th century in two waves of the Great Migration. In the first wave many moved north to Chicago and other cities of the Midwest. In the second wave, they moved to the West Coast, from 1940 to 1960, the county population declined by 29%, as can be seen on the census tables below. Some rural whites also left the county and they were working to regain civil rights, including the ability to vote. In the summer of 1961, Robert Parris Moses from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee worked in the county to organize African Americans for voter registration and he was beaten by Bill Caston, a cousin to the sheriff, near the courthouse, and arrested. He was told to leave the county for his own safety, in the 1960s, only one African American of the total of 5,500 in Amite County was a registered voter. Even after the Voting Rights Law was passed in 1965, grassroots efforts were required to register eligible voters, racial violence against blacks in the county escalated during the years of the Civil Rights Movement. On September 25,1961, at the Westbrook Cotton Gin, about a dozen witnesses, Hurst, a white state legislator, murder Herbert Lee, a married African American with nine children
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East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
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East Baton Rouge Parish is the largest parish in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 440,171, the parish seat is Baton Rouge, Louisianas state capital. East Baton Rouge Parish is part of the Baton Rouge, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 470 square miles, of which 455 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. Amite River Bayou Manchac Mississippi River Thompson Creek East Feliciana Parish West Feliciana Parish West Baton Rouge Parish Iberville Parish Ascension Parish Livingston Parish St, the city and parish are served by the Metropolitan Council and the Mayor-President. BRgov. com is the government website for the City of Baton Rouge. The parish courthouse in Baton Rouge is one of public buildings constructed by the contractor George A. In 2010, the 19th Judicial District Court moved into the new courthouse on North Blvd, as of the 2010 census, there were over 440,000 residents in East Baton Rouge, making it the largest parish in Louisiana. There are 156,365 households and 102,575 families residing in the parish, the population density was 906 people per square mile. There were 169,073 housing units at a density of 371 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 49. 5% White,45. 9% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,3. 0% Asian,0. 12% Pacific Islander,1. 02% from other races, and 1. 2% from two or more races. 3. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, there were 156,365 households, of which 32. 80% include children under the age of 18. 44. 70% were married couples living together,16. 80% had a householder with no husband present. 26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.14. In the parish the population was out with 26. 20% under the age of 18,14. 40% aged 18 to 24,28. 70% from 25 to 44,20. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years old, for every 100 females there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a parish household was $37,224, and the median income for a family was $47,480. Males had an income of $38,334 versus $25,073 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $19,790, about 13. 20% of families and 17. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 70% of those under age 18 and 11. 50% of those age 65 or over
40.
East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
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East Feliciana Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,267, East Feliciana Parish is part of the Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The parish was part of Feliciana Parish, which was founded in 1810 and then divided, in 1824, into East Feliciana Parish, Feliciana is derived from a Spanish rendering of the French word Felicité which means happiness. The Louisiana State Insane Asylum was established near Jackson, Louisiana and it was greatly enlarged and improved under the administration of Dr. John Welch Jones, who was appointed as superintendent in 1874. The institution was later called East Louisiana State Hospital, the Margaret Dixon Correctional Institute is located in Jackson, as well. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 456 square miles. 53. 2% were White,44. 9% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 3% Asian,0. 2% of some other race and 1. 1% of two or more races. At the 2000 census, there were 21,360 people,6,699 households, the population density was 47 per square mile. There were 7,915 housing units at a density of 18 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 51. 79% White,47. 08% Black or African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 23% Asian,0. 18% from other races,0. 74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.26. 25. 70% of the population were under the age of 18,9. 30% from 18 to 24,30. 70% from 25 to 44,23. 70% from 45 to 64, the median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 116.50 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.40 males. The median household income was $31,631, and the family income was $37,278. Males had an income of $31,804 versus $20,243 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $15,428, about 18. 30% of families and 23. 00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 70% of those under age 18 and 21. 20% of those age 65 or over. The East Feliciana Parish Police Jury is the body of the parish. East Louisiana State Hospital, currently referred to as Eastern Louisiana Mental Health System is located in Jackson and its main building is considered to be one of the largest and most significant Greek Revival buildings in Louisiana, it has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places
41.
1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
Louisiana Highway 10
Louisiana Highway 16
Louisiana Highway 37
Louisiana Highway 38
Louisiana Highway 43
Louisiana Highway 441
St. Helena Parish, Louisiana
