1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
4.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
5.
Waterloo, Ontario
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Waterloo is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and is adjacent to the city of Kitchener, Kitchener and Waterloo are often jointly referred to as Kitchener-Waterloo, KW, the Twin Cities or the Tri-City. Years ago, there had been attempts to combine the two cities into one but they were not successful. After 1973, when the Regional government was formed, there was less motivation to do so, at the time of the 2016 census, the population of Waterloo was 104,986. Waterloo started on land that was part of a parcel of 675,000 acres assigned in 1784 to the Iroquois alliance that made up the League of Six Nations. The rare gift of land from Britain to indigenous people took place to compensate for wartime alliance during the American Revolution, almost immediately—and with much controversy—the native groups began to sell some of the land. Between 1796 and 1798,93,000 acres were sold through a Crown Grant to Richard Beasley, the first wave of immigrants to the area comprised Mennonites from Pennsylvania. They bought deeds to land parcels from Beasley and began moving into the area in 1804, the following year, a group of 26 Mennonites pooled resources to purchase all of the unsold land from Beasley and to discharge the mortgage held by the Six Nations Indians. The Tract included most of Block 2 of the previous Grand River Indian Lands, many of the first farms were least four hundred acres in size. The payment to Beasly, in cash, arrived from Pennsylvania in kegs, the Mennonites divided the land into smaller lots, two lots owned by Abraham Erb became the central core of Waterloo. Erb, often called the founder of Waterloo, had come to Waterloo County in 1806 from Franklin County and he bought 900 acres of bush land in 1806 from the German Company and founded a sawmill and grist mill, these the focal point of the area. The grist mill operated continuously for 111 years, other early settlers of what would become Waterloo included Samuel and Elia Schneider who arrived in 1816. Until about 1820, settlements such as this were quite small, in 1816 the new township was named after Waterloo, Belgium, the site of the Battle of Waterloo, which had ended the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. After that war, the new township became a destination for German immigrants. By the 1840s, German settlers had overtaken the Mennonites as the dominant segment of the population, many Germans settled in the small hamlet to the southeast of Waterloo. In their honour, the village was named Berlin in 1833, the Smiths Canadian Gazetteer of 1846 describes Waterloo as follows. Contains about 200 inhabitants, principally Germans, who have a Lutheran meeting-house, professions and Trades, —One grist and saw mill, one distillery, two stores, two taverns, two blacksmiths. Berlin was chosen as the site of the seat for the County of Waterloo in 1853, Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became the Town of Waterloo in 1876 and the City of Waterloo in 1948
6.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
7.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
8.
Suburb
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
9.
University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. University of Waterloo is most famous for its education programs. University of Waterloo operates the largest post secondary program of its kind in the world. The institution was established on 1 July 1957 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties and this entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canadas growing postwar economy and it grew substantially over the next decade, adding a faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is co-educational, and as of 2016 has 30,600 undergraduate and 5,300 postgraduate students, Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 140 countries. Waterloos varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College, the outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of the Associated Faculties was originally focused on education in the applied sciences – largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares of land west of Waterloo College, by the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on the site, the Chemical Engineering Building. In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act which split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the chief executive officer. While the agreements sought to safeguard the existence of the two colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College, the College was not formally federated with the new university and this was something that the Associated Faculties was not prepared to accept
10.
Universities Canada
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Universities Canada is an organization that represents Canadas colleges and universities. It is a non profit organization that coordinates university policies, guidance. Formed in 1911, as the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, it represents 97 public and private not-for-profit Canadian Universities and it provides member services in public policy and advocacy, communications, research and information-sharing, and scholarships and international programs. In April 2015, the organization renamed itself Universities Canada, Universities Canada is not a national accreditation body. Membership in the association requires universities to meet strict criteria and adhere to set principles of institutional quality assurance that must be reaffirmed every five years and this reinforces the recognition of a Canadian university degree around the world as a high-quality academic achievement. The association produces a number of publications, such as University Affairs magazine, the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canadas Arms, Supporters and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on May 10,2004. On 25 October 2011, the AUCC announced a new Statement on Academic Freedom which was adopted unanimously by the membership at its centennial meeting, Universities Canada works in an advocacy role with governments to promote higher education and awareness of the contributions Canadas universities make to the country. Its priorities are increasing funding for operating and capital costs, research. It is also involved in the copyright reform process. The association is active in managing government-funded international partnership programs. In partnership with Community Foundations of Canada and Rideau Hall Foundation, u15 Group of Canadian Research Universities Association of Commonwealth Universities Official website
11.
U Sports
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U Sports is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country. Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is The Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports. The name until October 20,2016 was Canadian Interuniversity Sport, on that date, the organization rebranded as U Sports. The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955, composed only of universities from Ontario, with the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s, calls for a new, national governing body for university sport accelerated. Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer, in the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary, autonomous, educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast. In 1978, the CIAU changed its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union, according to the organization, the name change to U Sports came about in part due to a desire for a brand that was instantly recognizable and identical in both French and English. The rebrand was accompanied by a new approach to presentation of Canadian University sports, its teams, and its players. The new, singular logo and name came with a new website to better present stories taking place throughout the athletics programs U Sports governs, bolstered by a new approach to social media. Source, On October 20,2016, CIS announced that it would be changing its name to U Sports, accompanied by a new logo, the name was chosen in part to better represent Canada as a bilingual nation with a united name as opposed to separate acronyms. The new name and look are also intended to increase the marketability of Canadian University sports through a more marketable presentation, signifying a major shift in the presentation of Canadian University sports, U Sports aims to better engage with Canadian sports fans and present the athletes it governs. The U Sports member institutions offer athletic scholarships known as Athletic Financial Awards, the AFAs are capped and may not exceed the value of the tuition and compulsory fees for the student-athlete. The University of Windsor has an Adopt-A-Lancer program, for example, U Sports has no regulations regarding how much each school can provide to teams through private support. The Université Lavals Rouge et Or football team, winner of seven the last 12 Vanier Cups, is so successful with fund raising, Hockey players who play in the CHL are ineligible for NCAA athletic scholarships, although many attend a CHL training camp. However, they can stay a max of 48 hours. Source, There are 56 member Universities in U Sports, the 56 member universities of U Sports are currently organized into the four following regional associations. In some of these sports, these associations are sometimes referred to as conferences, CWUAA has two divisions, Pioneer and Explorer, while the OUA has four, North, East, Central, and West. As of the 2016-2017 U Sports season,47 of the 56 member institutions have both mens and womens basketball teams, the U Sports mens and womens basketball teams are organized in the following way,27 of the 56 member schools participated in the 2016 CIS football season. The U Sports football teams are organized in the way, As of the 2017–18 academic year
12.
Roman Catholics
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
13.
University of Ottawa
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The University of Ottawa is a bilingual public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 42.5 hectares in the neighbourhood of Sandy Hill. The university offers a variety of academic programs, administered by ten faculties. It is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. The University of Ottawa was first established as the College of Bytown in 1848 by the first bishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa, Joseph-Bruno Guigues. Placed under the direction of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, it was renamed the College of Ottawa in 1861, on 5 February 1889, the university was granted a pontifical charter by Pope Leo XIII, elevating the institution to a pontifical university. The University was reorganized on 1 July 1965 as a corporation, as a result, the civil and pontifical charters were kept by the newly created Saint Paul University, federated with the university. The remaining civil faculties were retained by the reorganized university, the university is co-educational and enrolls over 35,000 undergraduate and over 6,000 post-graduate students. The university has more than 195,000 alumni, the universitys athletic teams are known as the Gee-Gees and are members of U Sports. The university was established on 26 September 1848 as the College of Bytown by the first Roman Catholic bishop of Ottawa and he entrusted administration to the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The college was located in Lower Town, housed in a wooden building next to the Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica. However, space became an issue for administrators, triggering two moves in 1852 and a final move to Sandy Hill in 1856. The Sandy Hill property was donated by Louis-Theodore Besserer, where he offered a parcel from his estate for the college. The college was renamed College of Ottawa in 1861, following the name change from Bytown to Ottawa. By 1872 the university had begun to confer undergraduate degrees, with masters degrees coming in 1875. On 5 February 1889, the university was granted a charter from Pope Leo XIII. The university faced a crisis when fire destroyed the building on 2 December 1903. After the fire, the university hired New York architect A. O. Von Herbulis to design its replacement and it was among the first Canadian structures to be completely fireproof, built of reinforced concrete
14.
Indigenous peoples in Canada
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Aboriginal peoples in Canada, are the indigenous peoples within the boundaries of present-day Canada. They comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis, although Indian is a term still commonly used in legal documents, the descriptors Indian and Eskimo have somewhat fallen into disuse in Canada and are pejorative. Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are some of the earliest known sites of habitation in Canada. The Paleo-Indian Clovis, Plano and Pre-Dorset cultures pre-date current indigenous peoples of the Americas, projectile point tools, spears, pottery, bangles, chisels and scrapers mark archaeological sites, thus distinguishing cultural periods, traditions and lithic reduction styles. The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal culture included permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex societal hierarchies, the Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and Inuit people married Europeans. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada, Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first peoples communities. National Aboriginal Day recognizes the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples to the history of Canada, First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become prominent figures and have served as role models in the Aboriginal community and help to shape the Canadian cultural identity. The terms First Peoples and First Nations are both used to refer to peoples of Canada. The terms First Peoples or Aboriginal peoples in Canada are normally broader terms than First Nations, as they include Inuit, Métis, First Nations has come into general use for the indigenous peoples of North America in Canada, and their descendants, who are neither Inuit nor Métis. On reserves, First Nations is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnical identity, in conversation this would be I am Haida, or we are Kwantlens, in recognition of their First Nations ethnicities. In this Act, Aboriginal peoples of Canada includes the Indian, Inuit, Indian remains in place as the legal term used in the Canadian Constitution. Its usage outside such situations can be considered offensive, Aboriginal peoples is more commonly used to describe all indigenous peoples of Canada. It also refers to self-identification of Aboriginal people who live within Canada claiming rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands, the term Eskimo has pejorative connotations in Canada and Greenland. Indigenous peoples in those areas have replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit, the Yupik of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit, and ethnographers agree they are a distinct people. They prefer the terminology Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo, the Yupik languages are linguistically distinct from the Inuit languages. Linguistic groups of Arctic people have no universal replacement term for Eskimo, inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik people across the area inhabited by the Inuit. Besides these ethnic descriptors, Aboriginal peoples are divided into legal categories based on their relationship with the Crown
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First Nations
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The First Nations are the predominant Aboriginal peoples of Canada south of the Arctic. Those in the Arctic area are distinct and known as Inuit, the Métis, another distinct ethnicity, developed after European contact and relations primarily between First Nations people and Europeans. There are currently 634 recognized First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. Under the Employment Equity Act, First Nations are a group, along with women, visible minorities. First Nations are not defined as a minority under the Act or by the criteria of Statistics Canada. Within Canada, First Nations has come into general use—replacing the deprecated term Indians—for the indigenous peoples of the Americas, individuals using the term outside Canada include supporters of the Cascadian independence movement, as well as U. S. tribes within the Pacific Northwest. The singular, commonly used on culturally politicized reserves, is the term First Nations person, North American indigenous peoples have cultures spanning thousands of years. Some of their oral traditions accurately describe historical events, such as the Cascadia earthquake of 1700, written records began with the arrival of European explorers and colonists during the Age of Discovery, beginning in the late 15th century. European accounts by trappers, traders, explorers, and missionaries give important evidence of early contact culture, in addition, archeological and anthropological research, as well as linguistics, have helped scholars piece together understanding of ancient cultures and historic peoples. Combined with later development, this relatively non-combative history has allowed First Nations peoples to have an influence on the national culture. Collectively, First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples constitute Aboriginal peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, First Nations came into common usage in the 1980s to replace the term Indian band in referring to groups of Indians with common government and language. Elder Sol Sanderson says that he coined the term in the early 1980s, others say that the term came into common usage in the 1970s to avoid using the word Indian, which some Canadians considered offensive. No legal definition of the term exists, some Aboriginal peoples in Canada have also adopted the term First Nation to replace the word band in the formal name of their community. While the word Indian is still a term, its use is erratic. Some First Nations people consider the term offensive, while others prefer it to Aboriginal person/persons/people, the term is a misnomer given to indigenous peoples of North America by European explorers who erroneously thought they had landed on the Indian subcontinent. The use of the term Native Americans, which the United States government and it refers more specifically to the Aboriginal peoples residing within the boundaries of the United States. The parallel term Native Canadian is not commonly used, but Natives and autochthones are, under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, also known as the Indian Magna Carta, the Crown referred to indigenous peoples in British territory as tribes or nations. The term First Nations is capitalized, unlike alternative terms, bands and nations may have slightly different meanings
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Peru
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Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
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University of Waterloo Faculty of Arts
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The Faculty of Arts is one of six faculties at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The faculty presently houses sixteen academic departments and the School of Accounting, the Faculty of Arts offers seven undergraduate entry programs, over thirty majors and more than 400 degree options. Graduate students are registered at one of the three according to their supervisor, but can take courses at any of the campuses. This allows the group to have more diverse course offerings more efficiently, in 2007, the Department of German and Slavic Studies was granted funding for a Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker Memorial Chair in German Literary Studies. Since 2009, the Department of Philosophy has hosted the Wolfe Chair in Science and Technology Studies as well as the Waterloo Chair in Science, the Department of Philosophy also provides an endowed visiting professorship, the Humphrey Professorship in Feminist Philosophy. The Department of Jewish studies is home to the Joe and Wolfe Lebovic Chair in Jewish Studies, additionally, all students pay into the Arts Endowment Fund which funds improvements to equipment and supplies for students. Within ASU there are 27 societies representing programs in the Faculty
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University of Waterloo Faculty of Engineering
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The Faculty of Engineering is one of six faculties at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. As of 2012, it has 6,840 undergraduate students,1,945 graduate students and it had 36,140 alumni in 2012, making it one of Canadas largest engineering faculties. The Faculty of Engineering houses 8 academic units and offers different degrees in a variety of engineering disciplines. The faculty was originally conceived in 1957 as an extension of the then Waterloo College, the associate faculties grew rapidly and were eventually separated from the college in 1959, becoming the University of Waterloo, and the faculty became the Faculty of Engineering. The first year of students to attend the school was a group of 75 men who wanted to learn engineering and it was with this class of engineers that the co-operative education program that the University of Waterloo is so famous for was developed. These students would alternate being in school and working in every three months. Since then, the program has changed to a term system. The first engineering graduates were awarded the Master of Applied Science in Electrical Engineering on Saturday, May 27,1961. The first four graduates, William Cousins Miller, John Shewchun, Ferenc Takacs, the faculty itself has expanded dramatically since that first graduating class into one of the largest and most reputable engineering faculties in North America. The Dean of the Faculty is Dr. Pearl Sullivan, a professor with the Department of Mechanical, currently, there are a total of 14 undergraduate programs available through the faculty. Each of Waterloo Engineerings eight academic units also offers graduate degrees, within these 14 programs of engineering, there are many options that can be taken in the later years of the undergraduate studies. These options allow the faculty of engineering to branch out even more, some options include mechanical, computer, electrical, or control systems for the Mechatronics Engineering program. The Nanotechnology Engineering program was added in Fall 2005 as a more research-oriented program, the newest undergraduate program is Biomedical Engineering, introduced in Fall 2014. According to the Vision 2010 Plan, there are talks of new such as Architectural Engineering. The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering currently consists of Computer Engineering, the two classes are blended until the second semester of second year. As of June 2011, Computer Engineering and Electrical Engineering had 173 and 208 students registered respectively for the fall 2011 semester, the Department also offers specialized classes for Nanotechnology, Mechatronics, Software, and Biomedical engineering students. As of 2016, the department is chaired by Dr. Vincent Gaudet and it is a multidisciplinary field of study, combining computers with electro-mechanical technology in order to create robotic and automated systems. Though the program begins with students required to take a spectrum of mandatory courses, technical electives in 4th year include Applied Artificial Intelligence, Computer Architecture, Machine Intelligence, etc
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University of Waterloo Faculty of Mathematics
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The Faculty of Mathematics is one of six faculties of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario. As of Fall 2015, it has 6,813 undergraduate students and 873 graduate students,200 full-time professors, the Faculty also houses the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, which was formerly the facultys computer science department. In the latest release of QS World University Rankings, University of Waterloo is ranked 24th globally for Computer Science, the faculty was founded on January 1,1967, a successor to the mathematics department in the Faculty of Arts. Initially located in the Physics building, it was moved in May 1968 into the newly constructed Mathematics, one of the professors at this school at this time, Ralph Stanton, became legendary among students for wearing gaudy ties. This inspired the students to drape a gigantic pink tie over the MC building on the occasion of its opening, which later became an official mascot of the Faculty. At the time of its founding, the faculty included five departments, Applied Analysis and Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Combinatorics and Optimization, Pure Mathematics, and Statistics. In 1975 the Department of Applied Analysis and Computer Science became simply the Department of Computer Science, the Statistics department also was later renamed to Statistics and Actuarial Science. The Faculty of Mathematics finished construction of a building, Mathematics 3 or M3. It now houses the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science and a lecture hall. The faculty presently has four departments, Applied Mathematics, Combinatorics and Optimization, Pure Mathematics and it also has one school, the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science. Management responsibilities for Waterloos Software Engineering program are shared between the Mathematics and Engineering faculties, the Faculty of Mathematics grants the BMath degree for most of its undergraduate programs. Computer Science undergraduates can choose between graduating with a BMath or a BCS degree. The former requires more coursework in mathematics, specialized degrees exist for the Software Engineering program and Computing and Financial Management Postgraduate students are generally awarded MMath or PhD degrees. Answerable to MathSoc are the clubs, which host services. Undergraduates in the Faculty are frequently colloquially called Mathies, the Tie Guard is a yearly tradition at the University of Waterloo. A group of senior math students volunteer for the each year. It is expected that the appointed Tie Guard volunteers will be on hand at the guard station 24 hours a day for the duration of the orientation week. Firstly, and according to any math student you ask, they are there to guard the Faculty of Mathematics mascot, secondly, the Tie Guard acts as a 24-hour first aid station and information centre to support the ongoing activities of orientation week
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University of Waterloo School of Architecture
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The School of Architecture is one of the professional schools of the University of Waterloo. It offers a program in architecture accredited by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board at the masters level. It is part of the Faculty of Engineering and is located on a campus in Cambridge, Ontario. Some of Canadas most prominent architects are graduates of the school, the school moved to a former factory building in Cambridge in September 2004, to provide more space for the school as well as to spur economic activity in the downtown area. It was designed by Levitt Goodman Architects, Waterloo offers an integrated two-degree professional architecture program, accredited by the CACB and NAAB. The majority of the coursework is completed in the Bachelor of Architectural Studies program. The B. A. S. is a five-year, pre-professional honours degree in architecture, Design Studios and courses in Cultural History, Building Technology and Environmental Design comprise the core of the curriculum. Students must complete five semesters of practical, architecture-related work experience as part of the universitys co-op program, students most often find employment in Canada, the United States, and Europe. The M. Arch. is the degree granted by the school. A design or research thesis is the component of the program. Students who have completed the B. A. S. program may enter directly into the M. Arch, founded in 1979 by Rick Haldenby, the Rome Program is offered to all undergraduate students in the fall term of fourth year. The studio is located on one floor of a 16th-century palazzo located next to Piazza di Santa Maria in Trastevere, the Waterloo Rome Program shares an exchange program with the Università G. dAnnunzio - Chieti e Pescara. In the Spring and Summer semesters, the studio is utilized by Pratt Institute. Partner, Thomas W. Ventulett III Distinguished Chair in Architectural Design, Georgia Institute of Technology College of Architecture
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Balsillie School of International Affairs
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The Balsillie School of International Affairs is a centre for advanced research and teaching on global governance and international public policy, located in Waterloo, Ontario. The school is a partnership between Wilfrid Laurier University, the University of Waterloo, and the Centre for International Governance Innovation. The BSIA is housed in the north and west wings of the CIGI Campus building, the BSIA partnership was announced in 2007 when Research In Motion co-CEO and CIGI Founder Jim Balsillie donated $50 million to the initiative. Wilfrid Laurier University and the University of Waterloo would also make investments toward the school totalling $50 million over the next decade, from 2007-11, classes at the BSIA took place at WLU and UW. In 2009, plans were announced to house the BSIA within a “CIGI Campus” that would be alongside the think tank’s headquarters in Waterloo. The resulting $68 million complex received federal and provincial funding totalling $50 million through the Knowledge Infrastructure Program, the City of Waterloo donated the land for the campus through a 99-year lease. Construction began in 2009 and lasted for two years. In October 2011, the BSIA held its first classes in the CIGI Campus, the one year, intensive Master’s in International Public Policy provides graduate training for global policy development, implementation and training. The inaugural director of the BSIA was Ramesh Thakur, a former CIGI fellow, in 2010, he was succeeded by David A. Welch, CIGI chair of global security and professor of political science at UW. The current director of BSIA is John Ravenhill, as one of the largest social sciences initiatives in Canada, there are over 60 affiliated faculty members teaching in the BSIA’s three academic programs. Notable faculty currently include Andrew F. Cooper, Thomas Homer-Dixon, rotberg, Eric Helleiner, James Orbinski, Jorge Heine, and Jennifer Clapp
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Renison University College
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Renison University College is an affiliated university college of the University of Waterloo and located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Renisons campus is situated on the border of Waterloos main campus. The university college offers programs that count as credit toward a University of Waterloo degree. Most academic courses are offered within Waterloos Faculty of Arts, focusing on social sciences, language, Renison’s social engagement and Innovation focus is developed in the work of the department of Social Development Studies and Renison’s School of Social Work. The focus on global engagements finds expression in a variety of forms, most notably through the work of the department of Culture and Language Studies and its focus on Community Engagement is gathered in the Centre for Community and Professional Education. Renison University College maintains a residence that houses up to 220 University of Waterloo students, residents may be in any field of undergraduate study at the University of Waterloo and are not mandated to take courses at Renison. The university college residence maintains one of the lowest don to student ratios of all the on-campus residences, the institution was established on January 14,1959 as Renison College, under the authority of the Synod of the Anglican Diocese of Huron. In 2010, it officially became Renison University College as a reflection of Renisons academic focus and it was founded by members of the local Anglican community in Waterloo, Ontario and Kitchener, Ontario and continues to be affiliated with the Anglican Church of Canada. The efforts of Renison Founder The Ven, harvey Southcott, who was rector of Church of the Holy Saviour at the time, were particularly influential as he had the original vision for an Anglican college in Waterloo. Renison continues to support from the Anglican community and, in particular. The College offered courses in Religious Knowledge, Geography and Philosophy, the University transferred five acres of land on the west side of its campus to Renison in 1961, and Renison purchased an additional acre. Originally incorporated in 1959 as Renison College, it was felt that the addition of the word ‘university’ would strengthen Renison’s reputation, during her tenure as Principal, Dr. Gail Cuthbert Brandt had explored the option of gaining an individual charter for Renison. However, it wasnt until Dr. John Crossley’s tenure in the mid-2000s that the process began to move forward, Renison University College was named after a contemporary Canadian church leader, The Most Reverend Robert John Renison. Archbishop Renison served in the Anglican Church of Canada with great distinction for nearly six decades, before his death in 1957, he became Metropolitan of Ontario and Archbishop of Moosonee. Archbishop Renison’s widow, Elisabeth, presented the College with his portrait, the family agreed to let the new institution use his heraldic emblem and accompanying motto, Sed Coelum Solum, until the college was granted its own unique coat of arms in 1978. Renison is situated on 6 acres of land in Waterloo, Ontario and is adjacent to the University of Waterloo campus. Most buildings on the University of Waterloo campus are a five-minute walk from Renison, Renison’s campus is bordered by the University of Waterloo, St. Jerome’s University and St. Paul’s University College. One numbered road intersects Renison’s campus, Westmount Road North, in 1962, Renison completed its first building on the current campus, the Founders Building, which provided offices, classrooms, and two residence wings to house 40 men and 40 women
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Conrad Grebel University College
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Conrad Grebel University College is affiliated with the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The college is owned by Mennonite Church Eastern Canada and named for early Anabaptist leader Conrad Grebel and its mission statement reads, The mission of Conrad Grebel University College is to seek wisdom, nurture faith, and pursue justice and peace in service to church and society. Conrad Grebel University College was named after Conrad Grebel, a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement who is called the Father of Anabaptists, an Act respecting Conrad Grebel University College was assented to June 24,2004. Grebel is located next to the University of Waterloo and offers residence, the facility has residences for 142 students, as well as apartments for an additional 32 students. Conrad Grebel University College runs courses in Arts, English, Fine Arts, History, Mennonite Studies, Music, Peace and Conflict Studies, Philosophy, Religious Studies, Grebel also runs the Graduate Theological Studies program with the University of Waterloo. Conrad Grebel University College is affiliated with the Toronto School of Theology, specialized classes are available from Conrad Grebel, which has an academic focus on Music, Peace and Conflict Studies, Religious Studies, and Mennonite Studies. Courses from Grebel may be taken by any University of Waterloo student, and are taught by Grebel professors at the Grebel college, Conrad Grebel University college places a strong emphasis on community. This is both a reflection of founding Mennonite values and of the size of the college. Because of Grebels small size and emphasis on providing room for upper year students, Conrad Grebel University College is also affiliated with the Inter-Mennonite Childrens Choir
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St. Paul's University College
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St. Pauls University College is an affiliated institution of the University of Waterloo, located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The college has two functions, first, it is a residence for undergraduate and graduate students of the University, and, second, it offers classes to all University students. St. Pauls was founded in 1962 by the United Church of Canada, the UCCs goal was to provide a place where students of any background, denomination, religion, or academic program could come to study and be stimulated academically, intellectually, and spiritually. The College now operates independently of UCC as a corporation with no formal or legal relationship. St. Pauls has residences at 190 and 196 Westmount Rd. North, St. Pauls has two residence communities, the undergraduate residence and the Apartment Building. Undergraduate students in the Environment Faculty may be part of the popular Living-Learning Community, the undergraduate residence opened in 1963 and houses 192 students on eight floors. Seven of these floors - Empire, Wildside, Penthouse, Alcatraz, Dungeon, Oasis, the remaining floor, Purgatory, opened in September,2003 and has single accommodation. Empire was formerly known as Apathy, La Bastille was formerly known as Olympus, the residence has several traditions that are unique to the college. The fall term begins with a week-long Orientation Week that is run jointly with the residences and faculties to acquaint incoming first-year students with the campus. St. Pauls Orientation Week is traditionally centered on winning the Golden Beanie, early in the fall term, the entire college plays a game of capture the flag, and another game entitled Gotcha where the residents try to tag and eliminate each other through survival of the fittest. Watsons Eatery is the cafeteria at St. Pauls University College, first-year students and dons subscribe to a semi-all you can eat meal plan, containing 5 and 4 swipes per day on weekdays and weekends respectively. A swipe normally constitutes an entree with a variety of food choices, such as salad, soup. On weekdays, Watsons Eatery opens at 7,30 am for breakfast until 10,30 am, while lunch is served from 11,30 am to 2, 00pm. Every weekday, dinner service begins at 4,30 pm until 6,00 pm, however, on weekends, dinner at Watsons is exclusively open from 4, 30-6 pm. Hence, Watsons offers a dinner service that allows a student to fill out a form requesting certain food choices. In addition, on weekends, Watsons replaces its breakfast and lunch services with brunch, in early March, the annual Blackforest Coffeehouse showcases talent from both the college and the region, most performers present musical acts, although other acts are sometimes showcased. Each school night, toast and several spreads are made available at Toast Time so that students can have a study break, other regular activities include writing workshops, intramural sports teams, and community dinners. La Bastille, a floor that houses 17 French-speaking students, is the only such floor on the Waterloo campus
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Satellite campus
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A satellite campus or branch campus is a campus of a college or university that is physically at a distance from the original university or college area. This branch campus may be located in a different city, state, or country, the separate campuses may be under the same accreditation and share resources or they share administrations but maintain separate budgets, resources, and other governing bodies. In many cases, satellite campuses are intended to serve students who cannot travel far from home for college because of family responsibilities, their jobs, financial limitations, the availability of branch campuses may increase higher education enrollment by nontraditional students. Electronic communications technology has helped to facilitate the operation of satellite campuses, one growing trend is the establishment of international branch campuses. These are satellite campuses of a parent institution that is located outside the country where the campus is located. The number of branch campuses worldwide grew from 35 before 1999 to 162 in 2009. As of 2009, the United Arab Emirates was the host of 40 international branch campuses, there were 15 international branch campuses in China,12 in Singapore, nine in Qatar, and six in Canada. Although the overall number of branch campuses has grown rapidly. A new breed of branch campuses of Indian universities in the Persian Gulf region is emerging which aims to meet South Asians aspirations to study abroad in a cost-efficient manner, there are several regional satellite or branch campus consortia but only one national association in the United States. St. Johns University has two satellite campuses, one is located in Rome, Italy and offers two graduate degrees as well as numerous study abroad opportunities for undergraduate students. The other is located in Paris, France and offers undergraduate study abroad programs. Ohio State University has five campuses, located in Lima, OH, Mansfield, OH, Marion, OH, Newark, OH. The University of Michigan has two campuses, one located in Flint, MI and the other in Dearborn, MI. The University of Toronto Scarborough and the University of Toronto Mississauga are satellite campuses of the University of Toronto, the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University at New York City are satellite campuses of Cornell University. The University of Waterloo School of Architecture moved from the main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada to a satellite campus in Cambridge. The satellite facility was established due to lack of space at the main campus, University College London has established branch campuses in Adelaide, Australia and Doha, Qatar. These campuses are research intensive with all studies at graduate level only, pennsylvania State University has 19 commonwealth campuses around the state, known as the Commonwealth Campuses, enrolling approximately 40 percent of the universitys students. The Branch campuses of the University of Wisconsin system only offer two-year programs intended to allow students to transfer to the main campus or other four-year universities
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University of Waterloo Stratford Campus
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The University of Waterloo Stratford Campus is located in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the three campuses of the University of Waterloo. The Province of Ontario granted $10 million to the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus on 26 March 2008, the following day, Waterloo-based enterprise software company OpenText announced that they had committed $10 million to the project. On 22 January 2009, the government announced that it was pledging $10. In June of the year, the first ever Canada 3.0 forum in Stratford, ON was hosted by the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus. The event was the launch of the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus. The official opening of the campus took place on 20 September 2010 at its location at 6 Wellington St. Stratford. The first class of the Master of Digital Experience Innovation – an interdisciplinary, on 1 October 2011, Ginny Dybenko, the former Dean of the Wilfrid Laurier School of Business & Economics, becomes the Executive Director of the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus. In January 2012, a part-time Master of Digital Experience Innovation option was added, the program integrated a Project Management Professional certification component into the curriculum for all students. The first class of the Global Business and Digital Arts program began their studies on 5 September 2012 at the new campus located at 125 St. Patrick St, on 16 October 2012 the building was officially unveiled to the community. The centre provides mentorship and coaching for tech-related startups, including those launched by University of Waterloo Stratford Campus faculty, Stratford Accelerator Centre relocated to University of Waterloo Stratford Campus in spring 2014. The University of Waterloo Stratford Campus is located at 125 St. Patrick Street, located in the centre of the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus is its Christie MicroTiles wall which is the tallest display of its kind in the world. It is three-storeys high, with 150 MicroTiles that can reproduce 115 percent of the NTSC colour gamut, the wall is used to showcase student content, highlight creative accomplishments and provide an open source canvas for digital media research. The University of Waterloo Stratford Campus’ Christie MicroTile wall was the Gold Winner in the Education, students take English and business courses taught by Stratford Central Secondary Schoolteachers and can access the campus’ equipment and resources. The campus shares the same Principal, President and Chancellor as the University of Waterloo, the Office of the Chancellor is held by Prem Watsa, who has held the position since 2009. In March 2011, Feridun Hamdullahpur was announced as the sixth President of the university, the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus prepares students for careers in the area of digital media. Students are brought together researchers, cultural organizations, business and entrepreneurs through coursework. The institute takes information or datasets collected by governments and develops a standard format that makes it easier to access, share, offered at the University of Waterloo Stratford Campus, this program began in fall 2011
